专题八 定语从句
基础知识过关
一、定义
在复合句中, 修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词, 定语从句必须放在先行词的后面, 由关系代词或关系副词引导, 关系词充当从句的成分。
词性 词 形 先行词 在定语从句中充当的成分
关系代词 who 人 主、宾、表
whom 人 宾、表
that 人或物 主、宾、表
which 物 主、宾、表
whose 人或物 定
关系副词 where 表地点 地点状语
when 表时间 时间状语
why 表原因 原因状语
The student that won the first prize is our monitor. (that代替the student在从句中作主语)
I saw some trees whose leaves were yellow. (whose在从句中作定语)
The watch which I found in the library is his. (which代替watch, 在从句中作宾语)
This is the place where he works. (where相当于in the place, 在从句中作地点状语)
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
形式上 无逗号 有逗号
意义上 对先行词的界定, 删除后主句意义不完整、不明确 对先行词的补充说明, 删除后主句意思依然完整
翻译上 “……的”, 限定先行词 与主句并列或是状语从句
关系词 关系代词作宾语时可以省略, 关系副词一般不省略 关系词不可省略; 关系词不用that, why; which还可代替一个句子或一种情况
三、使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题
1. that与which的区别。
(1)用that而不用which的情况:
①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing等
②先行词被little, few, no等词修饰时
③先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时
④先行词被the only, the very, the last等修饰时
⑤先行词既有人又有物时
She told me everything that she knew.
This is the best novel that I have ever read.
We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.
(2)用which而不用that的情况:
①引导非限制性定语从句
②代表整个主句的意思
③介词+关系代词
This is the factory in which we once worked.
The baby was ill, which made the mother very worried.
2. 关系代词在从句中作主语时, 从句谓语动词的单复数形式应由先行词决定。
This is an old computer which works much slower.
这是一台工作起来速度较慢的旧电脑。
3. 介词在关系代词前, 关系代词只能用which和whom, 且不能省略; 介词在句尾, 关系代词可用which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who, 且可省略。
This is the room in which I lived last year.
这是我去年住过的房间。
4. 若先行词为the way(方式, 方法)且way在定语从句中作方式状语, 关系词用that/in which, 也可以省略。
Computers have changed the way (that/in which) we work and play.
计算机已改变了我们工作和玩耍的方式。
通关训练
Ⅰ. 用适当的关系词填空
1. (2019·湖南学业水平考试真题) So it is believed that the government should pass laws to punish people __________damage the environment.
2. (2018·湖南学业水平考试真题) They decided on using the character “可口可乐”, __________means tasty and fun.
3. All __________happens during early years can influence children for the rest of their lives.
4. Kate, __________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
5. He wrote many children’s books, nearly half of __________were published in the 1990s.
6. Alex is always longing for the time __________he should be able to be independent.
7. This was the most valuable opinion __________was given by a foreigner two centuries ago.
8. We have entered into an age __________dreams have the best chance of coming true.
9. I explained to my teacher the reason in time __________I was absent from class this morning.
10. This city, __________lies in the northeast and __________I spent my childhood, has been one of the country’s busiest ports since the 1950s.
Ⅱ. 语法小语段
(1)
I am now a good student in my class. But I won’t forget the day 1. __________ I started senior English, I found it difficult and quite different from the knowledge
2. __________ we learned in junior school. With the help of my teacher
3. __________ is good at 4. __________(make) her class interesting, I realized the 5. __________(important) of English, so I was determined to learn English well.
(2)
Rivers, 1. __________ many great cities are located, are one of our most important natural 2. __________(resource). Almost each/every country has at least one river 3. __________(flow) through it 4. __________ plays an important part in the lives of its people. However, large cities and industries 5. __________ are located on rivers often make problems.
(3)
According to Chinese history, sky lanterns is an especial form of
1. __________(tradition) art, 2. __________ is first used by Zhuge Kongming. He sent them out 3. __________(ask)for help when in trouble. Today, sky lanterns
4. __________ are made of bamboo and paper are used at festivals. They are seen as bright symbols of 5. __________(happy) and good wishes.
(4)
There are various out-of-class activities in my new school, and playing football is my favorite, 1. __________ can not only build up my body but also shape my character. In addition, I have made some friends 2. __________ have the same interest as mine. I think students should take an active part in out-of-class activities 3. __________ they like.
参考答案
Ⅰ. 1. who 2. which 3. that 4. whose
5. which 6. when 7. that 8. when
9. why 10. which; where
Ⅱ.
(1)
1. when 2. that 3. who/that
4. making 5. importance
(2)
1. where 2. resources 3. flowing
4. that/which 5. that/which
(3)
1. traditional 2. which 3. to ask
4. that/which 5. happiness
(4)
1. which 2. who 3. that/which
PAGE专题三: 动词(含情态动词)和动词短语
基础知识过关
一、动词
1. 动词的分类
动词的分类 用 法 例 句
实义动词 及物动词 一般情况下, 其后要跟宾语, 意义才完整 Keep your face to the sunshine, and you cannot see a shadow. 面朝阳光, 你的世界就无阴影。
不及物动词 动词之后不能也不需要跟宾语 All the bright precious things fade so fast and they don’t come back. 美好的事物总是转瞬即逝, 一去不复返。
系动词 通常要加上表语, 否则意义不完整 Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once he grows up. 每个孩子都是艺术家。问题是, 长大后如何仍不失为艺术家。
情态动词 通常直接加动词原形, 比较特殊的是词组ought to+动词原形 The simple things are also the most extraordinary things, and only the wise can see them. 最平凡的事也是最非凡的事, 只有智者才明白。
助动词 用来构成各种时态和语态, 本身无具体词汇意义 You don’t need anybody to tell you who you are or what you are. You are what you are! 无需别人定义, 你就是你!
2. 情态动词
情态动词的基本用法
情态动词是用来表示说话人的语气、态度和情态的动词。情态动词一般没有人称和数的变化, 虽本身有一定的意义, 但不能单独作谓语, 必须和动词一起使用。
情态动词表推测
词 形 词 义 适用的句式 例 句
can 可能 疑问句、否定句 He can’t be at home. 他不可能在家。
could 可能 疑问句、否定句 Could it be right 那有可能是正确的吗 You couldn’t have seen the film. 你不可能看过这部电影。
may 可能 陈述句和否定句 You may not like it. 你可能不喜欢它。
might 可能 陈述句和否定句 She might be standing there. 她也许正站在那里。
must 肯定 陈述句 They must have heard about it. 他们一定听说过此事了。
should 估计应该 肯定句(按常理的推测) It’s 8 o’clock now. He should be in his office. 现在八点了, 他应该在办公室。(8点上班是常理)
几组情态动词辨析
(1)can和be able to。
①情态动词can只有两种时态形式, 现在式can和过去式could, 而be able to有多种时态形式。
Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. 玛丽会弹钢琴。她5岁起就会弹了。
②用在过去时中, could经常只表示有能力做某事, 而was/were able to则表示“过去做成了某事”。
He could swim across the river when he was young.
