吉林省吉林市2020-2022届（三年）高三第三次调研英语试题分类汇编：阅读理解(含答案)

吉林省吉林市
2020-2022届（三年）高三第三次调研英语试题分类汇编
阅读理解
吉林省吉林市2022届高三第三次调研英语试题
第一节（共 15 小题；每小题2分，满分 30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
This is a national chain brand education group. We are currently looking for a headmaster for a primary school in Beijing.
Requirements:
Be motivated to develop a learning community of both students and their teachers.
Hold a master’s degree and a teaching qualification in primary or middle school.
Have successful teaching experience within a primary school or middle school setting.
Experience of Project-Based Learning will be an advantage and preferred.
Be ready to organize and participate in after-school events that might occasionally include evenings and weekends.
Key Responsibilities:
Ensure that best interests of students and their learning sit at the heart of all decision-making.
Manage and regularly review the use of available resources, including human resources like accepting appropriately qualified staff, so as to improve students’ learning and achievements.
Provide broad and balanced courses that meet relevant requirements and the school’s education vision, including the use of PBL (problem-based-learning) alongside more traditional teaching methods for primary courses.
Monitor and evaluate the quality of teaching and learning as well as standards of achievement.
Work in partnership with parents/carers, the community, other schools and in particular colleges, businesses to improve and enrich the school and ensure the academic, moral, social and emotional well-being of students.
Provide regular management information to the Board（董事会）covering the financial, academic and examination performances of the school.
If you meet the above-mentioned qualifications and are interested in employment, please send us your resumes（简历） and application letter to edu@ before June 1, 2022.
21. What is the purpose of the passage
A. To explain a teaching method. B. To introduce a school.
C. To share a personal experience. D. To advertise a position.
22. Which of the following is Not a must for application
A. A diploma and qualifications in teaching.
B. Relevant work experience in education.
C. Experience of Project-Based Learning.
D. Willingness to work after working hours.
23. What should a qualified headmaster do
A. Center on the best interests of the staff.
B. Arrange courses based on his education vision.
C. Cooperate with related members and groups.
D. Keep management information from the Board.
B
His interest in Chinese language and characters dates from 1972, when Richard Sears, was a 22-year-old physics major at Portland State University in Oregon. To Sears, the characters were complex with many strokes（笔画）and almost no apparent logic. But when he could get an explanation of a Chinese character’s original meaning and an interpretation of its pictographs (象形文字), it would suddenly become apparent how all the strokes had come to be. “I’m a physicist, so I don’t like blind memorization. I knew that Chinese characters came from pictographs and I wanted to know the stories behind the Chinese characters.”
As he studied, Sears found that many of the explanations were conflicting and even the experts were at odds. He decided to computerize the characters, so that he could separate good opinions from bad ones. He scanned about 96,000 ancient characters and established the database of them.
In 2002 he got his website up and named it Chinese Etymology, where visitors can check for free the development of Chinese characters in various forms, from the original pictographs to the modern simplified forms. The clicks to the website went up to 600,000 in one day. Overnight he became American Uncle Hanzi, a nickname（绰号）given by Chinese netizens.
Besides, he has explained the origin of 15,000 modern characters. For example, the character jia (home) has a rooftop and a pig underneath. In southern China where it rains a lot, people put their houses on stilts（木桩）, so if it flooded, the inside of the house would not get wet. So, the pigs live underneath the house.
Last year, Sears set up his studio in Nanjing that focuses on applying AR, animation（动画）and artificial intelligence to tell stories of Chinese culture and character origins. He has made over 60 such videos in English with Chinese subtitles for Bilibili, a video website. “They have both entertainment and educational value,” he says.
In the meantime, Sears has been updating the database. “My philosophy is huo dao lao xue dao lao.”
24. According to Paragraph 1, why did Sears want to know the stories behind the Chinese characters
A. To make his life in China much easier.
B. To become an expert at Chinese characters.
C. To solve some related problems in physics.
D. To memorize Chinese characters more easily.
25. What does “were at odds” in Paragraph 2 mean
A. Held different views. B. Showed no interest.
C. Had no doubt at all. D. Were under attack.
26. What did Sears do to tell the stories behind the Chinese characters
A. He established a database for all the ancient Chinese characters.
B. He built a website about the development of Chinese characters’ forms.
C. He illustrated the structures of 15,000 modern Chinese characters.
D. He set up a studio to make videos about the stories of Chinese history.
27. What does the passage mainly talk about
A. Chinese characters catching the world’s wide attention.
B. A Chinese character website established by an American.
C. American Uncle Hanzi devoted to Chinese characters.
D. The secret to language learning — long-lasting interest.
C
Researchers from Singapore said in their new study that in older adults, doing housework was tied to a better memory and attention span, and stronger legs, which helps prevent falls. Shiou-Liang Wee, a researcher said, “Housework is a purposeful activity performed by many older adults and represents a significant share of their self-reported physical activity.”
For the study, Wee’s team investigated nearly 500 healthy Singaporeans between 21 and 90 years of age. Among younger participants, 36% said they engaged in enough physical activity to meet the goal researchers set as beneficial, as did 48% of older participants. But 61% of younger and 66% of older participants met this target only through housework, the study revealed.
After taking other types of regular physical activity into consideration, the researchers found that housework was tied with sharper mental abilities and better physical capacity, but only among the older participants. Scores on tests of mental ability were as much as 8% higher among those who did lots of housework, compared with those who did little, Lee’s team found.
And among older participants, balance and the time it took to stand up from sitting, which the investigators used as an indication of physical ability, were better for those who did lots of housework than for those who didn’t.
Dr. Maria Carney, chief of geriatric (老年病的) medicine at Northwell Health, N.Y., noted that exercise benefits your brain, and housework is exercise that also involves mental activity and requires detailed thought processes to complete. Physical activity increases blood circulation to your muscles and your brain, which helps mental function. Housework can be an important part of your exercise routine. Carney said, “It’s a task you’ve got to plan for. You’ve got to use devices; you’ve got to use equipment. There’s planning involved, so there’s mental exercise along with physical exercise.”
28. According to Paragraph 1, what do we know about the study
A. Older adults benefit from doing housework.
B. Older adults doing housework do not fall.
C. Doing housework is a rising trend in Singapore.
D. Doing housework is older adults’ favorite exercise.
29. Which of the following was considered in the study by the researchers
A. Participants’ ages, sexes and occupations.
B. Goals of physical ability participants set.
C. Ways in which participants do housework.
D. Types of physical activity participants do.
30. What are the research findings based on
A. Research data. B. Scientific theory.
C. Related documents. D. Daily observation.
31. What is the last paragraph mainly about
A. Why tools are used in doing housework.
B. How housework works for mental ability.
C. What physical activities should be done.
D. Who are more suitable to do housework.
D
I’ve just asked Julie Gray, a biologist at the University of Sheffield, which species she thinks would be the last ones standing if we don’t take transformative action on climate change. “I don’t think it will be humans. I think we’ll go quite early on,” says Gray. Humans probably won’t be among the survivors, partly because humans produce young extremely slowly and generally just one or two at a time.
