2022届山西省部分市高三英语4月模试试题汇编：阅读理解（含答案）

2022届山西省部分市高三英语4月模试试题分类汇编
阅读理解
2022届山西省太原市高三模拟考试（二）英语试题
第一节(共15小题;每小题3分, 满分45分)
阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项。
A
When you travel on a London bus, we want you to have the best experience possible. If you haven' t used our services before, here are some tips for your reference.
Face coverings. You must wear a face covering, over your nose and mouth, for the full duration of journeys on the public transport network. If you do not, you could be denied travel, or receive a minimum 200 fine which will double each time you are caught not wearing a face covering, up to 6, 400.
Quieter times and places. The quieter times to travel on public transport are 08: 15-16:00 and after 17:30 on weekdays, and before noon and after 18: 00 on weekends. These times may change as schools and offices start to reopen.
Cash-free travel. All buses in London are cash-free. This means you will need to have an Oyster card, contactless payment, or a valid ticket to travel on a London bus.
Getting off a bus. Next stop information is displayed on the information screens and announced on all of our buses. When your stop is displayed and announced, please press the bell once and in good time. This lets the driver know you intend to get off.
Bus Station Controller Offices. Get help with travel advice, route and bus stop information and departure times, report any safety concerns or hand in lost property.
21. What is required when you use the bus services
A. Paying in cash.
B. Wearing a mask.
C. Listening for the bell.
D. Travelling at quieter hours.
22. What can passengers do at the controller office
A. Recover lost items.
B. Provide some services.
C. Read safety instructions.
D. Apply for an Oyster card.
23. Which station can be travelers’ choice at midnight
A. Vauxhall.
B. Walthamstow.
C. Stratford Regional.
D. West Croydon.
B
If it weren't for passionate people, this would be a dull world indeed.
Peter Cavanagh, of Lopez Island, certainly qualifies in the passionate category, having taken 600, 000 pictures of birds all over. the world in the past 13 years. Cavanagh, 73, is a retired professor in the University of Washington. He minored in math and is an instrument-rated pilot. His pictures mostly capture birds in flight, not on a perch(栖息).
“I have a sense of wonder at flight because it is the most highly complex form of movement in the entire animal kingdom, ” says Cavanagh. “ Humans have spent more than six centuries trying to imitate bird flight but still have not produced flying machines with all of the complexity, flexibility and performance that is commonplace for birds. " For birds, the math of it all just happens. A small bird such as the American kestrel, the smallest falcon(猎鹰) in our region at about 4 ounces, sits and waits for prey.
Meanwhile, to achieve fight, a 90-ton commercial jet is filled with electronics and computer systems. “ Birds have flying abilities we have not come close to matching in airplanes, " says Cavanagh. The Royal Aeronautical Society in London, in a January 2021 posting, told how researchers at the University of Denmark did computer design of a Boeing 777 wing based on a bird' s wings. It was 5% lighter, which matters in fuel costs. In 2019, Airbus produced a“Bird of Prey" design that mimicked the eagle 's wing and tail structure for flight control.
Cavanagh enjoys every minute of waiting, and waiting, and waiting, starting at sunrise to capture those images. “I am happiest in truly wild places where the human is a tolerated guest and they are the world of wild animals.
24. What is Peter Cavanagh’s passion
A. Math education.
B. Bird photography.
C. Airplane engineering.
D. Wilderness exploration.
25. Why did the author mention the American kestrel
A. To compare the sizes and weights of the birds.
B. To show the importance of math in biomechanics.
C. To prove the unmatched flying abilities of birds.
D. To stress the diversity of native American species.
26. What does the underlined word“mimicked”mean in paragraph 4
A. Imitated.
B. Abandoned.
C. Outperformed.
D. Discovered.
27. Which word best describes Peter Cavanagh's attitude to nature according to the last paragraph
A. Skeptical.
B. Respectful.
C. Objective.
D. Indifferent.
C
When we see someone for the first time, we interpret many tiny things from their faces. But since the pandemic began, we have often been interacting with people whose faces we can only half see. And this goes both ways, weakening our ability to offer a friendly smile. So what does it mean to go more than a year without seeing smiles as steadily as we did before
A 2020 research paper in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology found that dividing the face into a visible half and invisible half might enhance the perception of negative emotions and decrease the perception of positive emotions. “Emotions such as surprise that use the mouth may be mistaken for strongly negative emotions such as anger or sadness, and a smile may seem diminished or less genuine when the teeth and lips are covered, " the authors wrote.
Peter Revenaugh has been studying how people interpret faces for years. He knows this firsthand. As a surgeon who often wears masks around patients, he is careful to use other cues to be clear when, for example, he is making a joke. “Some of my jokes fall flat, " he said, "because they' re not really sure. They can t see me smiling. ”
Ways to adjust to restricted facial communication include making more of an effort to analyse positivity. People can employ a cadence(抑扬顿挫)to their speech to guide others, for example. Crinkling the corners of the eyes, a lighter tone of the voice, all can help. Revenaugh has tried to use his eyes more to express meaning. “Our eyes crinkle at the corner when we' re doing a true smile, and most people around the world recognize that as a happy feeling, " he said.
And when Revenaugh is with a patient, both masked, and he is joking
“I'll simply say, 'I' m joking. " he said.
28. What can be inferred from paragraph 2
A. Surprise is mainly expressed through the eyes.
B. Negative emotions always involve the mouth.
C. Half of our emotions are mistaken due to wearing masks.
D. The mouth can be very helpful in interpreting an emotion.
29. What gives Revenaugh an advantage in understanding the perception of emotions
A. His occupation.
B. His personality.
C. His sense of humor.
D. His interpreting skills.
30. How does Revenaugh make sure his jokes don' t fall flat
A. By whispering his jokes to people.
B. By making gestures with his hands.
C. By identifying his patients in a positive way.
D. By telling his intention directly to the patients.
31. What could be the best title of the text
A. Side Effects of Facial Communication
B. Bringing Back Smiles in the Pandemic
C. How to Improve Masked Communication
D. How to Change the Way People Wear Masks
D
“That sounds great, " a producer for a television show said to me backstage. “We will be live in 30 minutes. And I need you to say exactly what you just said. "
I started rehearsing(排练) immediately. I had ten minutes before he came to me to talk about another series he was developing. I almost asked him if we could postpone that conversation, but I figured since I had already run through my speech twice in a row, I'd be fine.
Unfortunately, I was right. I was fine. Not outstanding. Not exceptional. Just. . . fine. My transitions were weak, and I totally forgot one of the major points I wanted to make, which, according to Hermann Ebbinghaus, the pioneer of quantitative memory research, should have come as no surprise.
Ebbinghaus is best known for discovering the forgetting curve, which describes how new information fades away. Once you've learned something new, nearly half of that information “disappears”in just 20 minutes; after a day, the curve levels off.
According to Benedict Carey, author of How We Learn, what we learn doesn't necessarily fade; it just becomes less accessible. In my case, I hadn't forgotten a key point; otherwise I wouldn't have realized, minutes after, that I left it out. I just didn't access that information when I needed it.
