初中语法大全讲义+习题（无答案）

暑假语法中级精讲班讲义
词汇：
1、词类：英语词类分十种：
名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class.
2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it .
3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange .
4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see .
6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.
8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from,behind.
9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.
名词：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
1.名词的种类：
英语名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两大类：
专有名词：
专有名词是个表示人、地方、事物、团体、组织等名称的词。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
A. China, Hainan, Heping Road, Tom, …(不加定冠词the)
B. 有普通名词构成的专有名词要加定冠词the.
如：the Great Wall, the United States, the Space Museum,
2). 普通名词: 普通名词是表示个体的人或事物的词。如：pupil, family, man, foot…
集合名词：表示一群人或一些事物的词。如：family, police, people, cattle, group, class, team。
集合名词本身是复数。但family，group，team，class当作为整体时为单数；当作为整、
体中的各个成员时，为复数。
如：My family is a big one. My family are music lovers.
people, cattle, police只当复数讲.
2. 名词的数：
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；
▲不可数名词不能用数来计算，没有词形变化。如：water, juice, food, paper.
1) 常用不可数名词:
Drinks（饮料类）:
tea, black tea, juice, pop, soda, water, coffee, black coffee, white coffee, lemonade, milk, ,beer, wine, soya milk, soup, 7-Up…
Meat（肉类）:
beef, pork, mutton, chicken, steak, fish, meat, lamb, mince...
Other food(其他食物类):
sugar, brown sugar, jam, butter, bread, toast, salad, flour, food, fruit, rice, corn, hay, grass, sushi, porridge, cereal, cheese, chocolate, salt, oil, honey, Whisky…
D. Other things（其他类）:
hair, paper, money, glue, tape, soap, string, rubbish, furniture, weather, traffic, chalk, time, music, smoke, wood, work, homework, housework, sand, news, information, advice, news, luck, fun(乐趣)…
2) 既可数又不可数的名词:
以下单词两种形式都对，但在不同的意义下有不同的用法，应区别对待。
如: ice-cream, Coke, chicken, fish, chocolate...
glass: [c]: 指玻璃杯时可数。[u]:指玻璃时不可数。
wood: [c]: 指树林时可数。[u]:指木头时不可数。
exercise[c]: 指练习时可数。 [u]:指锻炼时不可数
3）不可数名词没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关量词，也可以和some, much, little, a lot of, plenty of 等词连用。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
常用量词：
a cup of a glass of a bottle of a can of
a bowl of a spoon of a plate of a tube of a mouthful of
a packet of a bag of
a basket of a jar of a pair of
a slice of（更薄，专指食物）
a piece of （意义更广，可指一件、一张、一根、一片，一条，如a piece of furniture,
a piece of paper, a piece of clothing, a piece of chalk，a piece of news…）
a carton of a box of
a litre of a pound of a kilogramme of
a lot of / lots of, plenty of, many, much, some, any, a little, little, a few, few, enough, too many, too much, too few, too little, not enough
只能跟可数名词 只能跟不可数名词 两者皆可
many too many a few few too few much too much a little little too little a lot of / lots of plenty of some any enough not enough
5) 英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
▲名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：
一般可数名词,+s：如：book-books
crayon, chair, rabbit, desk, pancake ...
B. 以s, sh, ch, x结尾的可数名词,+es：如：box-boxes
(1) -x: box, fox, pencil-box, post-box… (2) –s: bus, dress, waitress…
(3) –sh: dish, brush, toothbrush… (4) –ch: sandwich, peach, branch…
C. 以辅音字母+ y结尾的可数名词，去y +ies：如：fly-flies
fly, butterfly, dragonfly, body, family, baby, library, strawberry, lorry, lady, country…
注：toy, boy, monkey, donkey 直接 + s 变复数。
D. 以f，fe结尾的，去f，fe + ves：如：leaf-leaves
half, shelf, wife, leaf, housewife, thief, knife, scarf, wolf, life
注：A. scarf 有两种复数形式：scarfs/scarves
B. roof, giraffe 直接 + s 变复数
E. 单复同形：如：fish-fish
deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese
F. 特殊变化：
(1) man-men, woman-women, ( snowman, postman, fireman, milkman…)
tooth-teeth, goose-geese, foot-feet
child-children, mouse-mice
(2) tomato, potato, negro, hero volcano + es.
其余以o结尾的可数名词+s：video, radio, zoo, bamboo, piano, kilo, photo, kangaroo...
注： mango 有两种复数形式: mangos/mangoes
复合名词前面的名词是man, woman,变复数时，构成复合名词的两个名词全部都要变为复数形式；如果是其他词，变复数时，只要把后面的名词变成复数形式。
　　man teacher--men teachers woman driver—women drivers
boy student—boy students apple tree—apple trees
Exercises:
将下列名词变为复数：
Knife_________ factory_______ dictionary________ Japanese_________ family_________
Branch________ leaf_________ goose_________ potato________ man doctor___________
Radio________zoo_______ hobby_______ holiday_________ mouse________tooth_______
▲通常用于复数形式的名词：
pants, trousers, jeans, shorts, scissors, socks, gloves, mittens, shoes, boots, slippers,
sandals, glasses, sunglasses, chopsticks, stairs, noodles, vegetables, stairs, steps...
6) 有些词以s结尾，但是却不是复数。如：news, Maths, ...
7) 数词+名词+形容词构成复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数形式，必须用单数形式。
She is a five-year-old girl. 她是一个五岁的女孩。
（five-year-old 不能说成five-years-old）
a five-pound-note 一张五英镑的纸币a 100-metre race 一百米的比赛
3、名词所有格：
名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语
其构成法如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如：Childern’s Day(儿童节),
my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3) 如名词是复数却不以-(e)s 结尾，仍应加’s.
如：children’s books, the women’s dresses
（4）以s 结尾的人名，加‘s 或加’都可以。如：James’s /James’
(5) 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的词也可在词尾加’s或’。
如: today’s news one hour’s time ten minute’s ride/ walk /drive five minutes’ break
(6)用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加’s。
如：This is Mary and her sister’s bedroom. Lily and Lucy’s mother is a nurse.
用and连接两并列名词，表示分别拥有各自的物品时，两个词都在词尾加’s。
如：These are Tom’s and Mary’s bags.
(7)of常用来表示无生命的东西。如：the leaves of the tree the door of the room.
(8) “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格。如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友),a friend ofmine(我的一位朋友)
它有两种形式：
① of + 名词所有格 He is a friend of my brother’s.
② of + 名词性物主代词 Is she a daughter of yours
(9) 表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加上’s代表全称。
如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所) the butcher’s, the grocer’s…
at the doctor’s = at the doctor’s office
4. 同义词辨析：
（1）family, house, home
family指家、家庭，可强调家庭中的全体成员，不指住房；home 指家，指人们生活居住的地方，强调居住的范围和环境；house有住宅、家之意，强调房屋和居住点。
（2）job, work
job是可数名词，指一项具体的工作，多指零工或短工；work是不可数名词，指工作，劳动，努力，用功。
（3）voice，noise，sound
noise：指人们不愿听到的声音，尤其指噪音。
voice：指人的说话声或唱歌声，指人的嗓音。
sound：指自然界的一切声音。
（二）代词：
1、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。
2、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。
第一人 称单数 第二人 称单数 第三人称单数 第一人称复数 第二人称复数 第三人称复数
主 格 I you he She it we you they
宾 格 me you him her it us you them
1) 主格用来作句子的主语、表语。
如：I often go shopping on Sundays. Are they from China
Where is she I like football.
2) 宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。
如：He teaches us English this year Help me!
We often write letters to her.