年轻时, 他能游过那条河。
Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain.
昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里。
(2)must和have to。
must表示主观意志, 而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。must没有过去式, 在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间, 在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用had to代替。
We all must regard the people’s desire to live a better life as our goal.
我们一定要把人民对美好生活的向往作为奋斗目标。
We had to get everything ready that night.
我们那晚得把一切准备就绪。
二、动词短语
1. break短语
break away from脱离; 放弃; break down(化学)分解; (汽车)抛锚; break in闯入, 插嘴, 打断; break into闯入; 打断, 突然……起来; break off打断; 折断; break out (战争、火灾等)突然发生, 爆发; break up(物理)分解; 粉碎, 破碎; 结束; 散开, 解散
2. bring短语
bring about引起, 导致; bring back把……送回, 归还; 使回忆起; bring down使倒下, 降低; bring in引进; 挣得; bring out使显示, 阐明, 出版; bring up教育, 培养
3. come短语
come about发生, 产生; come across(偶然)遇见(或发现); come off从……离开, 脱落; come on来吧, 赶快; come out出来; (书)出版; come to共计, 达到; come up with追上, 赶上; 想出(主意); 找出(答案)
4. get短语
get across被理解; get along/on with进展; 与……和睦相处; get down下来; 记下; get down to开始认真做; get off出发; 下车; get through通过; 打通(电话); 用完, 耗尽
5. give 短语
give away泄露; 颁发; 赠送; give back归还; 使恢复; give in屈服; 交上; give off发出, 放出(气味、光、热等); give out用尽, 耗尽; 分发; 公布; 发出(光、热等); give up放弃
6. make短语
make sense有意义, 讲得通; make it及时到达; 成功; make up编造; 化妆; 组成, 构成; 和好; make up for补偿, 弥补; make room for让出地方给……; make use of利用; make way for为……开路, 让路; make up one’s mind打定主意, 决定
7. put短语
put aside把……放在一边; put away收起来放好; 储蓄; put back放回原处; 推迟; put down放下; 镇压; 记下; put forward提出(计划、建议等); 提前; put off延期, 推迟; put out扑灭; 生产; 公布; put through接通电话; put up提出; 建造; 举起; 张贴, 公布; 留宿, 过夜; put up with容忍
通关训练
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2019·湖南学业水平考试真题) All in all, people and the government should work side by side to take care __________the Earth.
2. As time goes by, many new changes will be brought __________in China’s job market.
3. Kate heard a man’s voice in the background, but she couldn’t make __________what he was saying.
4. Developing our home city is a systematic project which calls __________a clear road map and timetable.
5. At first he wouldn’t let his daughter go swimming, but at last he gave __________, as she was so confident about her skills.
6. The two countries are going to meet to break __________some trade barriers between them.
7. Her years of hard training paid __________when she finally won the Olympic gold medal.
8. Peter will take __________his post as the head of the sports team at the end of next month.
9. Tom had to turn __________the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy.
10. Don’t worry. I’m sure your missing glasses will turn __________sooner or later.
Ⅱ. 语法小语段
(1)
It was a cold morning. It was snowing 1. __________(heavy). When he was staring 2. __________ the traffic, a bag fell 3. __________ a truck and it landed on the other side of the street. “It was full 4. __________ expensive things, ” Henry said to himself. “I have to get it right now, or others 5. __________(take) it away. ”
(2)
So far the school 1. __________(introduce) four robot 2. __________(teacher), one of whom is a language teacher that can speak 23 languages and dance to music. “3. __________ is necessary to encourage kids to come up 4. __________ new ways to make use 5. __________ technology in school life, ” the head of the school added in the interview.
(3)
Children today have many things to play 1. __________. They can watch television, surf 2. __________ Internet, or play video games. But what do you think children 3. __________(do) for fun long ago They read books. Books provide people 4. __________ many things that televisions or computers cannot. Since books take advantage 5. __________ only words to tell stories, they
6. __________ improve your imagination.
(4)
Smiling, depending 1. __________ different cultures, can express joy and
2. __________ (amuse), but it can also show embarrassment(难堪). To be open and 3. __________ (friend), people in the United States smile a lot. But in China, smiling is not only 4. __________ expression of happiness, but also a way to avoid being embarrassed. Smiling is a kind of goodwill but not sneer (嘲笑). When a child falls 5. __________ a bike, the adults in China may smile, which is a kind of gentle encouragement and may not be a kind of impolite laugh.
参考答案
Ⅰ. 1. of 2. about 3. out 4. for 5. in
6. down 7. off 8. up 9. down
10. up
Ⅱ.
(1)
1. heavily 2. at 3. off 4. of
5. will take
(2)
1. has introduced 2. teachers 3. It
4. with 5. of
(3)
1. with 2. the 3. did 4. with 5. of 6. can
(4)
1. on 2. amusement 3. friendly 4. an
5. off
PAGE专题五: 非谓语动词
基础知识过关
一、定义及分类
非谓语动词主要指在句中不能充当谓语, 而是充当其他语法功能的动词。非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)。
二、基本用法
句子成分 不定式 动名词 分 词
主 语 √ √
宾 语 √ √
表 语 √ √ √
定 语 √ √ √
状 语 √ √
宾语补足语 √ √
(一)不定式
1. 形式
语 态时 态 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing /
完成式 to have done to have been done
注意:
①不定式有两种形式: 带to的不定式及不带to的不定式。
②否定形式not +动词不定式: not (to) do
③不定式的进行式表示不定式的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。
When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table.
他进来时, 我碰巧正在桌子旁边读书。
I’m sorry to have broken your glasses.
对不起, 我打碎了你的眼镜。
2. 句法功能
(1)作主语。动词不定式作主语时, 往往用it作形式主语。
It is very important to learn English well.
学好英语很重要。
(2)作宾语。动词不定式作宾语时, 有时用it作形式宾语。
I find it interesting to stay with you.
我发现与你待在一起很有趣。
(3)作表语。
The important thing is to save lives. 救人要紧。
(4)作宾语补足语。
①带to的不定式作宾语补足语。这类动词有: advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, want等。
My father encourages me to major in English in college.
我爸爸鼓励我在大学主修英语。
②不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。这类动词有: have, let, make, feel, hear, notice, see, watch, observe等, 但它们变为被动语态时, 不定式的to不能省略。
The boss made the workers do the work all day. (=The workers were made to do the work all day. )
老板迫使工人们整天干活。
③help后接宾语补足语时to可省略也可不省略。
(5)作定语。
He is always the first student to come to school.