Ebbinghaus would have given Carey a like if he were still alive today: he determined that even when we think we've forgotten something, some portion of it is still filed away, which makes the process of relearning a lot more efficient.
That' s where spaced repetition comes in. Wherever learning is concerned, time is everything. Not large blocks of time, though. But time to forget and then relearn, time to lose, and then strengthen, access, time to let memories and connections become disorganized and then tidy them back up again.
This is important - to make your emotions work for you, not against you. Forgive yourself for forgetting. Accept that forgetting - the feeling that you aren't making much progress- is actually a key to the learning process.
32. What caused the author to leave out one of his major points
A. Fear of public speaking.
B. Incompetence in learning.
C. Wrong communication skills.
D. Lack of time for preparation.
33. What can we learn about Benedict Carey
A. His theory lays the foundation for Ebbinghaus's discovery.
B. His opinions are opposed to previous findings on memory.
C. His findings are essentially in line with those of Ebbinghaus.
D. His book explains why some information can never be learned.
34. How should learners manage their time according to paragraph 7
A. By studying at proper intervals.
B. By extending learning sessions.
C. By avoiding losing any time available.
D. By cleaning out memories once in a while.
35. What does the forgetting curve tell us about learning
A. No memory is ever permanent.
B. Emotions are barriers to learning.
C. There is no need to stress over forgetting.
D. 20 minutes is all one needs to learn something.
2022届山西省晋城市高三第二次模拟考试英语试题 （解析版）
第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Best International Photography Contests to Enter
RHS Photographic Competition
If you are interested in taking photos of your garden, enter this flower-photo-friendly contest, which includes categories for 11~17-year-olds and even kids under 11 years old. This photo competition is organized by the Royal Horticulture (园艺) Society, which is intended for photographers, horticulturists and garden lovers.
Entry Fee: Free
Prize: $6000 for each winner of first prize
Istanbul Photo Awards
Organized by the Anadolu Agency, the international news photography contest aims to develop the news photography area and seeks to reward hard-working news photographers around the world. The categories in this contest are Photo of the Year, Single News, Story News, Single Sports and Story Sports.
Entry Fee: Free
Prize: $8, 000 for Photo of the Year and first prize in Single News Category. The first prize in other categories is $5,000.
ZEISS Photography Award
ZEISS Photography Award is organized with the partnership of Zeiss and the World Photography Organization. The photographers are invited to submit photos themed "Seeing Beyond Discoveries". Each photographer has to submit 5~10 images which have not been published before. Winners will be invited to London to participate in the Sony World Photography Awards exhibition opening.
Entry Fee: Free
Prize: ZEISS lenses (镜头) of your choice(worth 12,000 Euros) and 3,000 Euros to cover travel expenses
MonoVisions Photography Awards
Leading photography magazine Mono Visions will award creative expression in the black and white medium. This black and white photography competition is also open for amateurs, and photos taken with traditional or digital media are accepted. The two sections of the competition are the Black and White Series of the Year and Black and White Photo of the Year.
Entry Fee: $ 20 for a single photo; $ 25 for a series(maximum 8 photos with common concept & idea)
Prize: $2,000 for the top single; $3,000 for the top series
1. Which of the following is the organizer of a news photography contest
A. Zeiss. B. The Anadolu Agency.
C. The Royal Horticulture Society. D. The World Photography Organization.
2. What can the winner of ZEISS Photography Award get
A. A full-time job offer from London. B. 12,000 Euros to cover travel expenses.
C. An invitation to an exhibition opening. D. A camera with high-quality ZEISS lenses.
3. What are the participants of MonoVisions Photography Awards required to do
A. Submit colorful pictures. B. Work for MonoVisions.
C. Use digital media only. D. Pay for their entry.
B
A girls’ soccer team has gone from losing 20-0 each week to winning promotion to the top division—after a dad started coaching.
Golden Hill got routinely thrashed every time they competed in a game. The team now win regularly and secured promotion for next year. That is thanks to Stuart Henley. The 41-year-old car valeter (代客泊车的人), whose 14-year-old daughter plays for the team, took the job two years ago when the previous manager quit because no one else would.
Stuart renamed the team Leek Town Devils and started training hard in February 2020. Many players had never kicked a soccer before joining the team, so training them took hours of hard work and patience. Stuart’s first season was disturbed by the pandemic (疫情), which forced him to get creative with training. He organized team-building activities with the girls to help them bond on and off the field. Stuart then spent the sessions they could hold focusing on the basics of soccer like passing, shooting and movement. Each week the girls were asked to work on the bits that went wrong the previous Saturday and learn from them, which really helped the team improve.
Stuart recalled,“In our first game together, when we scored a goal it was like winning the World Cup. Although we lost the game, we didn’t care because the goal was a sign of progress.”
Stuart watched the girls develop over the course of last year, and in September they played their another match. They won the game, and since then went on an unbeaten run of eight games. Their newfound form led them to a top-of-the-table battle this February, where they were sadly beaten. However, the team still have gone beyond expectation by winning promotion to the county's top division.
Stuart added,“We are about giving girls the chance to play soccer. We’re going into next season full of confidence and ready to compete against tougher competitors, but for now we’re really enjoying our victory.”
4. What does the underlined word “thrashed” in paragraph 2 probably mean？
A. Defeated. B. Challenged. C. Trained. D. Praised.
5. What did Stuart Henley ask the team to do for the training？
A. Learn from the wrong. B. Avoid team-building activities.
C. Abandon previous kicking skills. D. Focus on high-level techniques.
6. What did Stuart Henley think of the team’s performance for their first game？
A. It meant nothing to him. B. It was a complete failure.
C. It hardly lived up to his expectation. D. It deserved recognition and cheers.
7. What does the author intend to stress about the team in paragraph 5？
A. Its future expectations. B. Its amazing achievements.
C. Its disappointing failures. D. Its true competing goals.
C
Whether it’s a cup of coffee, a cup of hot tea, or a bottle of soda, consuming caffeine (咖啡因) is a good choice for millions who want to wake up or stay up. Now, researchers at Johns Hopkins University have found its another use: improving our memory.
“We’ve always known that caffeine has effects on raising cognitive (认知的) abilities, but its particular effect on strengthening memory has never been proved,” said Michael Yassa, one of the scientists of the research team.
The researchers conducted a double-blind trial in which participants who did not regularly eat or drink products consisting of caffeine received either a placebo (安慰剂) or a caffeine pill five minutes after studying a series of pictures. The next day, both groups were tested on their ability to recognize pictures from the previous day’s study session. On the test, some of the pictures were the same as those from the day before, and some were new additions which were similar but not the same.
More members of the caffeine group were able to correctly identify the new pictures as “similar” to previously viewed pictures rather than mistakenly see them as the same. The brain’s ability to recognize the difference between two similar but not the same items reflected better memory, the researchers said.
“If we used a standard recognition memory task without these similar items, we would have found no effect of caffeine,” Yassa said. “However, using these items requires the brain to make a more difficult discrimination — what we call pattern separation, which seems to be the process that is improved by caffeine in our case.”
