M 1 Knowing me, knowing you
ⅠUnderstanding ideas--词汇-语法(P2-4)
1.bad performance in a subject 某一学科成绩差
☆performance
①n.[U,C]表现；[C]表演，演出 表演，演出give a performance
e.g. Sean's performance at school has greatly improved.
On arriving there, we will give them an excellent performance, which I believe will bring a lot of happiness to them.
②n.[U,sing]执行,履行,做
e.g. She has shown enthusiasm in the performance of her duties.
→perform v.表演；履行，执行；工作，运转
做手术/实验perform an operation/experiment 表现/运转得好/不好perform well/badly/poorly
→performer n.[C]表演者，演出者，演员
e.g. The performer performed very well, and her performance was popular with the audience.
2.difficulties fitting in with others 与别人相处中遇到的困难
☆fit in (with...) (与…)合得来，适应
e.g. Production of the goods must fit in with the need of society.
Brought up in a city, he found it hard to fit in in the countryside.
3.I'm in a total mess here -hope you can help me out! 我现在完全是一团糟—希望您能帮帮我！
☆ in a mess 陷入困境；混乱，杂乱
e.g. The economy is in a mess.
→mess n.[C，usually sing.]困境,混乱;杂乱,不整洁 vt.使不整洁，弄脏
把…搞糟make a mess of...
把…弄糟，胡乱地做mess up
→messy adj.肮脏的，凌乱的：混乱的，难以处理的
☆help out 帮助...摆脱(困境),vt./vi短语,作vt.短语时,宾语若是pron.，只能位于help out之间。
e.g. When I bought the house, my sister helped me out with a loan.
来帮某人的忙 come to one's help
忍不住做某事,不可能避免做某事 can't help (doing) sth.= can't help but do sth.
4.We played well, but I felt the team were let down by one member, our point guard.
我们打得很好，但我认为有一个队员——我们的控球后卫让队员们很失望。
☆let sb.down 使某人失望
e.g. The team felt that they had let the coach down.
This machine won't let you down.
let构成的短语：
更不用说 let alone 不打扰某人let sb.alone 让...进来let ...in
放下,降低let sth.down 发出（叫声等）；泄露（秘密）let sth.out
5.Embarrassed and ashamed, I can't concentrate on anything.
我既窘迫又羞愧，没法集中注意力做任何事。
☆ashamed adj.惭愧的，羞愧的，尴尬的；因惭愧而不情愿的
为...感到羞愧be ashamed of ...
因…感到惭愧be ashamed (that)...
因惭愧而不情愿做某事be ashamed to do sth.
e.g. She was deeply ashamed of her behaviour at the party.
Tom was ashamed that he had lost his temper.
→shame n.[U]羞愧,羞耻；[sing.]令人惋惜/遗憾的事
真遗憾！/真可惜！What a shame!
真遗憾…It's a shame that...
使某人感到羞愧的是 to one's shame
→shameful adj.可耻的，丢脸的
shameless adj.无耻的，没廉耻的
【辨析】ashamed/shameful
ashamed惭愧的,羞愧的,常作表语、后置定语或补语,表示人的心理状态或感受,不用于n.前。
shameful可耻的,丢脸的，可作表语和定语，指某事情或行为本身可耻、不道德。
e.g. There is nothing shameful about failing the test. Work harder and you will catch up sooner or later. But you should be ashamed of yourself for telling lies about it.
☆concentrate vi.& vt.集中（注意力）,聚精会神
集中注意力于… concentrate on...≈focus on≈be buried in/bury oneself in≈be absorbed/lost in
集中某人的注意力/精力于… concentrate one's mind/attention/energy on...
e.g. You should concentrate your mind on passing these exams.
Young children have a limited attention span and can't concentrate on one activity for very long.
→concentration n.[U]专心,专注
6.But I have to say that it’s partly your fault, isn’t it
但我不得不说，这其中有一部分是你的错，不是吗？
☆fault n.[U]责任，过错；[C]弱点；故障
【辨析】fault, mistake
fault多指性格上的弱点、行为上的过失，强调对过失所应负的责任。
mistake 错误;误会,误解;失误,口误,笔误，多指因缺乏正确理解造成的行动上、认识上的错误。
e.g. He's proud of his children and blind to their faults.
7.If you ever want to win any more basketball games(and I'm sure you do!), you need to work together, and that means communicating with each other clearly and resolving conflicts.
如果你想赢得更多的篮球比赛（我确定你想！），你们需要一起努力，那意味着清楚地相互沟通和化解冲突。
☆resolve vt.解决（问题或困难）
解决问题/争端/冲突/危机 resolve an issue/a dispute/a conflict/a crisis
e.g. Both sides met in order to try to resolve their conflicts.
②vt.＆ vi.决心，决定
决定(不)做某事 resolve (not) to do sth.
决定(做)某事 resolve on (doing) sth.
e.g. He resolved not to tell her the truth.
We have resolved on making an early start.
→resolution n.[U,sing.]（问题/分歧...）解决，消除；[C]决心，决定
做某事的决心/决定 a resolution to do sth.
e.g. The government is pressing for an early resolution of the dispute. 迫切要求
They made a resolution to lose all the weight gained during the Spring Festival.
8.Tell him directly and honestly that you were talking without thinking.
直接而坦诚地告诉他，你是未经思考说了那些话。
→directly
①adv.直接地，径直地，坦率地
e.g. Jeff has a job in mind, but refuses to say directly what it is.
He drove her directly to her hotel.
②adv.正，正好地，恰好
e.g. It is a small house, directly behind the school.
③conj.一…就…,≈as soon as≈immediately，用于引导时间状语从句。
e.g. I went home directly I had finished my work.
9.Approached in this way, your friendship will soon be repaired.
以这种方式处理的话，你们的友谊很快就能修复。
☆approach vt.着手处理，对付≈deal with
e.g. What's the best way of approaching this problem
②vt.＆vi.（在距离或时间上）靠近，接近
e.g. As I approached the house, I noticed a light upstairs.
As autumn approached, the colours of the plants in the garden changed.
③n.[sing.]（距离或时间上的）靠近,接近；[C]方式,方法;路径,道路
…的临近the approach of...
（做）某事的方法/途径/道路 an approach to (doing) sth.
e.g. At the approach of the wind and rain,the swallows are busy.
We will be exploring different approaches to gathering information.
Soldiers were guarding all the approaches to the palace.
10.If you feel one of your teammates isn't pulling their weight, then raise your concerns in a professional way with your team coach.
你如果觉得哪位队友没有尽职尽责，那就以专业的方式向你的球队教练提出你的担忧。
☆pull one's weight 做好分内事,尽本分,尽职责
e.g. If you don't start pulling your weight, you will be fired.
11.I told my best friend that my teammate was to blame...
我告诉我最好的朋友说我的队友应受责备……
☆blame ①vt.责备，谴责，把…归咎于
因(做)某事责备某人blame sb.for (doing) sth.
把某事归咎于某人/某事blame sth.on sb./sth.
因(做)某事应受责备；对(做)某事负有责任(不定式用主动形式表被动意义)
be to blame for (doing) sth.
e.g. Don't blame him for breaking that vase; after all, he is a child.
They blamed the failure of the business on the economic downturn. 经济衰退
He was blamed for the accident, but he blamed it on others. In fact, it is he, not others, that is to blame for it.
②n.[U]责任，责备 承担某事的责任take/accept the blame for sth.
(把某事)归咎于…lay/put the blame (for sth.) on...
e.g. We were ready to take the blame for what had happened.
Experts have laid the blame on global warming, which has hit China harder than any other countries.
12....but then my friend went and told everyone else what I'd said.
