【增分精讲精炼】2014年高考英语语法复习专题巧突破 第一部分 专项专讲：非谓语动词（含2013试题）
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| 名称 | 【增分精讲精炼】2014年高考英语语法复习专题巧突破 第一部分 专项专讲：非谓语动词（含2013试题） |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2014-02-13 07:59:28 | ||
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非谓语动词
2011～2013课标区高考考点统计 考情解读
年份数量考点 2013 2012 2011 合计 从近三年高考来看，在对非谓语动词的考查中非谓语动词作状语依然为考查的重点，并已从作状语的一枝独秀向作定语或其他成分发展。测试点呈现出“情景化”和“设问角度多样化”的趋势。
作状语 11 16 14 41
作定语 8 8 9 25
作补足语 2 3 4 9
作宾语 1 6 1 8
作主语 2 1 2 5
作表语 1 0 1 2
原则一：作目的状语只能用不定式的一般式，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句中或句末
1．(2013·湖南高考)________ warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.
A．Staying B．Stayed
C．To stay D．Stay
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。句意：为了晚上保暖，我往火炉中添了木柴，又设置了午夜的闹钟以便再次添加。此处“保暖”是“添加木柴”的目的，所以用动词不定式作目的状语。
2．(2013·山东高考)I stopped the car ________ a short break as I was feeling tired.
A．take B．taking
C．to take D．taken
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，停下车是为了休息，所以应用不定式作目的状语。
原则二：作伴随状语一般用v. ing形式的一般式
1．(2013·重庆高考)When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, ________ me stories till I fell asleep.
A．having told B．telling
C．told D．to tell
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，my mother与tell之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故用动词 ing形式。having done表示这个动作先于主句动作发生，与句意不符，可排除，故选B。
2．(2013·湖南高考)The sun began to rise in the sky, ________ the mountain in golden light.
A．bathed B．bathing
C．to have bathed D．having bathed
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。句意：太阳在天空中升起，这座山沐浴在金色的阳光之中。bathe是及物动词，意为“使沐浴(在光线里)”，与the sun构成逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。
原则三：作原因状语一般用现在分词或过去分词(二者的选择取决于其与逻辑主语的关系)，而在某些表示情感的形容词后作原因状语常用不定式
1．(2013·北京高考)________ the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.
A．Find B．Finding
C．To find D．Found
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。句意：她发现这门课程非常难，决定转学一门较低水平的(课程)。she与find之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词短语作状语。
2．(2012·全国卷Ⅱ)The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy ________ anything that happened to be on.
A．to watch B．watching
C．watched D．to have watched
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：老人每天晚上坐在电视机前，看电视上播放的任何电视节目都很高兴。后半句是形容词短语作伴随状语。
3．(2011·四川高考)______an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous.
A．Offer B．Offering
C．Offered D．To offer
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词作状语。句子主语Andy与offer之间是动宾关系，所以用过去分词作状语。故选C。
原则四：在“be＋性质形容词＋不定式”结构中，形容词修饰说明不定式时，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义
1．(2012·辽宁高考)This machine is very easy ________. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.
A．operating B．to be operating
C．operated D．to operate
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词。在句型“主语＋be＋adj.＋to do”中，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义，故选D。
2．(2011·安徽高考)Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier ______ into small pieces.
A．break B．breaking
C．broken D．to break
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词。句意：汤姆问糖果制造商是否可以把巧克力制作得更容易弄碎些。“be＋easy/difficult ...”后常跟不定式的主动形式表示被动意义，故答案为D项。
原则五：一些抽象名词如chance, warning, ability, ambition, attempt, offer, decision, anxiety, way等词后常用不定式的一般式作定语
1．(2013·北京高考)Volunteering gives you a chance ________ lives, including your own.
A．change B．changing
C．changed D．to change
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词。句意：志愿者活动给了你一个改变人生的机会，包括你自己的。a chance to do sth.“做某事的机会”。英语中有些抽象名词，如chance, ability, way等，常用不定式作定语。
2．(2011·湖南高考)The ability ________ an idea is as important as the idea itself.
A．expressing B．expressed
C．to express D．to be expressed
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。ability 后常接不定式的一般式的主动形式作定语，意为“做……的能力”。句意： 表达思想的能力和思想本身一样重要。
原则六：作介词的宾语一般用v. ing形式的一般式，但在介词but, except后需跟不定式作宾语(是否带to可参照“前do后不to”的原则)
1．(2013·江苏高考)Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and ________ to ruins, the city took on a new look.
A．reducing B．reduced
C．being reduced D．having reduced
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空格处与suffering from是and连接的两个并列成分，在形式上应保持一致，又因reduce与the city之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，因此选being reduced。
2．(2012·陕西高考)If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but ________ an even greater challenge.
A．meets B．meeting
C．meet D．to meet
解析：选D 考查不定式固定搭配。句意：如果他承担这项工作，他将别无选择，只有面对更大的挑战。have no choice but to do sth.“别无选择，只有做某事”。
原则七：作主语表示一般行为常用v. ing形式的一般式。用it作形式主语时，常用不定式作真正主语，it's no use/no good/useless doing结构除外
1．(2013·福建高考)________basic first aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
A．Known B．Having known
C．Knowing D．Being known
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。句意：了解基本的急救技巧能够帮助你快速应对紧急情况。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中充当主语，应用动词 ing形式。having known强调“完成”，不符合句意，可排除。故选C。
2．(2012·浙江高考)No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it's better ________ silent.
A．remain B．be remaining
C．having remained D．to remain
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词。句意：不管你多么能言善辩，但有时候还是保持沉默更好。该题考查“it is＋形容词＋to do sth.”这一句型，句中to remain silent“保持沉默”是真正的主语，it是形式主语。
3．(2011·上海高考)It's no use ________ without taking any action.
A．complain B．complaining
C．being complained D．to be complained
解析：选B 句意：只抱怨而不采取行动是没用的。在“it's no use doing”结构中，v. ing形式作真正主语。
原则八：在seem后作表语一般用不定式。remain作“尚待”讲，后常加to be done作表语，作“仍然”讲，后可加现在分词或过去分词
1．(2013·重庆高考)The engine just won't start.Something seems ________ wrong with it.
A．to go B．to have gone
C．going D．having gone
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。句意：发动机启动不了了，它好像出问题了。动词seem后常接动词不定式，因此C、D两项不正确。由句意可知，go这一动作在start之前发生，故选B。
2．(2011·上海高考)Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing ... but we seem ________ the art of communicating face to face.
A．losing B．to be losing
C．to be lost D．having lost
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词作表语。句意：现在我们有聊天室，能传递文本信息，还可以发电子邮件……但是我们似乎正在失去面对面交流的技能。seem后通常用动词不定式，排除A和D两项；此处非谓语动词后有名词短语the art of communicating face to face作其宾语，所以排除C项(被动形式)，故选B。
3．(2010·福建高考)In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained ________ abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.
A．sticking B．stuck
C．to be stuck D．to have stuck
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。句意：四月份，成千上万的度假者由于火山灰的影响而被滞留在国外。此处remain为系动词，后接过去分词作表语，表示被动。
1．(2013·河南省普通高中适应性检测卷一)People spend many years learning about favorite sports and ________ how to do them well.
A．practice B ．practiced
C．practicing D．to practice
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。spend ... (in) doing sth.表示“花费……做某事”，根据and可知，空处应与learning并列，作省略了的介词in的宾语，故选C。
2．(2013·威海两校模拟)________ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A．Having believed B．Believing
C．Believed D．To believe
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。句意：许多人认为地球是平的，担心哥伦布会从地球的边缘掉下去。believe与句子主语为逻辑上的主谓关系，且feared与believe无时间上的前后之分，故选B项。
3．(2013·四川省泸州市4月模拟)There was no signal in that faraway village and all my attempts ________ you failed.
A．to contact B．contacting
C．contacted D．having contacted
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：在那个遥远的村庄没有信号，因此我怎么也联系不上你。attempt后面应用不定式作定语。
4．(2013·河南豫西五校质量检测)The text is too difficult. The explanation of our teacher will help make it easy ________.