“Almost all the previous studies distributed caffeine before the study session, so if there is an improvement, it’s not clear whether it’s due to caffeine’s effects on attention, focus, or other factors,” Yassa said. “By offering caffeine after the study session, we rule out all of these effects and make sure that if there is an improvement, it's due to memory and nothing else.”
8. Which paragraph mainly tells the process of the experiment in detail？
A. Paragraph 2. B. Paragraph 3. C. Paragraph 4. D. Paragraph 5.
9. Why did the researchers use similar pictures？
A. To measure participants’ attention. B. To test participants’ ability to learn.
C. To add the difficulty of discrimination. D. To further explain pattern separation.
10 How is this experiment different from the previous ones？
A. Participants had few coffee drinking experiences. B. Participants were forced to drink stronger coffee.
C. Participants studied the pictures after a long break. D. Participants took in caffeine after studying the pictures.
11. The purpose of the experiment is to prove caffeine ________．
A. helps people stay energetic B. strengthens learning ability
C. does harm to cognitive abilities D. has a positive effect on memory
D
As global climate change becomes more serious, growing crops will be a major challenge. Massive heat waves and droughts (干旱) are already doing harm to farmers: Over the next three decades, California’s San Joaquin Valley alone could lose up to 535, 000 acres of farming land as a result of the shortage of water supplies.
Jennifer Brophy wants to help solve that problem. She’s an assistant professor of bioengineering at Stanford, and works on methods that she hopes will be used to change crop species so that they can survive severe conditions. At present, Brophy is developing new genetic(基因) engineering techniques that can help crops survive droughts.
In order to promote plants to respond to extreme climate, Brophy is building what she calls “genetic circuits”. Besides changing the genes within plant cells, this method also changes how and when those genes are activated. If the plant senses a specific sugar, it can express one protein (蛋白质); if it senses another signal, it’ll express a different protein, kicking off an entirely separate chain of events. If both signals are there, the plant may be able to express something else entirely. “Using circuits, you can have plants respond in new ways to all these different inputs,” she says.
“Normally, a plant doesn’t necessarily know what’s coming. It just knows if it’s hot or temperate right now,” says Brophy. This can lead to problems when weather becomes unstable: A plant that usually flowers in spring may flower in winter if there’re a few unseasonably warm days. When temperatures fall quickly again, the flowers die and ruin a year of crops. “It’d be great to be able to communicate with plants to tell them, ‘Hey, you should wait on that flowering, ’” she adds.
Controlling plants’ growth at this level is exciting, but actually putting it into practice is not an easy task. At the moment, Brophy is testing the method in the lab using a small weedy plant called Arabidopsis. She’s still in the process of figuring out how to activate certain genes on command.
12. Why is California’s San Joaquin Valley mentioned
A. To prove the significance of growing more crops.
B. To point out the barrier to increasing water supplies.
C. To show the harmful effect of climate change on farming.
D. To tell the root cause of more severe global climate change.
13. What is the expected function of genetic circuits
A Creating warmer living conditions. B. Increasing plants’ exposure to nature.
C. Controlling plants’ growth on demand. D. Monitoring the protein in the plants.
14. What does the text say about Jennifer Brophy’s research？
A. It still has a long way to go. B. It is actually an easy task.
C. It has proved successful. D. It turns out meaningless.
15. What is the text mainly about？
A. A victorious battle against global warming. B. A way to help crops survive climate change.
C. A scientific breakthrough in bioengineering. D. A new type of crops resistant to heat waves.
2022届山西省吕梁市高三4月二模英语试题（解析版）
第一节 （共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Yosemite National Park, California
In 1890 Yosemite became a national park. It had been inhabited (居住) by Miwok people for some 4,000 years. Yet during the Gold Rush from 1849 to 1851, the land saw the coming of thousands of miners. In 1851 the Miwok people began to be removed by force from their homes. By 1910, just one in ten of the original inhabitants remained.
Sequoia National Park, California
This national park was established on 25 September 1890. It was created protect the towering sequoia trees. Today, the oldest tree in the 629-square mile park is the General Sherman Tree -it’s thought to be 2,300 to 2,700 years old. The park’s diverse landscape includes the Sierra Nevada mountains, as well as deep valleys, craggy foothills and impressive caves.
Deadwood, South Dakota
It might look like a western film but Deadwood is the real deal. After the discovery of gold in the nearby southern Black Hills in 1874, some 250,000 miners poured to the region and the city was founded in 1876. Owing its name to the dead trees filling the valley in which it was built, it quickly earned a reputation as a lawless outpost associated with gambling, gold seekers and Wild West legends (传奇).
Whitney Plantation, Louisiana
Whitney Plantation is a reminder of America’s history of slavery (奴隶制). Established in 1752, the site was home to more than 350 slaves, whose names can be seen carved onto the Wall of Honor today. A recording from 1819 reveals that 19 out of the 61 slaves on the plantation at the time were African -born survivors of an Atlantic crossing. Today, visitors can learn more about the lives of enslaved people during this period.
21. What do Yosemite National Park and Deadwood have in common
A. They are famous movie sets. B. They were founded in the 1870s.
C. They used to be flooded by gold miners. D. They are inhabited by native Americans.
22. Which is a place to see towering old trees
A. Yosemite National Park. B. Sequoia National Park.
C. Deadwood. D. Whitney Plantation.
23. What kind of places is the text about
A. Places of natural beauty. B. Places to learn about slavery.
C. Places located in deep valleys. D. Places giving a sense of history.
B
Vegetable displays have become surprisingly similar in markets around the world, which offer primarily commercial vegetables such as tomato, eggplant, onion, carrot, beet, lettuce and broccoli. In other words, world diets are actually becoming more similar and based on fewer crops.
A much greater diversity of vegetables exist in traditional food systems, but many of these crops are poorly integrated in current markets and diets. A total of 1,097 vegetable species, with a great variety of uses and growth forms, are cultivated worldwide. Still, we only seem to be familiar with less than 7% of these species.
The diversity of vegetables is more than a local preference. It could play an important role in ensuring adequate levels of nutrition and in meeting the challenges of agricultural production posed by climate change and soil degradation (退化). Many traditional vegetables are known to have higher nutritional value than commercial vegetables, and are well-adapted to local conditions, exhibiting resistance to drought, pests, diseases and poor soil conditions. For example, the Mayan spinach (玛雅菠菜) contains exceptional levels of protein, vitamin C and iron, and provides leaves year-round with little water and in poor soil conditions. Traditional crops like this could be strategic in helping more people meet the recommended levels of fruit and vegetable consumption, which is currently n global health concern.
Lack of information on traditional vegetables is a major barrier to their use and promotion because it prevents a wider recognition of their values and understanding of how best to grow, process and market them. Organizations around the world are placing increasing efforts on promoting these so called “forgotten foods”, because of their value and potential in bringing nutrition and income benefits to consumers and producers, as well as in strengthening local food traditions. This could be the beginning of a great transformation towards more diverse, vegetable-rich food systems around the world.