他总是第一个到校的学生。
(6)作状语。
不定式作状语, 可表示动作的目的、结果、原因、条件和方式。
①作目的状语时, 常用to do/so as to do/in order to do。
To catch the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.
为了赶上早班航班, 我们提前预订了出租车并很早就起床了。
②作原因状语时, 常和表情绪的形容词连用。
这类形容词有: easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous, surprised, astonished, delighted, disappointed 等。
We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.
我们惊讶地发现, 这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
③作结果状语时, 表出乎意料的结果, 常与only, just连用。自然而然的结果状语, 要用现在分词doing。
Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.
汤姆乘出租车去了机场, 结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
(7)疑问词+不定式。
“疑问词+不定式” 在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
I find it difficult to decide what to do at the moment.
我发现一时很难决定该做什么。(宾语)
When to start has not been decided. 何时动身还未定。(主语)
(二)动名词
1. 形式
时 态 主 动 被 动 意 义
一般式 doing being done 动名词动作与谓语动作同时发生
完成式 having done having been done 动名词动作先于谓语动作发生
注意:
①否定形式not+动名词结构
②动名词的完成式表示动名词动作发生在谓语动作之前。
He didn’t mention having met me. 他没提见到了我。
2. 句法功能
(1)作主语。
在一些句型中常用doing作真正的主语, 用it作形式主语。
Traveling along the old Silk Road is an interesting experience.
沿古老的丝绸之路旅行是一次有趣的经历。
It’s no use complaining without taking action.
只抱怨不采取行动是没有用的。
(2)作宾语。
常接doing作宾语的动词有: finish, practice, enjoy, mind, deny, forbid, permit, allow, escape, avoid, appreciate, imagine等。
注意部分动词接doing和to do意思有区别:
I regret to tell you that he didn’t take your application into consideration. 我很遗憾地告诉你他没有考虑你的申请。
I regret making rude comments on your appearance.
我很后悔对你的外表做了粗鲁的评论。
(3)作表语。
My favourite winter sport is skiing.
我最喜欢的冬季运动是滑雪。
(4)作定语。
I’m afraid that you have to smoke in the smoking room.
恐怕你不得不在吸烟室里吸烟。
(三)分词
1. 形式
(1)现在分词形式。
名 称 形 式 意 义
一般式 doing 与其逻辑主语构成主动关系; 与谓语动词所表示的动作一般同时进行, 简称为“主动或既主动又进行”
被动式 being done 强调被动的动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行
完成式 having done 分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前
被动完成式 having been done 分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前; 分词与其逻辑主语构成被动关系
(2)过去分词形式: done。
注意:
①过去分词的否定形式not+过去分词: not+done
②现在分词的完成式表示现在分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
2. 句法功能
(1)作表语。
现在分词作表语, 用来说明主语的性质和特征, 相当于形容词, 其主语通常是物; 过去分词作表语表示主语的感受或所处的状态。
The news was disappointing. 这个消息令人失望。
We are all disappointed. 我们都感到失望。
(2)作定语。
现在分词作定语表主动或进行; 过去分词作定语表被动或完成。
单个分词作定语, 一般放在被修饰词之前; 分词短语作定语, 通常放在被修饰词之后。
He was very shocked to learn the shocking news that his wife was killed in a traffic accident.
得知他的妻子在交通事故中死亡这一令人震惊的消息时, 他非常震惊。
(3)作状语。
现在分词作状语和句子主语构成主动关系; 过去分词作状语和句子主语构成被动关系。
The students rushed out of the classroom, laughing and talking. 学生们有说有笑地冲出教室。(表伴随)
(4)作宾语补足语。
现在分词与句子中的宾语是主动关系, 它所表示的动作往往正在进行; 过去分词与句子中的宾语是被动关系, 它所表示的动作往往已经完成。
I saw him climbing the fence just now.
我刚才看见他在爬栅栏。
A villager saw the little girl taken away by a middle-aged lady.
一位村民看见这个小女孩被一位中年妇女带走了。
通关训练
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2019·湖南学业水平考试真题) They try their best __________(protect) the environment.
2. (2019·湖南学业水平考试真题) Some factories are damaging the environment by __________(pollute) rivers with chemical waste.
3. (2018·湖南学业水平考试真题) When Coca-Cola was first brought into China in 1928, it was hard for the company __________(translate) its name.
4. I still remember __________(visit) a friend who has lived here for five years.
5. It took him a long time __________(get) the skills he needed to become a good dancer.
6. Ordinary soap, __________ (use) correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.
7. I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph __________(take).
8. Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time __________(spend)with his students.
9. __________ (bury) in heavy school work, most senior three students have no free time to do what they want.
10. She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant, __________(wait) to be served.
Ⅱ. 语法小语段
(1)
It is said that a Chinese ruler 1. __________(call) Shen Nong was the first
2. __________(discover) tea as a drink nearly 5, 000 years ago. One day Shen Nong was boiling 3. __________(drink) water. Some leaves from a tea plant fell
4. __________ the water. With a nice smell 5. __________(produce), one of the world’s favorite drinks was invented.
(2)
I think it is important for children 1. __________(learn) how to help their parents with housework. Too many children depend 2. __________ their parents too much. They’re always asking their parents 3. __________(do) everything for them. But in fact 4. __________(do) housework can teach them how 5. __________(look) after themselves.
(3)
Our town used 1. __________(be) very quiet. But these days something strange is happening in our town. We hear strange noises 2. __________(appear) outside our windows every night. Some people think it could be 3. __________ animal, and some people think it must be teenagers 4. __________(have) fun. The policemen
5. __________(come) yesterday, but they found nothing.
(4)
With the homework 1. __________ (finish) last Sunday, I went to the countryside 2. __________ (see) my grandfather. At about 9, I set off and arrived at his home after an hour. When 3. __________ (see) me, he felt very excited and welcomed me warmly. I quickly handed him the fresh fruit 4. __________ (buy) in the supermarket and he gave me some candies. Then he took me to a river nearby and taught me how 5. __________ (catch) fish there. 6. __________ (fix) our attention on fishing, we almost forgot 7. __________ (have) lunch. It was not long before we caught a lot of fish. 8. __________ (bring) the fish home, my grandfather cooked some for me. After lunch, I helped him 9. __________ (clean) the house and he praised me with a big smile. When it was time for me 10. __________ (leave), my grandfather hugged me and gave me some gifts. It was such a beautiful day that I would remember it forever.
参考答案
Ⅰ. 1. to protect 2. polluting 3. to translate 4. visiting 5. to get
6. used 7. taken 8. spent
9. Buried 10. waiting
Ⅱ.