A．to understand B．to be understood
C．understood D．understanding
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：这篇文章太难了，我们老师的解释会使它易于理解。此处用动词不定式的主动表示被动。此种用法常用于“be＋性质形容词＋不定式”结构中，此类形容词有easy, hard, interesting等。
5．(2011·湖南高考)Do you wake up every morning ________ energetic and ready to start a new day
A．feel B．to feel
C．feeling D．felt
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。句意：你每天早晨起来感到精力充沛并准备开始新的一天吗？现在分词feeling energetic作伴随状语。
6．(2013·济南市三模)The fresh air in the morning is pleasant ________. You'd better get up early to do some exercise.
A．to be breathed B．to breathe
C．breathing D．being breathed
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：早上的新鲜空气呼吸起来很舒服，你最好早起活动活动。在形容词pleasant后用不定式作方式状语，且主动形式表示被动含义。
7．(2013·合肥168中学最后一卷)—What on earth made Susan weep
—________ of cheating in the exam.
A．Be accused
B．She was accused
C．Because she was accused
D．Being accused
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词作主语。句意：“苏珊究竟为什么哭？”“她被指责在考试中作弊。”题线处在答句中作主语回答问句，A、C两项不能作主语，若选B项则应在前面加that，此处为动词 ing形式作主语。
8．(2013·德州市二模)I made every effort to get the car out of the mud, but it remained ________ there.
A．sticking B．to be stuck
C．stuck D．to have stuck
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词作表语。句意：我尽力想把车从泥中弄出来，但车仍然陷在那里。it与stick为被动关系，排除A项和D项；B项表示将来，C项表示完成。
现在分词与不定式作结果状语的比较
1．(2012·天津高考)He got up late and hurried to his office, ________ the breakfast untouched.
A．left B．to leave
C．leaving D．having left
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。句意：他起晚了，匆忙赶往办公室，没有吃早饭。主语He与leave之间是主谓关系，故用现在分词作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。不定式作结果状语时表示意想不到的结果，故排除B项；leave这一动作并未发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，排除D项。
2．(2012·山东高考)George returned after the war, only ________ that his wife had left him.
A．to be told B．telling
C．being told D．told
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：乔治战争后回到家，结果被告知妻子已经离开了他。此处是动词不定式作结果状语，表示意料之外的结果，而且George和tell之间是被动关系，因此用to be told。如果用动词 ing形式，则表示意料之中的结果。
现在分词表示自然而然的结果；不定式表示意想不到的结果，其前常加only。试比较：
①More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
中国又建了更多的公路，这使得人们出行变得更加容易了。
②I arrived at the station in a hurry, only to find the train had left.
我匆忙到达车站，结果却发现火车已经开走了。
现在分词与过去分词作状语的比较
1．(2013·四川高考)________ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.
A．Not knowing B．Knowing not
C．Not known D．Known not
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：由于不知道上哪所大学，那个女孩向她的老师征求意见。分析句子成分可知，the girl与know之间是逻辑上的主动关系，所以用现在分词作原因状语，且分词的否定式是在分词前加not，所以答案为A。
2．(2013·安徽高考)________ in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.
A．To found B．Founding
C．Founded D．Having founded
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。句意：这所学校创建于20世纪初期，它一直激励着孩子们对于艺术的热爱。found与the school之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，应用过去分词。故选C。
现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系。试比较：
①Seeing from the top of the building, we can see the whole city.
②Seen from the top of the building, the whole city can be seen.
非谓语动词作后置定语的比较
1．(2013·陕西高考)The witnesses ________ by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
A．questioned B．being questioned
C．to be questioned D．having questioned
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：刚才警察询问的目击者对这次打架给出了完全不同的描述。由于the witnesses和question是逻辑上的动宾关系，同时在句中有表示过去的时间状语just now，故要用动词 ed形式作后置定语表示被动和完成。故选A。
2．(2013·山东高考)The room is empty except for a bookshelf ________ in one corner.
A．standing B．to stand
C．stands D．stood
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：除了一个书橱在墙角外，房间里空空荡荡。except for是介词短语，其后不能接句子，所以排除C、D两项。分析句子结构可知，此处为非谓语，且a bookshelf与动词stand之间为逻辑上的主动关系，所以选A。
3．(2012·重庆高考)We're having a meeting in half an hour.The decision ________ at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
A．to be made B．being made
C．made D．having been made
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。根据前面的“We're having a meeting in half an hour.”可知会议还没开始，The decision后面的定语应用动词不定式，表示将要发生的动作，排除B、C、D项。故选A项。
表示被动、完成用过去分词；表示主动、进行用现在分词；表示被动、进行用being done；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。试比较：
①The bridge built in 2012 was designed by a local company.
②The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.
③The bridge to be built next year was designed by a local company.
④Recently a survey comparing prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.（2011·江苏高考）
不定式与v. ing形式作宾语的比较
1．(2012·安徽高考)I remembered ________ the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.
A．locking B．to lock
C．having locked D．to have locked
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。句意：我离开办公室之前记得关门却忘记关灯了。remember to do sth.表示“记得要做某事”，与后半句中的“forgot to ...”相对应。
2．(2011·四川高考)Lydia doesn't feel like______abroad.Her parents are old.
A．study B．studying
C．studied D．to study
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。 feel like sth./doing sth.“想要某物/想要做某事”。 句意：莉蒂亚不想出国学习， 因为她的父母都上年纪了。
3．(2009·陕西高考)I still remember________to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.
A．to take B．to be taken
C．taking D．being taken
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词。remember to do sth.“记得要做某事(该动作未发生)”；remember doing sth.“记得做过某事(该动作已经发生)”。依据后文的“what I saw there”可知这里说的是记得已经发生的动作；再者take的宾语就是句子的主语，二者之间是动宾关系，应用被动形式，所以选being taken。
1．下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help。
此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。
We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
我们约好在此地见面，但是她到现在还没有露面。
2．下列动词或词组只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。
consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy; avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; can't help (禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape。
此外，be used/accustomed to (习惯于), lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can't stand, give up, feel like, insist on, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in)等短语后也要用动名词作宾语。
He got well prepared for the job interview, for he couldn't risk losing the good opportunity.
他为这次工作面试做了充分准备，因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。
3．下列动词或短语既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意：
forget
remember
regret
mean
can't help
What a poor memory！I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday. But today I forgot to return the money to him.
多么差的记忆力！昨天我忘了向他借过钱，但今天我又忘了把钱还给他。
非谓语动词作补足语的比较
（一）感官动词后接复合宾语的比较
1．(2013·北京高考)When we saw the road ________ with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.
A．block B．to block
C．blocking D．blocked
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词。句意：当我们看到道路被雪封住后，我们决定在家过假期。分析句子结构可知，此处是“see＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构。宾语补足语是do形式时，表示“看见宾语做某事的全过程”；宾语补足语是doing形式时，表示“看见宾语正在做某事”；若宾语补足语与宾语是动宾关系时，则用过去分词形式作宾语补足语。road与block之间是被动关系，故选D。
2．(2012·四川高考)I looked up and noticed a snake ________ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
A．to wind B．wind
C．winding D．wound
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。此题考查现在分词作宾语补足语，宾语snake与wind之间为主动关系，且此动作正在进行，故选C。
感官动词(短语)see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel的宾语补足语主要有三种形式，试比较(以see为例)：
see＋宾语＋
①I heard her sing an English song just now.
刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动，完成)
②I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天经过她房间时，我听见她正在唱英文歌。(主动，正在进行)
③To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible.
为了学好英语，我们应该尽可能多地听英语。(被动，无时间性)
（二）使役动词make, have, get, keep, let后加复合宾语的比较
1．(2013·陕西高考)Let those in need ________ that we will go all out to help them.
A．to understand B．understand
C．understanding D．understood
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。句意：让那些需要帮助的人们明白我们会全力以赴去帮助他们。从整个句子结构来看，这是一个主从复合句，that引导的是宾语从句。let sb. do sth.意思是“让某人做某事”。故选B。
2．(2012·四川高考)Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car ________.
A．washed B．wash
C．washing D．to wash
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：在驱车进城之前，你必须将你的车洗了。此题中使役动词get后接的宾语car与作宾语补足语的动词wash之间为被动关系，构成短语：get sth. done。故选A项。
3．(2011·重庆高考)Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself______of his own dreams.
A．reminding B．to remind
C．reminded D．remind
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。句意：迈克尔把姚明的照片张贴在床边是为了提醒自己要实现自己的梦想。 remind sb.of sth.表示“ 提醒某人某事”， himself与remind之间是动宾关系， 故用动词的过去分词形式。
(1)make＋宾语＋
①He made his workers work 12 hours a day.