…但是之后我的朋友居然把我说的话告诉了其他所有人。
②Here's what you need to do. 现在你需要这样做。
☆what 引导名词性从句
1)当what用作连接代词引导名词性从句时，可引导主语/宾语/表语/同位语从句。
2)what 在引导名词性从句时有两个重要的特点：
①它在相应的名词性从句中一定有含义，常表示”…的东西/样子/事情等”；
②它在相应的名词性从句中一定作成分，常作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。
e.g. What be said at the meeting surprised everybody present.（引导主语从句）
Nobody knows what will happen next. （引导宾语从句）
Mary is no longer what she was ten years ago. （引导表语从句）
I have no idea what we should do next. （引导同位语从句）
13.It is understandable in that situation, but we should always think before we speak.
在那种情况下这是可以理解的，但我们应该总是三思而后言。
☆before 引导的时间状语从句
可以根据语境译作"在…之前""过了…才…"和"还没来得及…就…"。before引导时间状语从句时常用于以下句型：
①It was +时间段+before... 过了…才…，从句常用一般过去时。
②It was not long before... 不久就…，从句常用一般过去时。
③It won't be long before... 不久就会…,从句常用一般现在时。
④It will/may be +时间段+before... 要过/或许要过…才…,从句常用一般现在时。
e.g. They walked about 30 miles before they saw a village.
It was really a long time before I realized the truth.
It wasn't long before the scientist returned to his mother country.
It won't be long before they arrive.
It will be two months before the new building is put into use.
14.Filled with anger, you tend to say whatever comes to your mind.
怒气腾腾的时候，你往往会想到什么就说什么。
☆“特殊疑问词+-ever”引导的名词性从句
英语中，引导名词性从句的"特殊疑问词+-ever"主要有连接代词whatever, whoever/whomever, whichever。这些连接代词引导名词性从句时，可以在从句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语等成分，此时不可与"no matter+特殊疑问词"互换。
e.g. Whatever I do is none of your business. （Whatever引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语）
We should try our best to help whomever we love and respect.
Whoever climbs to the top of the hill first will receive a prize.
Take whichever picture you like. （whichever引导宾语从句，并在从句中作定语）
词汇-语法练习一
1.When most people think of the arts, they imagine the end product, the beautiful painting, a wonderful piece of music, or an award-winning ______________(perform) in the theatre.
2. The __________ (perform) had beautiful clothes, provided by their families.
3. In these colleges you can ____________ (fit的短语) the other students and attain a high level of education you need.
4. It was the first time I had lived away from my home, so I found it difficult to ___________ .(fit的短语)
5. Mary, we left you in charge of the room, but now it's in_______ mess!
6. In a fast-paced working environment it can be easy for your desk to become________ (mess).
7. I was asked to put the documents in order, but I totally messed them ________.
8. Amy, please don't be ashamed ______ your shape. You look great as you are.
9. Tom was ashamed ___________ (tell) his mother that he had failed in the interview again.
10.选词填空：ashamed/shameful
①Having read about the complaints from my classmates, I feel ____________ and guilty.
②The more embarrassing or _____________the secret is, the juicier (有吸引力的) the gossip it makes.
11.To my ___________(shame), I refused to listen to her explanation.
12.Cellphones are prohibited(禁止) to help students focus _______their study.
13.She has turned down several invitations to star at shows in order to concentrate __ her studies.
14. Lacking sleep caused him poor memory and poor _____________ (concentrate).
15. Catherine was seated in the sofa, totally absorbed _______ the book about youth and dreams.
16. Always bear in mind that your own ___________ (resolve) to succeed is more important than anything else.
17. To free the students from their endless homework, the school has resolved_____ taking a series of measures.
18. She couldn't help thinking about this issue and resolved ____(do) something to help them out.
19. Marion found a new approach______ boathouse by accident.
20. China's approach to ___________ (protect) its environment while feeding its citizens offers useful lessons to other countries worldwide.
21. Some people blame the smartphone _______ the tragedy, yet in fact people's weakening self-control and self-discipline are___________ (blame).
22. Don't always blame your own failure _____ others. You should take the blame _______ it.
23.__________ (blame) for the accident, the driver couldn't get away with(侥幸逃脱) it.
24.Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning, and put the blame ______the alarm clock.
25.判断下列句子中 what 引导的从句类型
①This is what my father has taught me - to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
②“My mom tells me that I can't control what happens to me," Natalie says, " but I can always choose how I deal with it."
③What is known to us is that tobacco contains nicotine(尼古丁) and other harmful products, so you should give up smoking.
26.Half a month passed quickly_______ I knew it, and I learned how to deal with different people.
27.What a pity! ______ will be a long time before we see each other again.
28.用适当的“特殊疑问词+ever”填空
①The gold medal will be awarded to ___________ wins the first place in the bicycle race.
②Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle ___________ahead of you for the day.
ⅡUsing Language--词汇-语法 (P5-7)
1.They would look down on her. 他们会瞧不起她。
☆look down on/upon 轻视，瞧不起 look up to 钦佩，仰慕，尊敬
e.g. I wish you wouldn't look down on this kind of work.
No matter what you have achieved, you have no reason to look down on others.
He's a fine teacher.We've always looked up to him.
2.Prevented from playing her role in Riley's emotional development, Sadness feels annoyed.
由于不让她在莱利的情感发展中发挥作用，忧忧感到很生气。
☆annoyed adj.生气，恼怒（表示人自身的感受）；
生某人的气be annoyed with sb. 因某事生气be annoyed at/about sth.
…使人恼火be annoyed to do/that...
e.g. He was extremely annoyed at the newspaper report.
He was annoyed to hear that the train would be delayed.
→annoy vt.使生气，使恼怒；打扰
annoying adj.使恼怒的，使生气的，使烦恼的
annoyance n.[U]恼怒，烦恼；[C]使人烦恼的事
让某人生气的是to sb.'s annoyance
3.Sadness wants to do her duty but by accident causes the loss of Riley's happy core memories with Joy.
忧忧想履行她的职责,但是意外地把乐乐与莱利的核心快乐回忆给搞丢了。
☆by accident 偶然，意外地 ≈accidentally ≈casually≈by chance
e.g. Just remember that success in your life doesn't happen by accident; it's actually the result of your hard work.
I got this English-Chinese dictionary by chance at a second-hand bookshop.
→by design≈on purpose有意地，故意地
e.g. I sincerely regret that I have hurt your feelings,but I didn't do it on purpose.
4.Accepting sadness as part of life helps Riley deal with the emotional complexity of growing up, and settle down in her new life. 接受悲伤作为生活中的一部分可以帮助莱利处理成长过程中出现的复杂情绪，在新生活中安定下来。
☆settle down
①(使)安静下来，平静下来，vt./vi.短语。
e.g. When the children settled down,he started to tell the story.
The lecturer tried to settle the audience down.
②（在某地）定居下来，过安定的生活，vi.短语。
e.g.When are you going to get married and settle down
Before she settled down in Portugal, she had run her own bakery in London.
5.When Riley moves to a new city, she has a hard time adjusting to her new surroundings.
当莱利搬到一个新的城市，她有一段艰难的时间来适应她的新环境。
【辨析】 surroundings, environment
surroundings n.[pl.]环境，周围的事物,专指自然环境，从周围的事物这一客体着眼。environment既指自然环境，也指精神环境，均从环境对人的感受、道德及观念的影响着眼。
e.g. His paintings try to capture the beauty of the surroundings.
We aim to provide a pleasant working environment.