3) 人称代词的语序：
单数形式：二三一（you he/she and I）
复数形式：一二三（we you and they）
4)人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离”
等含义,
如：--What’s the weather like today (今天天气怎样？)
—It’s fine.(天气晴好) /
--What’s the time (几点啦？) –It’s 12：00.(12点)
3、物主代词：说明事物所属关系。
物主代词分为形容词性和名词性两种。
第一人 称单数 第二人 称单数 第三人称单数 第一人称复数 第二人称复数 第三人称复数
形容 词性 my your his her its our your their
名词 性 mine yours ( his hers its ours yours theirs
1）形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟名词。
如：Is that your umbrella (那是你的伞吗？)
I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨)
They are their books.(是他们的书)
2）名词性物主代词相当于“形容词+名词“,后面千万不可以跟名词。
如：This is your cup, but where is mine (这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿？)
Your classroom is very big, but ours is too small.(你们的教室很大,我们的太小)
4、反身代词：
第一人 称单数 第二人 称单数 第三人称单数 第一人称复数 第二人称复数 第三人称复数
myself Yourself himself Herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves
常用短语： by oneself, say to oneself, hurt oneself, enjoy oneself, help oneself to..., come to oneself(苏醒)
例句：I went to the post office by myself. (我一个人去邮局。）
Enjoy yourselves！（你们玩得开心些！）
Please help yourself to some fish.
5. 指示代词：指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。
单数 复数 含义
this(这个) these(这些) 指较近的人和物
that(那个) those(那些) 指较远的人和物
it (这人/这物) 指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时
---Who is it (是谁？) ---It’s me!(是我！)
6. 不定代词：代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。
1)常用普通不定代词：some, any, many, much, each, every, few, little, either, neither, both, all, none...
all和both的用法：
A. all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词；也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词。B. both指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。
例：Do you have anything to say （你有什么事要说吗？）
--Would you like this one or that one –Both.(你要这个还是那个？两个都要。)
2)复合不定代词有12个：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(什么都没有，没事),nobody(没有人), no one(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人).
复合不定代词是由some , any ,no ,every, 加上body, thing构成的,在句子
中当单数使用。
somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中；
anything, anybody, anyone一般用于疑问句、否定句中。
7、相互代词：表示相互关系的词叫相互代词。
each other ,one another是相互代词,
each other表示两者之间,而one anther表示许多人之间。
如：We must help each other when we are in trouble.(我们身处困境时要互相帮助。)
8、疑问代词：用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词。
疑问代词主要用于特殊疑问句中,一般放在句首。
（三）、数词：
1、分类：数词有基数词和序数词两种。
2、基数词：表示数目的词叫基数词。
1000→one(a) thousand, 10000 → ten thousand,
100000→one hundred thousand , 1000000→one million,
10000000→ten million 100000000→one hundred million,
108 one hundred and eight, 146→one hundred and forty-six,
1001→one thousand and one, 1813→one thousand eight hundred and thirteen.
2）[注]：(1)百位与十位之间要加and；十万位和万位,亿位和千万位之间
通常也要加and。
3）英语用千、百万等单位计数,大数字从右向左看,每隔三位划一逗号,
倒数第一个逗号之前要用thousand,倒数第二个逗号之前要用
million, 倒数第三的逗号之前要用billion表示。
4）基数词在表示确切的数字时，不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式：但是当基数词表示不确切数字，如成百，成千上万，三三两两时，基数词则以复数形式出现。
如：five hundred ten thousand
hundreds of(成百上千的),thousands of(成千上万的),millions of(成百万上千万的)...
3、序数词：表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
1）序数词
英语的序数词变法口诀：
123要单独记，th 要从4加起，eight 少个t, nine 去掉e,
ve 要用f 替，ty 变成 tie, 要问第几十几或几百几，只要个位记心里。
注：
A. 两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词, 其余部分仍用基数词。
如：thirty-sixth,
B. 使用序数词时一般加定冠词the.如：I’m in the third grade.
C. 数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。如：1/5→one fifth ;
2/3→ two thirds ; 4/7→ four sevenths ; 1/2→ a half ;
1/4→a quarter ; 3/4→ three quarters ;
50%→ fifty hundredths ( fifty percent).
4、数词的用法：
1) 表示年份：2002:twentythousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.
2) 表示日期： 12月1日:Dec.1st或the first of December；
2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002.
3) 表示时刻：
表示几点钟用基数词加o’clock, o’clock 可以省略。4:00→ four o’clock
表示几点过几分，在分钟后加past再加小时。5:15→a quarter past five
表示差几分几点，在分钟后加to, 再加小时。10:45→a quarter to eleven
在日常生活中常用下列简单方法表示时间：
five fifteen eight thirty ten forty-five...
4)表示编号：Room 105→Room one 0 five;
Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen;
P.5→Page Five;
5) 小数的读法：5.7→five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six.
7) “半”的表达： 1/2→half, 半小时→half an hour, 1.5小时→one and a half hours或one hour and a half.
名词专项练习题
一、写出下列名词的复数形式。
1. pencil-box_____ 2. knife ______ 3. sister________ 4. family _________5. nurse ______ 6. dress _______ 7. child _________ 8. story _______9. postman ________ 10. dish ________ 11. bird ______ 12. foot _______13.mouse ______ 14. watch ______ 15. class _____ 16. sandwich ______17. bus________ 18. apple ______ 19.banana _______ 20. leaf ________21. coach _______ 22. boy_______ 23.pupil ________ 24. tomato________25.hand______ 26. zoo_______ 27. baby_______ 28.child_________
二、用所给名词的合适形式填空。
1.cake: Look, there is a big ___ on the table.Have some ___ , please.
2. fish: Mum, there is a ___ in the bag. That’s great. I like eating ___.
3. chocolate: ---Linda, here is some ___ for you.
---No, thank you. Look there are some ___ in my box.
三、划出下列单词中的不可数名词。
peach coffee ink shirt picture sister garden sofa knife snow water ice tea cooker orange fridge truck rain wind car teacher spoon jam ear
四、选择填空
1.I am thirsty. Would you bring me_______, please
A. some bread B. some tea C. some cakes D. some eggs
2.What’s wrong with my son’s ________ He can’t see things clearly.
A. eyes B. ears C. mouth D. nose
3. There is __________ on the table. A. some oranges B. some bread C. some apples
4. There are some ________ on the hill. 　　
A. sheeps B. a sheep C. sheep D. sheepes
5. There are some new books in the school library. They are ____ books. 　
A. child B. childrens' C. children D. children's
6. I have worn out my shoes, so I want to buy a new ________ . 　　
A. pair B. one C. ones D. trousers
7. The hospital is a Little far from here. It's about _______ .
　A. forty minutes's walk B. forty minute's walk 　　C. forty minutes walk D. forty minutes' walk
8. I found my black cat in_____ room.
A. Jim and Mike B. Jim and Mike's C. Jim's and Mike's D. Jim's and Mike
9. How much are the _____ 　　A. bread B. meats. C. potatos D. tomatoes
10. There are many ______ in our school.
A. woman teachers B. woman's teachers C. women teachers D. women's teachers
11. Three months ________ a long time for me. 　　A. is B. are C. have D. has
12. There are ______ and ______ on the table.
　A. two boxes cake; four bottle of oranges 　　B. two boxes cake; four bottle of orange
　C. two boxes of cakes; four bottles of orange 　　D. two box of cakes; four bottles of oranges
五、填入名词的适当形式。
1．We have __________(pen). 2. This is ____________(apple).
3. Where is ____________(pupil) 4. There are________________(watch).
5. Are you _____________(teacher) Yes, we are. 6. He has some _______________(ink).
7.Have some _________(rice), please. 8.This is a bag of ______________(apple).
9.There are a lot of __________________(chocolate) in the bag. 10.These are __________________(postman).
六、根据文中把句子补充完整。
1．This is _________________(我爸爸的帽子)。
2. That big bed is _________________________________(露西和莉莉的)。
3．______________________________（我母亲的鞋子）are all black.