他让他的工人们每天工作12个小时。
②He tried to make himself understood.
他尽量使自己被理解。
(2)have＋宾语＋
注意：have还可用于have sth. to do/done结构，该结构中have作“有”讲，不定式作定语。
I have something urgent to inform you.
我有很紧急的事要通知你们。
(3)get＋宾语＋
①He got me to post the letter for him.
他让我替他寄信。
②Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.(2010·辽宁高考)
亚历山大试图使他的工作被医学界认可。
③The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.
休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进。
④I'll get my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天要(请人)修一下我的自行车。
(4)keep
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.
对不起让你久等了。
（三）with复合结构中补足语的比较
1．(2012·辽宁高考)The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ________ them.
A．to follow B．following
C．followed D．follows
解析：选B 考查with的复合结构。with的宾语后面可加形容词、副词、分词、不定式或名词等作宾语补足语，此处pet dog与follow之间构成主动关系，所以用following。不定式表示动作尚未发生，不符合语境故排除A。
2．(2010·山东高考)The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already ________ for a meal to be cooked.
A．laid B．laying
C．to lay D．being laid
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：客厅既干净又整洁，已摆好了餐桌准备做饭。“with＋名词/代词＋过去分词”为with的复合结构，a dining table和lay之间是被动关系，故用过去分词形式。
with
①John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.
约翰收到一份宴请函而且他的工作也干完了，他就欣然接受了邀请。
②With a lot of difficult problems to settle the newly elected president is having a hard time.
因为有很多难题要解决，这位新任总统的日子不好过。
题组一：(非谓语动词作结果状语)
1．(2013·山东实验中学第四次诊断)He lost his computer while shopping, ________ away all his secret photos.
A．gave B．to give
C．giving D．having given
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词作结果状语。句意：他在购物时丢了电脑，结果泄露了所有绝密照片。此处非谓语动词表示一种必然的结果，故用现在分词作结果状语。
2．(2013·福州六模)The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ________ that the film stars had left.
A．informing B．to be informed
C．to inform D．informed
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词作结果状语。句意：新闻记者匆忙赶到机场，结果却被告知那位影星已经离开了。此处表示一种出乎意料的结果，应用不定式作结果状语，inform与the news reporter之间为动宾关系，故选B。
题组二：(非谓语动词作伴随状语)
1．(2013·甘肃部分示范学校调研考试)We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, ________ that all children like these things.
A．thinking B．think
C．to think D．thought
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：我们经常给我们的孩子玩具、足球或者篮球，认为所有的孩子都喜欢这些东西。“________ that all children like these things”在句中作原因状语，We与think之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用think的现在分词形式。
2．(2013·江西重点中学3月联考)Without thinking, he ran out, ________ at a stranger to call the fire police.
A．shouted B．having shouted
C．to shout D．shouting
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词。句意：他毫不迟疑地跑了出去，大声冲着一个陌生人喊，让他报火警。根据句意可知，“跑”与“喊”的动作同时发生，故应用动词的 ing形式作伴随状语。
题组三：(非谓语动词作后置定语)
1．(2013·陕西西安名校第五次模拟)TV programmes, ________ to combine learning with fun together, are growing in popularity all over the world.
A．designing B．to be designed
C．designed D．having designed
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。分析题干可知，design与TV programmes构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故用design的过去分词形式作定语，C项正确。
2．(2013·陕西宝鸡模拟)After Queen Elizabeth officially opened the 2012 Summer Olympics, London became the first city ________ three Olympic Games in history.
A．to have hosted B．hosting
C．hosted D．having hosted
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：在伊丽莎白女王正式宣布2012年夏季奥运会开幕之后，伦敦成为了历史上第一个举办了三届夏季奥运会的城市。当名词前有序数词修饰时，通常用动词不定式作后置定语。再结合句意可知，应用完成式。故答案为A。
题组四：(非谓语动词作宾语)
1．(2013·青岛高三统一质检)—Robert is indeed a wise man.
—Oh, yes. How I regretted ________ his advice.
A．to take B．taking
C．not to take D．not taking
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词作宾语。句意：“罗伯特确实是一个聪明的人。”“是的，我多么后悔没听他的建议。”regret not doing sth.表示“对未做某事感到后悔”。
2．(2009·上海高考)David threatened ________ his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid.
A．to be reported B．reporting
C．to report D．having reported
解析：选C 句意：大卫威胁说如果不赔偿损失，他将向警署告发他的邻居。threaten to do sth.“威胁做某事”。
题组五：(非谓语动词作补足语)
1．(2013·长沙二模)Jim was about to stand up when he saw something ________ near his feet. It's a snake!
A．move B．moving
C．moved D．to move
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词作宾补。句意：吉姆正要站起来，这时发现脚边有东西在动。是一条蛇！此处moving在句中作宾语补足语，且表示动作正在进行。
2．(2013·太原五中模拟)The traffic problems we are looking forward to seeing ________ should have attracted the government's attention.
A．solving B．solve
C．to solve D．solved
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词作补语。句意：我们期待解决的交通问题应该引起政府的重视。seeing的宾语为the traffic problems，空格内应填宾语补足语，由于solve与the traffic problems之间为动宾关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。
非谓语动词的时态
1．(2013·山东高考)________ at the cafeteria before, Tina didn't want to eat there again.
A．Having eaten B．To eat
C．Eat D．Eating
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：在那个餐厅吃过饭，蒂娜不想再在那里吃了。分析句子结构和句意可知，Tina与eat之间是主动关系，并且eat这一动作发生在谓语动词“didn't want”所表示的动作之前，所以用动词 ing形式的完成式。
2．(2007·辽宁高考)The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported ________ the world record in the 110 meter hurdle race.
A．breaking B．having broken
C．to have broken D．to break
解析：选C 由句意看break the world record这一动作发生在谓语动词was reported这一动作之前，且由sb./sth. be reported to do这一结构可知应选C项。
非谓语动词 形式 意义
不定式 一般式：to do 与谓语动词同时发生或发生在谓语动词后
进行式：to be doing 谓语发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行
完成式：to have done 发生在谓语动词之前
动词 ing形式 一般式：doing 与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生
完成式：having done 发生在谓语动词之前
Dina, having struggled for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.(2010·湖南高考)
迪娜努力了好几个月，想找一份侍者的工作，最终却在当地的一家广告公司找到了一个职位。
非谓语动词的语态
1．(2012·福建高考)China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from ________ in the South China Sea.
A．attacking B．having attacked
C．being attacked D．having been attacked
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。句意：最近中国加强对黄岩岛附近水域的控制以防止中国渔船受到攻击。prevent ...from ...“阻止……做某事”。因渔船是被攻击，故用动名词的被动语态。动名词的一般式表示动名词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生；动名词的完成式表示动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，故C项正确。
2．(2012·重庆高考)________ to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.
A．Having been asked B．To ask
C．Having asked D．To be asked
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。分析题干并根据“I missed a wonderful film”可知，此处应用现在分词作原因状语；ask和I之间是动宾关系，故用被动语态；ask这一动作发生在missed这一动作之前，故应用分词的完成式。故答案为A项。
3．(2012·湖南高考)Time, ________correctly, is money in the bank.
A．to use B．used
C．using D．use
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。句意：被用得合理，时间就是银行里存的钱。由句意可知，use与句子的主语time之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，所以选过去分词形式。
非谓语动词 形式 意义
不定式 to be done 被动、将来
to have been done 被动、发生在谓语动词之前
动词 ing形式 being done 被动、进行
having been done 被动、发生在谓语动词之前
过去分词 done 被动、完成
[点津]
(1)having been done与done作状语时没有明显区别，可以互换，但having been done不能作定语。
(2)不及物动词的过去分词，只表示完成，不表示被动，如，fallen leaves落叶。
(3)有时过去分词只表示被动而不强调时间性。
①The boy was running along the street, followed by a dog.
小男孩沿着街道跑，后面跟着一条狗。
②His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.(2010·陕西高考)
下月即将出版的他的第一本书是基于一个真实的故事写的。
③Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.
虽然被告诉过好多次了，但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。
含有非谓语动词的独立主格结构
(2012·新课标全国卷)The party will be held in the garden, weather ________.