6.It is believed that EQ plays an even more important role than IQ (intelligence quotient) in people's lives. 人们相信在生活中情商起着比智商更重要的作用。
☆ "It+be +过去分词+that..."句型
①It是形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语，that仅起连接作用，不作成分。
②常用于此句型的过去分词（短语）有said, reported, thought, believed, hoped, suggested, well known, estimated(估计), proved...
e.g. It can be proved that what he has said is not true.
词汇-语法练习二
1. Being annoyed____________other people easily is harmful to your health.
2.Rumors are not always nasty(恶意的), but they can be especially ___________ (annoy) when they are something against you.
3.I did get a bit __________(annoy ) because we had cheese sandwiches every lunchtime.
4. To our____________ (annoy), the air conditioner broke down on the hottest night of the year!
5. You sometimes hurt your family members or friends ______ accident but I'm sure you don’t hurt them _________ purpose.
6.-Why do you walk so strangely -That's because I fell over _____________ (accident) yesterday and my leg got hurt.
Ⅲ Developing ideas and presenting ideas--词汇-语法 (P9-11)
1.But to what extent can we justify telling white lies like these
但是,我们能在多大程度上证明这些善意的谎言有道理呢
☆to...extent 到…程度，在…程度上
在某种程度上to some extent≈to a certain extent 在多大程度上to what extent
在很大程度上to a great/large extent 达到如此程度to such an extent that
e.g. We all to some extent remember the good time and forget the bad.
Its success will depend to a large extent on local attitudes.
The carpet was stained to such an extent that you couldn't tell its original colour.
To what extent did she influence his decision
2.You of course say that it's wonderful,despite secretly thinking thatyour cat can sing better.
你当然会说不错，尽管你心里偷偷认为你的猫能唱得更好。
☆despite prep.即使，尽管≈in spite of +n./ pron./v.ing短语
尽管…despite the fact that...(that 引导同位语从句)
e.g. Despite the heavy traffic,he managed to come on time.
He managed to eat a big lunch despite having eaten an enormous breakfast.
She was good at physics despite the fact that she found it boring.
3.If the latter,don't you think your parents would want to listen toyou and understand your feelings 如果是后者,你不认为你的父母想要听你倾诉,并理解你的感受吗？
☆latter n./adj. (刚提及的两者中)后者(的)，(系列中)最后一位(的)。常与the 连用。
前者…,后者…the former...the latter...
e.g. Lucy and Lily are twins.The former is a model;the latter is a teacher.
In my opinion,the latter point is more important than the former one.
4.Perhaps the meal you said was "delicious"will be served everytime you visit.
可能你称之为“美味”的那顿饭会在你每次到访的时候端上来。
☆serve
①vt.&vi.(给某人)提供，端上；接待，服务
向某人提供某物；为某人端上某物serve sth.to sb.=serve sb.sth.
e.g. Breakfast is served between 7 am and 10 am.
The waiter serves the customer tea.=The waiter serves tea to the customer.
She was serving behind the counter when the fire started.
②vt.& vi.(为…)工作，尽职责，履行义务
全心全意为人民服务serve the people heart and soul
在军队服役serve in the army 担任…serve as...
e.g. Mr Russell served as president of the Association for fifteen years.
The boy made up his mind to serve the country when he grew up.
③vi.可用作，可当…使（尤指别无选择时） 用作…serve as
e.g. The sofa could serve as a bed for a night or two.
→servant n.[C]仆人,用人 the social servant公务员
service n.[U](对顾客的)服务，接待；[C,usually pl.]（提供技术或帮助的）服务
随时可供使用/可以帮助at the service of sb.≈at sb.'s service
5.An essay usually consists of three parts:introduction,main bodyand conclusion.
论说文通常包括三部分：引言、主体和结论。
☆consist of 由…组成,由…构成,≈be made up of≈be composed of,强调整体是由部分组成的，即主语表示整体，宾语表示部分。consist of不能用于被动语态和进行时态，但可用consisting of 短语作后置定语。
e.g. The newly-published book consists of 20 chapters, each chapter having 20,000 words.
A medical team consisting of three doctors was sent to the disaster area.
→make up组成…，强调部分组成整体，即主语表示部分，宾语表示整体。
e.g. The committee consists of ten members. = The committee is composed/made up of tenmembers.=Ten members make up the committee.
→consist v.组成，构成；在于
在于，存在于consist in≈lie in
consistent adj.一致的；连续的 与…相一致be consistent with...
e.g. Happiness doesn't consist in how many possessions you own.
His actions are consistent with his words.
☆conclusion n.[C]结论；[C,usually sing.]结束
最后;总之in conclusion ≈to conclude≈inaword≈in summary≈all in all≈on the whole≈in brief,在写作中常作总结语使用。
使…结束bring...to a conclusion
匆忙下结论jump to a conclusion
得出结论come to/arrive at/reach/draw a conclusion
e.g. In conclusion/ To conclude,I'd like to thank you for all you've done for me.
We know well what difficulties we have to cope with to bring our work to a successful conclusion.要圆满完成我们的工作需要克服什么困难。
→conclude vt.& vi.得出结论，推断出；（使）结束，终止
（从某事）推断出…conclude sth.(from sth.)≈conclude (from sth.) that...
以(做)某事结束conclude(sth.) with sth./by doing sth.
e.g. I concluded from their words that they were against the plan.
Each chapter concludes with a short summary.
6.The main body of an essay is a series of paragraphs that exploreand develop your argument.
论说文的主体（部分）由一系列段落组成，来探讨和阐述你的观点。
☆a series of一系列；一连串；一套，+n[C]复数,作主语时+谓语v.单数。
e.g. We should take a series of measures to improve air quality.
A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr Stone.
→series n.[C]一系列，连续；系列节目。单复数同形。 电视连续剧(a) TV series
7.The more independent you are,the better your life will be.你越独立，你的生活就会越好。
☆independent adj.独立的，自主的；自立的 dependent adj.依赖的
不依靠... be independent of...
e.g. Children should be encouraged to be independent thinkers.
At this age,children become relatively independent of their mothers.
→depend vi.相信;依赖,依靠 dependence n.[U]依赖,依靠,依存
independence n.[U]独立;自立 independently adv.独立地，自主地
依赖，取决于 be dependent on/upon 从…中获得独立gain independence from
信赖，依靠，相信depend on/upon 视情况而定It (all) depends.≈Thatdepends.
e.g. In the past, he lived on the money donated by others. To get rid of his dependence onothers, he began to make his living by fishing. Now, he is not dependent on others anymore. That is to say, he is independent nowadays. As he put it, "Independence canbuild up my self-confidence."
8.Stop for a moment and consider that perhaps your friend wants somefrank comments from you so that they can improve.
停下来思考一下，或许你的朋友想要从你身上得到一些诚恳的意见，这样他们才能改进。
☆so that 引导目的状语从句
①以便，为了，≈in order that，此时，从句谓语常含有should/would/could/might/can等情态动词。so that一般不用于句首，而in order that可用于句首。
②当so that/in order that引导的从句中的主语和主句中的主语一致时，可将从句简化为in order to/so as to结构。注意：so as to不能放在句首，而in order to可以放在句首。
e.g. We must study hard so that/in order that we could realize our dreams.
In order that we could realize our dreams, we must study hard.
We must study hard so as to/in order to realize our dreams.
In order to realize our dreams, we must study hard.
→so that除了引导目的状语从句外，还可以引导结果状语从句，意为"因此，所以"。
e.g. He injured his foot so that he was unable to play in the match.
词汇-语法练习三
1.The duchess is having afternoon tea with two ______________ (serve) waiting for her.
2.The Blue Moon Restaurant is the best in our town and customers are pleased with the ____________ (serve).
3.When a dark-colored cake __________ (serve) on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.