24. Why are world diets becoming more similar
A. People prefer vegetables rich in nutrition.
B. Fewer kinds of vegetables are planted worldwide.
C. 7% of vegetable crops lost their chances to survive.
D. A limited variety of vegetables are available to people.
25. What does the underlined word “cultivated” in Paragraph 2 mean
A. Sold. B. Planted. C. Displayed. D. Promoted.
26. What can be learned from the example of the Mayan spinach
A. Climate change is a great threat to humans.
B. Soil degradation affects vegetable diversity.
C. Commercial vegetables are highly profitable.
D. Many traditional vegetables have great values to us.
27. What is the author’s attitude towards the future of traditional vegetables
A. Hopeful. B. Doubtful.
C. Indifferent. D. Pessimistic.
C
Michael Bublé and Mariah Carey have been surpassed on the Australian ARIA music charts by an album (专辑) that consists entirely of birdsongs. Songs of Disappearance features the voices of 53 birds, all threatened species, collected over more than 40 years and now turned into a lovely meditative (冥想的) recording.
The album has sold 2,000 copies so far. Songs of Disappearance is the result of a partnership between the Bowerbird Collective and David Stewart, who is responsible for collecting the birdsong recordings. All the money from the album sales goes to BirdLife Australia, in order to support and promote the latest version of The Action Plan for Australian Birds, a comprehensive review of the continent’s birds that has been published each decade since 1992.
Scan Dooley, national public affairs manager at BirdLife, thought the realization that these unique sounds could one day be silenced forever is very poignant (辛酸的). However, he described the album as a great opportunity to highlight the condition of the threatened birds in a much more upbeat way to a different audience than BirdLife can usually reach.
Australian birds suffer from historical and ongoing habitat loss. The Black Summer bushfires in 2019—2020 alone made 26 birds more threatened than they were ten years ago, including 16 on Kangaroo Island alone. And there is a significant population decline of 6 million for 17 bird species in the high altitude rainforests of Far North Queensland, including the lovely Fernwren.
Statistics like these are terribly depressing for the sense of helplessness they indicate. But at least Songs of Disappearance offers some practical solutions. Dooley believes the benefits extend beyond its support of BirdLife’s work. The greater value is bringing to the attention of a wider audience the beauty and wonder of the birds singing as more people are needed not just to take part in local conservation actions, but to demand the government step up and save the birds.
28. What is Songs of Disappearance
A. A book written by Sean Dooley.
B. A song released by a famous singer.
C. An album of David Stewart’s collections.
D. A comprehensive review of wildlife in Australia.
29. What do the figures in Paragraph 4 indicate
A. Bird population is large. B. The situation is serious.
C. The album is well-received. D. Protection efforts are ineffective.
30. Where does the value of Songs of Disappearance lie
A. Promoting wider awareness. B. Supporting government actions.
C. Preserving voices of extinct species. D. Providing fund for more environmentalists.
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. BirdLife Tells Stories of Hopelessness
B. Meditative Recording Sales Hit New Heights
C. Birdsong Album Tops Australian Music Charts
D. Australian Government Steps up to Deal with Wildfire
D
You’re sitting across from a robot, staring at a chessboard. Finally, you see a move that looks pretty good. You reach out and push your queen forward. Now it’s the robot’s turn. Its computer brain calculates a winning move in a second. But when it tries to grab a knight, it knocks down a row of pawns. And it loses the game.
“Robots are heavy handed,” says Ken Goldberg, an AI expert at the University of California. A computer can easily defeat a human grandmaster at the game of chess. Yet a robot has trouble picking up an actual chess piece.
Goldberg discovered that robots face three challenges in grabbing an object. Number one is the ability to see an object and figure out where it is in space. Cameras and sensors that measure distance have gotten much better at this in recent years. But robots still get confused by anything shiny or transparent.
The second challenge is control. People are good at controlling movement, but not perfect. To test yourself, Goldberg says, “Reach out, then touch your nose. Try to do it fast for more times!” You won’t be able to touch the exact same spot on your nose every single time. Likewise, a robot’s cameras and sensors won’t always be in perfect sync with its moving “hand” and it could miss something or drop it.
Physics poses the final challenge. Physics predicts motion. But on small scales, this can be unpredictable. To see why, put a pencil on the floor, then give it a big push. Put it back in its starting place and try again, Goldberg says, “If you push it the same way three times, the pencil usually ends up in a different place.” Very tiny bumps on the floor or the pencil may change the motion.
Despite these challenges, people grasp things all the time. As you do this, your brain is performing incredible calculation and coordination. You just don’t notice it because you do it without thinking.
32. How does the robot lose the chess game according to the text
A. By making wrong calculation. B. By knocking over the chessboard.
C. By knocking down some chess pieces. D. By pushing forward the wrong chess piece.
33. What may prevent a robot telling the exact location of an object
A. Shape. B. Distance. C. Its own movements. D. Shiny things.
34. What can be inferred about robots
A. They have difficulty in predicting motion.
B. They should never be allowed to touch our noses.
C. Their sensors are in perfect sync with their hands.
D. Their movements are affected by the unsmooth floor.
35. What is an advantage that humans have over robots
A. Grabbing things. B. Avoiding danger.
C. Controlling speed. D. Recognizing objects.
2022届山西省朔州怀仁市高考第三次模拟英语试题（解析版）
第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
The Ontario Student Assistance Program (OSAP) is a financial aid program that can help you pay for college or university. When you apply for OSAP, we automatically consider you for both grants (money you don’t have to pay back) and a loan.
What OSAP can help with
OSAP can help you pay for:
tuition
books and equipment
fees charged by your school
living expenses (full-time students only)
child care (for full-time and part-time students with children)
Who can get OSAP
OSAP is open to Ontario residents of any age who are:
Canadian citizens
permanent residents, or protected persons
Who is not eligible（有资格的）
You may not be eligible for OSAP if you:
don’t meet the academic progress requirements
have enough financial resources, including other forms of government aid, to cover your expenses allowed by OSAP
report income on your OSAP application that’s significantly different from what you reported to the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) failed a credit check are an international student are not a resident of Ontario
How much you can get
The amount of money you can get depends on your:
education expenses-the amount of money you need for tuition, books, child care (for full-time and part-time students), personal living expenses (full-time students), supplies and equipment
course load-whether you’re a full-time or part-time student
program hours- for students in micro-credential programs only
personal financial situation-based on you and your family’s income, family size and other factors
1. What can a part-time student expect OSAP to do
A. To cover the tuition needed. B. To tend his/her children.
C. To provide living expenses. D. To afford a scholarship.
2. Who can get help from OSAP
A. A resident of New York.
B. A Chinese exchange student.
C. A citizen with income report on OSAP application.
D. A poor student who has not any government aid.
3. What can be learned about the amount of money you can get
A. It mainly varies with your program hours.
B It is fixed regardless of education expenses.
C. It changes with the course load of applicants.
D. It has nothing to do with financial situation.
B
Bill Cosby is one of the world’s most well-known entertainers and comedians. William Henry Cosby, Jr. was born on July 12, 1937, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Anna Pearl, a maid, and William Henry Cosby, Sr., a U. S. Navy sailor. After tenth grade, Cosby joined the Navy and completed high school through a correspondence course. He later took up an athletics scholarship at Temple University, supporting himself during his studies by tending bar, where his easy-going style and witty joking with the client prompted suggestions that he try stand-up comedy. This he did and was soon to be discovered by the legendary Carl Reiner.
