(共73张PPT)
英语发音和拼读规则
1、学习内容:英语音标基础知识
2、学习目标: 能熟练认读48个因素; 能划分音节、
拼读任一单词。
3、学习重点:学会划分音节,按音节拼读单词。
4、学习难点:辅音连缀、自成音节的处理
/θ// / / / / / /t //d / /r/ /j/的发音。
5、学习方法:跟随老师就辅音、元音正确发音;理解并掌握划分音节的基本规则;通过大量实践练习掌握单词拼读技巧。注意学生分组学习并进行讲解。
学习步骤:
Step 1 认读48个音素
音标认读:(phonetic symbol[英] [f net k simb l])
一、元音
1.前元音:[ i: ] [ ] [ e ] [ ]
2.中元音:[ :] [ ]
3.后元音: [a:] [ ] [u:] [u] [ :] [ ]
4.合口双元音为: [e ] [a ] [ ] [au] [ u]
5.集中双元音为:[ ] [e ] [u ]
二、辅音
1.爆破音: [ p ] [ b ] [ t ] [ d ] [ k ] [ g ] [ p ]
2.摩擦音: [ f ] [ v ] [θ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ s ] [ z ] [ h ] [ r ]
3.破擦音: [ t ] [d ] [ tr ] [ dr ] [ ts ] [ dz ]
4.鼻辅音: [ m ] [ n ] [ ]
5鼻辅音: [ m ] [ n ] [ ]
6.舌边音: [ l ]
7.半元音: [w] [ j ]
三:单音素突破
I:元音
1.前元音:[ i: ] [ i ] [ e ] [ ]
[ i: ] (8)
发音组合: e ee ea ie ei
代表单词: me he we even
bee feel breeze deep free
seat beat lead tea eat
reason grief believe achieve
receive conceive
[ i ] (1)
发音组合: i
代表单词: sit bit kick pick wish
[ e ] (6)
发音组合: e ea a
代表单词:pen ten best beg egg net
bread heaven marry any
many
[ ] (7)
发音组合: a
代表单词: cap map bad mad bank
thank lamp
2.中元音:[ :] [ ]
[ : ] (12)
发音组合:or ir er ur ear
代表单词:work worker worm
bird dirt affirm term
burn surf pearl learn
[ ] (5)
发音组合:a er or
代表单词:appear arise again alike
a man a pen
teacher mother brother driver
anger doctor actor tutor
famous jealous
3.后元音: [a:] [ ] [u:] [u] [ :] [ ]
[a:] (10)
发音组合:ar ear al
代表单词:far dark hart farm garden
bar star heart half
[ ] (3)
发音组合:u o
代表单词:up cut but bus luck butter
monk onion
[u:] (9)
发音组合:oo o ou u
代表单词:food fool boom cool hoop pool
shoot tomb group blue clue
rule truth conclude
[u] (2)
发音组合:oo u ou
代表单词:foot good cook hook took
pull full bull should
[ :] (11)
发音组合:a oo aw ou ore au or ar
代表单词:talk ball hall call door floor
law saw bought fought thought
before ignore caught naughty
nautical force born sort warn
[ ] (4)
发音组合:o
代表单词: not cop rot hot lot dog nod
shop
4.合口双元音为: [ei] [ai] [ ] [au] [ u]
[ei] (20)
发音组合:ei a ai ay
代表单词:eight cake fate naked snake
lake make name paid main
day may
[ai] (15)
发音组合:y i uy
代表单词:cry dry my kite high bike
tight fine time buy guy
[ ] (16)
发音组合:oy oi
代表单词:toy boy loyal noise voice
point soil coin oil
[au] (19)
发音组合:ou ow
代表单词:house sound out noun bow
town now tower
[ u] (17)
发音组合:o ow oa
代表单词:host nose tone hole note
coke cope bowl know
low own boat coat
5.集中双元音为:[i ] [ ] [u ]
[i ] (13)
发音组合:eer ear ere
代表单词:beer deer hear near
fear here
[ ] (18)
发音组合:air ear are ere
代表单词:hair fair air chair bear swear
dare hare there
[u ] (14)
发音组合:oor ure our
代表单词:poor lure sure tour
II:辅音
1.爆破音: [ p ] [ b ] [ t ] [ d ] [ k ] [ g ] [ p ]
[ p ] (21)
发音组合:p
代表单词:pay pipe put pie peach sport
speed spend
[ b ] (29)
发音组合:b
代表单词:bird bed bag big buy bake
bill bear book
[ t ] (22)
发音组合:t
代表单词:tea teacher team tare tank
taught tip it meet cat thought
fate tent boat student stand
stick
[ d ] (30)
发音组合:d
代表单词:do did does deer date dig