4.Wang serves ________head of the Architecture Department at the China Academy of Art
5. The beauty of the city consists _______ its magnificent buildings.
6. -Mike, the results are consistent _________ our earlier research.
-Fantastic! That's what we've been expecting.
7.Rock music consists _______ different styles. Even though there is a common spirit among all music groups, they make very different music.
8.Most are also equipped with automatic fire alarm ___________ (consist) of heat systems
detectors(检测), smoke detectors and sprinklers（喷水灭火装置）.
9.When he brings his speech to a nice ___________(conclude), Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
10.I can conclude _________ what you have said that you are unhappy about the news.
11.Tom is so ___________ (dependent) that he never asks his parents' opinion unless he wants their support.
12.Children as young as ten are becoming dependent __________ social media for their sense of
self-worth（自我价值感），a major study warned.
13.Although the Great Wall has lost its military value for along time, it reflects the dignity(尊严), confidence and ___________________ (independent) of the Chinese people.
14.Despite modern society's heavy ___________(depend) on fossil fuels for energy, most people are aware that the supply of these fuels is limited.
词汇-语法答案一
1.performance 2.performers 3. fit in with 4.fit in 5.a 6.messy 7.up 8. of 9.to tell 10.①ashamed ②shameful 11. shame 12.on 13.on 14. concentration 15. in 16.resolution 17.on 18.to do 19. to 20.protecting 21.for, to blame 22.on,for 23.Blamed 24.on 25.①表语从句 ②宾语从句 ③主语从句 26.before 27.It 28.①whoever ②whatever
词汇-语法答案二
1.with 2.annoying 3. annoyed 4. annoyance 5.by, on 6. accidentally
词汇-语法答案三
1.servants 2.service 3.was served 4. as 5.in 6.with 7.of 8. consisting
9. conclusion 10.from 11.independent 12. on/upon 13. independence
14. dependenceM 2 Making a difference
ⅠUnderstanding ideas--词汇-语法(P13-15)
1.make a difference 有影响，有作用,可单独使用，也可用于以下结构：
对某人/某物来说有影响/有关系 make a difference to sb /sth
(对某人来说)有影响/有关系。 It makes a difference (to sb.)+ wh-从句…
e.g. One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘,差之千里。
Changing schools made a big difference to my life.
It makes a significant difference which major you choose.
→(对某人/某物)几乎没有/没有影响 make little/no difference (to sb./sth.)
(对某人/某物)有一些/很大影响 make some/ much/ great/ big difference (to sb./sth.)
区分/辨别不同 tell the difference
2.The amount of relief and comfort experienced by the sick... 病人所体验到的轻松和安慰…
☆relief ①n.[U]（焦虑、痛苦等的）减轻，缓和，消除
e.g.To make matters worse, Moth was diagnosed with a serious disease. There was no cure, only pain relief.
②n.[U，sing.]（不快过后的）宽慰，解脱，轻松
如释重负；松了口气 in/with relief 可轻松了！What a relief!
使某人欣慰的是；令某人安心的是 to one's relief
做某事让人感到舒心。 It is a relief to do sth.
e.g. When he heard he had passed the examination,he smiled in relief.
Much to her relief/To her great relief, her younger brother recovered quickly afteroperation.
It was a relief to be able to talk to someone about it.
→relieve vt.减轻，缓和
帮助某人减轻…(负担)；解除某人…的职务 relieve sb.of sth.
减轻某人的痛苦/压力/焦虑/饥饿 relieve one's pain/pressure/ anxiety/ starvation
3.There's nobody hurt,and the well's under control.这里没有人受伤，并且油井得到了控制。
☆under control被控制住，处于控制之下
控制得住，抑制得住（不造成损害）bring/get/keep sth.under control
e.g. She brings her weight under control by dieting and exercising.
control构成的其他短语：
无法管理,失去控制be/get/go/run out of control控制,管理……get/take control of...
失去控制…lose control of... 掌管/管理/控制（某物/事）…be in control (of sth.)
受…的管理/控制in/under the control of...
e.g.Robots can do what people can't do under the control of the computers.
Students are encouraged to take control of their own learning, rather than just dependingon the teacher.
4.Now tick the solutions that you think are most effective to supply Africa with fresh water.
现在在你认为是为非洲提供淡水最有效的解决方案旁打钩。
☆solution ①n.[C]解决办法，处理手段
…的解决办法 a solution to...(to为prep.)
想出/找到/寻找解决方法 come up with/ find/ seek a solution
e.g. There's no simple solution to this problem.
I've racked my brains, but I have not come up with a solution to the problem yet.
②n.[C]答案，谜底 …的答案/谜底 a solution to...
e.g. The solution to last week's quiz is on page 81.
Some puzzles look difficult but once the solution is known they are actually quite simple.
→solve vt.解决，处理；解答，破解
→常与介词to连用的其他搭配：
…的关键 the key to... 去…的路 the way to...
…的答案 the answer to... …的入口 the entrance to...
…的方式/方法the approach to...
☆effective adj.有效的，产生预期效果的
e.g.We have taken effective measures to preserve our cultural relics.
→effect n.[C,U]效应，结果，影响
对…有/没有影响 have an/no effect on/upon... 生效,开始实施come into effect
使…生效bring/put ... into effect 见效；生效，开始实施take effect
e.g.Reading books of traditional culture can have a good effect on/upon the children.
The agreement signed between the two companies last week will come into effect/take effect soon.
→effectively adv.有效地；实际上
e.g. The company must reduce costs to compete effectively.
5.set up facilities to purify water 设立净水设施
Later, Ryan's experience led him to set up a foundation to encourage more people to help.
后来，基于这次经历，瑞安设立了一个基金会，鼓励更多的人提供帮助。
☆set up ①安装好，装配好
She set up her computer in her bedroom so that she could work at home.
②开办，建立，创建
Now this company plans to set up branches elsewhere in Europe.
③安排
Can you give me a call on Friday to set up a time for the trip
→动词+up 构成的短语：
put up使升高；张贴；搭建：提出（意见等） pick up举起；搭载；好转；学会；检起
build up 创建，开发；增强…的体质 make up 化妆；补上；编造；组成
bring up 抚养，养育 turn up 露面；调高(音量、热量等)
We all hope that you can put up a better plan than this one.
6.He soon reached his first target of $ 70,but when he gave the money to a charity, he was told that it actually cost $ 2,000 to build a well. 他很快就实现了70美元的第一个目标，但当他把这笔钱捐给一家慈善机构时，却被告知建一口井实际上需要2000美元。
☆reach ①vt.达到，实现；到达，抵达
得出结论/作出决定 reach a conclusion/decision
实现某人的目标 reach one's goal/ target 达成一致reach an agreement
If they followed the road, they would be certain to reach a village.
I have reached a point in my career where I needed to decide which way to go.
②vt.增加到，提升到（某一速度、数量等）；达到（某点），进入（某阶段）
Daytime temperatures can reach 40℃.
We will strengthen measures to reach a new stage in the large-scale development of the western region. 我们将强化举措推进西部大开发形成新格局。
③vt.（尤指用电话）联系，与…取得联系
-Do you have Betty's phone number
-Yes. Otherwise, I wouldn't have been able to reach her yesterday.
Do you know where is Max I can’t reach him by phone.
④vi.& vt.伸（手）；够得着 伸出手reach out one's hand
The boy wasn't tall enough to reach the branches.
⑤n.[sing.，U]手臂展开的长度；涉及范围，影响范围
在某人手够不到的地方 out of (the) reach of sb.=out of sb.'s reach
在某人伸手可及的地方：在某人力所能及的范用内 within sb.'s reach
The cat jumped away, out of the reach of Tom.
The price is within my reach.
7.After several months, Ryan had raised the $2,000, with which a well was built near a primary school in Uganda.