(1)
1. called 2. to discover 3. drinking
4. into 5. produced
(2)
1. to learn 2. on 3. to do 4. doing
5. to look
(3)
1. to be 2. appear 3. an 4. having
5. came
(4)
1. finished 2. to see 3. seeing
4. bought 5. to catch 6. Fixing
7. to have 8. Bringing 9. (to) clean 10. to leave
PAGE专题九 连词和状语从句
基础知识过关
在句子中作状语的从句叫状语从句。状语从句包括地点状语从句、方式状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、时间状语从句和让步状语从句。
一、地点状语从句
通常由where, wherever 引导。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
二、方式状语从句
通常由as, (just) as. . . so. . . , as if, as though引导。
1. as引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句之后, 但在(just) as. . . so. . . 结构中, as引导的从句位于句首, 这时as从句带有比喻的含义, 意为“正如……, 就像……”, 多用于正式文体。
When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。
2. as if/as though
两者的意义和用法相同, 它们引导的状语从句的谓语多用虚拟语气, 表示与事实相反, 有时也用陈述语气, 表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。常译作“仿佛……似的, 好像……似的”。
He looks as if he had been hit by lightning.
他那样子就像被闪电击了似的。
三、原因状语从句
通常由because, since, as, now that和for引导。
1. because语气最强, 用来说明主要的直接的原因, 回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知时, 就用as, now that或 since。
I couldn’t call you because I didn’t have your number.
我没有你的号码所以不能给你打电话。
Since there’s no more business, we can all go home.
既然没有事情做, 我们都能回家了。
2. for引导的从句不能直接说明某一特定动作发生的原因, 而只能提供一些起解释作用的附加说明。
He took the food eagerly, for he had eaten nothing since dawn. 他狼吞虎咽地吃了起来, 因为他从天亮就没吃过东西。
四、目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的词或短语有that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case。
I am saving money in order that I can buy a house.
我正在攒钱, 以便我能买一所房子。
The thief carries a gun in case he is attacked.
小偷带着一把枪以防被攻击。
五、结果状语从句
常由so. . . that 或 such. . . that引导, 掌握这两个句型, 首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。so+ adj. /adv. ; such+ a/an + adj. + n. ; such + adj. +复数名词或不可数名词。
It was such an extraordinary story that no one believed a word of it.
=It was so extraordinary a story that no one believed a word of it. 这个故事很不寻常所以没有人相信。
六、条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连接词主要有if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that等。
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。在真实条件句中常用一般现在时表示将来。例如:
I’ll pay you double if you get the work finished by Friday. 如果你在星期五之前完成这项工作我会给你双倍的工资。
七、时间状语从句
引导词常有when, while, as, since, before, after, until, till, as soon as, the moment, every time等。
1. when和while。
when引导的从句中谓语动词可以是短暂性的也可以是延续性的, while引导的从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性的。
I read the news while(=when) you were drying your hair. 在你弄干头发时我读了这些新闻。
When he saw her, he waved. 他一看见她就摆了摆手。
2. since和before。
since表示“自从”, 其所在的主句常用现在完成时; before表示“在……之前, ……才/就……, 还未来得及……就……”。
How long is it since we visited your mother
自从我们看望你母亲以来(到现在)有多长时间了
It will be a long time before we finish this dictionary.
我们需要很长的时间才能把这部词典编译完。
八、让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的词有 though, although, while, as, even if/even though, no matter+疑问词, whoever, whatever, whichever, however, whenever, wherever等。
Although it’s raining, (yet)they are still working in the field. 虽然在下雨, 但他们仍在地里干活。
注意: (1)当有though, although时, 后面的从句不能有but, 但though/although和yet可连用。
(2)as和though引导的让步状语从句可以用倒装, 其语序是: 表语/状语/谓语的一部分+as/though+主语+谓语。例如:
Hard as/though he tried, he failed.
尽管他努力了, 但失败了。
(3)“no matter+疑问词”引导的让步状语从句可以与相应的whoever, whatever, whichever, however, whenever, wherever互换。
No matter where(=Wherever) you go, I will remember you. 无论你去哪儿, 我都会记着你。
通关训练
Ⅰ. 用适当的连接词完成句子
1. Tom is independent and never asks for his parents’ opinion __________he wants their support.
2. She is in good shape physically __________she doesn’t get much exercise.
3. __________ the students came from different homes, they got along quite well in the summer camp.
4. __________ the population increases, there are more and more old people to take good care of.
5. Hot __________the night air was, we slept deeply after the long tiring journey.
6. I really enjoy listening to music, __________it helps me relax.
7. __________ I see someone in need, I will spare no effort to help him out.
8. __________ it is convenient for you, I’ll meet you at the entrance of the music hall at 7: 00.
9. __________ you are asking for my opinion, I’ll take the chance to make my voice heard.
10. We all have to put off our plans __________the winter storms pass.
Ⅱ. 语法小语段
(1)
Last summer, I went to the seaside 1. __________ I could spend my holiday with my family. One day, I was swimming in the river 2. __________ someone shouted, “Look out. There is a shark not far away! ” On 3. __________(hear) the shout, I was scared to death 4. __________ I was well aware of its dangerous characteristic. “Just don’t worry, Tom! ” my father said to me, “but let’s go back to our hotel 5. __________ we can avoid being harmed. ”
(2)
We stayed in the seaside for about two weeks. 1. __________ the weather was hotter than that in my hometown, I got used to 2. __________(live) there. Every morning I went to have 3. __________ chat with my new friend, John,
4. __________ I happened to come 5. __________ during my holiday. John was a native, 6. __________ he was familiar with the seaside well. Soon we became very good friends.
(3)
One day, Tom was typing a paper at office 1. __________ a letter arrived. He opened it. “Dear Tom, ” the letter said, “ You helped me so much 2. __________ I am writing to thank you for your help. Here’s a ticket for the big football match. ” Tom looked at 3. __________ ticket. He could not believe 4. __________ he saw. Everyone looked forward to 5. __________(watch) the match!
(4)
My mother was cooking 1. __________ I was doing my homework. Suddenly my sister opened the door 2. __________ I could go to it. She surprised us a lot
3. __________ her clothes were terribly dirty. 4. __________ my sister got changed, she told us she fell into a ditch 5. __________ she walked to my uncle’s home.
6. __________ she cried loudly, no one came to help her. 7. __________ hard she tried, she failed to escape from it. 8. __________ time went by, she had to stand
9. __________ she was 10. __________ a boy student passing by helped her out.
参考答案
Ⅰ. 1. unless 2. even though/even if
3. While/Though/Although 4. As 5. as/though 6. because 7. When/Whenever 8. If 9. Now that/Since
10. till/until
Ⅱ.