4. _________________________________ (教室里的窗户)are not big.
5. ________________________(李明和王刚各自的老师)are not in the office.
6. _______________________________(她的猫的名字)is Mimi.
7. Whose books are these They’re _________________(王小姐的)。
8. The nice picture is _____________________________(她的朋友的).
9. Are these pens yours No, they’re _________________(男士们的)。
10. I have a map __________(中国的)。It’s in __________room (我的父亲的)。
11. What colour is _________________(彼得的上衣)？
12. _________________(红星学校的学生)are in the park.
七、用“‘s”或“of”填空。
1．my mother ___ bag 2. Tom ___ friend
3. the door ___ our room 4. postmen ___ bags
5. the teachers ___ bikes
八、汉英互译。
1. your mother’s bag____________ 2. the People’s Park___________
3. two pupils of this class__________ 4、老师的包_________________
5. a picture of the horse_______________ 6. Linda’s brother________
7. 玛丽的帽子_________________ 8. 学生们的鞋_________________
9. 这个公园的花________________10. 我们教室的墙________________
九、根据所给名词及上下文写出正确的名词所有格。
1. ____________ (Mr Read) house is near the hill.
2. Class 1 is next to the ____________ (teachers) office.
3. ____________ (Miss Gao) students are having an English class.
4. The ____________ (boys) books are all here.
5. ____________ (Lucy and Lily) bedroom is very nice.
代词专项练习题
一．用括号中人称代词的适当形式填空
1.Her sister is helping _______（we）.
2.John and I are in the same school. （we）go to school together.
3.Everyone likes_____(she), do (you)
4.Danny gives the book to ______ . (you)
5.______(I)have many friends. Some of （they）are good at English.
6.Jim is English. ________(I)like playing with _______(he)
7.I love ________（they）very much.
8.Miss Li often looks after________（she）
9.They are waiting for__________（they）.
10.Do you like Li Ming No, ______(I) don’t like _____.(he)
数词专项练习题
How long is the new bridge Do you know
A、one thousand one hundred and eighty metres B、one thousand and one hundred fifty metres
C、two thousands one hundred forty metres D、two thousands seventy and three metres
2、Excuse me, how does this number 20,135 read
A、twenty thousands one hundred and thirty – five B、twenty thousand one hundred and thirty five
C、twenty thousand one hundred and thirty – five D、twenty thousands, one hundred and thirty – five
3、---Bob， can you write the number seven hundred and eighty thousand and thirty-two
--- Yes, it is __________.
A、78032 B、7832 C 、 7032 D、780032
4、There are ___________ in a day.
A、24 hours B、12 hours C 、 four hours D、365 hours
5、 Nine __________ pounds a week That’s very good.
A、hundred of B、hundreds of C 、hundreds D、hundred
6、Each year, ________fishes are killed by the polluted water and many people are made sick by the polluted air.
A、millions of B、 million of C 、 two millions of D、two millions
7、Our summer holiday is coming. Two _______ the students in our school will go to the beach.
A、hundred B、hundreds C 、hundred of D、hundreds of
8、During the seven – day May Day holiday, _________ families went sightseeing.
A、thousand B、thousands C 、thousands and thousands D、thousands of
9、The building has_______ floors. They live on the_______ floor.
A、ninth, last B、nine, nine C、nine, ninth D、nine, tenth
10、The _______ month of the year is February.
A、 one B、 first C 、 two D、second
11、 The beautiful skirts are on show in the shop. Jane likes________.
A、 the ninth B、the nineth C、nine D、ninth
12、December is the ________ month of the year.
A、twelve B、 twelveth C 、twelvieth D、twelfth
13、June is the________ month of a year.
A、six B、sixth C 、seven D、seventh
14、My sister is a student of ___________.
A、the First Class B、Class One C 、One Class D、Class First.
15、About _______ of the books in our school library are written in Chinese.
A、four-fifth B、four-fifths C 、fourth-fifths D、fourths-fifth
16、December __________ is Christmas Day.
A、twenty-five B、the twenty-fifth C 、the twentieth-five D、twentieth-fifth
17、What time is it It’s _______(2:40)
A、forth past two B、two past forty C 、twenty to three D、twenty to two
18、The Olympic Games are held_________ .
A、every four years B、every four year C 、every fourth years D、every four- years
19、--- It’s 9:45. --- Yes, it’s __________.
A、fifteen from ten B、a quarter to ten C、 fifteen past nine D、a quarter past ten
20、---Which room do you live in ----_________.
A、The 201 Room B、Room 201 C、Room 201 st D、The 201’s Room
21、Both of the two rulers are broken. I want to buy a _______ one.
A、three B、third C、forth D、/
22、Today is his ________ birthday.
A、twenty B、twentieth C、the twentieth D、the twenty
（四）冠词
冠词是一种虚词，本身无词义，也不能单独使用。它用在名词前，帮助说明名词的含义。
1、冠词分类及读法：
英语中冠词有3个a/an和the. a/an为不定冠词。the 为定冠词。
定冠词the的读法：当它在辅音音素开头的词前弱读为[]，在元音音素开头的词前重读为[]。
2、不定冠词a / an的区别：
不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音音素开头的词前面; an用在元音音素开头的词的前面。
1)元音音素开头的可数名词：
a: apple, astronaut, aeroplane, apple pie, aviary, aquarium, afternoon, aunt, ant, answer, ambulance, ambulance man, arm, animal, address, adult, area
e: egg, ear, eye, elbow, evening, engine, exercise book, estate, eraser, end, engineer, elephant, English book, exciting film...
i: ice-cream, island, insect, invitation, instrument, interesting book,
o: hour, honest man, orange, olive, ocean, old man(woman), office, onion, oven, oar, ostrich
u: umbrella, underground, ugly man, uncle, unusual day
注： uniform, university, unit, 前面要用a表示一个。
真题链接：
1. Jenny is _______ American. She works in ______company in China now.
A. an; a B. an; the C. a; an
2. If you work hard, you will get______ “A” in the exam. A. a B. an C. the
3. My cousin is ______ 8-year-old girl. A. a B. an C. the
4. —What about renting(租) a bike
—It will cost you 2 pounds____ hour or five pounds______ day.
A. a; the B. an; a C. the; a D. the; an
不定冠词用法口诀：名词是秃子，需要带帽子。可数名词单，需用a和an, 辅音前用a, an在元音前。
2）不定冠词的基本用法：
A. 在叙述时用于第一次提到的人或物。如：This is a book.
泛指一类人或事物的某一类别, 以区别于其他种类，a或an 不必翻译。
A plane is a machine that can fly. (飞机是一种能飞的机器。)
A car runs faster than a bus. (= Cars run faster than buses. 小汽车比公交车跑得快。)
C. 泛指某人或某物表示“某一个”，用于可数名词前。
如：A girl is waiting for you. （有个女孩在等你。）
此时注意与one的区别，one更加强调是“一个”，而不是“两个、三个”。
在与别的事物相对照时，通常用one，而不用a/an. She has one sister, but three brothers.
D. 用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词前，有“每一”的意思，相当于every。
two kilometers an hour five lessons a week twice a month
E. 用于固定搭配中，与介词、动词或名词一起构成习惯用语。
have a bad cold/ toothache / headache have a swim/talk/rest/bath/look/break/try
go for a walk, have a good time, tell a lie, give sb a hand, wait a moment
3. 定冠词the的用法：
(1)表示上文已提到的特定的人或事物。
There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人,那个人叫罗伯特。)
Last week I bought a picture. Look, this is the picture.（上周我买了一本书。看就是这本。）
(2)指特指的说话双方都知道的人或事物。
如：Do you know the girl in red 如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)
Please show me the book on the left. ( 请给我看看左边那本书。）
Give me the book. Look at the blackboard, Lily.