It may seem like just a thought experiment. But discussing which species are able to survive climate change is disturbingly concrete. As a report stated recently, one in four species currently faces extinction, which is closely linked to climate change. While the seriousness of climate change is undeniable, we can make some educated guesses about which species will have a better shot at going far.
According to Jen Lau, a biologist at University Bloomington, heat tolerant and drought resistant plants, like those found in deserts, are more likely to survive. So are plants whose seeds can be spread over long distances, for example by wind or ocean currents. Plants that can adjust their flowering times may also be better able to deal with higher temperatures.
We can also look to history as a guide. Cockroaches adapted to an increasingly dry Australia tens of millions of years ago, by starting to dig holes in soil to hide. Cockroaches also tend to not be picky eaters. Having broad diets means that climate change will be less of a threat to them.
Furthermore, species called “mobile generalists” by experts can move and adapt to different environments and are more likely to last long in face of climate change. For example, deer in the US are common in suburban areas and manage to live where forests have been removed or are regularly disturbed.
Certainly, some animals would also survive if they could find a buffer: an area that is relatively protected from climate change’s consequences, such as deep sea canyons, underground caves.
32. What does the author probably think of the answer given by Gray
A. Ridiculous. B. Unreasonable. C. Upsetting. D. Exciting.
33. Which of the following can replace the underlined part in Paragraph 2
A. Peacefully wait. B. Quickly die out.
C. Greatly change. D. Possibly survive.
34. Which of the following species is likely to survive climate change
A. Trees growing in the rainforest and flowering at fixed time every year.
B. Animals good at digging holes and not particular about food.
C. Creatures mainly living in trees and spending most time sleeping.
D. Fishes that do not enjoy deep diving and like to stay in a bay.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. How Climate Will Change in the Future
B. What Species May Survive Climate Change
C. Why Some Species Have Broader Diets
D. Where Species Can Hide in Climate Change
吉林省吉林市2021届高三第三次调研英语试题
第一节（共 15 小题；每小题2分，满分 30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Central Power and Light
Graduating from high school Looking for a job We have a bright future for you!
We’re Central Power and Light. For more than fifty years, we have been providing the energy you need every day. We keep you warm in winter and cool in summer. Without us, your CD Players, televisions, radios and computers wouldn't work. In fact, without us, you might have trouble reading these words because we are responsible for things as basic as the lights in your homes and classrooms.
We’re quite a business. However, as important as electric and gas power are to our customers we’re more than just a public-service company. We’re also a good neighbor, working hard to help keep our environment as clean as we possibly can while still keeping our carbon footprint low.
It takes many people with a wide variety of skills and interests to keep a company like ours in business. That’s why we have more than one hundred job openings in several areas. Do any of these sound right for you
mechanic trainee
word processor
safety inspector trainee
driver
security guard
customer service representative
accountant
We are always looking for new talent, and we offer a host of benefits.
competitive salaries
pension plan
insurance
company social events
medical coverage
pleasant working conditions
continuing training classes
convenient location
If you would like to talk with one of our employment consultants, we invite you to our job fair being held the week of May 3 — May 7. Just drop in. You will be glad.
21. Who is the text intended for
A. Power company workers. B. High school seniors.
C. The general public. D. High school teachers.
22. What might an interested reader do after reading the text
A. Talk to a friend. B. Visit a school headmaster.
C. Attend a job fair. D. Consult his or her parents.
23. What can we learn about the company mentioned above
A. It has a history of over a century.
B Its business ranges from light to gas.
C. It pays much attention to ecosystem.
D. It holds a large job fair monthly.
B
It is believed that human story begins in Africa and ends about 200,000 years later with their seven billion descendants (后代) spread across the Earth, living in peace or at war, their faces lit by campfires and computer screens.
In between is an exciting tale of survival, movement, isolation, and conquest, most of it occurring before recorded history. Who were those first modern people in Africa What routes did they take when they left their home continent 60,000 years ago to expand into Europe and Asia When and how did humans reach the Americas For decades, the only proof was found in a small number of scattered bones and artifacts that our ancestors left behind on their journeys. In the past 20 years, however, DNA technologies have allowed scientists to find a record of ancient human migrations in the DNA of living people.
“Every drop of human blood contains a history book written in the language of our genes,” says population geneticist Spencer Wells. The human genetic code, or genome, is 99.9 percent identical throughout the world. But while the bulk of our DNA is the same, what’s left is responsible for our individual differences — in eye color or disease risk, for example. On very rare occasions, a small change, called a mutation, can occur, which is then passed down to all of that person’s descendants. Generations later, finding that same mutation in two people's DNA indicates that they share the same ancestor. By comparing mutations in many different populations, scientists can trace their ancestral connections.
These ancient mutations are easiest to track in two places: in DNA that is passed from mother to child (called mitochondrial DNA, or mtDNA for short), and in DNA that travels from father to son (known as the Y chromosome, the part of DNA that determines a child will be a boy). By comparing the mtDNA and Y chromosomes (染色体) of people from various populations, geneticists can get a rough idea of where and when those groups separated in the great migrations around the planet.
24. The best title for this reading could be ________.
A. Exploring human history B. Finding DNA differences
C. Making a biology experiment D. Discovering ancestry in DNA
25. What can we infer from the quote of Spencer Wells in Paragraph 3
A. A drop of blood contains genetic information that can tell a person’s ancestral history.
B. The organization of information in a history book is similar to the organization of DNA within a gene.
C. Every drop of blood contains enough DNA information to fill many history books.
D. Although people speak different languages, all human blood contains the same language.
26. The underlined word “bulk” in Paragraph 3 most probably means ________.
A. the large size B. the main part
C. the weight or shape D. the quantity
27. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the reading
A. The earliest people are said to originate from Africa and spread across the world.
B. Scientists have found ways to determine whether people share the same ancestor.
C. Human DNA remains the same as what is passed down from their ancestors.
D. Comparing mtDNA and Y chromosomes can help identify human migrations.
C
The 90-minute long game involves two goals, black and white checkered balls, goalkeeper, and no hand use. This sport, of course, is soccer or football, as the majority of the rest of the world says. It’s confusing that some countries call this sport “football” while Americans and Canadians say “soccer”, but apparently the British are mostly to blame.