(1)
1. where 2. when 3. hearing
4. because 5. so
(2)
1. Though 2. living 3. a 4. who
5. across 6. so
(3)
1. when 2. that 3. the 4. what
5. watching
(4)
1. while 2. before 3. because 4. After
5. when 6. Although/Though
7. However 8. As 9. where
10. until/till
PAGE专题七 名词性从句
基础知识过关
名词性从句, 即指性质相当于名词的从句, 它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、引导名词性从句的连词
分类 词 形 词 义 在从句中的作用 引导何种从句
连接词 that 无 无 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
whether 是否 无
if 是否 无
连接代词 who(ever) (无论)谁 主语、宾语、表语 宾语从句
whom(ever) (无论)谁 宾语
what(ever) (无论)什么 主语、宾语、表语 主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句
which(ever) (无论)哪一个 主语、宾语、定语
whose 谁的 定语
连接副词 when 什么时间 时间状语
where 什么地方 地点状语
why 为什么 原因状语
how 怎样, 如何 方式状语
That she is a rich woman is known to us all. (主语从句)
她是个有钱的女人, 我们大家都知道。
Do you know whom they are looking for (宾语从句)
你知道他们在找谁吗
They have no idea at all where he has gone. (同位语从句)
他们根本不知道他去哪儿了。
That is why she had a day off yesterday. (表语从句)
那就是她昨天请假的原因。
二、使用名词性从句应注意几个问题
1. 无论是连接代词还是连接副词引导的名词性从句, 从句中的语序都用陈述语序, 而不用疑问语序。
What we don’t doubt is that the patient will soon recover.
This is where we held the dance party last time.
2. 名词性从句作主语时, 相当于第三人称单数, 此时谓语动词用单数。但what引导的从句作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数通常取决于表语。
When and where the meeting will be held is being discussed now.
What I want are some books while what he wants is a new bicycle.
3. 由that引导的名词性从句
(1)that在名词性从句中不作成分, 也没有词义, 只起连接作用。
(2)that在宾语从句中有时可省略, 但当主句中的动词后接两个或多个由that引导的宾语从句时, 第一个that可省略, 但后面的that均不可省略。
(3)在in, but或except后的名词性从句可由that引导。
She hoped (that) he would arrive on time.
He said (that) the book was very interesting and that all the children liked to read it.
He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.
三、名词性从句的连词辨析
1. that与what。
that和what都可以引导名词性从句, 但that是连词, 本身无词义, 仅起连接主句和从句的作用, 不在从句中充当任何成分; what是连接代词, 不仅起连接主句和从句的作用, 而且在从句中充当一定的成分, 如主语、宾语或表语。
What excited us most was that he passed the exam.
2. 常用whether而不用if的情况。
(1)在主语从句(位于句首)、表语从句和同位语从句中。
Whether the book will be popular remains a question.
(2)在带to的不定式前。
She doesn’t know whether to answer it or not.
(3)在介词后或discuss后。
We are talking about whether we will go to play basketball.
We are discussing whether we will have a sports meeting next week.
(4)直接与or not连用时。
Mr Li wants to know whether or not he will come on time.
通关训练
Ⅰ. 用适当的连接词完成句子
1. __________ I want to stress is __________you should make it a rule to practice speaking English every day.
2. While working, I realized __________hard it was to work in the fields under a hot sun.
3. I realize the secret to success is not __________you were born, but __________you are doing in your life.
4. That is __________I think the trip along the Yangtze River will be a better choice.
5. It is a fact __________the environment is getting polluted more and more seriously.
6. There is no doubt __________it is not any problem for me to communicate with foreigners.
7. This is __________many people fall short: You should be washing your hands for at least 20 seconds.
8. She told me __________she had seen during her journey impressed her a lot.
9. By boat is the only way to get here, which is __________we arrived.
10. Massive Open Online Courses, called MOOCs, are changing __________people learn in many places.
Ⅱ. 语法小语段
(1)
1. __________ you will choose to live in the city or the countryside is not easy
2. __________(answer). Different people have different ideas. Some believe
3. __________ everything is convenient in the city. However, others will choose the countryside. The reason is 4. __________ nothing is better than to live in fresh air and enjoy free natural beauty. Of course the most important is a longer and a
5. __________(happy) life.
(2)
Friendship Day is a day to celebrate friendships. But 1. __________ and
2. __________ the first Friendship Day was held is still unclear. Some people believe 3. __________ it was first celebrated in the United States in 1935. Others suggest an idea 4. __________ it started in Paraguay (巴拉圭) in 1958. However, it
5. __________(seem) likely that Friendship Day was originally started in 1919 by the card making company, Hallmark.
(3)
The Fun Dubbing is an English learning app. 1. __________ this app is so popular is 2. __________ it includes many short videos. For example, there are the 3. __________(hot) American TV shows, cartoons and songs. 4. __________ you can do to improve your English is to dub (配音) the videos.
(4)
It is my suggestion 1. __________ we should read English newspapers every day. Reading newspapers can let us know 2. __________ is happening both at home and abroad. Another benefit is 3. __________ it can enrich our school life. Most importantly, 4. __________ I want to stress is 5. __________ it will also help us improve our reading skills. So, if we make a choice about 6. __________ we’ll read, I am sure that everyone will benefit a lot from this activity.
参考答案
Ⅰ. 1. What; that 2. how 3. where; what 4. why 5. that 6. that
7. where 8. what 9. how 10. how
Ⅱ.
(1)
1. Whether 2. to answer 3. that
4. that 5. happier
(2)
1. when 2. where 3. that 4. that
5. seems
(3)
1. Why 2. that 3. hottest 4. What
(4)
1. that 2. what 3. that 4. what
5. that 6. what
PAGE专题四: 时态和语态
基础知识过关
一、基本时态语态的构成(以do为例)
时 态 主动语态 被动语态
一般现在时 do/does am/is/are done
现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done
现在完成时 have/has done have/has been done
现在完成进行时 have/has been doing /
一般过去时 did was/were done
过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done
过去将来时 would do would be done
过去完成时 had done had been done
一般将来时 will do will be done
将来进行时 will be doing /
二、基本时态的用法
1. 一般现在时
(1)表示经常性或习惯性的动作。此时常与often, sometimes, usually, always, twice a week, every day等时间状语连用。
(2)表示现在存在的状态或者表示主语的身份、特征。此时句子中一般含有连系动词(be, look, smell, sound, feel, get, turn等)。
(3)表示客观事实或普遍真理时, 常用一般现在时。例如: China is in Asia.