（3）表示世界上独一无二的事物：the earth, the sun, the moon, the sky, the world
如：We have friends all over the world. (我们的朋友遍天下。）
The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)
(4)在形容词比较级、最高级及序数词及被only所修饰的名词前。He is the only student who has a computer.
A. 形容词最高级前通常加定冠词。如：She is the most careful student in our class.
B．“the +比较级”与“of the two 连用表示两者中更...的一个。如：John is the taller of the two.
C. “the+比较级，the +比较级”表示“越来越”。
如：The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 你工作越努力，取得的进步就越大。
D．序数词前面加定冠词表示“第几”或表示顺序。
如：The first man to land on the moon is an American. 第一个登上月球的人是美国人。
用在表示方位和表示演奏的西洋乐器的名词之前。
如： Jilin is in the north of China.
He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)
the piano, the recorder, the triangle, the violin, the drum, the guitar, the flute.
用在江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠等专业名词的前面，或由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。
the Himalaya Mountains，the United States , the Great Wall,
the Red Sea, the Yangtzi River, the Nile 尼罗河，the West Lake, the Pacific Ocean太平洋
用在姓氏的复数前面表示一家人或夫妻俩。
如：The Greens are going to Hong Kong next month.(下个月格林一家要去香港)
The Zhangs are having dinner now. (现在张全家人正在吃饭。）
和某些形容词连用，表示一类人。
the rich, the poor, the young, the old, the blind, the sick...
几个用定冠词的习语：
in the evening/morning/afternoon, in the east/west/north/south, at the top/foot/back of
in the world, on the right/left, in the middle of, the other day(前几天), in the country(在乡下)
to tell you the truth，in his twenties(在他二十多岁时)，at the same time(同时), make the bed,
in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上) at the moment...
定冠词用法口诀:
特指双方熟悉，上文已经提及。世上独一无二，方位名词乐器。某些专有名词，外加复数姓氏。序数词最高级，习惯用语需牢记。
题组训练：观察下面例句中the的用法，并在右侧注明原因。
1. Turn down____ radio, please.____________ 2. Beijing is____ capital of China.__________
3. I got a book as a present. ____ book was very interesting.________
4. _____ is bigger than ____ earth.________ 5. Who teaches_____ first class _________
6. _____ United States is also called the U.S.A.________
7. ______Browns all get up early in the morning._______
9.Those food are for_____poor.________ 10. She likes to play________ piano._______
4、不用冠词（零冠词）的情况：
(1)一些不特指的不可数名词和复数名词时前面通常不用。
如：China is a very large country.(中国是个大国)
Manneeds air and water.(人类需要空气和水) Everyone needs friends.
(2) 专有名词前一般不用冠词，包括人名、地名、季节、月份、、星期、节假日、杂志名词、家庭成员名称等。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.
Spring comes after winter.
Mother is watering the garden while father is watching TV.
(3)在三餐、球类运动、棋类运动、学科及语言等名词前通常不用冠词。
如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.
真题链接：
1.—What would you like for ______ breakfast — Two pieces of bread and ____ cup of tea, please.
A. a; the B. /; a C. /; the
2. Rose doesn’t play_____ volleyball. So _____ volleyball can’t be hers.
A. a; a B. the; the C. /; a D. /; the
(4)名词前已有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词、疑问代词或名词等限定词时，不可以再加冠词。
如：His father is a teacher. She left early this morning.
(5) 固定搭配中零冠词的用；
如：at noon/night/midnight , at first/last, by train/car/taxi, on foot, go to bed, go to school/work/church/hospital,
go home, at least(至少)...
不用冠词的口诀：限定词在名词前，专有名词不可数，学科球类和三餐，四季星期月份前，称呼习语和头衔，
语种国名常无冠。
冠词专项练习题
I.在空格内填上a或an
1. _____ear 2.______actor 3. _____hen 4_______uniform 5. ______university
6. ______elephant 7.______hat 8.______umbrella 9.______useful book
10.______idea11.______hour 12_______ honest boy 13.______interestingbook
14.______easy question15.______orange dress 16_______apple pie
II.用a an, he或“/”填空
1.________Washington is _______capital of ________United States of America.
2._______tall man over there is my boss.
3._______earth moves around _________sun.
4.No news is ________good news.
5.Have you visited _______Great Wall
6.They often play __________football after school.
7. ________student in the third row is_______tallest in our class.
8.Did you have_________breakfast this morning
9.Mr.White will go to________Tokyo by________air.
10.By _____ way,do you know_________old woman in glasses
III.选择填空
1.Mom tells her little daughter_____old story every night. A. a B. / C. an D. the
2. _______computer on the table is Susan’s. A. A B. An C. The D. /
3.There is _________map of the world on _______wall. _______map is mine.
A. a, a, A B. a, the, The C. the, the, The D. the, the, A
4. ______Whites live on______floor.
A. /, three B. A, third C. The, third D.The, the third
5. _____Spring comes after_______winter. A. /, / B.The, / C.The, the D.A, the
6.I bought _______shoes yesterday. _______shoes are very beautiful.
A. a, The B. a pair of, The C. the, The D. a pair, The pair
7.He was ______soldier in the Second World War. A. a B. an C. the D. /
8.She can play _____and ________.
A. the tennis, the guitar B. tennis, guitar C. the tennis, guitar D. tennis, the guitar
9.I can see _____moon and ______clouds in the sky.
A. the, a B. a, a C. the, / D. the, the
11. ______Tian’anmen Square is in _____Beijing. A. /, / B. A, / C. The, / D. /, the
12.—Can you tell me _____nearest bookshop
—Go straight and turn right at_______third crossing, and you will see it.
A. the, a B. the, the C. a, the D. the, /
13 . There is _____ apple on the desk.a. a b .the c. an d./
14.The girl under ____ tree is my sister.　a. a b .the c .an d./
15.He met _____ friend of his on the road.　a. a b .the c .an d./
16.Mr black will go back to England______.a .by air b .by a plane c. by trains d. at a train
17.Yesterday I went to______ work on _____foot.a. /， / b ./， thec .the， / d. the， the
18.There is _____“h” in the word “hour”， but_______ “h”doesn’t make a sound.
　a. a， a b. a， thec. the， an d .an. the
19.I’m going to see my mother. She is ill ____. a n hospital b. in the hospital c. in a hospital d. at a hospital
20. We have three meals ______day. we have breakfast at 6：30 in____morning every day.
　a. the， the， theb. the， /， thec. a， /， thed .a， the， the
21.——This is-______ film I’ve told you about several times.
　　——It’s great. I’ve never seen ___ more moving one.
　　a. a， a b. the， the c. the， a d. a， the
　22.——Tina，could you please play_______ piano for me while I’m singing？
　　——With pleasure.
　　a .a b. an c. the d. /
　23.I want to try again. please give me_______ third chance again.　a .a b. thec. an d. /
　24. ——What’s the matter with you？
　　——I caught______ bad cold and had to stay in______ bed.
　　a. a; / b. a; thec. a; a d. the; the
IV.?冠词填空：在下列句中空白处填入适当冠词a, an, the，不需用冠词处划×。
1．There is ____ picture of ____elephant on ____ wall．
2．This is ____useful book．I've read it for ____ hour．
3．_____elephant is much heavier than ____ horse．
4．____ doctor told him to take ____ aspirin three times ____ day．
5．Let's go out for ____ walk．
6．It's too hot．Open _____ door，please．
7．There is ___ woman over there． ____ woman is Mary’s mother．
8．____ sun rises in ______ east．
9．_____ Changjiang River is ____ longest river in ____ China．
10．Are you going to do it __ second time？
11．_____ old man is ____ teacher．He likes playing ____ basketball after ____ supper．
12．I often watch _____ TV in _____ evening．
14．Tomorrow is _____ Christmas Day and my father and I went to choose ______ Christmas tree today．
15．He often goes to ______ school by ______ bike．
16．What _____ important news！
形容词、副词专项练习题
一、写出下列形容词或副词的比较级、最高级
old ____________sad ____________wet ___________ busy __________fat ________thin_____________
heavy___________ nice____________ good __________ interesting ___________ pretty________________
high_____________ expensive ___________________ late _____________
early_________________ far_________________ well_______________________
二、根据句意填入单词的正确形式：
1. My brother is two years __________(old)than me.
2. Tom is as ________(fat) as Jim.
3. Who is ___________(thin),you or Helen Helen is.
4. Whose pencil-box is __________(big),yours or hers Hers is.
5. Mary’s hair is as __________(long) as Lucy’s.
6.________ Nancy sing __________ (well) than Helen Yes, she _____.