The name confusion is actually thanks to British universities in the early 1800s who tried standardizing various sports games that had different rules and regulations to differentiate between them, according to a paper by Stefan Szymanski, a professor of sports economics at the University of Michigan.
Rugby, formerly known as “rugby football” or “rugger”, is a translation of “football” where you can use your hands. Soccer, originally “association football” or “asoccer”, is the traditional translation of “football” where people don’t use their hands. People in England started shortening the names by dropping the “association” part of the phrase as well as the “a” in “asoccer”, per Szymanski’s paper. If your head hurts from thinking about this, prepare to have your mind blown by these things you probably never thought about — until just now.
Now comes the complexity: in 1869, Rutgers and Princeton colleges held the first traditional, recorded, football game using a unique combination of rules from both rugby and soccer, creating what we know as “American football” and what other countries refer to as “gridiron”. Thanks to the popularity of American football, soccer players in America keep to “soccer” to help differentiate themselves, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica.
If the name “soccer” stuck in Britain, and if Americans came up with a better one for American football, there would be much less confusion. So why did the “football” short kind of “association football” become more popular than “soccer” in England anyway Originally, American influence on Britain during World War II made “soccer” the popular term in England before the 1980s, The Atlantic reports. Once the sport became more popular in the United States around that time, the British stopped using “soccer”. Szymanski’s paper claims it could be thanks to American and British news organizations pushing either term in each country.
28. What caused the name confusion in the early 1800s
A. Game time. B. Sports rules.
C. Ball popularity. D. News organizations.
29. What does the underlined sentence mean in Paragraph 3
A. The name confusion is becoming stronger.
B. You cannot use your hands while playing games.
C. The names make it more difficult for people to understand.
D. Making the best of the head in the sports is extremely vital.
30. In which of the following do the two belong to the same one
A. “Rugby” and “Soccer”. B. “Rugger” and “American football”.
C. “American football” and “Gridiron”. D. “Gridiron” and “Association football”.
31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A. The name confusion would become less.
B. The British disliked soccer during World War II.
C. American soccer was more popular than English football.
D. History and culture had a great effect on the name.
D
In an effort to fight the “throw-away culture” and promote reuse and repair, the city of Berlin has taken the unique step of opening its own secondhand department store.
This isn’t your grandma’s thrift shop (旧货商店). It resells perfectly good items that would otherwise be thrown away. A pun on the German words for “department store” and “conserving house”, B-Wa(h)renhaus sells a wide variety of products. Far from simply selling old items, the electronic goods have been fixed by expert technicians and come with a year’s guarantee. And, to reach more secondhand shoppers, the store was set up right in the middle of the famous Karstadt department store.
With the success of its initial six-month trial run, the city plans to open four more similar operations in other parts of Berlin. By 2030, it hopes to have at least one location in each of Berlin’s 12 districts. Since 2008, city policies and educational campaigns have reduced average annual household waste by about 25 pounds per resident. It also recycles about 49% of its mineral construction waste. Currently, the city estimates that 8% of abandoned electronic goods and 6% of huge items thrown away can actually be reused. The goal is to expand the market for these items beyond the usual bargain hunters and eco-conscious consumers.
“Three years ago, we started collecting all kinds of used goods,” city spokesperson Dorothee Winden said. “There are lots of things that are well-preserved and functioning but aren’t being used anymore. The goal is to give these things a new life with somebody who can use them.” The store also includes an education center to encourage more sustainable lifestyles — and also gave an award to a project that recycles school uniforms, so that parents don’t have to buy new ones every year.
32. Why has Berlin opened its own secondhand department store
A. To attract more shoppers. B. To promote recycling.
C. To foster traditional culture. D. To expand secondhand market.
33. In which aspect is B-Wa(h)renhaus different from the traditional thrift store
A. The variety of the goods. B. The location of the store.
C. The quality of the products. D. The operation of the store.
34. What can we infer from Paragraph 3
A. Berlin currently has 4 second-hand stores in construction.
B. Berlin has been successful in cutting its waste since 2008.
C. It is not easy to make the goal to expand the market a reality.
D. It is estimated that Berlin will be a zero-waste city by 2030.
35. What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text
A. To introduce Berlin’s new reuse shop operation.
B. To raise people’s awareness of reasonable shopping.
C. To persuade people to become eco-friendly shoppers.
D. To encourage more people to donate to secondhand shops.
吉林省吉林市2020届高三第三次调研英语试题
第一节（共 15 小题；每小题2分，满分 30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、和 D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Lake Forest High School Clubs
Environmental Club
Club members are provided opportunities to realize their goals of environmental service. The majority of projects are student-initiated. Last year’s activities included: the LFHS Courtyard Garden upkeep, Bike to School Day with free cocoa and snacks, an “eat local” 100-mile dinner, recycling solutions for LFHS, beach clean up through the Great Lakes Alliance, and Earth Week celebrations.
Meetings: First Friday of the month in Room 5 at 7：00 a．m.
Advisor: Ms Mary Beth Nawor,mnawor@
Peer Tutoring
Students volunteer to help fellow students in improving their academic and organizational skills. Students tutor LFHS and middle school students on an individually scheduled basis. LFHS tutors must have proficiency(精通) in the academic area in which they wish to tutor, but middle school tutors only need general academic proficiency.
Meetings: All tutoring is done on an individually scheduled basis.
Advisor: Ms Kathy O’Hara,kohara@
Young Idea
Young Idea is LFHS’s art and literary magazine. Students of all ages who love writing and art are encouraged to become part of the staff of this award-winning magazine. Young Idea encourages all students to submit art and literature works to the magazine, whether they are a part of the staff or not. From September to February, Young Idea meets on Thursdays after school in the Public Room to discuss the pieces that have been submitted to the magazine and provide feedback for the authors.
Meetings: See above explanation.
Advisor: Ms Debbie Zare,dzare@
Scout Buddies
Scout Buddies is a friendship club which helps build friendship among individuals with and without disabilities. Club members participate in a variety of social activities both within the school and in the community. Activities include organizing holiday parties in the school, bowling, going to the movies, and eating out in local restaurants.
Meetings: Monthly meeting dates vary, but in Room 134.