几个月后,瑞安筹集了2 000美元,用这笔钱在乌干达一所小学附近建了一口井。
☆raise ①vt.筹募，征集
They decided to raise 200,000 yuan for Project Hope.
②vt.饲养，种植；抚养，培养
The soil around here isn't good enough for raising crops. raise the children.
③vt.举起，提起；(使)直立，站立
He raised a hand in greeting.
He raised himself up on one elbow.
④vt.增加，提高（数量、水平等）；提高（认识等）
Living in Asia has raised her cultural awareness. raise the number of students
【辨析】raise, rise, arise r
raise- raised -raised -raising, vt.筹募；饲养；抚养；举起；站立；提高
rise -rose- risen- rising，vi.上升；升起；起立；增加，提高
arise -arose -arisen- arising，vi.（尤指问题或困难）出现，发生
8.He also saw hundreds of delighted students who had turned out to welcome him.
他还看到数百名兴高采烈的学生出来迎接他。
☆delighted adj.快乐的，高兴的
因某事而高兴；对某事感到满意 be delighted at/with sth.
愿意/乐意做某事 be delighted to do sth. 由于…而高兴 be delighted that...
She was delighted at the news of the wedding.
I was delighted to be able to eat my favourite dishes to my heart's content.
→delight n.[C]令人高兴的事,乐事,乐趣；[U]高兴，快乐 vt.使高兴，使愉快
令某人(非常)高兴的是 (much) to sb.'s delight=(much) to the delight of sb.with delight
以(做)某事为乐 take delight in (doing) sth = delight in (doing) sth.
→delightful adj.（事情）令人愉快的；(人)讨人喜欢的
☆turn out ①出席，在场,vi.短语。
A vast crowd turned out to watch the procession.
②结果是，证明是，原来是；结果…。后面常跟adj./n.作表语。
结果是… turn out (to be)... 结果…It turns out that...
Surprisingly, the man always in a worn suit turned out (to be) a millionaire.
It turned out that my worries were justified. 事实证明，我的担心不是多余的。
Despite our worries everything turned out well.
③生产，制造,vt.短语。
The company turns out 900 cars a week this year.
9.He broke into a joyful smile.他 突然露出愉快的微笑。
☆break into ①突然开始（做某事，如笑、唱、跑等）
He broke into tears when he heard the bad news.
He broke into a run when he saw the police.
②强行闯入。为vt.短语。break in强行闯入，为vi.短语，in是adv.，后面不能接宾语。
The policeman found that the house had been broken into and a quantity of jewellery was stolen.→break构成的其他短语：
break in强行进入；打断，搅扰，插嘴 break off断开，折断；停顿，中断；突然终止
break away (from sb./sth.)突然挣脱；脱离 break up粉碎；结束；散开，解散
break down出故障；（身体）垮掉；失败；使分解（为）
break through突破；克服,战胜 break out (战争、打斗等不愉快事件)突然开始，爆发
10.Many inspired people gave him their support. 许多受到鼓舞的人都来支持他。
☆support ①n.[U]&vt.支持，鼓励，拥护 →supporter n.[C]支持者，拥护者
支持… in support of...=in favour of... 在某方面支持某人 support sb.in sth.
Only a few people spoke in support of his views. 表示支持
My family always support me in whatever I want to do.
②vt.扶养，赡养，养活
自食其力 support oneself 养家糊口support one's family
I will support myself after graduation from college.
③vt.＆n.支撑，支护
The chair can't support his weight.
The bridge fell down because it didn't have enough support.
11.This insight grew from the determined attitude of a six-year-old boy who had the courage and perseverance to make his dream a reality.
这样的见解来自一个态度坚定的6岁男孩，他以勇气和毅力将梦想变成了现实。
☆reality n.[C]事实，实际经历，见到的事物；[U]现实，实际情况
变成现实 become a reality 事实上，实际上 in reality
使…回到现实bring...back to reality 面对/接受现实face/accept reality
After years of hard work, his dream has become a reality.
Imagination is sometimes more vivid than reality.
→real adj.真的;真正的,真实的 realistic adj. 现实的,实事求是的 unrealistic adj.不现实的
really adv.事实上,真正地,真实地 not really不完全是(表示不太强烈的否定）
词汇-语法练习一
1.It came as a great __________(relieve) to the parents that their son finally came back safe and sound.
2.We all sighed _________ relief when the plane finally landed safely.
3.-We need to keep working and find a solution ________ the problem as soon as possible.
-I can't agree more.
4.Facing up to your problems rather than running away from them is the best approach to ___________ (work) things out.
5.Most people hold the view that the key ________ keeping fit is to work out regularly.
6.Keeping a diary in English is one of the most______________ (effect ) ways to improve our English writing ability.
7.Although modern medicine ___________ (effective) controls many diseases, it remains difficult to against flu.
8.Experts also point out that types of coffee beans have different effects __________ our health.
9.The law of celebrating the Chinese Farmers' Harvest Festival has come __________ effect all over the country.
10.选择填空：raise/rise/arise
①I have to ___________ my voice to make myself heard over the noise.
②Misunderstanding is likely ___________ if people fail to communicate with each other.
③Her temperature is still __________. She must be sent to hospital immediately.
11.Much ____________ (delight) with his son's performances at school, Mr Green decided to take him to Beijing for a holiday.
12.I'm delighted __________ (know) that you're coming to China, the country that you have always dreamed of visiting.
13.It is a truly ____________ (delight) place, which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
14.Much _________ her delight, some neighbours showed up and several of them even brought to her some candies and cookies.
15.There are football matches on Saturday afternoon in most towns and the __________ (support) of a certain team will travel from one end of the country to the other to watch their team play.
16.My goal was to lose 150 pounds in one year and raise $ 50,000 _____ _ support of a movement founded 30 years ago to end hunger.
17.The doctor can assess(评定) your condition to help you set___________ (real) goals.
18. Smokers have to face the__________that a great number of people are dying of lung cancer.
19. _________ reality, different students have different learning habits, which I think have a great influence on their learning efficiency.
ⅡUsing Language--词汇-语法 (P18-19)
1.He's sensitive and rather serious,which sometimes makes himappear to be a little bookish.
他敏感而且相当严肃，这使他有时显得有点书呆子气。
☆sensitive adj.(常与to连用）①神经过敏的;易生气的 ②体贴的；善解人意的③（对光、食物等）敏感的；过敏的
e.g.Don't mention that she has put on weight,for she is very sensitive to it.
She is very sensitive to other people's feelings.
My teeth are very sensitive to cold food.
2.She's usually very shy,but she's generous and never hesitates tohelp.
她通常非常害羞，但是很慷慨，毫不犹豫地提供帮助。
☆generous adj.慷慨的,大方的 generosity n.[U]慷慨,大方 generously adv.慷慨地,大方地
对某人慷慨、大方/吝啬 be generous/ mean to sb.
在某方面慷慨、大方/吝啬 be generous/ mean with sth.
某人做某事真大方。 It is generous of sb.to do sth.
e.g.The old woman was always generous to the poor boy.
We could be generous with praise and encouragement, but we must use them properly.
It is generous of him to contribute a lot of money to our school every year.
I shall never forget the generosity shown by the Chinese people.
☆hesitate vi.顾虑，疑虑 vi.＆ vt.犹豫
毫不犹豫做某事 never hesitate to do sth. 尽管做某事 don't hesitate to do sth.
对某事犹豫不决 hesitate about/over sth.
对……犹豫不决 hesitate about/over+特殊疑问词+to do sth
e.g.Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions.
She hesitated about/over the choice between the two dresses.
He's still hesitating about whether to take part in the competition.