A．permitting B．to permit
C．permitted D．permit
解析：选A 考查独立主格结构。句意：如果天气允许的话，聚会将在花园里举行。weather permitting(＝ if weather permits)为独立主格结构，因为weather是permit这个动作的发出者，故用现在分词形式。
名词或代词＋
[点津] 独立主格结构从语法上来讲不是句子，在句中通常作状语。具有以下特点：
1．独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，不指同一个人或同一事物；
2．独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时也置于句中或句末。
①The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。
②Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention fixed upon it.
吉姆专心致志地听着讲座，所有注意力都集中在上面了。
非谓语动词的主动表被动
(2011·福建高考)The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable______.
A．held B．holding
C．be held D．to hold
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：厚度和重量与先前版本的不同使得iPad 2拿着更舒服。hold 与the iPad 2 之间是动宾关系，且有性质形容词comfortable，所以用动词不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。
在下列结构中非谓语动词常用主动形式表示被动含义。
1．某些性质形容词后不定式作状语，用主动形式表示被动含义。
This book is difficult to understand.
这本书很难理解。
2．不定式作定语时，若不定式表示的动作是主语发出的，用主动形式表示被动含义。
I can't go with you; I have a meeting to attend.
我不能和你去，我有个会议要参加。
3．worth后跟doing时主动形式表示被动含义；need, want, require后跟doing表示被动，相当于跟to be done。
The young trees require watering/to be watered.
这些小树需要浇水了。
1．(2013·江苏高考)Lionel Messi ________ the record for the most goals in a calendar year, is considered the most talented football player in Europe.
A．set B．setting
C．to set D．having set
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知，Lionel Messi与set之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，应用动词 ing形式；Lionel Messi创纪录这一动作在is considered之前已经发生，因此用having set。
2．(2011·北京高考)It's important for the figures______regularly.
A．to be updated B．to have been updated
C．to update D．to have updated
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句中的时间状语regularly 表示经常发生，因此排除B、D两项； 又因为figures 是被更新的，故选A项。
3．(2011·浙江高考)Bats are surprisingly long lived creatures, some______ a life span of around 20 years.
A．having B．had
C．have D．to have
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：真想不到，蝙蝠竟是长寿生物，有些蝙蝠的寿命长达近20年。结合语意和句子结构可知，此处为独立主格结构，having的逻辑主语是前面的some。
4．(2011·天津高考)Passengers are permitted______ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.
A．to carry B．carrying
C．to be carried D．being carried
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：乘客只允许携带一个手提行李箱登机。本句用的结构是sb.be permitted to do sth.，故选A项。
5．(2013·山东济南二模)The poem A Red, Red Rose written by Robert Burns is popular with the Chinese young people, because the poem is easy ________.
A．to be understood B．to understand
C．understand D．understanding
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。在“be＋性质形容词(此类形容词有easy, hard, difficult等)＋不定式”结构中，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
6．(2013·青岛一模)All flights ________ owing to the heavy fog, many passengers could do nothing but take trains.
A．to be cancelled B．were cancelled
C．have been cancelled D．having been cancelled
解析：选D 考查独立主格结构。逗号前后两部分之间没有连词，因而前半部分不可能是句子，排除B、C两项。此处只能用独立主格结构，动词不定式在此结构中表示将来，故排除A项。现在分词的完成被动式表示被动、完成，故选D项。
第一步：利用“有无连词”原则确定谓语还是非谓语
分析句子结构，判断出句子的主干——主语和谓语。如果题线处作谓语，则要用谓语动词，如果题线处不作谓语，则要用非谓语动词。
1．(2013·湖南高考)Every day ________ a proverb aloud several times until you have it memorized.
A．read B．reading
C．to read D．reads
解析：选A 分析句子结构可知，题干中有连词until，until引导时间状语从句，故“________ a proverb aloud several times”为主句，此处应为祈使句，故应用动词原形。本题应选A项。
2．(2012·北京高考)________ with care, one tin will last for six weeks.
A．Use B．Using
C．Used D．To use
解析：选C 分析句子结构可知，题干中无连词，故题线处需用非谓语动词。use与逻辑主语为被动关系，故选C项。
第二步：根据句意和作用确定句子成分
根据句意和题线处在句子中的位置和作用，确定其所充当的句子成分，从而确定空格内所需填入的非谓语动词的形式。
(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)The sunlight is white and blinding, ________ hard edged shadows on the ground.
A．throwing B．being thrown
C．to throw D．to be thrown
解析：选A 根据句意和句子结构可知，题线处应作伴随状语，且the sunlight与throw之间为主动关系，故用现在分词。答案应为A项。
第三步：根据与逻辑主语的关系确定语态
如果非谓语动词表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间为主谓关系则用v. ing形式或不定式的主动式；若为动宾关系则用v. ing形式的被动式、不定式的被动式或过去分词。
1．(2013·湖南高考)You cannot accept an opinion ______ to you unless it is based on facts.
A．offering B．to offer
C．having offered D．offered
解析：选D offer与逻辑主语an opinion之间为被动关系，A、B、C三项都表示主动，D项为过去分词表示被动， 故选D项。
2．(2012·湖南高考)The lecture, ________ at 7：00 pm last night，was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.
A．starting B．being started
C．to start D．to be started
解析：选A start与逻辑主语the lecture之间为主动关系，故排除B、D两项。不定式作定语时，常表示动作尚未发生，故排除C项，此处用现在分词作后置定语，表示主动。
第四步：根据与谓语动词的先后关系确定时态
非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前用过去分词或v. ing形式/不定式的完成式；如果同时进行用v. ing形式或不定式的进行式；如果非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后用不定式的一般式。
(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)I got to the office earlier that day, ________ the 7：30 train from Paddington.
A．caught B．to have caught
C．to catch D．having caught
解析：选D 由句意可知catch the 7：30 train这一动作发生在谓语动词got to the office之前，故用现在分词的完成时。
1．(2013·济宁市一模)________ early for his date, Mark spent time reading the newspaper.
A．Arriving B．Having arrived
C．Arrived D．To arrive
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：因为约会到的早了些，马克读报纸来打发时间。此处用动词 ing形式作原因状语，arrive表示的动作发生在spend表示的动作之前，故用完成式。
2．(2013·济南市三模)One evening Harry phoned me, ________ me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
A．asked B．having asked
C．asking D．being asked
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他家。此处空格内的词作伴随状语，故选C。
3．(2013·泰安市三模)Barbara often makes a schedule to get herself ________ of what she is to do in the day.
A．remind B．reminded
C．reminding D．to remind
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词作宾补。句意：芭芭拉经常制定一个时间表来提醒自己白天应做什么。remind与herself为动宾关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。
4．(2013·成都七中考前模拟)If you decided to study in America, you have no choice but ________ your English greatly.
A．improves B．improving
C．to improve D．improve
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词作介词but的宾语。句意：如果你打算去美国学习，除了显著提高英语水平外别无选择。but后需跟不定式作宾语，口诀为“前do后不to”。
5．(2013·北京市西城一模)All the books ________ by the students are reported to have been sent to the children in the countryside the other day.
A．having offered B．to be offered
C．offering D．offered
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词作定语。句意：据报道，同学们提供的所有书籍都在几天前送给了乡下的孩子们。此处作定语的非谓语动词表示被动、完成，故用过去分词。
6．It's no good ________ here this e again on Monday.
A．wait B ．waiting
C．having waited D．to be waiting
解析：选B 考查动词 ing形式作主语。句意：今天上午在这里等是没用的，周一再来吧。在固定结构it's no good/use doing sth.中，it为形式主语，doing为真正的主语。
7．(2013·菏泽模拟)The building project ________ next year is not easy ________ in time.
A．being carried out; to complete
B．carried out; to be completed
C．to be carried out; to complete
D．to be carried out; to be completed
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词作定语和状语。句意：明年将要实施的大楼工程要想按时完成并不容易。第一空为不定式的被动式作定语表示被动、将来；第二空为不定式作方式状语，用主动表示被动。
8．(2013·皖南八校联考) ________ a lady of her necklace, the young man was arrested on the spot by a policeman.