7.Fangfang is not as _________ (tall) as the other girls.
8.My eyes are __________(big) than ________ (she)..
9.Who gets up _________(early),Tim or Tom
10._____the girls get up_______(early) than the boys No,they______.
11.The child doesn’t_____(write) as ____(fast) as the students.
三、选词填空
1. My sister is getting _____.
A. fater and fater B. fatter and fatter C. more fatter and fatter D. more and more fatter
2. Jack is the ______ boy ________our class.
A. tallest. in B. taller. in C. most tall. of D. more tall. of
3. It is not _______ warm _________ yesterday. Put on more clothes.
A. so . on B. so. in C. as .at D. as. as
4. Hamgzhou is one of ____cities I have visited.
A. beautiful B. beauitifulier C. more beautiful D. the most beautiful
5. Both Andy and I drive slowly. Tom drives fast. So Tom drives ________of all.
A. slower B. the slowest C. faster D. the fastest
(五)形容词、副词：
1. 形容词：用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。说明人和食物的性质或特征。
1）形容词的位置：
形容词修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以ing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后。
如：There is a big bottle on the table.
There is something wrong with this watch. (这只表有些故障了。)
Is there anything important in the newspaper (报上有什么重要新闻吗？)
We saw something white in the dark. (我们在黑暗中看见了一些白色的东西。)
2) 有少数形容词只能做表语，不能做定语：
如：asleep, awake, afraid, alone...
3) 以y结尾的形容词：
friendly(友好的), lovely（可爱的）, lonely（孤独的）, lively（有生机的）
4）词类辨析：
A. good, well, fine, nice
.good 是形容词，用作定语和表语，表示电影、书籍等某种东西的内容好，表示人品好，善良等。
.well 既是形容词也是副词，作形容词时，只作表语，指身体健康。
Take this medicine three times a day, and you will be better soon.
.fine通常指天气好。What a fine day today!
.nice 往往指令人喜悦的、讨人喜欢的人、味道、言语、天气等。
The flowers smell nice.
B. ill, sick
两个词都是病的，生病的意思，都可以作表语，但作定语时只能用sick而不能用ill。
He isill/sick now.(现在他病了。)
I see a sick man . (我看见一个病人。)
2. 形容词的原级、比较级和最高级。
1)分类：形容词有原级、比较级和最高级三级。
原级变为比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
2) 规则变化:
一般情况词尾+er +est, 如：taller, the tallest young , tall, old, small, cold, warm, high, cheap, quiet, strong, dear, loud, thick, rich, poor, hard, fast,
词尾是不发音的e，+ r + st 如：nicer, the nicest brave , free, safe, large, nice…
词尾是辅音字母加y结尾,去y+ ier +iest 如：happier, the happiest happy, dry, early, busy, thirsty, hungry, easy, dirty, shiny, fluffy, ugly, heavy…
以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写词尾字母， + er +est 如：hotter, the hottest hot, fat, thin, sad, wet, big, red…
多音节词一般词前+ more + most 如：more careful, most careful beautiful, dangerous, expensive, careful, carefully, handsome, difficult, interesting, wonderful, glad, delicious, frightening, boring, expensive...
3)不规则变化:
原级 比较级 最高级
good好的 better更好的 best最好的
well好；(身体)好的,
bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地 worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地；(身体)更不舒服的 worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地；(身体)最不舒服的
ill(身体)不舒服的
many许多的(可数) more更多的；更 most最多的；最
much许多的(不可数)；非常
little少的 less更少的 least最少的
far远的；远地 farther更远的；更远地 farthest最远的；最远地
further进一步的(地) furthest最深刻的(地)
注：形容词最高级前必须加the。
4)形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的常用句型：
A. 比较级：
She is tall, but he is taller.
He is taller than her.
My father is taller than your father.
My father is taller than yours.
B. 最高级：
I’m tall, she is taller, but he is the tallest. ...but...
He is the tallest student in his class. ...in...
He is the tallest of the three. ...of the ...
She is the tallest of all the girls ...of all the...s.
This car is the fastest of them all. ...of ... all
It is the best film I have ever seen. ... I have ever ...
原级：
This car is as expensive as that car. as… as
He is not as tall as his friend. not as… as
He is not so tall as his friend. not so… as
I’m less young than you. less … than
3、副词：用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词叫做副词。
1) 副词的分类：
A. 时间副词：有now, then, today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, ago, soon, immediately, early, already, yet, ever等。
时间副词时确定动词时态的重要标志，所有一定要掌握不同时态的时间标志。一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在动词的前面。
如：We are going to visit the Great Wall tomorrow.(我们明天要去参观长城)
They have already been to the UK twice.(他们去过英王国两次)
Every day I go to school early.
B. 频率副词：通常和一般现在时连用，表示动作发生的频率。
一般放在be动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间。
但sometimes，usually, often等还可以放在句首或句尾。
once, twice、three times等一般放在句尾。
如：The workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人们通常在厂里吃午饭)
Take this medicine twice a day.(这种药一天吃两次)
C. 地点副词：有outside，inside, upstairs, here, there, home, near, away, back, off , up, anywhere等。地点副词和动词连用时不加介词。
注意：地点副词、时间副词和方式副词一般放在句末。有时为了强调时间，也可以把时间副词放在句首。
I’ll meet him at the station tomorrow. Tomorrow I’ll meet him at the station.
The boy did his homework quickly.
D. 程度副词：有very, quite, too, much, so，enough 等。
注意,enough总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面；
如：I nearly forgot all about it .(我几乎把那事全忘了)
Today is cool enough for us to go out.
E. 疑问副词：有when, where, why, how, how long, how often, how far等。
疑问副词常用来构成特殊疑问句。
4）副词的比较级、最高级的用法。
A. 变化规律与形容词的变化规律基本相同。
B. 副词最高级前一般不加定冠词the。
5）既是形容词也是副词的单词有：
early, late, enough, hard, fast, slow, high, low等等。
如： The students must study hard. （努力地）This question is very hard(难的)
This boy is clever enough. I’ve got enough food.
6)词汇辨析：
A. like...very much、like...better(=prefer)、like...best的用法：
三个短语分别表示“非常喜欢”、“更喜欢”、“最喜欢”。
如：I like baseball very much.(我非常喜欢棒球)
Do you like butter better than cheese
They like hamburgers best.
B. how的几个短语：
how often“每隔多久”,用于一般时态,对表示频度的词语进行提问；
How often does he wash his face (他每隔多久洗一次脸？
how soon“多久以后”,用于将来时态，常用in+段时间回答；
how long“多长时间”,对一个持续的时间段提问，常用for+段时间和 since+点时间回答。用于过去时、完成时或其他时态；
How long have you lived here
How far 意为多远，对距离提问。
how many times“多少次”,用于过去时或完成时,对总计次数进行提问；
how much“多少” ,对数量(不可数)或金钱进行提问。
C. too，as well, also, either
too, as well, also 用于肯定句和疑问句中，too和as well 多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用；either用于否定句和否定句的疑问句中，往往放在句末。
如：He went to the Palace Museum and I went there, too.