Advisor: Ms Donna Lovitsch,dlovitsch@
1. Which club provides help for students poor in study
A. Peer Tutoring. B. Environmental Club.
C. Young Idea. D. Scout Buddies.
2. When is the staff of Young Idea most likely to meet
A. 6：30 p．m., August 11, Thursday
B. 6：00 p．m., January 5, Thursday
C. 7：30 a．m., November 17, Thursday
D. 7：00 p．m., September 23, Friday
3. What is the requirement for students to join a certain club
A. They are required to have a bike to join Environmental Club.
B. They need to be athletic to join Scout Buddies.
C. They need to win a literary award to join Young Idea.
D. They need to be academically proficient to join Peer Tutoring.
B
Having just finished high school, I wasn't sure what I wanted to study in higher education, so I decided to take a gap year to figure that out.
One of my biggest passions has always been Africa and I have always wanted to do some kind of volunteering. However, I was afraid that, especially when it comes to volunteering in research, I wouldn’t be able to go into much depth with the research I would be doing. I needn’t have worried about this internship（实习期）though. It has been perfect for me because not only am I doing the same activities as all the other volunteers but I also get to do my own research in addition to those activities.
The internship program I am following focuses on big predators(食肉动物). I have decided to focus on cheetahs（猎豹）for my individual project, collecting data on the two cheetahs that live in Rietspruit, one of the reserves that African Impact does research in. With both cheetahs having only been reintroduced into the area this year, there is still a lot of data that can be collected on the pair. Large predator reintroduction is a common strategy used to return these animals to their historic range. The problem is that the success rates of these reintroductions are very low, mainly because of lack in research done on how different factors influence the reintroduction.
Both cheetahs are wearing a GPS-collar from which I can download a lot of information including where the cheetah has been, what the weather was like and how far the cheetah travelled. Having organized and categorized the information, I have been able to create some very interesting graphs.
Even though it is quite difficult since I’ve never done any research like this, I really enjoy all the challenges and problems I have had to face and solve. And I’m glad that I can do something to help wildlife.
4. Why did the author take a gap year after high school
A. He was asked to do some voluntary work.
B. He didn’t think he was quite ready yet.
C. He wanted to do some travelling in Africa.
D. He didn’t really like receiving higher education.
5. What did the author realize after joining the internship program
A. It was what he had expected.
B. It separated him from others.
C. It was too challenging for him.
D. It was really suitable for him.
6. The author’s work mainly involves ___________.
A. collecting information about two cheetahs
B. observing two cheetahs in the wild secretly
C. walking around Rietspruit to serve scientists
D. collecting data on some different big predators
7. What is the best title for the text
A. My experience on the predator research internship
B. My experience of rescuing wildlife in Africa
C. My experience of receiving higher education
D. My experience of protecting cheetahs
C
When you start working on something but don’t finish it, thoughts of the unfinished work continue to jump into your mind even when you’ve moved on to other things. Psychologists refer to this psychological phenomenon as the Zeigarnik effect. The effect was first observed by a Russian psychologist named Bluma Zeigarnik. While sitting in a busy restaurant in Vienna, she noted the waiters had better memories of unpaid orders. Once the bill was paid, however, the waiters had difficulty remembering the exact details of the orders.
In one of her studies, participants were asked to complete simple tasks such as putting together puzzles, or solving math problems. Half of the participants were interrupted halfway through these tasks. After an hour-long delay, Zeigarnik asked the participants to give an account of what they’d been working on. She discovered that those who had their work interrupted were twice as likely to remember what they had been doing as those who had actually completed the tasks.
We can use this effect to our advantage. For example, if you’re struggling to memorize something important, momentary interruptions might actually work to your advantage. Rather than simply remember the information over and over again, review it several times and then take a break. While you’re focusing on other things, you’ll find yourself mentally returning to the information you were studying.
We often put off tasks until the last moment, only completing them in a rush at the last possible moment. Unfortunately, this tendency can lead to heavy stress and even poor performance. One way to overcome this is to put the Zeigarnik effect to work. Start by taking the first step, no matter how small. Once you’ve begun，but not finished your work, you’ll find yourself thinking of the task until, at last, you finish it. You might not finish it all at once, but each small step you take puts you closer to your final goal.
8. What does the Zeigarnik effect refer to
A. Waiters tend to have good memories.
B. Once interrupted, one will forget things easily.
C. Most people can’t focus on one thing for a long time.
D. People remember unfinished tasks better than completed ones.
9. What were all the participants required to do in the study
A. Describe their tasks. B. Express their feelings.
C. Test their intelligence. D. Design simple activities.
10. How should we study according to the Zeigarnik effect
A. Repeat over and over again. B. Divide up our study session.
C. Focus on several tasks at a time. D. Have enough rest before studying.
11. What’s the main idea of the last paragraph
A. How to get rid of heavy stress.
B. Why we should set a final goal.
C. How to break the habit of delaying work.
D. Why we always complete tasks in a rush.
D
We've certainly seen a dog nursing a wound, or a deer calling out in pain. But many animals suffer in silence. The most silent sufferers in the animal world may be fish.
Do fish feel pain A new study from the University of Liverpool has found that fish feel pain in a way that's "strikingly similar" to humans. For the study, Lynne Sneddon, from the university's Institute of Integrative Biology, reviewed the existing body of research 98 studies in all and concluded that they feel pain just as sharply as we do."
When subject to a potentially painful event, fish show changes in behavior such as stopping feeding and reduced activity, which are prevented when a pain-relieving drug is provided. In fact, like us, they breathe heavily and stop eating when they're hurting. They will even rub the part of their body that aches." Sneddon notes in a university release.
To understand pain in other species, scientists look at nociceptors (疼痛感受器), which send signals to the brain when the body is being damaged. Humans have them throughout their skin, bones and muscles. Nociceptors have also been found in many other species, including even those tiny fruit flies.
Fish have the same means to detect pain signals and the equipment to receive them. Besides, the fishermen's opinion that fish feel no pain just doesn't add up from an evolutionary view. Pain is an efficient messenger that tells, us that we've got a problem. An animal that can't feel it won't get that memo (ER), even if it hurts itself.
"If we accept fish experience pain, then this has great significance for how we treat them," Sneddon says. "Care should be taken when handling fish to avoid damaging theirs sensitive skin and they should be humanely caught and killed."
12. What can we learn about fish
A. They are insensitive to pain. B. They are able to sense pain.
C. They won't react to painkillers. D. Their brain is the first to send pain signals.
13. What will a fish do when its lips get hurt
A. It might rub its lips. B. It will keep its mouth open.
C. It will swim around like crazy. D. It will keep eating to forget pain.
14. What is the significance of the study according to Sneddon
A. People will treat fish in a kinder way.
B. People can understand evolution better.
C. People can develop more drugs to save fish.
D People will think of more ways to catch fish.