doom need bed climbed
[ k ] (24)
发音组合:c k ck
代表单词:cake car can cat come
kite sky keep pick back
[ g ] (32)
发音组合:g
代表单词:geese go gap get big bag
beg
爆破音小结:
1) [ p ] [ t ] [ k ] 是清辅音,发音时声带不震动,送气要强。
2) [ b ] [ d ] [ g ] 是浊辅音,发音时声带必须震动。
2.摩擦音:
[ f ] [ v ] [θ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ s ] [ z ] [ h ][ r ]
[ f ] (25)
发音组合:f ph
代表单词:five first life fine fat fail fair
fall farm telephone phonetics
photo
[ v ] (33)
发音组合:v
代表单词:vote vine vat vail very vase
leave five
[θ] (26)
发音组合:th
代表单词:think teeth thick theme thank
thought both tooth truth fifth
mouth cloth faith breath
[ ] (34)
发音组合:th
代表单词:this that these those then
than though
[ ] (28)
发音组合:sh s ss ch
代表单词:ship fish sheet sheep dish
sure ensure assure machine
[ ] (36)
发音组合:s
代表单词:pleasure usual leisure
measure
[ s ] (27)
发音组合:s c
代表单词:seem set seek say see
books dense mouse cups
face ice race price
[ z ] (35)
发音组合:z s
代表单词:zoo prize zeal
raise knees eyes
[ h ] (40)
发音组合:h wh 【注意】wh 在元音字母o前才发此音。
代表单词:hot home house horse hate
high whole who whose whom
[ r ] (42)
发音组合:r wr
代表单词:race red rice rain right road
free fry pray wrong write
摩擦音小结:
英语中有十个摩擦音即:
[f] [v] [θ] [ ] [ ] [ ][s] [z] [h] [r]
发摩擦音时必须注意:
1) 口腔通道不完全阻塞,留有窄小空隙, 气流从中泄出时摩擦或震动成音。
2) 摩擦音可以延长而发音器官位置不变。
3.破擦音: [ t ] [d ] [ tr ] [ dr ] [ ts ] [ dz ]
[ t ] (23)
发音组合:ch
代表单词:cheap child chest choke
check catch watch
[d ] (31)
发音组合:j g dg
代表单词:jeep joke jew juice gin change
jodge judge
[ tr ]
发音组合:tr
代表单词:tree treat trip train tram
[ dr ]
发音组合: dr
代表单词: dream drag draw drink
children
[ ts ]
发音组合:ts
代表单词:sits seats mates peasants
parents
[ dz ]
发音组合:ds
代表单词:needs seeds spends
4.鼻辅音: [ m ] [ n ] [ ]
[ m ] (37)
发音组合:m
代表单词:some come dime mother
map moon
[ n ] (38)
发音组合:n
代表单词:noon nose note not no
nothing moon soon son gun
thin run dine gain
[ ] (39)
发音组合:ng n
代表单词:sing song singer king thing
ink sink thank tank
5.舌边音:
[ l ] (41)
发音组合: l
代表单词:清晰音[ l ] let lad late laid
leap lap
代表单词:含糊音[ l ] deal tell belt sale
table
6.半元音: [w] [ j ]
[ w ] (43)
发音组合:w wh
代表单词:wait west way wet will wide
wheel what why when where
while
[ j ] (44)
发音组合:y
代表单词:year yes yet yard young you
2.摩擦音:
[ f ] [ v ] [θ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ s ] [ z ] [ h ][ r ]
[ f ] (25)
发音组合:f ph
代表单词:five first life fine fat fail fair
fall farm telephone phonetics
photo
[ v ] (33)
发音组合:v
代表单词:vote vine vat vail very vase
leave five
[ v ] (33)
发音组合:v
代表单词:vote vine vat vail very vase
leave five
[θ] (26)
发音组合:th
代表单词:think teeth thick theme thank
thought both tooth truth fifth
mouth cloth faith breath
[ ] (34)
发音组合:th
代表单词:this that these those then
than though
[ ] (28)
发音组合:sh s ss ch
代表单词:ship fish sheet sheep dish
sure ensure assure machine
[ ] (36)
发音组合:s
代表单词:pleasure usual leisure
measure
Step 2 单词拼读规则
1、基本规则: 将单词音标部分从左至右进行音节划分,把握好重音,依次读出各音节即可。
一个单词至少有一个音节,各音节中所有音素均发音。通常情况下,一个音节由“一个辅音+一个元音”构成(辅音在前,元音在后,如同汉语的“声母+韵母”)
想一想:它们有几个音节呢?