In his early twenties he appeared on many well-known variety programs including Toast of the Town (1948). His big break came in 1965 when he appeared as “Alexander Scott” in I Spy (1965), winning numerous Emmys for his performance. He then created a Filmation cartoon based on many of his high school buddies including Weird Harold, Dumb Donald, Mushmouth, and others: the show was, of course, Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids (1972). In 1984,’Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids’ stopped production，and The Cosby Show (1984) commenced(开始). It was originally rejected by ABC, accepted by a then-floundering NBC, and was an almost instant success. From 1985 to 1987 the show broke viewing records. Despite this great success, he arguably created his own downfall. The Cosby Show led what was considered by many at that time to be the best night of television: the line-up included Night Court (1984), Hill Street Blues (1981), and Family Ties (1982), which all followed The Cosby Show.
Cosby was dissatisfied with the way minorities were portrayed on television. He produced the TV series A Different World (1987) and insisted that this program should follow the Cosby Show, rather than Family Ties. Impact was felt on the show immediately; at its peak, the Cosby Show logged an estimated 70 million viewers. Cosby was riding high in the early nineties until massive competition from The Simpsons (1989).
4. What did Bill Cosby’s father do
A. He worked as a servant. B. He served in the Navy.
C. He acted as a comedian. D. He served in a bar.
5. When did Bill Cosby’s career begin to take off
A. In 1948. B. In 1984. C. In 1965. D. In 1972.
6. Which of the following can best describe Bill Cosby
A. Distinguished and creative. B. Caring and outgoing.
C. Humorous but careless. D. Wealthy but unhealthy.
7. What was the most popular in the late 1980’s in the USA
A. The Cosby Show. B. Night Court.
C. Hill Street Blues. D. The Simpsons.
C
Mankind’s attempts at achieving physical beauty is nothing new (the use of beauty products dates back to ancient Egypt and Rome) but the methods we use to achieve that “perfect look” have certainly evolved. Americans spend billions of dollars each year on a variety of beauty products. Some people will stop at nothing to maintain a youthful appearance. Just how far would you go to achieve that youthful glow
For brave individuals with common aches and muscle pains, Ada Barak’s northern Israel spa (休闲健身中心) offers a slippery solution. In this $70 procedure, dozens of non-poisonous snakes are laid over the body, causing a variety of sensations. Small snakes, such as the milk snake, brush lightly over the skin; larger ones, such as corn and king snakes, provide deeper pressure to alleviate painful muscles.
Temperature treatment method dates back hundreds of years，and Europeans have long applied the use of “cold saunas” to restore the body and reduce chronic pain. The first spa in North America to offer “cryotherapy” was opened in 2010 by Sparkling Hill Resort in British Colombia, Canada. For $45, clients can participate in an icy 3-minute introductory session in which they expose themselves (under close supervision (监管)) to a-110℃ (-166°F) temperature room. Frozen stiff or re-energized You’ll have to see for yourself.
When a pumice stone (浮石) isn’t enough, some people turn to fish to soften their heels. “Fish pedicures” are popular in Europe and Asia, and run between $40 and $100. The practice is slowly popping up in American salons—though some states have cited hygienic (清洁) issues and banned the treatment. Prior to a traditional pedicure, clients soak their feet in a pool with over 100 garra rufa fish (from the family Cypriniformes), which eat away dead skin to leave feet soft and refreshed.
8. What does the underlined word “alleviate” in para. 2 mean
A. Assist. B. Relieve. C. Refresh. D. Advance.
9. What can we learn about the temperature treatment
A. It lasts no more than 3 minutes. B. It watches over clients’ safety.
C. It happens in a very warm room. D. It aims to deal with chronic pain.
10. What can be inferred about a pumice stone
A It costs between $40 and $100.
B. It is popular in Europe and Asia.
C. People can use it to clear themselves of dirt.
D. People have begun to complain about its issues.
11. What is the text mainly about
A. The history of beauty products. B. The potential of beauty industry.
C. Some funny ways of beauty treatment. D. Some reasons to achieve “perfect look”.
D
Genome-edited(基因编辑) food made with CRISPR-Cas9 technology is being sold on the open market for the first time. Since September, the Sicilian Rouge tomatoes, which are genetically edited to contain high amounts of Y-aminobutyric acid(γ-氨基丁酸)(GABA), have been sold direct to consumers in Japan by Tokyo-based Sanatech Seed. The company claims oral intake of GABA can help support lower blood pressure and promote relaxation.
“In Japan, dietary supplements and foods enriched for GABA are popular among the public, ”says Hiroshi Ezura, chief technology officer at Sanatech. “GABA is a famous health-promoting compound in Japan. It’s like vitamin C,” he says. More than 400 GABA-enriched food and beverage products, such as chocolates, are already on the Japanese market. “That’s why we chose this as our first target for our genome editing technology,” he says.
Sanatech, a startup from the University of Tsukuba, first tested the appetite of consumers in Japan for the genome-edited fruit in May 2021 when it sent free seedling CRISPR-edited tomato plants to about 4,200 home gardeners who had requested them. Encouraged by the positive demand, the company started direct internet sales of fresh tomatoes in September and a month later took orders for seedlings for next growing season. Japan’s regulators approved the tomato in December 2020.
Since its beginning a decade ago, CR1SPR-Cas9 genome editing has become a tool of choice for plant bioengineers. Researchers have successfully used it to develop non-browning mushrooms, drought-tolerant soybeans and a host of other creative traits in plants. Many have received a green light from US regulators. But before Sanatech’s tomato, no CRISPR-edited food crops were known to have been commercialized.
Consumers may find food ingredients made with some of the older DNA editing techniques. Indeed, Calyxt in 2019 commercialized a TALEN-edited soybean oil that is free of trans fats. So it was only a matter of time before a CRISPR-edited crop reached palates.
12 Why was GABA-enriched food chosen for genome editing technology
A. It is easy to edit its genome. B. It is popular among the public.
C. It can replace vitamin C. D. It can cure people of diseases.
13. What does the author want to say about the seedlings in Para. 3
A. They are in great demand. B. They are very expensive.
C. They are still under doubt. D. They are free up to now.
14. Why were non-browning mushrooms mentioned in the 4th paragraph
A. To prove TALEN-genome editing’s wide use.
B. To prove CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing’s popularity.
C. To prove CRISPR-edited crops’ creative traits.
D. To prove TALEN-edited soybean oil’s advantages.
15. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. TALEN-edited Tomatoes Are Supposed to Come Out
B. Which Are More Nutrient, TALEN-edited or CRISPR-edited Tomatoes
C. Why GABA Has Such an Appeal at the Present Time
D. CRISPR-edited Tomatoes Are Supposed to Make You Relaxed
2022届山西省运城市高三4月份考前适应性测试（二模）英语试题（解析版）
第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Best International Photography Contests to Enter
RHS Photographic Competition
If you are interested in taking photos of your garden, enter this flower-photo-friendly contest, which includes categories for 11~17-year-olds and even kids under 11 years old. This photo competition is organized by the Royal Horticulture (园艺) Society, which is intended for photographers, horticulturists and garden lovers.