15. What does the underlined part "add up" probably mean
A. Disappear. B. Put forward.
C. Make sense. D. Happen.
答案：
吉林省吉林市2022届高三第三次调研英语试题
【答案】21. D 22. C 23. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要详细介绍了招聘北京一所小学的小学校长岗位的要求和职责等。
【21题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中“We are currently looking for a headmaster for a primary school in Beijing. (我们正在为北京的一所小学寻找校长。)”可知，本文是一则招聘广告，目的是为北京的一所小学招聘校长职位打广告。故选D项。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据Requirements部分中第四点“Experience of Project-Based Learning will be an advantage and preferred. (有项目学习经验者优先。)”可知，拥有项目学习的经验是一项优势并且会被优先考虑，但不是应聘此岗位的必须条件。故选C项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据Key Responsibilities中的第五点“Work in partnership with parents/carers, the community, other schools and in particular colleges, businesses to improve and enrich the school and ensure the academic, moral, social and emotional well-being of students. (与家长/看护人、社区、其它兄弟学校尤其高校、商业团体等合作，促进学校更好、更丰富的发展，确保学生在学术、道德、社交和情感方面的健康成长。)”可知，作为校长，应当与相关人员（比如，家长和社区）和相关团体（比如，大学和企业）共同合作促进学生和学校的发展。故选C项。
【答案】24. D 25. A 26. B 27. C
【解析】
【导语】本文为记叙文，讲述了一位美国人痴迷中国汉字，他建立了古汉字数据库，创立了汉语词源网站，阐释15,000个现代汉字的起源，创办工作室录制中国文化和汉字词源故事的视频。中国的网友们亲切的称呼他为“美国汉字大叔”。
【24题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中“I’m a physicist, so I don’t like blind memorization. I knew that Chinese characters came from pictographs and I wanted to know the stories behind the Chinese characters.” (我是物理学家，所以我不喜欢盲目记忆。我知道汉字来自象形文字，我想知道汉字背后的故事)可知，作为物理学家，他不喜欢盲目记忆，他知道汉字来自于象形文字，所以他想了解汉字背后的故事。因此，他是为了更容易地记忆汉字，专门去了解它们背后的故事。故选D项。
【25题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第二段首句“As he studied, Sears found that many of the explanations were conflicting and even the experts were at odds.” (在他的研究中，Sears发现许多解释是相互矛盾的，甚至专家也意见不一)中的“and”可知，“conflicting” (冲突的，相矛盾的)与“at odds”构成并列关系，由此推知，所猜词的意思是“持有不同的观点”。故选A项。
【26题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段首句“In 2002 he got his website up and named it Chinese Etymology, where visitors can check for free the development of Chinese characters in various forms.”(2002年，他建立了自己的网站，并将其命名为“中国语源学”。在这里，访问者可以免费查看从原始象形文字到现代简体字的各种形式的汉字发展情况)可知，他创办的Chinese Etymology网站可以供访客免费查阅汉字发展的各种不同形式，因此这个网站是关于汉字的各种发展形式的。故选B项。
【27题详解】
主旨大意题。通读文章可知，本文主要讲述了一位致力于汉字研究的美国汉字大叔的故事。所以C项“美国叔叔酷爱汉字”是本文主旨大意。故选C项。
【答案】28. A 29. D 30. A 31. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了新加坡研究者通过研究发现做家务劳动和老年人的身心健康有着密切的联系。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段第一句话“Researchers from Singapore said in their new study that in older adults, doing housework was tied to a better memory and attention span, and stronger legs, which helps prevent falls. (来自新加坡的研究人员在他们的新研究中表示，对于老年人来说，做家务与更好的记忆力和注意力持续时间以及更强壮的腿部有关，这有助于防止跌倒。)”可知，老人做家务有许多好处，其中就包括有助于预防摔倒、加强注意力集中和锻炼腿部。故选A项。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“After taking other types of regular physical activity into consideration, the researchers found that housework was tied with sharper mental abilities and better physical capacity, but only among the older participants. (在考虑了其他类型的有规律的体力活动后，研究人员发现，家务劳动与更敏锐的心智能力和更好的体能有关，但仅限于年龄较大的参与者。)”由此可知，研究考虑了体力活动的种类，将家务劳动与其他体力活动作对比。故选D项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。在第二、三段中的研究数据，尤其是第二段中“Among younger participants, 36% said they engaged in enough physical activity to meet the goal researchers set as beneficial, as did 48% of older participants. But 61% of younger and 66% of older participants met this target only through housework, the study revealed. (在年轻的参与者中，36%的人说他们从事了足够的体力活动，以达到研究人员设定的有益目标，48%的老年参与者也是如此。但研究显示，61%的年轻人和66%的老年人只有通过家务劳动才能达到这一目标。)”可知，研究人员是基于对多项研究数据的对比分析，才得出几项具体的研究发现。故选A项。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。 通读最后一段，尤其是根据最后一段第一句中玛莉亚·卡尼博士所说的话“exercise benefits your brain, and housework is exercise that also involves mental activity and requires detailed thought processes to complete. (锻炼有益于你的大脑，而家务劳动也是一种锻炼，它涉及到精神活动，需要详细的思维过程才能完成。)”可知，本段主要是在介绍做家务是如何有助于提升大脑功能。故选B项。
【答案】32. C 33. D 34. B 35. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在气候变化的影响下，哪些物种最后会幸存下来？同时就此问题做出有根据的猜测：植物类——耐热耐旱类、可长距离传播种子类、可调整花期类；动物类——蟑螂类、移动多能者类、可找到缓冲区类。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。 根据第二段第一句话“It may seem like just a thought experiment. But discussing which species are able to survive climate change is disturbingly concrete. (这可能看起来只是一个思想实验。但是，讨论哪些物种能够经受住气候变化的考验是令人不安的具体问题。)”由此可知，作者认为就连讨论这个问题本身都是令人不安的。因此，格雷回答说，人类不会在气候变化下幸存下来这件事，可推断出作者的感受是不安的。故选C项。
【33题详解】
词句猜测题。 根据第一段中“which species she thinks would be the last ones standing if we don’t take transformative action on climate change. (如果我们不对气候变化采取变革性行动，哪些物种将是最后存活的物种)”以及第二段中“But discussing which species are able to survive climate change is disturbingly concrete. (但是，讨论哪些物种能够经受住气候变化的考验是令人不安的具体问题。)”可知，本文主要讨论哪些物种能经受气候变化，存活下来。同时结合划线部分前文，可以推测出划线部分中的“going far”与上面提到的“standing”和 “survive”同义。因此可以推测划线部分的含义为“可能存活下来”的意思。故选D项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“Cockroaches adapted to an increasingly dry Australia tens of millions of years ago, by starting to dig holes in soil to hide. Cockroaches also tend to not be picky eaters. Having broad diets means that climate change will be less of a threat to them. (数千万年前，蟑螂开始在土壤中挖洞隐藏，从而适应了日益干旱的澳大利亚。蟑螂也往往不挑食。食物广泛意味着气候变化对他们的威胁将减少。)”可知，蟑螂通过挖洞来躲避日益干燥的环境及它不挑食的特点，成功地活了成百上千万年。因此，擅长挖洞和不挑食的动物可能会幸存下来。故选B项。