[kɑ:]__ ; ['d /di]__ ;
['k /b d ] __ ; ['m /ni/d ]__ ;
注意:撇点“'”类似于汉语音节上的声调,表示其右下方所在音节为重读音节;单音节词是天然的重读音节,其重音符号“'”省略;有重音符号的单词意味着它至少有两个音节。
划一划,它们有几个音节?
[' /pl]__ ; [d d]__ ;
[k /mju:/ni/'kei/ n]__ ;['tei/bl]__ ;
想一想:以上音节数的认定让你产生了什么疑问?
2、辅音归属规则
单词音标中的基本单元是““一个辅音+一个元音”所构成的一个个音节,那么多余的辅音该怎么处理呢?我们可以记住一个口诀:一归后,二分手,辅音连缀抱团走,常见组合不分手,双字相连不牵手。
1)一归后【一对一】:从左到右,单独的一个辅音与其后的一个元音喜结连理,构成一个音节。
用下划线标注它们的音节:
['bei/bi] ['l /ki] ['be/ni/fit]
['tr /d i/di] ['r /bi ]
2)二分手【前归前,后归后】:在划分音节的过程中,如果有两个辅音黏在一起,则棒打鸳鸯,前者归入前一音节,后者归入后一音节,各得其所。
用下划线标注它们的音节:
['klɑ:s/meit] ['f k/t ri] ['t b/lit] [d k/t ] ['trit/m nt] ['bɑ:/skit/b :l]
3) 辅音连缀抱团走【后一个当头,前几个当尾】:在划分音节的过程中,如果有三个及以上的辅音黏在一起时,一般将最后一个留给后一个音节当头,其余几个打包归入前一个音节当尾。
用下划线标注它们的音节:
[ tr n/sp '/tei/ n] [i/'kwip/m nt] [iks/'t eind ] ['l nd/ lei/di] [ik/'skju:s]
[ eks/pl '/nei/ n]
4). 【4是3的特例】常见组合不分手:英语里有一些字母常常组合在一起,但它们不像固定组合字母那样发一个音,而是各发各的音,如pr, pl, fr, cl, sp, st, sk, scr, gr等等,这类组合字母在划分音节时一般不拆开,把它们划分在一起,尊重它们的常见组合习惯。
用下划线标注它们的音节:
['pr u/ɡr m] [ri'/plai] ['frai/t n] [kl mp] ['spi:/k ] ['skr /t ] ['greit/nis]
5)双字相连不牵手:很多单词是由两个独立的单词连起来构成的,如rest-room,
it-self,how-ever,black-board,这种情况下两个单词一般分开发音,不合并。
用下划线标注它们的音节:
['rest/ru:m] [it'/self] [hau/'ev ] ['bl k/b :d] ['nju:s /peip ]
3. 特殊规则
1) 自成音节(成音节):
① 一般而言,一个音节通常由“一个辅音+一个元音”构成,元音是“核”。如果音节开头只有一个元音时,该元音自成一个音节。
划分下列单词的音节,识别哪一个是成音节。
add [ d]; argue ['ɑ/ɡju:]; Louis ['lu:/is];
obey [ u/'bei]; honest [' /nist]
② 英语 中有 4 个辅音[m],[n], [ ],[l] 是响音,它们和其前面的辅音音素结合,也可构成音节。可以理解为它们充当了音节中的“核”。即“辅音+[m],[n], [ ]或[l]” 自成音节。音标示例:/-bl/ /-zm/ /-vn/ /-pl/ /-tl/ /-dl/
划分下列单词的音节,识别哪一个是成音节。
['l e/sn] ; ['nu:/dl]; ['kɑ:/sl] ;['d en/tl]; ['prin/s /pl]; ['b /tm]
2) 半元音:[ j ]、[ w ]为半元音,位于音节开头时被视为辅音,位于音节中时被视为元音。此种情况要注意单词前不定冠词的选取。
用不定冠词填空:
_an_Mp5; _a_year; _a_useful book; _a_European boy
3) 清辅音浊化(中间音):清辅音浊化现象发生的条件是:在同一个音节内,当清辅音[p] , [k], [t] ,[tr]前的音是/s/, 且该清辅音后还有元音, 此时,我们在拼读时,应该将该清辅音读成其对应的浊辅音[b] , [g], [d] ,[dr],这在英语中就叫做音的浊化。