Entry Fee: Free
Prize: $6,000 for each winner of first prize
Istanbul Photo Awards
Organized by the Anadolu Agency, the international news photography contest aims to develop the news photography area and seeks to reward hard-working news photographers around the world. The categories in this contest are Photo of the Year, Single News, Story News, Single Sports and Story Sports.
Entry Fee: Free
Prize: $8, 000 for Photo of the Year and first prize in Single News Category. The first prize in other categories is $5,000.
ZEISS Photography Award
ZEISS Photography Award is organized with the partnership of Zeiss and the World Photography Organization. The photographers are invited to submit photos themed "Seeing Beyond Discoveries". Each photographer has to submit 5~10 images which have not been published before. Winners will be invited to London to participate in the Sony World Photography Awards exhibition opening.
Entry Fee: Free
Prize: ZEISS lenses (镜头) of your choice(worth 12,000 Euros) and 3,000 Euros to cover travel expenses
MonoVisions Photography Awards
Leading photography magazine Mono Visions will award creative expression in the black and white medium. This black and white photography competition is also open for amateurs, and photos taken with traditional or digital media are accepted. The two sections of the competition are the Black and White Series of the Year and Black and White Photo of the Year.
Entry Fee: $ 20 for a single photo; $ 25 for a series(maximum 8 photos with common concept & idea)
Prize: $2,000 for the top single; $3,000 for the top series
1. Which of the following is the organizer of a news photography contest
A. Zeiss. B. The Anadolu Agency.
C. The Royal Horticulture Society. D. The World Photography Organization.
2. What can the winner of ZEISS Photography Award get
A. A full-time job offer from London. B. 12,000 Euros to cover travel expenses.
C. An invitation to an exhibition opening. D. A camera with high-quality ZEISS lenses.
3. What are the participants of MonoVisions Photography Awards required to do
A. Submit colorful pictures. B. Work for MonoVisions.
C. Use digital media only. D. Pay for their entry.
B
A girls’ soccer team has gone from losing 20-0 each week to winning promotion to the top division—after a dad started coaching.
Golden Hill got routinely thrashed every time they competed in a game. The team now win regularly and secured promotion for next year. That is thanks to Stuart Henley. The 41-year-old car valeter (代客泊车的人), whose 14-year-old daughter plays for the team, took the job two years ago when the previous manager quit because no one else would.
Stuart renamed the team Leek Town Devils and started training hard in February 2020. Many players had never kicked a soccer before joining the team, so training them took hours of hard work and patience. Stuart’s first season was disturbed by the pandemic (疫情), which forced him to get creative with training. He organized team-building activities with the girls to help them bond on and off the field. Stuart then spent the sessions they could hold focusing on the basics of soccer like passing, shooting and movement. Each week the girls were asked to work on the bits that went wrong the previous Saturday and learn from them, which really helped the team improve.
Stuart recalled,“In our first game together, when we scored a goal it was like winning the World Cup. Although we lost the game, we didn’t care because the goal was a sign of progress.”
Stuart watched the girls develop over the course of last year, and in September they played their another match. They won the game, and since then went on an unbeaten run of eight games. Their newfound form led them to a top-of-the-table battle this February, where they were sadly beaten. However, the team still have gone beyond expectation by winning promotion to the county's top division.
Stuart added,“We are about giving girls the chance to play soccer. We’re going into next season full of confidence and ready to compete against tougher competitors, but for now we’re really enjoying our victory.”
4. What does the underlined word “thrashed” in paragraph 2 probably mean？
A. Defeated. B. Challenged. C. Trained. D. Praised.
5. What did Stuart Henley ask the team to do for the training？
A. Learn from the wrong. B. Avoid team-building activities.
C. Abandon previous kicking skills. D. Focus on high-level techniques.
6. What did Stuart Henley think of the team’s performance for their first game？
A. It meant nothing to him. B. It was a complete failure.
C. It hardly lived up to his expectation. D. It deserved recognition and cheers.
7. What does the author intend to stress about the team in paragraph 5？
A. Its future expectations. B. Its amazing achievements.
C. Its disappointing failures. D. Its true competing goals.
C
Whether it’s a cup of coffee a cup of hot tea, or a bottle of soda, consuming caffeine (咖啡因) is a good choice for millions who want to wake up or stay up. Now, researchers at Johns Hopkins University have found its another use: improving our memory.
“We’ve always known that caffeine has effects on raising cognitive (认知的) abilities, but its particular effect on strengthening memory has never been proved,” said Michael Yassa, one of the scientists of the research team.
The researchers conducted a double-blind trial in which participants who did not regularly eat or drink products consisting of caffeine received either a placebo (安慰剂) or a caffeine pill five minutes after studying a series of pictures. The next day, both groups were tested on their ability to recognize pictures from the previous day’s study session. On the test, some of the pictures were the same as those from the day before, and some were new additions which were similar but not the same.
More members of the caffeine group were able to correctly identify the new pictures as “similar” to previously viewed pictures rather than mistakenly see them as the same. The brain’s ability to recognize the difference between two similar but not the same items reflected better memory, the researchers said.
“If we used a standard recognition memory task without these similar items, we would have found no effect of caffeine,” Yassa said. “However, using these items requires the brain to make a more difficult discrimination — what we call pattern separation, which seems to be the process that is improved by caffeine in our case.”
“Almost all the previous studies distributed caffeine before the study session so if there is an improvement, it’s not clear whether it’s due to caffeine’s effects on attention, focus, or other factors,” Yassa said. “By offering caffeine after the study session, we rule out all of these effects and make sure that if there is an improvement, it's due to memory and nothing else.”
8. Which paragraph mainly tells the process of the experiment in detail？
A. Paragraph 2. B. Paragraph 3. C. Paragraph 4. D. Paragraph 5.
9. Why did the researchers use similar pictures？
A. To measure participants’ attention. B. To test participants’ ability to learn.
C. To add the difficulty of discrimination. D. To further explain pattern separation.
10. How is this experiment different from the previous ones？
A. Participants had few coffee drinking experiences. B. Participants were forced to drink stronger coffee.
C. Participants studied the pictures after a long break. D. Participants took in caffeine after studying the pictures.
11. The purpose of the experiment is to prove caffeine ________．
A. helps people stay energetic B. strengthens learning ability
C. does harm to cognitive abilities D. has a positive effect on memory
D
As global climate change becomes more serious, growing crops will be a major challenge. Massive heat waves and droughts (干旱) are already doing harm to farmers: Over the next three decades, California’s San Joaquin Valley alone could lose up to 535, 000 acres of farming land as a result of the shortage of water supplies.
Jennifer Brophy wants to help solve that problem. She’s an assistant professor of bioengineering at Stanford, and works on methods that she hopes will be used to change crop species so that they can survive severe conditions. At present, Brophy is developing new genetic(基因的) engineering techniques that can help crops survive droughts.