A．Having caught robbing B．Caught robbing
C．Being caught robbing D．Catch robbing
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：那个年轻人在抢一位女士的项链时被发现了，警察当场逮捕了他。catch sb doing sth.表示“发现某人正在做某事”，catch与the young man为动宾关系且表示完成，故用过去分词。
2011～2013课标区高考考点统计 考情解读
年份数量考点 2013 2012 2011 合计 从近三年高考来看，在对非谓语动词的考查中非谓语动词作状语依然为考查的重点，并已从作状语的一枝独秀向作定语或其他成分发展。测试点呈现出“情景化”和“设问角度多样化”的趋势。
作状语 11 16 14 41
作定语 8 8 9 25
作补足语 2 3 4 9
作宾语 1 6 1 8
作主语 2 1 2 5
作表语 1 0 1 2
原则一：作目的状语只能用不定式的一般式，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句中或句末
1．(2013·湖南高考)________ warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.
A．Staying B．Stayed
C．To stay D．Stay
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。句意：为了晚上保暖，我往火炉中添了木柴，又设置了午夜的闹钟以便再次添加。此处“保暖”是“添加木柴”的目的，所以用动词不定式作目的状语。
2．(2013·山东高考)I stopped the car ________ a short break as I was feeling tired.
A．take B．taking
C．to take D．taken
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，停下车是为了休息，所以应用不定式作目的状语。
原则二：作伴随状语一般用v. ing形式的一般式
1．(2013·重庆高考)When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, ________ me stories till I fell asleep.
A．having told B．telling
C．told D．to tell
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，my mother与tell之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故用动词 ing形式。having done表示这个动作先于主句动作发生，与句意不符，可排除，故选B。
2．(2013·湖南高考)The sun began to rise in the sky, ________ the mountain in golden light.
A．bathed B．bathing
C．to have bathed D．having bathed
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。句意：太阳在天空中升起，这座山沐浴在金色的阳光之中。bathe是及物动词，意为“使沐浴(在光线里)”，与the sun构成逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。
原则三：作原因状语一般用现在分词或过去分词(二者的选择取决于其与逻辑主语的关系)，而在某些表示情感的形容词后作原因状语常用不定式
1．(2013·北京高考)________ the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.
A．Find B．Finding
C．To find D．Found
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。句意：她发现这门课程非常难，决定转学一门较低水平的(课程)。she与find之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词短语作状语。
2．(2012·全国卷Ⅱ)The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy ________ anything that happened to be on.
A．to watch B．watching
C．watched D．to have watched
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：老人每天晚上坐在电视机前，看电视上播放的任何电视节目都很高兴。后半句是形容词短语作伴随状语。
3．(2011·四川高考)______an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous.
A．Offer B．Offering
C．Offered D．To offer
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词作状语。句子主语Andy与offer之间是动宾关系，所以用过去分词作状语。故选C。
原则四：在“be＋性质形容词＋不定式”结构中，形容词修饰说明不定式时，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义
1．(2012·辽宁高考)This machine is very easy ________. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.
A．operating B．to be operating
C．operated D．to operate
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词。在句型“主语＋be＋adj.＋to do”中，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义，故选D。
2．(2011·安徽高考)Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier ______ into small pieces.
A．break B．breaking
C．broken D．to break
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词。句意：汤姆问糖果制造商是否可以把巧克力制作得更容易弄碎些。“be＋easy/difficult ...”后常跟不定式的主动形式表示被动意义，故答案为D项。
原则五：一些抽象名词如chance, warning, ability, ambition, attempt, offer, decision, anxiety, way等词后常用不定式的一般式作定语
1．(2013·北京高考)Volunteering gives you a chance ________ lives, including your own.
A．change B．changing
C．changed D．to change
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词。句意：志愿者活动给了你一个改变人生的机会，包括你自己的。a chance to do sth.“做某事的机会”。英语中有些抽象名词，如chance, ability, way等，常用不定式作定语。
2．(2011·湖南高考)The ability ________ an idea is as important as the idea itself.
A．expressing B．expressed
C．to express D．to be expressed
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。ability 后常接不定式的一般式的主动形式作定语，意为“做……的能力”。句意： 表达思想的能力和思想本身一样重要。
原则六：作介词的宾语一般用v. ing形式的一般式，但在介词but, except后需跟不定式作宾语(是否带to可参照“前do后不to”的原则)
1．(2013·江苏高考)Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and ________ to ruins, the city took on a new look.
A．reducing B．reduced
C．being reduced D．having reduced
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空格处与suffering from是and连接的两个并列成分，在形式上应保持一致，又因reduce与the city之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，因此选being reduced。
2．(2012·陕西高考)If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but ________ an even greater challenge.
A．meets B．meeting
C．meet D．to meet
解析：选D 考查不定式固定搭配。句意：如果他承担这项工作，他将别无选择，只有面对更大的挑战。have no choice but to do sth.“别无选择，只有做某事”。
原则七：作主语表示一般行为常用v. ing形式的一般式。用it作形式主语时，常用不定式作真正主语，it's no use/no good/useless doing结构除外
1．(2013·福建高考)________basic first aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
A．Known B．Having known
C．Knowing D．Being known
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。句意：了解基本的急救技巧能够帮助你快速应对紧急情况。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中充当主语，应用动词 ing形式。having known强调“完成”，不符合句意，可排除。故选C。
2．(2012·浙江高考)No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it's better ________ silent.
A．remain B．be remaining
C．having remained D．to remain
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词。句意：不管你多么能言善辩，但有时候还是保持沉默更好。该题考查“it is＋形容词＋to do sth.”这一句型，句中to remain silent“保持沉默”是真正的主语，it是形式主语。
3．(2011·上海高考)It's no use ________ without taking any action.
A．complain B．complaining
C．being complained D．to be complained
解析：选B 句意：只抱怨而不采取行动是没用的。在“it's no use doing”结构中，v. ing形式作真正主语。
原则八：在seem后作表语一般用不定式。remain作“尚待”讲，后常加to be done作表语，作“仍然”讲，后可加现在分词或过去分词
1．(2013·重庆高考)The engine just won't start.Something seems ________ wrong with it.
A．to go B．to have gone
C．going D．having gone
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。句意：发动机启动不了了，它好像出问题了。动词seem后常接动词不定式，因此C、D两项不正确。由句意可知，go这一动作在start之前发生，故选B。
2．(2011·上海高考)Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing ... but we seem ________ the art of communicating face to face.
A．losing B．to be losing
C．to be lost D．having lost
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词作表语。句意：现在我们有聊天室，能传递文本信息，还可以发电子邮件……但是我们似乎正在失去面对面交流的技能。seem后通常用动词不定式，排除A和D两项；此处非谓语动词后有名词短语the art of communicating face to face作其宾语，所以排除C项(被动形式)，故选B。
3．(2010·福建高考)In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained ________ abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.
A．sticking B．stuck
C．to be stuck D．to have stuck
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。句意：四月份，成千上万的度假者由于火山灰的影响而被滞留在国外。此处remain为系动词，后接过去分词作表语，表示被动。
1．(2013·河南省普通高中适应性检测卷一)People spend many years learning about favorite sports and ________ how to do them well.
A．practice B ．practiced
C．practicing D．to practice
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。spend ... (in) doing sth.表示“花费……做某事”，根据and可知，空处应与learning并列，作省略了的介词in的宾语，故选C。
2．(2013·威海两校模拟)________ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A．Having believed B．Believing
C．Believed D．To believe
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。句意：许多人认为地球是平的，担心哥伦布会从地球的边缘掉下去。believe与句子主语为逻辑上的主谓关系，且feared与believe无时间上的前后之分，故选B项。
3．(2013·四川省泸州市4月模拟)There was no signal in that faraway village and all my attempts ________ you failed.
A．to contact B．contacting
C．contacted D．having contacted
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：在那个遥远的村庄没有信号，因此我怎么也联系不上你。attempt后面应用不定式作定语。
4．(2013·河南豫西五校质量检测)The text is too difficult. The explanation of our teacher will help make it easy ________.
A．to understand B．to be understood
C．understood D．understanding
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：这篇文章太难了，我们老师的解释会使它易于理解。此处用动词不定式的主动表示被动。此种用法常用于“be＋性质形容词＋不定式”结构中，此类形容词有easy, hard, interesting等。
5．(2011·湖南高考)Do you wake up every morning ________ energetic and ready to start a new day
A．feel B．to feel
C．feeling D．felt
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。句意：你每天早晨起来感到精力充沛并准备开始新的一天吗？现在分词feeling energetic作伴随状语。
6．(2013·济南市三模)The fresh air in the morning is pleasant ________. You'd better get up early to do some exercise.