(4)在含有时间状语从句的主从复合句中, 主句为一般将来时时, 从句要用一般现在时表将来。
(5)表示按规定、计划、安排等将要发生的动作, 这样的动词有go, come, fall, arrive, begin, meet, leave, take off等。
2. 现在进行时
(1)表示现在或现在这一段时间内正在进行的活动。
(2)有时用来代替一般现在时, 此时常与频度副词(always, constantly, continually, again等)连用, 表示说话人的某种感彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。
(3)表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作, 这时多用表将来的时间状语, 动词常为起止趋向性动词(短语), 如come, go, leave, stay, arrive, take off, start, return等。
3. 现在完成时
(1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与时间状语already, ever, just, never, yet, so far, by now, in/over the last/past few years等连用。
(2)表示动作或状态发生在过去, 一直延续到现在, 甚至还可能继续延续下去。常与“since+时间点”、“for+时间段”、how long、ever since等状语连用。
(3)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中, 常用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
(4)表示“第几次做某事”的句式It/This is the first/second. . . time that. . . 中, 从句用现在完成时。
(5)现在完成时还常用于句式“It/This is the+最高级+名词+that从句”中。
4. 现在完成进行时
表示从过去到现在这段时间里一直进行或反复发生的一个动作。强调动作的持续性和反复性。
5. 一般过去时
(1)表示在确定的过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态, 常伴有表示过去的时间状语。
(2)表示在过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作, 常与often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用或用would/used to do句型来表达。
(3)在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。
6. 过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态, 或者过去某一阶段内一直进行或反复的动作。过去进行时常和表示过去的某个时刻或一段时间的状语连用, 如at this time yesterday, at that time, then, at 6: 00 yesterday, the whole morning, all night等。
7. 过去将来时
(1)过去将来时表示在过去某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。
(2)表过去将来的常见形式:
would do sth. ; was/were to do sth. ; was/were going to do sth. ; was/were about to do sth.
8. 过去完成时
(1)表示过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。
(2)表示某个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就开始, 一直持续到这一过去时刻, 并有可能继续下去。
(3)过去完成时有时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法。
9. 一般将来时
(1)表示未来的动作或存在的状态, 常与表示将来的时间状语连用, 如tomorrow, next Sunday, soon, in a month, in the future等。
(2)表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性动作。
10. 将来进行时
(1)将来进行时用来表示在将来的某一个时间正在进行的动作和按计划、安排、决定预料将要发生的事。
(2)表示要在将来某一时刻开始, 并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。
三、易混时态对比
1. 现在完成时和现在完成进行时
(1)现在完成时只表示动作已经完成, 着重结果; 而现在完成进行时表示该动作并未完成, 还在继续之中, 有时强调动作的持续或反复。
Have you met her lately 你最近见到她了吗
Have you been meeting her lately
你最近经常见到她吗 (强调重复, 经常见面)
(2)现在完成时强调“事实”; 而现在完成进行时则强调“动作”, 并且常含有喜悦、愤怒、不满、厌恶等感彩。
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
我一直等了你两个小时。(可能含有不满的感彩)
I have waited for you for two hours.
我已经等了你两个小时。(说明一个事实)
(3)英语中某些动词, 如build, write, read, eat, tell, repair等, 若用于现在完成时, 则表示“完成”, 而用于现在完成进行时则表示“持续”。
I have written a letter. 我写了一封信。(已经写好了)
I have been writing a letter. 我在写一封信。(还在写着)
(4)不用于进行时态的状态动词、感知动词或情感动词(如know, love等), 不可用于现在完成进行时, 但可用于现在完成时。
I have known her for a long time. (正)
我认识她已经很久了。
I have been knowing her for a long time. (误)
I haven’t seen him these days. (正)
这些日子我没有见过他。
I haven’t been seeing him these days. (误)
2. 一般过去时和现在完成时
(1)一般过去时陈述过去的事实, 与现在无关。
He worked in Africa for ten years. Now he is in Beijing.
他在非洲工作过十年, 现在在北京。
He put the watch on the table and went out.
他把手表放在桌上就出去了。
(2)现在完成时在影响上或时间上和现在有联系。
He has put the watch on the table.
他把表放在桌上了。(强调表现在在桌上)
They have worked here for three years. 他们已经在这儿工作三年了。(工作这一动作从过去持续到现在)
通关训练
Ⅰ. 用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr Smith __________(fall) in love with Chinese culture.
2. I was sent to the village to see how the development plan __________________
(carry) out in the past two years.
3. More efforts ________________(make) in the years ahead to deepen the reform.
4. Marty ________________(work) really hard on his book and he thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday.
5. She was a TV reporter and __________(work)long hours.
6. He must have sensed that I __________(look) at him. He suddenly said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that ”
7. The reports went missing in 2018 and nobody __________(see) them since then.
8. Ladies and gentlemen, we __________(arrive) at Nanjing Station. Please get ready to get off the train.
9. In the traditional Chinese calendar, each year __________(give) a name of 12 kinds of animals.
10. The water will be further polluted unless some measures __________(take).
Ⅱ. 语法小语段
(1)
Most of us have probably been angry with our friends, parents, or teachers. Perhaps they 1. __________(say) something you didn’t like or you felt they
2. __________(be) unfair. Sometimes, people 3. __________(stay) angry for years about a small problem. Time 4. __________(go) by, and good friendships may
5. __________(lose).
(2)
Nowadays, more and more people 1. __________(receive) all kinds of strange 2. __________(call). Most of them take place while the people 3. __________(use) mobile phones. If you are not careful enough, you 4. __________(fall) into a telephone fraud (欺诈) and even lose your life. What is a telephone fraud It
5. __________(be) a kind of fraud conducted over the phone.
(3)
The weather 1. __________(change) a lot these days. Like today, it was sunny in the morning, but 2. __________(rain) heavily at noon. So we have made two plans for you: If the weather 3. __________(be) nice, I’m going to take you to Smith Farm. I’m sure you 4. __________(like) it. And don’t worry if it
5. __________(rain). We can go shopping at Mimi’s Department Store.
(4)
Longjing tea 1. __________ (place) on the top list of the ten most famous teas in China because 2. __________ its color, taste and shape. It 3. __________ (name) after its production region—Longjing Village of West Lake. The good environment and water resources 4. __________ (help) much to the growth of the tea, confirming (证实) the saying that “Longjing tea is the 5. __________ (good) among all of the teas in the world”.
参考答案
Ⅰ. 1. fell 2. had been carried 3. will be made 4. has been working
5. worked 6. was looking 7. has seen 8. are arriving 9. is given 10. are taken
Ⅱ.
(1)
1. said 2. were 3. can stay 4. goes 5. be lost
(2)
1. have received 2. calls 3. are using 4. will fall 5. is
(3)
1. has changed 2. rained 3. is
4. will like 5. rains
(4)
1. has been placed 2. of 3. is named 4. have helped 5. best
PAGE专题二: 形容词、副词、比较等级
基础知识过关
一、形容词及其基本用法
形容词用来修饰名词或代词, 说明其性质或特征。形容词一般可以作定语、表语和补足语, 有时也可作状语, 但有些形容词只能作表语, 如well, ill, faint, pleased以及多数以“a”开头的形容词(afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake等)。
二、形容词的一些注意事项
(1)形容词作定语修饰名词时, 要放在名词的前面。但是如果形容词修饰不定代词时, 要放在不定代词之后, 如something nice。
Unlike traditional gyms, this one offers people free choices to exercise.