【35题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段的第一句中“which species she thinks would be the last ones standing if we don’t take transformative action on climate change. (如果我们不对气候变化采取变革性行动，哪些物种将是最后存活的物种。)”可知，全文是围绕“哪些物种可以在气候改变的情况下存活”这一话题进行合理的猜想和科学的解释，因此B项贴合主题，最适合作为标题。故选B项。
吉林省吉林市2021届高三第三次调研英语试题
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了Central Power and Light公司及其招聘岗位的概况。
【21题详解】
推理判断题。由第一段“Graduating from high school Looking for a job We have a bright future for you!”（高中毕业？找工作？我们有一个光明的未来给你！），可知本文主要针对高中毕业生招聘。故选B项。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。由最后一段“If you would like to talk with one of our employment consultants, we invite you to our job fair being held the week of May 3 — May 7. Just drop in. You will be glad.”（如果您想与我们的一位就业顾问交谈，我们邀请您参加我们将于5月3日至5月7日举行的招聘会。顺便来看看。你会高兴的。），可知感兴趣的读者读完文章后会参加于5月3日至5月7日举行的招聘会。故选C项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。由第三段中的“We’re also a good neighbor, working hard to help keep our environment as clean as we possibly can while still keeping our carbon footprint low.”（我们也是一个好邻居，在尽可能保持环境清洁的同时，我们也在努力保持低碳排放。），可知该公司不仅持环境清洁，还保持低碳排放，说明它非常注重生态环境保护。故选C项。
【答案】24. D 25. A 26. B 27. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了遗传学者如何通过研究人类基因突变追踪人类起源和迁徙的问题。
【24题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一句“It is believed that human story begins in Africa and ends about 200,000 years later with their seven billion descendants (后代) spread across the Earth, living in peace or at war, their faces lit by campfires and computer screens.” 人们相信，人类的故事始于非洲，结束于大约20万年后，他们的70亿后代散布在地球各地，生活在和平或战争中，他们的脸被营火和电脑屏幕照亮。第二段最后一句“In the past 20 years, however, DNA technologies have allowed scientists to find a record of ancient human migrations in the DNA of living people.” 然而，在过去的20年里，DNA技术使科学家能够在活人的DNA中找到远古人类迁徙的记录。第三段最后一句“By comparing mutations in many different populations, scientists can trace their ancestral connections.” 通过比较不同人群的基因突变，科学家们可以追溯他们祖先的联系。和第四段最后一句“By comparing the mtDNA and Y chromosomes (染色体) of people from various populations, geneticists can get a rough idea of where and when those groups separated in the great migrations around the planet.” 通过比较不同人群的mtDNA和Y染色体，遗传学家可以大致了解这些人群在全球大迁徙中何时何地分开的。可知本文主要讲人类起源于非洲大陆。科学家运用DNA技术，通过比较世人的DNA基因突变情况，追踪不同族群的人是否源于同一祖先，进而大致弄清楚他们何时何地迁徙到世界各地。D项“通过DNA寻祖”，最全面，能涵盖本文主旨。为最佳标题。故选D。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。第三段第一句“‘Every drop of human blood contains a history book written in the language of our genes, ’ says population geneticist Spencer Wells.” 人口遗传学家斯宾塞·威尔斯说:“每一滴血都包含着一部用基因语言书写的历史书。”由此判断出，一滴血液中包含着许多可以昭示一个人祖先历史的遗传信息。故选A
【26题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第三段的第二句 “The human genetic code, or genome, is 99.9 percent identical throughout the world.” 全世界人类的遗传密码，或者叫染色体，有99.9%是相同的。第三句的后半句what’s left is responsible for our individual differences — in eye color or disease risk, for example.剩下的一点点（不同）决定了人们眼睛颜色和患病风险的差异。可知，我们DNA的主要部分是相同的。故选B。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。A项与文章第一句“It is believed that human story begins in Africa and ends about 200,000 years later with their seven billion descendants (后代) spread across the Earth, living in peace or at war, their faces lit by campfires and computer screens.”“早期人类起源于非洲，然后慢慢迁徙遍布世界各地”意思一致，是正确的。根据第三段最后一句“By comparing mutations in many different populations, scientists can trace their ancestral connections.”“科学家们通过比较不同族群的基因突变，可以追溯出这些族群祖先之间的联系”可知B选项正确。从第四段最后一句“By comparing the mtDNA and Y chromosomes (染色体) of people from various populations, geneticists can get a rough idea of where and when those groups separated in the great migrations around the planet.”可知，通过比较不同族群的线粒体基因和Y染色体，可以帮助遗传学家大概判断这些族群是何时何地（在迁徙途中）彼此分开的，可知D项正确。 C项的意思是人类的DNA从来没有改变过。而第三段第四句 “On very rare occasions, a small change, called a mutation, can occur, which is then passed down to all of that person's descendants. 在非常罕见的情况下，一种被称为突变的小变化会发生，然后遗传给这个人的所有后代” 的意思是“在非常罕见的情况下，（基因）会产生微小的改变，……”可见C项是错误的陈述。故选C。
【点睛】推理判断题的推断对象主要包括隐含意思、目标读者、观点态度、文章出处、写作意图等。以推断隐含意义的题目居多。推断隐含意义，即要求根据文章的某个句子、段落或全文所提供的事实进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到、没有明说或者可能发生的事实。题干中常含infer（推断），suggest（暗示），imply（暗示），indicate（暗示），conclude（推断，得出结论）等词语。解此类题，首先找到相关信息，然后细读、理解相关信息的字面意义，最后结合语境和常识，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。如小题2，第三段第一句“‘Every drop of human blood contains a history book written in the language of our genes, ’ says population geneticist Spencer Wells.” 人口遗传学家斯宾塞·威尔斯说:“每一滴血都包含着一部用基因语言书写的历史书。”由此判断出，一滴血液中包含着许多可以昭示一个人祖先历史的遗传信息。故选A
【答案】28. B 29. A 30. C 31. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了不同的国家尤其是英美两国足球命名比较混淆的由来。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“The name confusion is actually thanks to British universities in the early 1800s who tried standardizing various sports games that had different rules and regulations to differentiate between them, according to a paper by Stefan Szymanski, a professor of sports economics at the University of Michigan.(密歇根大学体育经济学教授Stefan Szymanski在一篇论文中指出，造成这种名称混淆的原因实际上是19世纪初的英国大学，它们试图将各种体育比赛标准化，这些比赛有不同的规则和规定来区分它们)”可知，在19世纪早期，是体育规则导致了名字的混淆。故选B。