A．to be breathed B．to breathe
C．breathing D．being breathed
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：早上的新鲜空气呼吸起来很舒服，你最好早起活动活动。在形容词pleasant后用不定式作方式状语，且主动形式表示被动含义。
7．(2013·合肥168中学最后一卷)—What on earth made Susan weep
—________ of cheating in the exam.
A．Be accused
B．She was accused
C．Because she was accused
D．Being accused
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词作主语。句意：“苏珊究竟为什么哭？”“她被指责在考试中作弊。”题线处在答句中作主语回答问句，A、C两项不能作主语，若选B项则应在前面加that，此处为动词 ing形式作主语。
8．(2013·德州市二模)I made every effort to get the car out of the mud, but it remained ________ there.
A．sticking B．to be stuck
C．stuck D．to have stuck
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词作表语。句意：我尽力想把车从泥中弄出来，但车仍然陷在那里。it与stick为被动关系，排除A项和D项；B项表示将来，C项表示完成。
现在分词与不定式作结果状语的比较
1．(2012·天津高考)He got up late and hurried to his office, ________ the breakfast untouched.
A．left B．to leave
C．leaving D．having left
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。句意：他起晚了，匆忙赶往办公室，没有吃早饭。主语He与leave之间是主谓关系，故用现在分词作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。不定式作结果状语时表示意想不到的结果，故排除B项；leave这一动作并未发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，排除D项。
2．(2012·山东高考)George returned after the war, only ________ that his wife had left him.
A．to be told B．telling
C．being told D．told
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：乔治战争后回到家，结果被告知妻子已经离开了他。此处是动词不定式作结果状语，表示意料之外的结果，而且George和tell之间是被动关系，因此用to be told。如果用动词 ing形式，则表示意料之中的结果。
现在分词表示自然而然的结果；不定式表示意想不到的结果，其前常加only。试比较：
①More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
中国又建了更多的公路，这使得人们出行变得更加容易了。
②I arrived at the station in a hurry, only to find the train had left.
我匆忙到达车站，结果却发现火车已经开走了。
现在分词与过去分词作状语的比较
1．(2013·四川高考)________ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.
A．Not knowing B．Knowing not
C．Not known D．Known not
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：由于不知道上哪所大学，那个女孩向她的老师征求意见。分析句子成分可知，the girl与know之间是逻辑上的主动关系，所以用现在分词作原因状语，且分词的否定式是在分词前加not，所以答案为A。
2．(2013·安徽高考)________ in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.
A．To found B．Founding
C．Founded D．Having founded
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。句意：这所学校创建于20世纪初期，它一直激励着孩子们对于艺术的热爱。found与the school之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，应用过去分词。故选C。
现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系。试比较：
①Seeing from the top of the building, we can see the whole city.
②Seen from the top of the building, the whole city can be seen.
非谓语动词作后置定语的比较
1．(2013·陕西高考)The witnesses ________ by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
A．questioned B．being questioned
C．to be questioned D．having questioned
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：刚才警察询问的目击者对这次打架给出了完全不同的描述。由于the witnesses和question是逻辑上的动宾关系，同时在句中有表示过去的时间状语just now，故要用动词 ed形式作后置定语表示被动和完成。故选A。
2．(2013·山东高考)The room is empty except for a bookshelf ________ in one corner.
A．standing B．to stand
C．stands D．stood
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：除了一个书橱在墙角外，房间里空空荡荡。except for是介词短语，其后不能接句子，所以排除C、D两项。分析句子结构可知，此处为非谓语，且a bookshelf与动词stand之间为逻辑上的主动关系，所以选A。
3．(2012·重庆高考)We're having a meeting in half an hour.The decision ________ at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
A．to be made B．being made
C．made D．having been made
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。根据前面的“We're having a meeting in half an hour.”可知会议还没开始，The decision后面的定语应用动词不定式，表示将要发生的动作，排除B、C、D项。故选A项。
表示被动、完成用过去分词；表示主动、进行用现在分词；表示被动、进行用being done；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。试比较：
①The bridge built in 2012 was designed by a local company.
②The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.
③The bridge to be built next year was designed by a local company.
④Recently a survey comparing prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.（2011·江苏高考）
不定式与v. ing形式作宾语的比较
1．(2012·安徽高考)I remembered ________ the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.
A．locking B．to lock
C．having locked D．to have locked
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。句意：我离开办公室之前记得关门却忘记关灯了。remember to do sth.表示“记得要做某事”，与后半句中的“forgot to ...”相对应。
2．(2011·四川高考)Lydia doesn't feel like______abroad.Her parents are old.
A．study B．studying
C．studied D．to study
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。 feel like sth./doing sth.“想要某物/想要做某事”。 句意：莉蒂亚不想出国学习， 因为她的父母都上年纪了。
3．(2009·陕西高考)I still remember________to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.
A．to take B．to be taken
C．taking D．being taken
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词。remember to do sth.“记得要做某事(该动作未发生)”；remember doing sth.“记得做过某事(该动作已经发生)”。依据后文的“what I saw there”可知这里说的是记得已经发生的动作；再者take的宾语就是句子的主语，二者之间是动宾关系，应用被动形式，所以选being taken。
1．下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help。
此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。
We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
我们约好在此地见面，但是她到现在还没有露面。
2．下列动词或词组只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。
consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy; avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; can't help (禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape。
此外，be used/accustomed to (习惯于), lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can't stand, give up, feel like, insist on, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in)等短语后也要用动名词作宾语。
He got well prepared for the job interview, for he couldn't risk losing the good opportunity.
他为这次工作面试做了充分准备，因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。
3．下列动词或短语既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意：
forget
remember
regret
mean
can't help
What a poor memory！I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday. But today I forgot to return the money to him.
多么差的记忆力！昨天我忘了向他借过钱，但今天我又忘了把钱还给他。
非谓语动词作补足语的比较
（一）感官动词后接复合宾语的比较
1．(2013·北京高考)When we saw the road ________ with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.
A．block B．to block
C．blocking D．blocked
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词。句意：当我们看到道路被雪封住后，我们决定在家过假期。分析句子结构可知，此处是“see＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构。宾语补足语是do形式时，表示“看见宾语做某事的全过程”；宾语补足语是doing形式时，表示“看见宾语正在做某事”；若宾语补足语与宾语是动宾关系时，则用过去分词形式作宾语补足语。road与block之间是被动关系，故选D。
2．(2012·四川高考)I looked up and noticed a snake ________ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
A．to wind B．wind
C．winding D．wound
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。此题考查现在分词作宾语补足语，宾语snake与wind之间为主动关系，且此动作正在进行，故选C。
感官动词(短语)see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel的宾语补足语主要有三种形式，试比较(以see为例)：
see＋宾语＋
①I heard her sing an English song just now.
刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动，完成)
②I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天经过她房间时，我听见她正在唱英文歌。(主动，正在进行)
③To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible.
为了学好英语，我们应该尽可能多地听英语。(被动，无时间性)
（二）使役动词make, have, get, keep, let后加复合宾语的比较
1．(2013·陕西高考)Let those in need ________ that we will go all out to help them.
A．to understand B．understand
C．understanding D．understood
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。句意：让那些需要帮助的人们明白我们会全力以赴去帮助他们。从整个句子结构来看，这是一个主从复合句，that引导的是宾语从句。let sb. do sth.意思是“让某人做某事”。故选B。
2．(2012·四川高考)Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car ________.
A．washed B．wash
C．washing D．to wash
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：在驱车进城之前，你必须将你的车洗了。此题中使役动词get后接的宾语car与作宾语补足语的动词wash之间为被动关系，构成短语：get sth. done。故选A项。
3．(2011·重庆高考)Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself______of his own dreams.
A．reminding B．to remind
C．reminded D．remind
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。句意：迈克尔把姚明的照片张贴在床边是为了提醒自己要实现自己的梦想。 remind sb.of sth.表示“ 提醒某人某事”， himself与remind之间是动宾关系， 故用动词的过去分词形式。
(1)make＋宾语＋
①He made his workers work 12 hours a day.
他让他的工人们每天工作12个小时。
②He tried to make himself understood.