这个健身房不像传统的健身房, 它为人们提供灵活的锻炼选择。
(2)以-ly结尾的形容词
大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词, 但 friendly, deadly, lonely, likely, lively, lovely仍为形容词。
有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词, 也为副词, 如daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, early等。
(3)“the+形容词”表示类别和整体
“the+某些形容词”可以泛指一类, “the+国家和民族的形容词”指这个民族的整体, 与谓语动词的复数连用, 如the dead, the living, the rich, the poor, the blind, the hungry, the British, the English, the French, the Chinese等。
三、副词的基本用法
(1)副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 疑问副词是用来表达疑问或构成疑问句的。
A dog’s eating habit requires regular training before it is properly established.
狗的饮食习惯在正确地养成之前需要定期训练。
(2)修饰形容词的副词, 通常放在所修饰词的前面; 修饰动词时, 一般放在所修饰的动词之后, 但有些副词, 如always, often, usually, never, ever等, 则放在实义动词之前, 助动词、be动词或情态动词之后。
(3)有些副词, 如fortunately, luckily, surprisingly, honestly, actually, personally等作评注性状语, 往往修饰整个句子, 而且它们常位于句首, 用逗号与后面的句子分开。
Thankfully, I managed to get through the game.
谢天谢地, 我终于打完比赛了。
(4)常考的连接性副词: though然而, 可是; meanwhile在此期间; therefore/thus/consequently因此, 所以; moreover/furthermore此外; besides另外, 还有; however然而; instead相反, 代替; anyway/anyhow无论如何, 不管怎样; otherwise否则。
四、形容词、副词的比较等级
大多数形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级, 用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形, 比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
(1)规则变化。
单音节的词一般在形容词或副词后面直接加-er变为比较级, 加-est变为最高级 high—higher—highest
以重读闭音节结尾, 且末尾只有一个辅音字母的, 则双写最后一个辅音字母, 再加-er变为比较级, 加-est变为最高级 big—bigger—biggestthin—thinner—thinnest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的单词, 则将y改为i再加-er变为比较级, 加-est变为最高级 busy—busier—busiestheavy—heavier—heaviest
以字母e结尾的单词, 直接加-r变为比较级, 加-st变为最高级 large—larger—largest
多音节以及某些双音节形容词或副词, 则通常在其前加more变为比较级, 加 most变为最高级 important—more important—most importantdifficult—more difficult—most difficult
(2)不规则变化。
well/good —better— best
bad/ill —worse—worst
old—older/elder— oldest/eldest
much/many— more— most
little—less—least
far—farther/further—farthest/furthest
五、比较等级的用法
1. 原级的用法
(1)肯定句中常用“as+原级形容词或副词+as”的结构。意为“与……一样……”, 表示前后两者的情况一样。
Though I worked as hard as before, I didn’t feel tired at all. 虽然我和以前一样努力工作, 但我一点没有感到疲劳。
(2)在否定结构中, 既可以用not as. . . as. . . , 也可以用not so. . . as. . . 。
He isn’t as/so tall as you. 他不如你高。
2. the+比较级
一是特指两者中较怎么样的人或物, 二是用于“the+比较级, the+比较级”, 表示“越……越……”。例如:
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia
哪一个是较大的国家, 加拿大还是澳大利亚
The more, the better. 越多越好。
3. “比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”
He studies harder and harder.
他学习越来越努力了。
4. 修饰比较级的词和短语
a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, a lot, a great deal, any, still, even等。
He is much friendlier than others.
他比其他人都友好得多。
5. 比较级表示最高级
(1)直接使用比较级, 常用于not/never+动词+a/an+比较级+名词或not+动词+比较级
Mr Li is great to work for—I really couldn’t ask for a better boss. 为李先生工作感觉非常好, 我真的找不到比他更好的老板了。
(2)比较级+than+the other+复数名词; 比较级+than+ the rest of+复数名词; 比较级+than+ any of the other+复数名词; 比较级+than+ any other+单数名词
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river/than all the other rivers/than any of the other rivers in China.
长江比中国的其他任何一条河流都长。
6. 最高级的用法
(1)形容词和副词的最高级用于三者或三者以上的比较。形容词的最高级前要加定冠词the, 但是副词最高级前的the可以省略。
He is the tallest of the three boys.
他是三个男孩中最高的。
(2)修饰最高级常用的词和短语主要有序数词和much, by far, nearly, almost等。
She speaks English much the best. 她的英语说得最好。
(3)表示“最……之一”时, 用“one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词”结构。
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.
上海是我国最大的城市之一。
六、倍数表达法
用 times 表示倍数(一般限于包括基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数。表示两倍的数, 一般用 twice )。其句式有:
(1)A is+倍数+形容词/副词的比较级+ than+B
This hall is five times bigger than our classroom.
这个大厅是我们教室的5倍大。
(2)A is+倍数+as+形容词/副词的原级+ as+B
This table is three times as long as that one.
这张桌子是那张桌子的三倍长。
(3)A is+倍数+the+名词(如: size, height, weight, length, width 等)+ of+B
This river is three times the depth of that one.
这条河是那条河的三倍深。
(4)A is+倍数+what引导的名词性从句
The length of the road is four times what it was three years ago. 这条路的长度是三年前的4倍。
过关训练
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2020·湖南学业水平考试真题)They __________(normal) pass important messages to each other about where to find food.
2. (2019·湖南学业水平考试真题) They think it is their duty to make the Earth __________(beauty )and peaceful.
3. (2018·湖南学业水平考试真题) In the beginning, its ads were __________(usual) about American culture.
4. It must have been __________(fair) unpleasant for the passengers to sit with all the smoke and noise.
5. It is __________(certain) fun playing football on the playground after class.
6. I stopped the ball and kicked it __________(immediate) back to the playground.
7. I went to him for help, but he treated me __________(cold).
8. A few minutes __________(late), my mother asked me to stop the car to get out for a short breath.
9. I enjoyed playing pop music and collecting the __________(late) music albums.
10. I was __________(amaze) at the fact that a sick person could feel much better after seeing the doctor.
Ⅱ. 语法小语段
(1)
This is Tammela School, 1. __________ primary school in Finland. The students are having a math class with their robot teacher. The “teacher” is a small blue machine about 25cm 2. __________ (height). Whenever students have
3. __________(problem), it helps them very 4. __________(patient) and never gets
5. __________(bore).