She has a younger sister. I also have a younger sister.
He is not tall. She is not tall either.
4. 形容词变副词：
A. +ly: B. 词尾辅音字母+y的形容词去y+ily: C. 去e+y:
quick-quickly happy-happily gentle-gently
loud-loudly heavy-heavily comfortable- comfortably
sad-sadly easy-easily
careful-carefully thirsty-thirstily
usual-usually lazy- lazily
slow-slowly
quiet-quietly
不变： F. 特殊：
early-early good-well
late-late very good- very well
fast- fast
slow- slow
hard-hard
注：形容词修饰名词和代词，副词修饰动词和形容词。
如：He is a good student. He can speak English well.
This radio is loud. She is singing loudly.
(八)动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is, are, have, see .
在英语中，动词是非常重要的。一般说来，没有动词就不能组成一句话。每个句子中必须有一个动词来担当谓语，说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”。
如：I am his friend.
You study English.
The sun is red.
1.动词的分类：
类别 意义 例句
实义动词 含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。我们日常接触的大量动词都是实义动词，又可称为行为动词。 实义动词分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词。(vi.) 及物动词后要跟宾语。不及物动词后不跟宾语。 They eat a lot of potatoes. （vt.） I’m reading an English book now.（vt.） They are running now.(vi.)
系动词 本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。 His father is a teacher.他父亲是教师。 The teacher became very angry.老师变得很生气。
助动词 本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。 He doesn’t speak English. 他不说英语。 We are playing basketball. 我们在打篮球。 Do you have a brother 你有兄弟吗？
情态动词 本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。 You can keep the books for two weeks. 这些书你可以借两个星期。 May I smoke here 我可以在这儿抽烟吗？ We must go now. 我们现在得走了。
★重要注解：
(1) 关于实义动词：
①英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类：
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词；本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。
②有些动词通常只作不及物动词。
如：go, come, listen, rise, arrive,等。
有些动词通常用作及物动词。如：say, sell, find, buy等。
③大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如：study, sing, begin等。如：Let’s begin.
We will begin our class in an hour. (一小时后我们开始上课。)
④不及物动词后往往跟上一个介词，构成一个短语动词,然后可以跟一个介词宾语。实际上，不及物动词+介词+介词宾语=及物动词
如：listen to the teacher ,wait for the bus ,look at me…
常见短语动词：
look at, look for, look around(四处打量，看看)， look up(查出)， look forward to(盼望), look after,
(2) 关于系动词：
系动词用来连接主语和表语,系动词后面常为形容词。
我们最常见的系动词是be. be有时翻译成“是”，有时不必翻译。
另外一些是感官动词。
常用感官动词：look（看起来)、feel(感到)、smell(闻起来)、taste(尝起来)、sound(闻起来)
这些词作为系动词是后面必须跟形容词；但作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。
如: The soup tastes delicious. She looks thin. I feel tired.
常跟感官动词的形容词：
look: fat thin tall short busy lazy beautiful handsome ugly fresh ill…
feel: hot cold soft hard smooth rough fluffy happy tired afraid angry…
smell: nice fishy …
taste: nice delicious tasty sweet sour salty spicy bitter
注：表语形容词只能与系动词连用，作表语。
如： She is awake. The boy feels afraid. This man looks ill.
(3) 关于助动词：
①常见的助动词有：用于进行时的be (am, is, are ,was, were ) ;用于完成时的have(has,had) ;用于将来时的 will和用于一般时的do(does,did) .
②助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式.
如：He doesn’t like Science.
We will visit Shanghai next week.
(4) 关于情态动词：
常见的情态动词有：can (could) ,may (might), must ,should等,另外,have to、had better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。
2、动词的几种形式：
A. 一般现在式，用于一般现在时，主语是非第三人称单数时，其动词形式不变。当主语是第三人称单数时，
B .现在分词：用于现在进行时
C. 过去式：用于一般过去时
D. 过去分词：用于现在完成时（规律同过去式）
动词形式专项练习
写出以下动词的三单形式：
touch_____ make_____ wish______ cry_______ have________fly_______ dance______ taste_______ watch ________go_______dive_______ dry_______ brush_______ study _____chase________
写出以下动词的现在分词形式：
wave_______ draw________ sit_________ put___________ cut______ write_______ chase______ sleep ______shop_______ run ________clap _______ride__________ mop ________
swim _______________fly__________ dig_______move _______ paint________ have_________
写出以下动词的过去式及过去分词：
say_________ __________ have________ __________ do__________ ___________
get_________ ____________ study___________ _________ wash__________ ___________
go _______ ___________ do _________ _________ see ________ ___________
read_______ _________ run ____________ ________ like__________ __________
make _________ ________ tell____________ ________ jump__________ ___________
buy________ ____________ take__________ __________ sing___________ ____________
fly __________ __________ play___________ ________ write____________ __________
speak__________ ___________ give__________ ___________ draw__________ _________
find __________ ___________ leave ______ ________ slip_________ ___________
现在完成时（the Present Perfect Tense）：
用法 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。 如：Liu Ming has just turned off the light.刘明刚刚把灯关上。(说明现在灯关上了。) I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了。（说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没有找到这支笔。）表示从过去到现在曾经历过的事情。常和never从不， ever曾经， once一次， twice两次， three times 三次，before之前等连用。 如: I have been to the Li River twice. 我曾经去过漓江两次。 We have visited your school before. 我们以前曾去过你们学校。 表示过去已经开始，延续到现在的动作或状态。将来还有可能延续下去。 如：I have known him for ten years. 我认识他十年了。（现在还认识他） He has lived here for two years. （现在还住在这儿。）
时间状语 常用的时间状语： already已经, just刚刚, never从未, yet还，仍然（否定句）；已经（疑问句）for(+时间段), since自从(+过去时间点) …ago, last… so far/ up to now/up till now(到现在为止)， lately/recently最近，近来
构成 （肯定句） 主语 + have/has+动词过去分词（p.p）+其他。如：I have done my homework today.
句型 1) She has already been to Beijing. 2) Have you ever eaten sushi 3) We have lived here since last year. 4) They have just bought two hamburgers.
否定句 主语+have/has+not+ 动词的过去分词+其他。 如： We haven’t eaten dinner yet.
一般疑问句 Have/Has+主语 + 动词的过去分词+其他 即把Have/has 提到句首 如: My father has just visited the Great Wall.
注：一般过去时与现在完成时的区别有三个：
现在完成时不能和具体的表过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday, last year, two days ago, just now等；但可以和不具体的时间状语连用，如：today，this week, recently， already等。
一般过去时强调动作发生的时间；现在完成时强调动作造成的结果或影响。
一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或状态；现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成了影响或结果，也可以表示持续到现在并有可能继续持续下去的动作或状态。
如：He has been ill for week. 他病了一周。（现在还病着。）
He was ill for a week. 他病了一周。（现在已痊愈。
*词汇辨析*：
have been to与have gone to的区别：
have gone to(“已经去了”)表示人不在这里,have been to(“去过”)表示人在这里。
如：--Where is Mr Li –He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里？他去了英国。)
--Do you know something about Beijing –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times.