→hesitant adj.犹豫的 hesitation n.[C,U]犹豫,踌躇without hesitation毫不犹豫地
e.g.He accepted the invitation without hesitation.
Once you hesitate about a decision, you will miss a good chance. Don't be hesitant,but be cautious.Only in this way can you hug success.
3.He's always confident about everything. 他对每件事都很有信心。
☆confident ①adj.自信的，有自信心的（feeling sure about your own ability todo things and be successful) 对某人有信心 be confident about sb
e.g. Many students are not confident about themselves, so they’re afraid of talking withforeigners.
②adj.肯定的,确信的,有把握的(feeling certain that sth.will happen in the way thatyou want or expect) 对（做）某事有把握 be confident of（doing）sth.
e.g. Having succeeded in the last examination, she was more confident of another success inthe coming one.
We are confident that the environment will be improved by our further effort.
→confidence n.[U]信心,自信 confidently adv.自信地;确信地 缺乏自信lack confidence
对…有信心 have confidence in... 有信心做某事have confidence to do sth.
e.g. The players all have confidence in their manager.
When you communicate with others, expressing yourself clearly and confidently willgain yourself more confidence and help you become more and more popular too.
4.He often comes up with good ideas. 他经常提出一些好的想法。
☆come up with想出或提出（主意、计划等）,为vt.短语+n./ pron.作宾语≈put forward,其主语通常为人,后跟提出的内容。come up被提及,为vi.短语，其主语通常为物，即所提出的内容。两者都不能用于被动语态。
e.g.The manager has already come up with/put forward a suitable solution.
Next you need to come up with a name for your band -- something that is different.
The subject came up in our conversation.
→“动词+up with”型的其他短语：
容忍 put up with 赶上catch up with 与…和好make up with
以……结束end up with 跟上；保持同步keep up with
5.To be a volunteer 成为志愿者
☆volunteer ①n.[C]志愿者，义务工作者；自告奋勇者
e.g. Are there any volunteers to help clear up
②vi.& v.自愿做，无偿做 自愿做某事 volunteer to do sth.
→voluntary adj.自愿的，主动的，志愿的 做志愿工作do voluntary work
voluntarily adv.自愿地，主动地
e.g. As a volunteer, he often does voluntary work, and he thinks it's his responsibility tovolunteer to help those in need.
6.In China,volunteers are also playing an increasingly importantrole in environmental protection,disability assistance and many other fields.
在中国，志愿者也在环境保护、伤残救助及许多其他领域起着越来越重要的作用。
☆assistance n.[U]帮助，支持，援助
帮助某人 give assistance to sb.=come to one's assistance
在…的帮助下 with the assistance of... 有帮助 be of assistance
e.g.He gave assistance to me when I was in trouble.
Despite his cries,no one came to his assistance.
A billion dollars' investment would be of considerable assistance to the project.
→assist vt.& vi.帮助，协助 assistant n.[C]助手，助理adj.助理的，副的
帮助某人(做)某事 assist sb.in(doing) sth. 帮助……assist in/with...
帮助某人某事 assist sb.with sth.
7.if Sarah is suitable for the work 萨拉是否适合这项工作
☆suitable adj.合适的，适宜的 unsuitable adj.不合适的，不适当的
适合某人/某物 be suitable for sb./sth. 适合做某事(be) suitable to do sth.
e.g.I want to buy some books that are suitable for children.
I don't think he is suitable for the position.
I don't have anything suitable to wear for the party.
→suit vt.适合;合(某人)心意n.套装 e.g. No dish suits all tastes.众口难调。
词汇-语法练习二
1. She is mean________ money but generous ___________ kids.
2.If you don't want to lose your friends, you must practise honesty, ___________ (generous)and understanding.
3. We would like to thank all the judges who ____________ (generous) spent their spare time dealing with this affair.
4. It's generous ________ him to giveaway these precious books to the library.
5. The help you give to others will be paid back, so never hesitate __________ (offer)a helping hand whenever someone needs help.
6. When someone asks me what my dream is, I will tell him " to be a good doctor" without any __________ (hesitate).
7. Anyone who wants to be successful mustn't give up in any circumstances,and should always be full of ______________ (confident).
8. At first Robert wouldn't let his daughter go diving, but eventually he gave in as she was so confident ___________ her skills.
9. There is little doubt that you will be able to judge the truth and error if you have confidence __________ yourself.
10. -Was Jack nervous when he performed on the stage yesterday -Not a bit. Having made full preparations, he went onto it _____________ (confident) and played the piano well.
动词+up with"型短语完成句子
11.My main reason for subscribing to(订阅) New Scientist is to________up with advances in science.
12. Smell the flowers before you go to sleep,and you may just _______ up with sweet dreams.
13. After looking over my plan, the manager hoped I could ________ up with a better and more practical one.
14.I can't ________ up with her any longer -she never stops complaining.
15. My neighbors volunteered _________ (take) care of my pet dog while I was on vacation last summer.
16.Over the last 30 years, the number of people taking part in_____________ (volunteer )work has increased sharply.
17.In front of a large supermarket, five _________ (volunteer) wore white plastic bags and walked through the crowd.
18.Mary, a shop __________ (assist) in a clothes shop, is a nice person and usually ________ her neighbours _______ lots of things. So they like her very much. Several days ago, Mary fell off a ladder and injured her right leg badly.Fortunately,her neighbour Lucy, who is a nurse, came to her ___________ when she heard the bad news.____________ the assistance of Lucy, Mary is recovering quickly now.
19.There is no doubt that it is not suitable __________ (grow)cash crops(经济作物)here.
20.There will be displays taking place throughout the festival, which are_________ (suit) for anyone aged ten and over.
21.This story is ___________ (suitable) for children. For one thing, it's too long: for another, it's too dull.
Ⅲ Developing ideas and presenting ideas--词汇-语法 (P20-23)
1.It is August 1939,and a group of frightened children areboarding a train at Prague's Wilson Station.这是1939年8月,一群惊恐的孩子正在登上布拉格威尔逊车站的一列火车。
☆board①vt.& vi.上船/火车/飞机/公共汽车等
e.g. You can board a ship to the Three Gorges Dam, enjoying the scenery on both sides allthe way.
②vi.让乘客登机/上船等
e.g. Flight BA193 for Paris is now boarding at Gate 37.
③n.［C,U］板,木板 on board在船上/飞机上/火车上
e.g. The exam results went up on the board.
All the passengers on board are expectedto fasten the seat belts when the plane takesoff and lands.
④n[U]（旅馆、招待所等提供的）伙食，膳食，膳食费用
e.g. Free room and board are provided for all hotel staff.
2.In December 1938,a friend asked Winton to come to Prague toaid people who were escaping from the Nazis.
1938年12月，温顿的一位朋友请他来到布拉格，帮助人们从纳粹分子手中逃亡。
☆aid ①vt.＆vi.帮助，援助
帮助某人做某事aid sb.to do sth.
帮助某人做某事 aid sb.in doing sth. 在某方面帮助某人aid sb.in/with sth.
e.g. We have aided him in finishing the work ahead of time.
We are greatly aided in our investigation with the cooperation of the police.
②n.［U]帮助；援助
在……的帮助下with the aid of... 急救first aid
来帮助某人come to one's aid 为了帮助… in aid of...
e.g.I didn't speak French but a kind man came to my aid.
With the aid of our teachers,we learned how to give first aid.
3.In Prague, Winton saw people living in terrible conditions andwhose lives were in danger.
温顿在布拉格看到人们的生活条件极其恶劣，生命也正受到威胁。
☆condition ①n.[pl.]环境，境况，条件；[C]条款，条件
生活/住房/工作条件 living/housing/working conditions
无论如何都不,决不(位于句首时,句子采用部分倒装结构) on/under no condition
在…条件下，假如… on(the)condition that...
e.g.Under no condition can we break the law.