他尽量使自己被理解。
(2)have＋宾语＋
注意：have还可用于have sth. to do/done结构，该结构中have作“有”讲，不定式作定语。
I have something urgent to inform you.
我有很紧急的事要通知你们。
(3)get＋宾语＋
①He got me to post the letter for him.
他让我替他寄信。
②Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.(2010·辽宁高考)
亚历山大试图使他的工作被医学界认可。
③The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.
休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进。
④I'll get my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天要(请人)修一下我的自行车。
(4)keep
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.
对不起让你久等了。
（三）with复合结构中补足语的比较
1．(2012·辽宁高考)The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ________ them.
A．to follow B．following
C．followed D．follows
解析：选B 考查with的复合结构。with的宾语后面可加形容词、副词、分词、不定式或名词等作宾语补足语，此处pet dog与follow之间构成主动关系，所以用following。不定式表示动作尚未发生，不符合语境故排除A。
2．(2010·山东高考)The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already ________ for a meal to be cooked.
A．laid B．laying
C．to lay D．being laid
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：客厅既干净又整洁，已摆好了餐桌准备做饭。“with＋名词/代词＋过去分词”为with的复合结构，a dining table和lay之间是被动关系，故用过去分词形式。
with
①John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.
约翰收到一份宴请函而且他的工作也干完了，他就欣然接受了邀请。
②With a lot of difficult problems to settle the newly elected president is having a hard time.
因为有很多难题要解决，这位新任总统的日子不好过。
题组一：(非谓语动词作结果状语)
1．(2013·山东实验中学第四次诊断)He lost his computer while shopping, ________ away all his secret photos.
A．gave B．to give
C．giving D．having given
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词作结果状语。句意：他在购物时丢了电脑，结果泄露了所有绝密照片。此处非谓语动词表示一种必然的结果，故用现在分词作结果状语。
2．(2013·福州六模)The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ________ that the film stars had left.
A．informing B．to be informed
C．to inform D．informed
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词作结果状语。句意：新闻记者匆忙赶到机场，结果却被告知那位影星已经离开了。此处表示一种出乎意料的结果，应用不定式作结果状语，inform与the news reporter之间为动宾关系，故选B。
题组二：(非谓语动词作伴随状语)
1．(2013·甘肃部分示范学校调研考试)We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, ________ that all children like these things.
A．thinking B．think
C．to think D．thought
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：我们经常给我们的孩子玩具、足球或者篮球，认为所有的孩子都喜欢这些东西。“________ that all children like these things”在句中作原因状语，We与think之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用think的现在分词形式。
2．(2013·江西重点中学3月联考)Without thinking, he ran out, ________ at a stranger to call the fire police.
A．shouted B．having shouted
C．to shout D．shouting
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词。句意：他毫不迟疑地跑了出去，大声冲着一个陌生人喊，让他报火警。根据句意可知，“跑”与“喊”的动作同时发生，故应用动词的 ing形式作伴随状语。
题组三：(非谓语动词作后置定语)
1．(2013·陕西西安名校第五次模拟)TV programmes, ________ to combine learning with fun together, are growing in popularity all over the world.
A．designing B．to be designed
C．designed D．having designed
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。分析题干可知，design与TV programmes构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故用design的过去分词形式作定语，C项正确。
2．(2013·陕西宝鸡模拟)After Queen Elizabeth officially opened the 2012 Summer Olympics, London became the first city ________ three Olympic Games in history.
A．to have hosted B．hosting
C．hosted D．having hosted
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：在伊丽莎白女王正式宣布2012年夏季奥运会开幕之后，伦敦成为了历史上第一个举办了三届夏季奥运会的城市。当名词前有序数词修饰时，通常用动词不定式作后置定语。再结合句意可知，应用完成式。故答案为A。
题组四：(非谓语动词作宾语)
1．(2013·青岛高三统一质检)—Robert is indeed a wise man.
—Oh, yes. How I regretted ________ his advice.
A．to take B．taking
C．not to take D．not taking
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词作宾语。句意：“罗伯特确实是一个聪明的人。”“是的，我多么后悔没听他的建议。”regret not doing sth.表示“对未做某事感到后悔”。
2．(2009·上海高考)David threatened ________ his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid.
A．to be reported B．reporting
C．to report D．having reported
解析：选C 句意：大卫威胁说如果不赔偿损失，他将向警署告发他的邻居。threaten to do sth.“威胁做某事”。
题组五：(非谓语动词作补足语)
1．(2013·长沙二模)Jim was about to stand up when he saw something ________ near his feet. It's a snake!
A．move B．moving
C．moved D．to move
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词作宾补。句意：吉姆正要站起来，这时发现脚边有东西在动。是一条蛇！此处moving在句中作宾语补足语，且表示动作正在进行。
2．(2013·太原五中模拟)The traffic problems we are looking forward to seeing ________ should have attracted the government's attention.
A．solving B．solve
C．to solve D．solved
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词作补语。句意：我们期待解决的交通问题应该引起政府的重视。seeing的宾语为the traffic problems，空格内应填宾语补足语，由于solve与the traffic problems之间为动宾关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。
非谓语动词的时态
1．(2013·山东高考)________ at the cafeteria before, Tina didn't want to eat there again.
A．Having eaten B．To eat
C．Eat D．Eating
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：在那个餐厅吃过饭，蒂娜不想再在那里吃了。分析句子结构和句意可知，Tina与eat之间是主动关系，并且eat这一动作发生在谓语动词“didn't want”所表示的动作之前，所以用动词 ing形式的完成式。
2．(2007·辽宁高考)The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported ________ the world record in the 110 meter hurdle race.
A．breaking B．having broken
C．to have broken D．to break
解析：选C 由句意看break the world record这一动作发生在谓语动词was reported这一动作之前，且由sb./sth. be reported to do这一结构可知应选C项。
非谓语动词 形式 意义
不定式 一般式：to do 与谓语动词同时发生或发生在谓语动词后
进行式：to be doing 谓语发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行
完成式：to have done 发生在谓语动词之前
动词 ing形式 一般式：doing 与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生
完成式：having done 发生在谓语动词之前
Dina, having struggled for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.(2010·湖南高考)
迪娜努力了好几个月，想找一份侍者的工作，最终却在当地的一家广告公司找到了一个职位。
非谓语动词的语态
1．(2012·福建高考)China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from ________ in the South China Sea.
A．attacking B．having attacked
C．being attacked D．having been attacked
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词。句意：最近中国加强对黄岩岛附近水域的控制以防止中国渔船受到攻击。prevent ...from ...“阻止……做某事”。因渔船是被攻击，故用动名词的被动语态。动名词的一般式表示动名词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生；动名词的完成式表示动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，故C项正确。
2．(2012·重庆高考)________ to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.
A．Having been asked B．To ask
C．Having asked D．To be asked
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。分析题干并根据“I missed a wonderful film”可知，此处应用现在分词作原因状语；ask和I之间是动宾关系，故用被动语态；ask这一动作发生在missed这一动作之前，故应用分词的完成式。故答案为A项。
3．(2012·湖南高考)Time, ________correctly, is money in the bank.
A．to use B．used
C．using D．use
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。句意：被用得合理，时间就是银行里存的钱。由句意可知，use与句子的主语time之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，所以选过去分词形式。
非谓语动词 形式 意义
不定式 to be done 被动、将来
to have been done 被动、发生在谓语动词之前
动词 ing形式 being done 被动、进行
having been done 被动、发生在谓语动词之前
过去分词 done 被动、完成
[点津]
(1)having been done与done作状语时没有明显区别，可以互换，但having been done不能作定语。
(2)不及物动词的过去分词，只表示完成，不表示被动，如，fallen leaves落叶。
(3)有时过去分词只表示被动而不强调时间性。
①The boy was running along the street, followed by a dog.
小男孩沿着街道跑，后面跟着一条狗。
②His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.(2010·陕西高考)
下月即将出版的他的第一本书是基于一个真实的故事写的。
③Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.
虽然被告诉过好多次了，但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。
含有非谓语动词的独立主格结构
(2012·新课标全国卷)The party will be held in the garden, weather ________.