(你知道北京的情况吗？是的,我去过那里三次。)
用动词的正确形式填空：
1) We ______________in Shanghai for five years. (live)
She _______ already ________this film. （see）
3) My sister ________________ a beautiful doll lately. (buy)
4） The teacher ________just ___________ the job. (finish)
5）I _______________ her for many years. (know)
6) That boy ________never__________ his room. (clean)
7) So far they ___________ to Beijing three times. (be)
Up to now, She ____________ten stories. （read）
9) They have ________English since she was three years old. (study)
10) He _______________ a picture yet. ( not draw)
My brother ______ just _________a lot of books. (buy)
12）______ you ______your homework yet (do)
13) My friend _______ already________ to Canada. (go)
14) His sister _______________ there since five years ago. (work)
NEC 1常用动词过去式及过去分词一览表
1.+ed:（通常动词后+ed）
jump jumped jumped plant planted planted play played played
wash washed washed want wanted wanted open opened opened
brush brushed brushed paint painted painted answer answered answered
watch watched watched dust dusted dusted sharpen sharpened sharpened
walk walked walked correct corrected corrected listen listened listened
ask asked asked turn turned turned
miss missed missed air aired aired
passed passed passed boil boiled boiled
2.+d:（以不发音的e结尾的动词后直接+d）
live lived lived close closed closed smile smiled smiled
type typed typed move moved moved chase chased chased
wave waved waved serve served served
3.去y+ied:（以辅音字母加y结尾的动词去掉y+ied）(fly除外，它是不规则动词)
empty emptied emptied study studied studied worry worried worried
dry dried dried cry cried cried carry carried carried
4.个别动词双写最后一个字母+ed:
stop stopped stopped drop dropped dropped skip skipped skipped
shop shopped shopped slip slipped slipped
5.常用不规则动词：
⑴A A A
cut cut cut put put put read read /e/ read /e/
set set set shut shut shut hurt hurt hurt
⑵ A B B
make made made get got got catch caught caught
find found found sit sat sat buy bought bought
hear heard heard send sent sent teach taught taught
tell told told have had had bring brought brought
sell sold sold say said said win won won
leave left left meet met met mean meant meant
sweep swept swept lose lost lost
⑶ A B A
run ran run come came come become became become
⑷ A B C
eat ate eaten draw drew drawn drink drank drunk
write wrote written fly flew flown swim swam swum
take took taken know knew known sing sang sung
overtake overtook overtaken begin began begun
give gave given
speak spoke spoken
rise rose risen
see saw seen
go went gone fall fell fallen
do did done forget forgot forgotten
介词：
介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。
1、介词的分类
介词的分类：时间介词，地点介词和方式介词
2、介词的分类表： (见下表)
时间介词：
about大约..., after在…以后, at在…(时刻), before在…以前, during在…期间, for有…(之久，后面跟时间段), from从…(时)起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上, past过了…(时),since自从…(至今),till直到…时, until直到…时, to到(下一时刻), at the beginning of在...开始时 ,at the end of在...末 …
地点介词：
above在…前, across在…对面, between在…之间(二者)among在…之间(三者或三者以上), around在…周围, round在….周围, at在小地方, in 在大地方或某个范围之内， behind在...后, in front of在...前, below在…的下方, under在...下方（正下方）, near靠近...,beside在...旁边, by在...旁, from来自..., in在...里面, inside在...里面, outside在....外面, of在...之中, on在...上面, above在…的上方，over在....上方（正上方），out of在...之外, on top of / at the top of在...顶部, in the middle of在...的中间, on the left of在...的左边, on the right of在...的右边.
方式介词：
by用某种方式/乘坐, in用…(语言), on徒(步),通过(收音机/电视机), with用(工具),用(手/脚/耳/眼), without没有…
其它介词:
【比较介词】 as与…一样,like象…一样,than比...,
3. 表示时间的常用介词：
1）at, in, on:
at: 多用于表示具体的钟点时刻前，如at seven；也可用于固定搭配中，如：at noon, at midnight, at the weekend, at the beginning, at the end of, at last...
in: 用于表示一段时间，或用于年、月、世纪、四季或泛指的一天的上午、下午、晚上等前，如：in spring, in, May, in the sixteenth century, in the morning; 还可用于“从现在起多长时间以后”的短语，如：in seven days(七天以后)
on：主要用在星期几，具体某一天或某一天的早中晚或节日前，如：on Children’s Day, on my birthday, on a cold winter morning, on Christmas Eve, on the afternoon of June 3rd ...
题组训练：
____ noon _______ the morning of April 2nd _____ a cold night ______autumn ______his twenties
____ a quarter to ten ____ Mother’s Day _______ July, 3th ______ 2013
口诀：
早中晚上要用in, at黎明、午夜、点与分。特指某日早中晚，of 之前on代in。年、月、季节、周时长，邀请介词in帮忙。限定词语放在前，介词省略已习惯。
this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等词构成的时间短语,前面不用任何介词。
He had a bad cold that week. (那个星期他患重感冒)
2) since, for:
since: 指从某时一直延续至今的，后接具体的过去时间点，主句用完成时。
for: 后接时间段，主句用完成时。
题组训练：
______ three years _______three years ago _______ last week _______2009 ______ I came to school.
until和by:
until: 用于否定句中，意为“直到...才”，其前的谓语动词用瞬间动词。
用于肯定句中，意为“直到...为止”，其前的谓语动词用延续性动词。
如：I didn’t go to bed until my mother came back. 直到我妈妈回来我才睡觉。
I waited for my mother until she came back. 我等妈妈直到她回家。
by: 后接时间点表示“到...以前为止”，如果by后加将来的时间点应用一般将来时；如果by后跟一个过去的时间点应用过去完成时。
We will learn 1,000 words by the end of this term. 到这个学期末我们将学习1000个单词。
They had read about ten books by the end of last term. 到上个学期末前他们已经读了十本书。
题组训练：
1). He has been in the army ______ 3 years. 2). They will arrive here _____ a month.
3). You won’t see any flowers _____ May. 4). My father often goes to work______seven o’clock.
5). He has just worked in Shanghai _____ 3 years.
4. 表示地点的常用介词：
1) across, through:
across: 含有“从...表面穿过）之意。如：He can swim across the river.
through: 含有“从...中间穿过”之意。I went through the woods last week.
5. 表示方式、手段或工具的介词：
1）in, with, by表示“用”的区别：
in: 主要表示用语言、声音、原材料等。Can you sing this song in English
with: 表示用具体有形的东西。 I write a letter with a pen.
by: 表示用...手段或方式。 The girl mady money by selling flowers.
2) by +交通工具，如：by bus, by car ; 用on或in 时，交通工具前加限定词。
如： Jenny goes to school by bike. (by bike=on a bike)
Mr. Green goes to work by car. (by car=in a car)
6. 常见的介词短语：
介词短语的构成：介词+名词 be+形容词+介词动词+介词
1. 介词+名词：
at once in time at first at last at least by hand for sale in bed by the way on one’s way to
in English at work at school
2. be +形容词+介词：
be full of be interested in be good at be famous for be famous as be sorry for be good to
be busy in
动词+介词：
arrive at/in ask for get to listen to wait for look after/take care of look for laught at
介词专项练习题
单项选择。
( )1.___ the afternoon of May, we visited the old man. A. On B. At C. In
( )2.Many people work ___ the day and sleep ___ night. A. on ; at B. in ; in C. in ; at
( )3.He speaks Japanese best ____ the boy students. A. between B. with C. among
( )4.A wolf ___ a sheep skin is our dangerous enemy. A. with B. in C. on
( )5.Joan hopes to come back ___ three days. A. after B. for C. in
( )6.They sent the letter to me ___ mistake. A. by B. for C. with
( )7.He left home ___ a cold winter evening. A. at B. on C. in
( )8.Shanghai is ____ the east of China. A. in B. on C. to
( )9.____ my father’s help, I have finished my composition. A. Under B. On C. with
( )10.He’s very strict ____ himself and he’s very strict ___ his work. A. with ; in B. in ; with C. with ; with
( )11.I really can’t agree ____ you. A. to B. on C. with
( )12.The shop won’t open ___ nine in the morning. A. until B. at C. during
( )13.How about ___ the flowers now A. watering B. are watering C. watered
( )14.She spent all his money ___ books. A. in B. with C. on
( )15.They are talking ___ low voices. A. with B. in C. on
( )16.It’s very kind ___ you to help us. A. for B. to C. of
( )17.What will you have ___ breakfast this morning A. with B. for C. by
( )18.A plane is flying ____ the city. A. on B. over C. above
( )19.You are free to speak ___ the meeting. A. at B. in C. on
( )20.Mr. Green will stay in China___ Friday. A. to B. on C. till
( )21.It’s wrong to play jokes ___ other people. A. on B. of C. with
( )22.Which color do you like I prefer blue ___ red. A. for B. as C. to
( )23.The student will give us a talk ___ how to use our spare time. A. for B. on C. in
( )24.I paid two hundred yuan ___ that kind of bicycle. A. in B. for C. on
( )25.The doctor is very kind ___ his patients A. to B. on C. at
( )26.We can’t live ___ air. A. in B. with C. without
( )27.The child was afraid ___ the strange sound. A. at B. for C. of
( )28.He was very angry ___ her for being late. A. for B. with C. at
( )29.What do you think __ _ the play A. about B. like C. of
( )30.I think it’s the right way to work out the problem, but I am not sure _____ it.