You can borrow the book on condition that you do not lend it to anyone else.
②n.[U]状况，状态；健康状况
健康状况不佳be out of condition
处于糟糕的/良好的/极佳的状态 be in bad/poor/good/excellent condition
e.g.Although this is a second-hand computer,it is in good condition.
He is overweight and out of condition.
The old man is in good condition, but his living conditions are terrible. If he is givenmore care,he'll live more happily.
4.A shocked Winton watched as the majority of people rose to theirfeet.
温顿震惊地看到大部分人都站了起来。
☆rise to one's feet站起身来=get to one's feet =stand up
e.g. He rose to his feet to thank all the audience.
foot构成的其他短语：
自立，独立 stand on one's own feet 挣扎着站起来struggle to one's feet
进入,访问,参观(某地) set foot on/in
e.g. As we are grown-ups, we should learn to stand on our own feet.
In 1895, a Norwegian called Carstens Borchgrevink became the first man to set foot on the Antarctic mainland.
5.Later, Winton received various honours for his achievement,including a knighthood in 2003, and the Czech government's highest honour, the Order of the White Lion,in 2014.
后来，温顿因为自己的成就而获得诸多荣誉，包括2003年获封的爵士称号以及2014年获得的捷克政府颁发的最高荣誉——白狮勋章。
☆achievement n.[C]成就,成绩,功绩；[U]达到,完成
取得成就make an achievement/achievements 成就感a sense of achievement
e.g. He stayed modest though he had made a great achievement in his work.
Even a small success can give you a sense of achievement.
→achieve vt.达到；完成；vi.成功 achievable adj.可实现的
获得成功achieve success 达到目标/实现梦想achieve one's goal/ dream
6.Give a talk in honour of Nicholas Winton.做一个纪念尼古拉斯·温顿的报告。
☆in honour of 为纪念，为向…表示敬意
有幸做某事have the honour of doing sth. (做...)感到荣幸be/feel honoured (to do sth.)
使增光,赏光,给某人带来荣誉do sb. an/the honour
e.g.The dinner was held in honour of the new president of the company.
It's my honour to be here = I feel honoured to be here,sharing the moment with you.
→in+n.+of型的其他短语：
支持 in support of 需要in need of 代替in place of
支持/赞同 in favour of 寻找in search of
为纪念in memory of 就……而言in terms of
7.Major Achievements and Awards 主要成就及获奖情况
☆major ①adj.大的，主要的，重要的。一般只作定语，无比较级。
e.g. Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction.
②n.[C]主修课程，专业课
e.g.The boy likes studying the universe and he wants to choose astronomy as his major.
③vi.主修major in
e.g.She majored in chemistry at Stanford University.
→majority n.大多数minority n.少数minor adj.较小的，次要的
占大多数be in the/a majority 大多数…the majority of...
占少数,成为少数派be in a/the minority
词汇-语法练习三
1.I saw there were two instructors _________ board and a man lying across the middle.
2.Passengers checked their baggage before____________ (board) the plane.
3.Because the rain is around the corner,I suggest we aid the farmers ________the harvest.
4.We students can read these messages and print them_______the aid of computers.
5.Through the Monthly Donation,Touch media has provided the general public ______ a means of making regular contributions _______ aid of the poor and needy.
6.Pandas in the zoo tend to live longer due to better nutrition and living __________ (condition).
7. Linda didn't get there on time because the road was in bad _____________ (condition).
8. __________ no condition should you lose heart.
9. He noted that being able to achieve 7percent growth in economy during the first half year was no small _________ , and the goal of stable growth was ___________ according to the prediction of economists. (achieve)
10.I wanted to major ________ English at first, but later I changed my mind and now I am a writer.
11. There are more than 42 countries where __________ (major) of the people speak English.
12. In the nursing profession, women are ___________ the majority.
词汇-语法答案一
1.relief 2.in/ with 3. to 4.working 5.to 6.effective 7.effectively 8. on/upon 9. into 10 ①raise ②to arise ③rising 11.delighted 12.to know 13.delightful 14.to 15.supporters 16.in 17.realistic 18. reality 19.In
词汇-语法答案二
1.with;to 2.generosity3. generously 4. of 5. to offer 6. hesitation 7. confidence
8 about 9 in 10 confidently 11.keep 12.end e 14. put 15 to take 16. voluntary 17. volunteers 18. assistant; assists; with/in; assistance; With 19.to grow 20 suitable 21 unsuitable
词汇-语法答案三
1.on 2.boarding 3. in/ with 4.with 5.with, in 6.conditions 7.condition
8.On/Under 9.achievement不小的成就，achievable 10.in 11.majority 12.inM 3 The world of science
ⅠUnderstanding ideas--词汇-语法(P26-27 )
1. In addition, important advances have been made in medicine and environmental science thanks to increasing computer power.
除此之外,由于计算机功能的不断强大，医学和环境科学也取得了重要进展。
☆in addition 除此之外，另外,单独使用，在句中作状语≈besides≈moreover≈what's more。
e.g. -Why didn't you buy that dress -I disliked its pattern. In addition, the colour didn't suit me.
→in addition to… 除……以外（还）+n./ pron./ v.ing作宾语≈as well as≈besides。
e.g. She can speak French and Japanese in addition to English.
2. In terms of the environment, it is now possible to create an intelligent walking house.
从生活环境方面来讲，现在已经可以创建智能的行走房屋。
☆in terms of 从……方面来讲，就……而言
e.g. The book is a great success in terms of its sales.
It is widely acknowledged that students should be evaluated in terms of overall quality. 综合素质
→term n. ①词语,术语 legal terms 法律术语 ②学期 the spring term ③期限;任期;期满
terms n. ①（协议/合同等的）条件,条款 peace terms 和平条件
②地位；关系 ③表达方式；措辞；说法
e.g. I'll try to explain in simple terms.
与某人达成协议come to terms with sb. 从长远/短期看in the long/short term
与某人关系好/不好be on good/ friendly/ bad terms with sb.
3. It is capable of using GPS technology to travel to different places, with computing technology controlling its "legs". 利用计算技术控制"双腿",它能够运用GPS 技术抵达不同的地方。
☆capable ①adj.有能力的 有能力做某 be capable of（doing）sth.
e.g. You are capable of better work than this.
I'm perfectly capable of doing it myself. Thank you.
②adj.能力强的，足以胜任的
e.g. Napoleon was one of the most capable generals in history.
I'll leave the organization in your capable hands.
→incapable adj.无能力的 capably adv.能干地 capability n.能力，才能
with复合结构，即“with+宾语+宾补”结构，在句中通常作状语，表示伴随、方式、原因或条件等，也可作定语。宾语可由名词或代词充当。常见的with复合结构有：
①with+宾语+现在分词（表示主动或动作正在进行）
e.g. With so many people staring at her, she felt very nervous.
②with+宾语+过去分词（表示被动或动作已完成）
e.g. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.
③with+宾语+动词不定式（表示动作尚未进行，通常用主动形式表示被动含义）
e.g. With so many essays to write, she won't have time to go shopping this morning.
④with +宾语+adj./ adv./ prep.短语
e.g. Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 ℃ above the average.
4. But what remains important is that we have an incredible desire to think and create, and that's the real spirit of invention.
不过,一直以来重要的是我们有一种强烈地想要思考、创造的渴望，那就是真正的创新精神。
☆desire n.[C,U]& vt.渴望 当desire作v.+宾语从句，以及 desire作n.+同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语用(should)+v.原形。
渴望得到某物/做某事 have a desire for/to do sth. 希望某人做某事desire sb. to do sth.
desire that... 渴望…,谓语用(should) +v.原形 渴望做某事desire to do sth.
e.g. He had a strong desire for success.