A．permitting B．to permit
C．permitted D．permit
解析：选A 考查独立主格结构。句意：如果天气允许的话，聚会将在花园里举行。weather permitting(＝ if weather permits)为独立主格结构，因为weather是permit这个动作的发出者，故用现在分词形式。
名词或代词＋
[点津] 独立主格结构从语法上来讲不是句子，在句中通常作状语。具有以下特点：
1．独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，不指同一个人或同一事物；
2．独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时也置于句中或句末。
①The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。
②Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention fixed upon it.
吉姆专心致志地听着讲座，所有注意力都集中在上面了。
非谓语动词的主动表被动
(2011·福建高考)The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable______.
A．held B．holding
C．be held D．to hold
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：厚度和重量与先前版本的不同使得iPad 2拿着更舒服。hold 与the iPad 2 之间是动宾关系，且有性质形容词comfortable，所以用动词不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。
在下列结构中非谓语动词常用主动形式表示被动含义。
1．某些性质形容词后不定式作状语，用主动形式表示被动含义。
This book is difficult to understand.
这本书很难理解。
2．不定式作定语时，若不定式表示的动作是主语发出的，用主动形式表示被动含义。
I can't go with you; I have a meeting to attend.
我不能和你去，我有个会议要参加。
3．worth后跟doing时主动形式表示被动含义；need, want, require后跟doing表示被动，相当于跟to be done。
The young trees require watering/to be watered.
这些小树需要浇水了。
1．(2013·江苏高考)Lionel Messi ________ the record for the most goals in a calendar year, is considered the most talented football player in Europe.
A．set B．setting
C．to set D．having set
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知，Lionel Messi与set之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，应用动词 ing形式；Lionel Messi创纪录这一动作在is considered之前已经发生，因此用having set。
2．(2011·北京高考)It's important for the figures______regularly.
A．to be updated B．to have been updated
C．to update D．to have updated
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句中的时间状语regularly 表示经常发生，因此排除B、D两项； 又因为figures 是被更新的，故选A项。
3．(2011·浙江高考)Bats are surprisingly long lived creatures, some______ a life span of around 20 years.
A．having B．had
C．have D．to have
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：真想不到，蝙蝠竟是长寿生物，有些蝙蝠的寿命长达近20年。结合语意和句子结构可知，此处为独立主格结构，having的逻辑主语是前面的some。
4．(2011·天津高考)Passengers are permitted______ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.
A．to carry B．carrying
C．to be carried D．being carried
解析：选A 考查非谓语动词。句意：乘客只允许携带一个手提行李箱登机。本句用的结构是sb.be permitted to do sth.，故选A项。
5．(2013·山东济南二模)The poem A Red, Red Rose written by Robert Burns is popular with the Chinese young people, because the poem is easy ________.
A．to be understood B．to understand
C．understand D．understanding
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词。在“be＋性质形容词(此类形容词有easy, hard, difficult等)＋不定式”结构中，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
6．(2013·青岛一模)All flights ________ owing to the heavy fog, many passengers could do nothing but take trains.
A．to be cancelled B．were cancelled
C．have been cancelled D．having been cancelled
解析：选D 考查独立主格结构。逗号前后两部分之间没有连词，因而前半部分不可能是句子，排除B、C两项。此处只能用独立主格结构，动词不定式在此结构中表示将来，故排除A项。现在分词的完成被动式表示被动、完成，故选D项。
第一步：利用“有无连词”原则确定谓语还是非谓语
分析句子结构，判断出句子的主干——主语和谓语。如果题线处作谓语，则要用谓语动词，如果题线处不作谓语，则要用非谓语动词。
1．(2013·湖南高考)Every day ________ a proverb aloud several times until you have it memorized.
A．read B．reading
C．to read D．reads
解析：选A 分析句子结构可知，题干中有连词until，until引导时间状语从句，故“________ a proverb aloud several times”为主句，此处应为祈使句，故应用动词原形。本题应选A项。
2．(2012·北京高考)________ with care, one tin will last for six weeks.
A．Use B．Using
C．Used D．To use
解析：选C 分析句子结构可知，题干中无连词，故题线处需用非谓语动词。use与逻辑主语为被动关系，故选C项。
第二步：根据句意和作用确定句子成分
根据句意和题线处在句子中的位置和作用，确定其所充当的句子成分，从而确定空格内所需填入的非谓语动词的形式。
(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)The sunlight is white and blinding, ________ hard edged shadows on the ground.
A．throwing B．being thrown
C．to throw D．to be thrown
解析：选A 根据句意和句子结构可知，题线处应作伴随状语，且the sunlight与throw之间为主动关系，故用现在分词。答案应为A项。
第三步：根据与逻辑主语的关系确定语态
如果非谓语动词表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间为主谓关系则用v. ing形式或不定式的主动式；若为动宾关系则用v. ing形式的被动式、不定式的被动式或过去分词。
1．(2013·湖南高考)You cannot accept an opinion ______ to you unless it is based on facts.
A．offering B．to offer
C．having offered D．offered
解析：选D offer与逻辑主语an opinion之间为被动关系，A、B、C三项都表示主动，D项为过去分词表示被动， 故选D项。
2．(2012·湖南高考)The lecture, ________ at 7：00 pm last night，was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.
A．starting B．being started
C．to start D．to be started
解析：选A start与逻辑主语the lecture之间为主动关系，故排除B、D两项。不定式作定语时，常表示动作尚未发生，故排除C项，此处用现在分词作后置定语，表示主动。
第四步：根据与谓语动词的先后关系确定时态
非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前用过去分词或v. ing形式/不定式的完成式；如果同时进行用v. ing形式或不定式的进行式；如果非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后用不定式的一般式。
(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)I got to the office earlier that day, ________ the 7：30 train from Paddington.
A．caught B．to have caught
C．to catch D．having caught
解析：选D 由句意可知catch the 7：30 train这一动作发生在谓语动词got to the office之前，故用现在分词的完成时。
1．(2013·济宁市一模)________ early for his date, Mark spent time reading the newspaper.
A．Arriving B．Having arrived
C．Arrived D．To arrive
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：因为约会到的早了些，马克读报纸来打发时间。此处用动词 ing形式作原因状语，arrive表示的动作发生在spend表示的动作之前，故用完成式。
2．(2013·济南市三模)One evening Harry phoned me, ________ me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
A．asked B．having asked
C．asking D．being asked
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他家。此处空格内的词作伴随状语，故选C。
3．(2013·泰安市三模)Barbara often makes a schedule to get herself ________ of what she is to do in the day.
A．remind B．reminded
C．reminding D．to remind
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词作宾补。句意：芭芭拉经常制定一个时间表来提醒自己白天应做什么。remind与herself为动宾关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。
4．(2013·成都七中考前模拟)If you decided to study in America, you have no choice but ________ your English greatly.
A．improves B．improving
C．to improve D．improve
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词作介词but的宾语。句意：如果你打算去美国学习，除了显著提高英语水平外别无选择。but后需跟不定式作宾语，口诀为“前do后不to”。
5．(2013·北京市西城一模)All the books ________ by the students are reported to have been sent to the children in the countryside the other day.
A．having offered B．to be offered
C．offering D．offered
解析：选D 考查非谓语动词作定语。句意：据报道，同学们提供的所有书籍都在几天前送给了乡下的孩子们。此处作定语的非谓语动词表示被动、完成，故用过去分词。
6．It's no good ________ here this e again on Monday.
A．wait B ．waiting
C．having waited D．to be waiting
解析：选B 考查动词 ing形式作主语。句意：今天上午在这里等是没用的，周一再来吧。在固定结构it's no good/use doing sth.中，it为形式主语，doing为真正的主语。
7．(2013·菏泽模拟)The building project ________ next year is not easy ________ in time.
A．being carried out; to complete
B．carried out; to be completed
C．to be carried out; to complete
D．to be carried out; to be completed
解析：选C 考查非谓语动词作定语和状语。句意：明年将要实施的大楼工程要想按时完成并不容易。第一空为不定式的被动式作定语表示被动、将来；第二空为不定式作方式状语，用主动表示被动。
8．(2013·皖南八校联考) ________ a lady of her necklace, the young man was arrested on the spot by a policeman.
A．Having caught robbing B．Caught robbing
C．Being caught robbing D．Catch robbing
解析：选B 考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：那个年轻人在抢一位女士的项链时被发现了，警察当场逮捕了他。catch sb doing sth.表示“发现某人正在做某事”，catch与the young man为动宾关系且表示完成，故用过去分词。