【29题详解】
句意猜测题。根据第二段中“Rugby, formerly known as “rugby football” or “rugger”, is a translation of “football” where you can use your hands. Soccer, originally “association football” or “asoccer”, is the traditional translation of “football” where people don’t use their hands. People in England started shortening the names by dropping the “association” part of the phrase as well as the “a” in “asoccer”, per Szymanski’s paper.(橄榄球，以前被称为“Rugby football”或“rugger”，是“football”一词的翻译，在橄榄球比赛中你可以用手击球。Soccer最初是“association football”或“assoccer”，是“football”的传统翻译，人们不用手。根据Szymanski的论文，英格兰人开始缩短名字，去掉短语中的“association”和“asocker”中的“a”)”可知，第二段描述了根据是否使用手来命名的复杂过程，结合第三段介绍了足球根据新规则命名的复杂过程。故画线部分意思是“命名过程愈加混乱了”。故选A。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“Now comes the complexity: in 1869, Rutgers and Princeton colleges held the first traditional, recorded, football game using a unique combination of rules from both rugby and soccer, creating what we know as “American football” and what other countries refer to as “gridiron”.(复杂的事情来了：在1869年，罗格斯大学和普林斯顿大学结合英式橄榄球和英式足球的规则，举办了第一场有记载的传统足球比赛，这就是我们现在所说的“美式足球”，其他国家称之为“格里迪伦足球”)”可知“American football”和“gridiron”都是指美式足球。故选C。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。最后一段中“Originally, American influence on Britain during World War II made “soccer” the popular term in England before the 1980s, The Atlantic reports. Once the sport became more popular in the United States around that time, the British stopped using “soccer”. Szymanski’s paper claims it could be thanks to American and British news organizations pushing either term in each country.( 据《大西洋月刊》报道，第二次世界大战期间，美国人对英国的影响使得soccer这个词在20世纪80年代之前在英国流行起来。大约在那个时候，这项运动在美国变得更加流行，英国人就不再使用“soccer”这个词了。西曼斯基的论文称，这可能因为英美两国的新闻机构在两国推行两个不同的词汇所致)”由此推断，二战期间美国对英国影响较大，soccer被英国人普遍使用，但二战之后，美国影响力减弱，于是英国人回到原来的用词football。可推知，历史和文化对名字有很大的影响。故选D。
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. B 35. A
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了柏林政府为推动废弃物再利用理念而开设的一个二手商场的举措。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“In an effort to fight the ‘throw-away culture’ and promote reuse and repair, the city of Berlin has taken the unique step of opening its own secondhand department store.( 为了抵制‘扔掉的文化’，促进再利用和修复，柏林市采取了独特的举措，开设了自己的二手百货商店。)”可知，柏林要开自己的二手百货商店是为了促进回收利用。故选B项。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中“It resells perfectly good items that would otherwise be thrown away.(它出售的东西都很好，否则就会被扔掉。)”和“Far from simply selling old items, the electronic goods have been fixed by expert technicians and come with a year’s guarantee. (这些电子产品远非简单地卖旧东西，而是由专业技术人员修理，并有一年的保修期。)”可知，它的产品质量不同于传统的旧货店。故选C项。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中“Since 2008, city policies and educational campaigns have reduced average annual household waste by about 25 pounds per resident. It also recycles about 49% of its mineral construction waste. (自2008年以来，城市政策和教育活动已经使每位居民每年平均减少了25磅的家庭垃圾。该公司还回收了49%的矿物建筑垃圾。)”可推断出，自2008年以来，柏林在减少废弃物方面做得非常成功。故选B项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，根据第一段“In an effort to fight the ‘throw-away culture’ and promote reuse and repair, the city of Berlin has taken the unique step of opening its own secondhand department store.( 为了抵制‘扔掉的文化’，促进再利用和修复，柏林市采取了独特的举措，开设了自己的二手百货商店。)”及其他各段内容可知，本文主要介绍了柏林政府为推动废弃物再利用理念而开设的一个二手商场的举措，介绍柏林新的回收再利用商场的运作。故选A项。
吉林省吉林市2020届高三第三次调研英语试题
【答案】1. A 2. B 3. D
【解析】
这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了Lake Forest高中的俱乐部的一些活动内容、时间等信息。
【1题详解】
细节理解题。根据Peer Tutoring部分Students volunteer to help fellow students in improving their academic and organizational skills.可知，学生们自愿帮助其它同学们提高他们的学习和组织能力。所以这个俱乐部会帮助学习差的同学，故选A。
【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据Young Idea部分From September to February, Young Idea meets on Thursdays after school in the Public Room to discuss the pieces that have been submitted to the magazine and provide feedback for the authors.可知，该俱乐部举行活动的时间是从九月到次年二月，每个星期四放学后，故B项符合要求，选B。
【3题详解】
细节理解题。根据Peer Tutoring部分LFHS tutors must have proficiency(精通)in the academic area in which they wish to tutor, but middle school tutors only need general academic proficiency.可知，高中家教需要精通所教学科，初中家教只需要一般的学术水平。所以学生加入某个俱乐部的条件是都要求有一定的学术能力。故选D。
点睛】
广告在每年高考阅读中都有，是热门题材。内容通常会涉及到产品介绍、旅游服务、商务活动、人才招聘等。
测试重点：
1.广告的目的。广告的目的通常是宣传某人或某物、推销产品或服务、宣扬公司或企业、招聘或推销人才等。2.细节的理解。细节考查通常会涉及到所要宣传或推介的人物或产品的特点或优势，所要招聘的人才的要求等。3.在多个广告的阅读题中，会测试考生对不同广告中交叉信息的把握，答案依据分布在不同广告中。4.利用广告所给信息进行推理的能力。
解题方法：
1.若广告有小标题，最好先浏览并理解各小标题，从而掌握广告的大体内容。2.广告类的阅读理解多为细节理解题，一般采用寻读法，即先看题干和选项，然后快速从原文中寻找与各选项相关的内容，认真阅读和理解这些内容，排除某些选项并初步确定正确选项。3.最后确定答案时，要对各选项进行认真分析和比较，看各选项是否有信息增加或错位现象。不要被干扰项的主要内容迷惑，忽视了干扰项的细节部分而出错。
【答案】4. B 5. D 6. A 7. A
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一片记叙文。作者高中毕业后停课一年，他去了非洲做义工，主要负责搜集两只猎豹的信息。