In order to promote plants to respond to extreme climate, Brophy is building what she calls “genetic circuits”. Besides changing the genes within plant cells, this method also changes how and when those genes are activated. If the plant senses a specific sugar, it can express one protein (蛋白质); if it senses another signal, it’ll express a different protein, kicking off an entirely separate chain of events. If both signals are there, the plant may be able to express something else entirely. “Using circuits, you can have plants respond in new ways to all these different inputs,” she says.
“Normally, a plant doesn’t necessarily know what’s coming. It just knows if it’s hot or temperate right now,” says Brophy. This can lead to problems when weather becomes unstable: A plant that usually flowers in spring may flower in winter if there’re a few unseasonably warm days. When temperatures fall quickly again, the flowers die and ruin a year of crops. “It’d be great to be able to communicate with plants to tell them, ‘Hey, you should wait on that flowering, ’” she adds.
Controlling plants’ growth at this level is exciting, but actually putting it into practice is not an easy task. At the moment, Brophy is testing the method in the lab using a small weedy plant called Arabidopsis. She’s still in the process of figuring out how to activate certain genes on command.
12. Why is California’s San Joaquin Valley mentioned
A. To prove the significance of growing more crops.
B. To point out the barrier to increasing water supplies.
C. To show the harmful effect of climate change on farming.
D. To tell the root cause of more severe global climate change.
13. What is the expected function of genetic circuits
A. Creating warmer living conditions. B. Increasing plants’ exposure to nature.
C. Controlling plants’ growth on demand. D. Monitoring the protein in the plants.
14. What does the text say about Jennifer Brophy’s research？
A. It still has a long way to go. B. It is actually an easy task.
C. It has proved successful. D. It turns out meaningless.
15. What is the text mainly about？
A. A victorious battle against global warming. B. A way to help crops survive climate change.
C. A scientific breakthrough in bioengineering. D. A new type of crops resistant to heat waves.
答案：
2022届山西省太原市高三模拟考试（二）英语试题
21. B 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. C
26. A 27. B 28. D 29. A 30. D
31. C 32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C
2022届山西省晋城市高三第二次模拟考试英语试题 （解析版）
【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四个国际摄影比赛的相关信息。
【1题详解】
细节理解题。根据Istanbul Photo Awards部分“Organized by the Anadolu Agency, the international news photography contest aims to develop the news photography area and seeks to reward hard-working news photographers around the world.(这个国际新闻摄影比赛由Anadolu Agency组织，旨在发展新闻摄影领域，并奖励世界各地辛勤工作的新闻摄影师。)”可知，Istanbul Photo Awards 这个国际新闻摄影比赛的组织者是Anadolu Agency。故选B项。
【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据ZEISS Photography Award 部分“Winners will be invited to London to participate in the Sony World Photography Awards exhibition opening.(获奖者将被邀请到伦敦参加索尼世界摄影奖展览开幕式。)”可知，ZEISS Photography Award 的获奖者会受邀参加索尼世界摄影奖展览的开幕式。故选C项。
【3题详解】
细节理解题。根据 MonoVisions Photography Awards 部分“Entry Fee: $ 20 for a single photo; $ 25 for a series(maximum 8 photos with common concept & idea)(报名费：每张照片20美元；25美元一套（最多8张有共同概念和想法的照片）)”可知，MonoVisions Photography Awards的参赛者需要支付参赛费用。故选D项。
【答案】4. A 5. A 6. D 7. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了一位父亲主动担任女儿所在足球队的教练并最终帮助这支球队焕发新生的故事。
【4题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第一段“A girls’ soccer team has gone from losing 20-0 each week to winning promotion to the top division-after a dad started coaching.(在一位父亲开始执教后，一支女子足球队从每周以0:20的比分失利，一路升入顶级联赛。)”，以及划线词的后一句“The team now win regularly and secured promotion for next year.(这支球队现在经常获胜，并确保了明年的晋级。)”，可知，这支球队现在能常赢，画线句“Golden Hill got routinely thrashed every time they competed in a game.(每次比赛，金山队都经常被击败。)” 可知，此处描述过去发生的事，与下一句相比照，因此，画线词的意思与win的意思相反，与A项“Defeated”的意思最为接近。故选A项。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Each week the girls were asked to work on the bits that went wrong the previous Saturday and learn from them, which really helped the team improve.(每个星期，女孩们都被要求在前一个星期六出错的部分加强练习，并从从错误中吸取教训，这真的帮助团队提高)”可知，Stuart Henley在训练足球队的时候让球员们纠正错误并从错误中学习。故选A项。
【6题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“In our first game together, when we scored a goal it was like winning the World Cup. Although we lost the game, we didn't care because the goal was a sign of progress(我们在一起的第一场比赛，当我们进球的时候，就像赢得了世界杯一样。虽然我们输了比赛，但我们并不在乎，因为这个目标是进步的标志)”，从Stuart Henley所说的话可知，该球队在首次比赛中进了一球，这是一个很大的进步，虽然她们输了比赛，但是她们依然欣喜若狂。由此可推断，Stuart Henley认为该球队在第一次比赛中的表现值得认可和庆祝。故选D项。
【7题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段的内容，尤其是“However, the team still have gone beyond expectation by winning promotion to the county's top division.(然而，这支球队仍然超出了人们的预期，晋级到国家顶级联赛)”，可推断，作者在本段旨在强调该足球队取得的惊人的成就。故选B项。
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. D 11. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个研究发现——咖啡因有助于记忆。
【8题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第三段的内容“The researchers conducted a double-blind trial in which participants who did not regularly eat or drink products consisting of caffeine received either a placebo (安慰剂) or a caffeine pill five minutes after studying a series of pictures. The next day, both groups were tested on their ability to recognize pictures from the previous day’s study session.…(研究人员进行了一项双盲试验，让那些不经常吃或喝含有咖啡因的产品的参与者在研究一系列图片5分钟后，要么服用安慰剂，要么服用咖啡因药片。第二天，两组人都接受了识别前一天学习时照片的能力测试……)”可知，该段主要详细介绍了实验的过程。故选B项。