A. do B. about C. of
( )31.Reading ___ the sun isn’t good _ __ you A. under ; for B. in ; for C. in ; to
( )32.I won’t ask about it, I’m going to see it ___ _ my own eyes. A. by B. for C. with
( )33.We go to school every day _ ___ Sunday. A. except B. without C. on
( )34.There is a small river ___ the two towns A. in B. between C. among
( )35.Li Lei sometimes falls asleep ___ the lesson. A. for B. through C. during
( )36.Mr. Black went to Paris ___ a few days. A. for B. in C. after
( )37.They will leave ________ London next month. A. to B. from C. for
( )38.Are you going to the zoo __ _ bus or ___ my car A. on ; by B. by ; in C. on ; in
( )39.He woke up several times _ __ the night A. in .B. at C. on
( )40. We traveled overnight to Paris and arrived _______ 5 o’clock ______ the morning.
A. on; in B. at; in C. at; on D. in; on
( )41.There are many apples ___ the tree. A bird ___ the tree is picking an apple.
A. in ; on B. on ; in C. in ; at
二.选用括号内恰当的介词填空。
1.What’s this _________(at,on,in)English
2.Christmas is ________(at,on,in)the 25th of December.
3.The man__________(with, on, in)black is Su Hai’s father.
4.He doesn’t do well __________(at,on,in)PE.
5.Look at those birds _____________(on,in)the tree.
6.We are going to meet_________(at,on,in)the bus stop ___________(at,on,in)half past ten.
7.Is there a cat ______________ (under, behind, in)the door
8.Helen’s writing paper is __________ (in, in front of)her computer.
9.We live _________(at,on,in)a new house now.
10.Does it often rain ______________ (at,on,in)spring there
31. I put my books ___________my bag.
32.there are some apples __________the table
33.look!who is the girl ____________the tree
34.There is a road _________________ the bank and the school.
四．圈出下列句子中运用不恰当的介词，将正确的答案写在横线上。
1.Jim is good in English and Maths. ________
2.How many students have their
birthday on May __________
3.They are talking to their plans. __________
4.The films were in the ground just now. ________
5.Women’s Day is at the third of March. ________
6.I usually take photos in Sundays___________
7.What did you do on the Spring Festival __________
8.Can you come and help me on my English __________
9.Did you water trees at the farm _________
动词时态：
时态的分类:
一般时：
一般现在时：谓语用动词原形或第三人称单数
一般过去时：谓语用动词的过去式
一般将来时：谓语用“will / be going to + 动词原形”
2．现在时：
现在进行时：谓语用“am / is / are + 动词原形”
现在完成时：谓语用“have / has + 动词的过去分词”
3．过去时：
过去进行时：“谓语动词用was / were + 动词的现在分词”
过去完成时: “谓语动词用 had + 动词的过去式”
过去将来时：“谓语动词用 would 或 was / were going to + 动词原形”
最常用的时态有七个，即一般现在时、现在进行时、过去进行时，一般过去时、一般将来时，现在完成时和过去完成时。必须熟记这些时态的构成。
（三）常用时态：
1. 一般现在时（the Simple Present Tense）：一般现在时的构成
用法 表示经常发生、反复进行、习惯性的动作或目前所处的状态或情况。 永恒的真理。 It snows in winter. The sun rises in the east.
常用频率副词及时间状语 常用频率副词：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never… 时间状语：in the morning / afternoon / evening at night / noon every day / week / month / year on Sundays on weekends once a week
构成 （肯定句） 主语+动词原形+其他。 主语（第三人称单数）+动词的第三人称单数形式+其他。 主语+be(am,is,are)+其它 注意： 1. 当主语不是第三人称单数时，动词形式不变（原形）。 2. 当主语是第三人称单数时，动词变三单： Ialways drink water.
否定句 主语+don’t+ 动词原形 +其他。 主语（第三人称单数）+doesn’t+ 动词原形 +其他。 主语+ be + not +其它。
一般疑问句 Do+主语+动词原形+其他？ Does+主语（第三人称单数）+ 动词原形 +其他？ Be +主语+其它 即把is/are/do/does 提到句首。 如：Do you often have bread for breakfast Does your mother go to school by bus Are they angry
练习：
用动词的正确形式填空：
We ______ a big television. (have)
She ________her teeth at seven o’clock in the morning. （brush）
My sister ________ a beautiful doll. (have)
A teacher usually________ children. (teach)
Farmers usually _________food. (grow)
The boy never _________ basketball. (play)
His father __________ to work by bus. (go)
______he a postman (be)
Firemen always _________out fires. (put)
10) Nancy _______like carrots. (don’t)
11)He ________a kite every morning. (fly)
现在进行时（the Present Continues Tense）：
用法 1）表示此时此刻正在进行的动作或发生的事。 I am reading a book now. Look! She is running.
时间状语 look，listen，Can you see... Can’t you see... (放在句首) now, at the moment （句首句尾都可）
构成 （肯定句） 主语 + be动词+ 动词现在分词+其他。 如：Teacher is standing at the moment. He is writing to his friend now.
否定句 主语+be(am/is/are )+ not +其他。 如: I’m not singing now.
一般疑问句 Be（am/is/are）+主语+其他 即把am/is/are 提到句首 如：Are you walking in the park now
练习：
用动词的正确形式填空：
1) We ________________ football now. (play)
2)Look！She ________her teeth in the toilet. （brush）
3) They _______________in the playground now. (run)
4) My mother _____________ in the kitchen now. (cook)
5) Look! Kitty _____________ a puzzle. (do)
6) We __________________ in the sea at the moment. (swim)
7）The boy ______________ the cat now. (chase)
8) I ____________ the window at the moment. (shut)
9) _____ you __________(write) a letter now
10) What _______ they _________(do) now
11) That man ______________ to you. (wave)
3．一般过去时(the Simple Past Tense) ：
用法 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 （日记和故事一般都用一般过去时）
时间状语 just now, yesterday, yesterday…, the day before yesterday, last…, …ago，the other day, the…before last
构成 （肯定句） 主语 + 动词过去式（p.t）+其他。 如：I did my homework yesterday.
否定句 主语+didn’t+ 动词原形 +其他。 ②主语+ was/were+ not +其它。
一般疑问句 Did+主语 + 动词原形 +其他 Was/were+主语+ +其它 即把was/were/did 提到句首
练习：
用动词的正确形式填空：
We _________ in Shanghai last year. (live)
She ________her teeth yesterday morning. （brush）
My sister ________ a beautiful doll last week. (have)
The teacher ________ the boy an apple just now. (give)
The farmer________some vegetables three years ago.. (grow)
6) The man ________ a movie the week before last. (see)
7) She ________ her key the other day. (lose)
8） We ________ some books last Sunday. (buy)
9) They __________ a good time the day before yesterday. (have )
10) His friends _________ some flowers to him just now. (send)
11) A policeman ________