(2)
Smiling can show people that you’re 1. __________(friend). And, we have more than fifty 2. __________(difference) kinds of smiles for different situations. When something is funny, we 3. __________(usual) smile with an open mouth. If we are happy, our eyes become 4. __________(small) than usual when we smile. If we are proud 5. __________ something, we keep our lips together.
(3)
It was a very special day because Dylan Terry came to the West End Children’s Home! Dylan Terry is my favorite 1. __________(sing). I like him because he sings 2. __________(wonderful). He’s cute and he helps the kids a lot. We were standing near the door, 3. __________(wait) for him. Everyone was very 4. __________
(excite). 5. __________(final), he arrived and shook 6. __________(hand) with us. He was so nice!
(4)
We have studied in high school for several months. The school life is very busy and 1. __________ (excite). We all take part in many activities 2. __________ (active). I have made many new 3. __________(friend) and we often help and learn from each other in study. Our teachers not only teach us how to study but also teach us how to be 4. __________ useful person in society. The study now is far
5. __________ (different) than before. I often find there is something difficult to understand. In order to make great progress, I should try my best.
参考答案
Ⅰ. 1. normally 2. beautiful 3. usually
4. fairly 5. certainly 6. immediately
7. coldly 8. later 9. latest
10. amazed
Ⅱ.
(1)
1. a 2. high 3. problems 4. patiently
5. bored
(2)
1. friendly 2. different 3. usually
4. smaller 5. of
(3)
1. singer 2. wonderfully 3. waiting
4. excited 5. Finally 6. hands
(4)
1. exciting 2. actively 3. friends 4. a
5. more different
PAGE专题六: 主谓一致
基础知识过关
主谓一致, 即谓语必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致。主谓一致一般遵循三条原则: 语法一致原则, 意义一致原则和就近原则。
1. 单数或不可数名词作主语, 谓语动词用单数; 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数。
He goes to school early every morning.
The children are playing outside.
2. 表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时, 谓语动词通常用单数。
Five minutes is enough to do this exercise.
3. 主语部分包括as well as, rather than, but, except, with, together with, along with等连接其他名词时, 谓语动词的形式应与前面的主语保持一致。
The teacher with his students is going to visit the museum.
Nobody but two boys was late for class.
4. 由and或both. . . and连接的并列成分作主语时, 谓语动词用复数。但并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念, 谓语动词用单数。
The poet and writer has come.
5. 动词不定式、动词-ing形式或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
When and where to have the meeting has not been decided yet.
6. 由代词all, most, more, some, any, none修饰的词作主语时, 如果代词代指复数可数名词, 谓语动词用复数; 如果代词代指单数可数名词或不可数名词, 谓语动词用单数。
All of the work has been finished.
All of the people have gone.
7. “a number of+复数名词”作主语谓语动词用复数; 但“the number of+复数名词”作主语谓语动词用单数。
A number of students are playing football.
The number of the animals in the zoo is 50.
8. many a +单数名词 (许多……); more than one +单数名词(不止一……)作主语, 尽管意思是复数, 但谓语动词还是用单数。
Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.
9. 一些只有复数形式的名词, 如people, police, cattle, clothes, crowd等作主语时, 谓语动词要用复数。
The crowd were running for their lives.
10. 由or, either. . . or. . . , neither. . . nor. . . , not only. . . but also. . . 等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时, 采用就近一致原则, 即谓语动词和与它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
Either your students or Mr Wang knows this.
11. 在“There be” 句型中, 谓语动词和靠近它的主语一致。
There is one egg and two apples in it.
12. 集体名词, 如family, class, group, team, club, company, government, population作主语时, 表示集体意义, 强调整体概念时, 谓语动词用单数; 表示集体中各个组成部分, 强调个体概念时, 谓语动词用复数。
The whole family are watching TV.
His family is going to have a long journey.
13. 当表示国家、城市、人名、书名、报纸、杂志及组织机构等的专有名词作主语时, 作为整体, 谓语动词用单数形式。
The New York Times is being read all over the United States.
14. news, maths, physics, politics等词貌似复数, 实为单数, 其谓语动词用单数。
15. “the +形容词”(如the poor/rich/young/old/dead等)作主语, 谓语动词往往用复数。
The old are well taken care of in the village.
16. each, every, neither, either作主语或修饰主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in the future.
17. 由some-, any-, no-, every-与-body, -one, -thing构成的复合不定代词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
Everyone seeks happiness. 每个人都追求幸福。
通关训练
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2020·湖南学业水平考试真题)She returns home and __________(give) her information to the worker bees there.
2. Neither his students nor the teacher __________(know) how to work out the problem.
3. Not getting enough sleep __________(lead) to poor judgment.
4. The teacher and poet often __________(give) lectures around the city.
5. As far as I know, his family __________(be) not very large but the family __________(be) all music lovers.
6. The musician along with his band members __________(give) ten performances in the last three months.
7. In my life, it is music that __________(bring) me closer to my friends and family.
8. Three hours of outdoor exercise a week __________(be) good for one’s health.
Ⅱ. 语法小语段
(1)
Sarah and Janet 1. __________(be) friends since they started school. Anyone who 2. __________(have) a problem can ask the other for help. When in the third grade, doing maths homework 3. __________(be) very difficult for Janet. Sarah helped Janet 4. __________ her homework and 5. __________(patient) explained every exercise to Janet.
(2)
To be happy all the time 1. __________(be) very hard for us. A number of people 2. __________(try) to cheer themselves up by 3. __________(do) pleasant activities. But there’s another very easy way 4. __________(feel) happier: smile. When you smile, your body 5. __________(start) producing the things which
6. __________(call) endorphins (安多芬). These endorphins send a message to your brain that you 7. __________(be) happy.
(3)
One evening when both boys and girls 1. __________(be) particularly noisy, Mr Smith went out to talk to them. He 2. __________(explain) that he was badly ill when he could hear children 3. __________(play) cricket. They stormed away
4. __________ never played on the street again.
(4)
Cao Wenxuan, the writer of Bronze and Sunflower, won Hans Christian Andersen Award. The English version of the book 1. __________ (publish) in 2015 by a British company and republished in 2017. It 2. __________ (include) in “the voice of the world”—the world’s most beautiful novel series.
The book 3. __________ (tell) the story of the growing relationship between a city girl, Sunflower, and a country boy, Bronze. The author 4. __________
(show) the struggle of the characters in the face of hardship, and 5. __________
(describe) the true, the good and the beauty in human nature.
参考答案
Ⅰ. 1. gives 2. knows 3. leads 4. gives
5. is; are 6. has given 7. brings
8. is
Ⅱ.
(1)
1. have been 2. has 3. was 4. with 5. patiently
(2)
1. is 2. try 3. doing 4. to feel
5. starts 6. are called 7. are
(3)
1. were 2. explained 3. playing 4. and
(4)
1. was published 2. was included
3. tells 4. shows 5. describes
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