【9题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段“However, using these items requires the brain to make a more difficult discrimination—what we call pattern separation, which seems to be the process that is improved by caffeine in our case.(然而，使用这些物品需要大脑做出更困难的区分——我们称之为模式分离，在我们的例子中，这个过程似乎是由咖啡因改善的。)”可推断，研究人员使用相似的图片是为了增加区别辨认的难度，从而探究咖啡因是否有助于提高记忆力。故选C项。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段的内容，尤其是“By offering caffeine after the study session, we rule out all of these effects and make sure that if there is an improvement, it’s due to memory and nothing else.(通过在学习结束后提供咖啡因，我们排除了所有这些影响，并确定如果有改善，那是因为记忆力，而不是其它。)”可知，这次实验和以往的实验的不同之处在于，参与者是在看完图片后摄入咖啡因的。故选D项。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是文章第一段“Now, researchers at Johns Hopkins University have found its another use: improving our memory.(现在，约翰霍普金斯大学的研究人员发现了它的另一个用途：提高我们的记忆力)”和第二段“but its particular effect on strengthening memory has never been proved(但它对增强记忆力的特殊作用从未得到证实)”以及最后一段中“By offering caffeine after the study session, we rule out all of these effects and make sure that if there is an improvement, it’s due to memory and nothing else.(通过在学习结束后提供咖啡因，我们排除了所有这些影响，并确定如果有改善，那是因为记忆力，而不是其它。)”可推断，文中实验的目的主要是想证明咖啡因对记忆力有积极的影响。故选D项。
【答案】12. C 13. C 14. A 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍的是斯坦福大学的助理教授Jennifer Brophy正在研究一种方法，她希望可以通过改变植物的基因从而帮助庄稼在恶劣的环境下生存。
【12题详解】
推理判断题。根据上文“As global climate change becomes more serious, growing crops will be a major challenge. Massive heat waves and droughts (干旱) are already doing harm to farmers(随着全球气候变化变得越来越严重，种植作物将是一个重大挑战。大规模的热浪和干旱已经对农民造成了伤害。)”可推断，文章提到 California's San Joaquin Valley是为了说明气候变化给农业带来的有害影响。故选C。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段““Using circuits, you can have plants respond in new ways to all these different inputs,” she says.(“使用电路，你可以让植物以新的方式对所有这些不同的输入做出反应，”她说。)”以及第四段““It’d be great to be able to communicate with plants to tell them, ‘Hey, you should wait on that flowering, ’” she adds.(她补充道:“如果能够与植物交流，告诉它们‘嘿，你应该等它开花。’那将是一件很棒的事情。”)”可知，基因电路的作用是按需控制植物的生长。故选C。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“At the moment, Brophy is testing the method in the lab using a small weedy plant called Arabidopsis. She’s still in the process of figuring out how to activate certain genes on command.(目前，Brophy正在实验室用一种名为拟南芥的小型杂草植物测试这种方法。她仍在研究如何在指令下激活某些基因。)” 可推断，她的研究还有很长的路要走。故选A。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是文章第二段“At present, Brophy is developing new genetic(基因的) engineering techniques that can help crops survive droughts.(目前，Brophy正在开发新的基因工程技术，帮助作物在干旱中生存。)”可知，本文主要介绍了一种帮助庄稼在恶劣的环境下生存下去的科学方法。故选B。
2022届山西省吕梁市高三4月二模英语试题（解析版）
【答案】21. C 22. B 23. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四个有独特历史价值地方。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据Yosemite National Park, California部分的“Yet during the Gold Rush from 1849 to 1851, the land saw the coming of thousands of miners. (然而，在1849年至1851年的淘金热期间，这片土地迎来了成千上万的矿工)”和Deadwood, South Dakota部分的“After the discovery of gold in the nearby southern Black Hills in 1874, some 250,000 miners poured to the region (1874年，在附近的布莱克山南部发现金矿后，大约25万名矿工涌向该地区)”可知，Yosemite National Park 和 Deadwood的共同之处是它们曾经都挤满了来淘金的矿工。故选C。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据Sequoia National Park, California部分的“It was created to protect the towering sequoia trees. Today, the oldest tree in the 629-square mile park is the General Sherman Tree — it’s thought to be 2,300 to 2,700 years old. (它是为了保护高耸的红杉而建立的。今天，在629平方英里的公园里，最古老的树是General Sherman Tree——它被认为有2300到2700年的历史)”可知，Sequoia National Park是一个可以看到参天古树的地方。故选B。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据Yosemite National Park, California部分的“Yet during the Gold Rush from 1849 to 1851, the land saw the coming of thousands of miners. (然而，在1849年至1851年的淘金热期间，这片土地迎来了成千上万的矿工)”，Sequoia National Park, California部分的“It was created to protect the towering sequoia trees. Today, the oldest tree in the 629-square mile park is the General Sherman Tree — it’s thought to be 2,300 to 2,700 years old. (它是为了保护高耸的红杉而建立的。今天，在629平方英里的公园里，最古老的树是General Sherman Tree——它被认为有2300到2700年的历史)”，Deadwood, South Dakota部分的“After the discovery of gold in the nearby southern Black Hills in 1874, some 250,000 miners poured to the region (1874年，在附近的布莱克山南部发现金矿后，大约25万名矿工涌向该地区)”和Whitney Plantation, Louisiana部分的“Whitney Plantation is a reminder of America’s history of slavery (奴隶制). (Whitney 种植园是美国奴隶制历史的一个提醒)”可知，这四个地方可以反映淘金热、古老植被、奴隶制等历史事实，所以这些地方给人一种历史感。故选D。
【答案】24. D 25. B 26. D 27. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了蔬菜多样性减少的原因和危害，分析了传统蔬菜的价值及其前景。
【24题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Vegetable displays have become surprisingly similar in markets around the world, which offer primarily commercial vegetables such as tomato, eggplant, onion, carrot, beet, lettuce and broccoli. In other words, world diets are actually becoming more similar and based on fewer crops.”(世界各地市场的蔬菜陈列已经变得惊人地相似，主要提供商业蔬菜，如西红柿、茄子、洋葱、胡萝卜、甜菜、生菜和西兰花。换句话说，基于更少的作物，世界饮食实际上正变得越来越相似。)可知，市场主要供应商业蔬菜，且种类有限，导致人们可以买到的蔬菜种类类似，因而饮食越来越相似。故选D项。
【25题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第二段“A total of 1,097 vegetable species, with a great variety of uses and growth forms, are cultivated worldwide. Still, we only seem to be familiar with less than 7% of these species.”(共有1097种蔬菜在全世界被cultivated，具有多种用途和生长形式。然而，我们似乎只熟悉其中不到7%的物种。)可知，这1097种蔬菜有多种生长形式，可推断这些蔬菜应该可以在世界范围内种植，但是有很多并不被我们所熟悉，所以cultivated的意思应该为“种植”，与planted意思一致。故选B项。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“For example, the Mayan spinach (玛雅菠菜) contains exceptional levels of protein, vitamin C and iron, and provides leaves year-round with little water and in poor soil conditions. ”(例如，玛雅菠菜含有特殊水平的蛋白质、维生素C和铁，可以在贫瘠的土壤条件下提供叶子。)可知，玛雅菠菜营养价值高且易种植；再结合第三段“Many traditional vegetables are known to have higher nutritional value than commercial vegetables, and are well-adapted to local conditions, exhibiting resistance to drought, pests, diseases and poor soil conditions. ”(众所周知，许多传统蔬菜比商业蔬菜具有更高的营养价值，并且很好地适应当地条件，表现出对干旱、病虫害和不良土壤条件的抵抗力。)可知，传统蔬菜具有很多商业蔬菜不具备的优势，而玛雅菠菜就是其中这样一种传统蔬菜，可推断传统蔬菜在营养价值、气候适应等方面对我们有着巨大的价值。故选D项。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Organizations around the world are placing increasing efforts on promoting these so called “forgotten foods”, because of their value and potential in bringing nutrition and income benefits to consumers and producers, as well as in strengthening local food traditions. This could be the beginning of a great