【4题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的I wasn’t sure what I wanted to study in higher education, so I decided to take a gap year to figure that out.(我不知道我想在高等教育中学习什么，所以我决定用一年的时间来解决这个问题) 可知，作者认为自己还没有为上大学完全准备好。故选B。
【5题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的It has been perfect for me because not only am I doing the same activities as all the other volunteers but I also get to do my own research in addition to those activities.可知，这对我来说是完美的，因为我不仅做了与所有其他志愿者相同的活动，而且除了这些活动外，我还可以做我自己的研究。因此推断作者意识到这个项目很适合他。故选D。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段的Both cheetahs are wearing a GPS-collar from which I can download a lot of information including where the cheetah has been, what the weather was like and how far the cheetah travelled.(两只猎豹都戴着GPS领圈，我可以从那里下载很多信息，包括猎豹去了哪里，天气怎么样，猎豹走了多远。)可知，作者主要负责搜集那两只猎豹的信息。故选A。
【7题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段内容并通读全文内容可知，作者刚读完高中，不知道想在高等教育中学习什么，所以决定用一个空白年来弄清楚这一点。文章主要讲述了作者在非洲实习时进行肉食动物研究的经历。因此推断A项“我的关于捕食者研究实习的经历”为最佳标题。故选A。
【点睛】推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的推理判断，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中的某一句话，也可能是某几句话，所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写或综合。本题第2小题，推理判断题。根据第二段的It has been perfect for me because not only am I doing the same activities as all the other volunteers but I also get to do my own research in addition to those activities.可知，这对我来说是完美的，因为我不仅做了与所有其他志愿者相同的活动，而且除了这些活动外，我还可以做我自己的研究。因此推断作者意识到这个项目很适合他。故选D。
【答案】8. D 9. A 10. B 11. C
【解析】
本文是说明文。本文主要介绍了一种常见的心理现象—蔡加尼克效应。这种心理现象对我们的生活与学习有诸多启示。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中While sitting in a busy restaurant in Vienna, she noted the waiters had better memories of unpaid orders. Once the bill was paid, however, the waiters had difficulty remembering the exact details of the orders.(当她坐在维也纳一家繁忙的餐馆里时，她注意到服务员对未付订单有更好的记忆。 然而，一旦账单被支付，服务员就很难记住订单的确切细节。)和第二段的She discovered that those who had their work interrupted were twice as likely to remember what they had been doing as those who had actually completed the tasks.(她发现，那些工作被打断的人比那些实际完成任务的人更有可能记住他们所做的事情)可推断，蔡加尼克效应指人们对于尚未处理完的事比已处理完成的事情印象更加深刻。故选D。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中的After an hour-long delay, Zeigarnik asked the participants to give an account of what they’d been working on.可知，Zeigarnik要求参与者描述他们一直在做什么。故选A。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中的if you’re struggling to memorize something important, momentary interruptions might actually work to your advantage. Rather than simple remember the information over and over again, review it several times and then take a break.（如果你在努力记住一些重要的东西，短暂的中断实际上可能对你有利。不是简单地一遍又一遍地记住信息，而是复习几遍，然后休息一下.） 可推断，我们应该分几个时间段学习。故选B。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段的One way to overcome this is to put the Zeigarnik effect to work.（克服这一问题的一种方法是使蔡加尼克效应发挥作用。 ）以及下文讲述的实施过程可知，本段主要告诉我们如何有效利用蔡加尼克效应来改善拖延症。故选C。
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. A 15. C
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了一项研究，研究表明鱼可以感觉疼痛，鱼感到疼痛后做法与人相似，会停止进食和减少活动；科学家们观察了其它物种疼痛感受器，了解了疼痛感受器是如何运作的，Sneddon呼吁人们人道主义地对待鱼。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。由第二段的句子“For the study, Lynne Sneddon, from the university's Institute of Integrative Biology, reviewed the existing body of research 98 studies in all and concluded that they feel pain just as sharply as we do.”可知，在这项研究中，从现有的98项研究得出结论，鱼类和我们一样感到疼痛，说明鱼能感受疼痛，B项切题，A项排除；由第三段的句子“When subject to a potentially painful event, fish show changes in behavior such as stopping feeding and reduced activity, which are prevented when a pain-relieving drug is provided.”可知，鱼受伤会停止进食和减少活动，而当提供止痛药物时，这些都会被阻止，所以对止疼药有反应，排除C项；由第四段的第一句“To understand pain in other species, scientists look at nociceptors (疼痛感受器), which send signals to the brain when the body is being damaged.”可知，当身体受到损伤时，疼痛感受器会向大脑发送信号，不是大脑发送的，排除D项。故选B项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。由第三段地句子“In fact, like us, they breathe heavily and stop eating when they 're hurting. They will even rub the part of their body that aches.”可知，鱼受伤时和我们一样，呼吸沉重，停止进食，甚至会摩擦身体疼痛的部位，可以推理出鱼的嘴唇受伤时鱼会摩擦自己的嘴唇。故选A项。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。由最后一段“"If we accept fish experience pain, then this has great significance for how we treat them," Sneddon says. "Care should be taken when handling fish to avoid damaging theirs sensitive skin and they should be humanely caught and killed."”可知，Sneddon说：“如果我们接受鱼的痛苦，那么这对我们如何对待它们有着重要意义。”在处理鱼类时应小心，避免损坏它们敏感的皮肤，并应人道地捕获和杀死它们。”说明研究鱼会让我们更小心地对待鱼，尽量避免鱼感受痛苦。故选A项。
【15题详解】
词句猜测题。add up本意意为“相加、合乎情理、说得通、积少成多”。由倒数第二段的句子“Besides, the fishermen's opinion that fish feel no pain just doesn't add up from an evolutionary view.”可知，另外，渔民们认为鱼不会感到疼痛的观点，从进化论的角度说不通，所以add up在此处意为make sense（说得通）。故选C项。
【点睛】词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。做这种类型的技巧之一：要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义，上下文语境是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。在第4小题中，同学们要把add up带入“Besides, the fishermen's opinion that fish feel no pain just doesn't add up from an evolutionary view.”这句话的语境中，才可得知add up在此处意为make sense（说得通）。故选C项。