She desires that he (should) come at once.=She desires him to come at once.
My daughter desires/has a desire that she (should) be admitted to a famous university. Besides, she has a strong desire to major in English while I desire her to study medicine in the future. But now she desires to have a good time in the coming summer holiday.
5. Look at the pictures and talk about how the way we live has changed over time.
看这些图画，讨论我们的生活方式是怎样逐渐变化的。
☆we live是省略了关系词that的定语从句，修饰先行词the way。
way作“方式，方法”讲，后接定语从句时有两种情况：
①当way后面的从句缺少状语时，用that/in which引导；用that引导时，that可以省略。
e.g. The way (that) / in which he explained the question was quite simple.
②当way后面的从句缺少主语或宾语时，关系词用that/which(作宾语时关系词可省略，作主语时不可省略）。
e.g. The way (that/which) he told us was quite effective.
The way that/which was thought up by him was similar to Tom's.
做某事的方法way to do sth. ≈ way of doing sth.
e.g. Recycling is one way of protecting/to protect the environment; reusing is another.
6. So what is it that inspires us to invent things 那么是什么激励我们去发明东西呢？
强调句的基本结构：It is/was +被强调部分+ that/who+句子其他部分。
该句型可以强调句子的主语、宾语、状语等，但不能强调谓语。使用时应注意：
①构成强调句的It本身没有词义，但不能用其他词代替。
②被强调部分指人时用that/who均可，其他情况一律用that。
③被强调部分无论是单数/复数，be动词均用单数形式，即用is/was,根据原句的时态来确定。
e.g. It is the last straw that breaks the camel's back.
It was in the street that I saw a youne man leading an old man across the road.
判断一个句子是否是强调句的方法：把句子中的"It is/was"和"that/who"去掉，剩余部分若结构完整、句意明确，则为强调句型，否则就不是。
强调句型的特殊形式：
①特殊疑问句式：特殊疑问词（被强调部分）+ is/was it+ that+句子其他部分？
e.g. What was it that prevented him from coming in time
②一般疑问句式：Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+句子其他部分
e.g. Was it because Jack came late for school that Mr. Smith got angry
③not… until...结构的强调句型：It is/was not until... that...+句子其他部分。
e.g. Bach died in 1750, but it was not until the early 19th century that his musical gift was fully recognised.
词汇-语法练习一
1.选择填空：in addition/ in addition to
①___________ the school, the village has a clinic, which was also built with government support.
②____________, it will be wise of you to take an umbrella in case it should rain.
2.To find the missing boy as soon as possible, they were reminded to turn to the Internet in addition to___________ (dial) 110.
3. The job will be offered to whoever is capable _______ performing it well.
4. We should help those who are ___________ (capable) of taking care of their personal affairs.
5. I had a strong desire ________ (reach) in and play with the toy, but was held back thankfully
by the shop window.
6. The old woman desired her son and daughter ________ (come) and see her from time to time.
7. It's my desire that all the members of the family ____________ (gather) once a year.
8. We desire that immediate help ___________ (give) to the local villagers who have been suffering from the rising floodwater.
9. Most people believe the best way _________ (build) a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals.
10.The way ________ was offered by him to do the experiment was different from the way _______ you carried it out.
11. China's image is improving steadily, with more countries ____________ (recognize) its role in
international affairs.
12. If you don't like it, you can just say a polite "thank you", with the food _______(leave) there.
13.With so much homework ________ (do), I won't go to the cinema this weekend.
14.It was when I got back to my apartment ______ I first came across my new neighbors.
15. _________was the culture, rather than the language, that made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.
16. It ______ not until the train pulled into the station ______ he found that his suitcase was gone.
ⅡUsing Language--词汇-语法 (P29-31)
1. Within the next 80 years, our lives may be changed beyond recognition by 3D printing.
今后的80年内，3D打印技术可能会使我们的生活变得无法想象。
☆beyond recognition 认不出来，无法辨认≈相当于out of recognition
→beyond构成的其他短语：
超出某人的控制，不受某人的控制 beyond one's control 无法形容beyond description
无法表达beyond expression 令人难以置信beyond belief
无与伦比beyond compare 超乎某人的想象beyond one's imagination
超出某人的权力范围 beyond one's power
2. But perhaps the most significant success that people have achieved to date is in medicine.
不过或许到目前为止,人们所取得的最大的成功是医药方面的。
☆significant adj.有重大意义的，显著的
e.g. Please inform us if there are any significant changes in your plans.
Your work has shown a significant improvement.
→significance n.[U,C]重要性，意义 significantly adv.显著地，明显地
重要的，有重大意义的 be of great/much significance
无关紧要的 be of no/little significance
(对……)很重要/不重要 have great/no significance (for...)
(非常)重视…… attach (great) significance to...
e.g.The new drug has great significance for the treatment of the disease.
The proposals they put forward at the meeting were of little significance.
Parents attach much significance to education. They will do their best to give their children that priceless gift.
3. British biologist Charles Darwin(1809-1882) is best known for his work On the Origin of Species, in which he explains changes in species due to natural selection.
英国生物学家查尔斯·达尔文（1809—1882）最著名的著作是《物种起源》，他在书中解释了自然选择导致的物种变化。
☆origin ①n.[C]起源，源头，起因 在来源上in origin
…的起源/起因the origin of… 起源于…have one's origins in...
e.g. Some Japanese words are Chinese in origin.
This particular custom has its origins in Wales.
②n.[C]出身，身世 籍贯 by origin
e.g. Her mother is French by origin.
→original adj.原来的，起初的；独创的 originally adv.原来，起初
originate vi.起源，发端于；vt.创立，创建
4. Currently, there's no cure for Alzheimer's, but scientists are researching ways to improve the quality of life for people living with the disease.
目前，还没有治愈阿尔茨海默病的办法，不过科学家正在研究改善患者生活质量的方法。
☆cure ①n.[C]疗法；治疗；措施，对策 …的疗法/措施 a cure for...
e.g.These doctors are determined to devote themselves to finding a new cure for the lung cancer.
The government is trying to find a good cure for unemployment.
②vt.治愈，治好 治好…疾病 cure sth. 治好某人cure sb.
使某人从某种疾病中痊愈 cure sb. of sth.
e.g.I hope the doctor can cure the pain in my shoulder.
Moving to the country cured her of the disease.
【辨析】cure/treat
cure治愈，治好, 强调结果。cure sb. of sth. 治好某人的…病
treat医治,治疗,强调治疗的过程或动作，不涉及治疗的结果。treat sb. for sth.治疗某人的…病
e.g. The doctor treated Mike for his headache with a new drug but didn't cure him of it.
词汇-语法练习二
1. If you've put __________ (significance ) effort into a project, you may benefit from finishing it.
2.I think his research on renewable(可再生的) energy sources is ______ great significance.
3. The expert thinks that schools should attach significance _______ students' all-round development rather than only their grades.
4. While the ___________ (origin) purpose of the World Post Day was to promote the postal service worldwide, now its significance is more about postal culture.
5.The exam, which was ________ to be held in our own classroom, was changed to the library at the last minute.
6. There are a number of words in English that are French ____________ (在来源上，origin）.
7. When he arrived in America, he was surprised to learn that the mayor of the city was Chinese __________ . (籍贯，origin)
8.Thanks to the help of the expert, he was cured ______ the terrible disease successfully.
9. Medical research often makes use_______ the forests' plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures ________ certain diseases.
选词填空：cure/treat
10.-Has the doctor_____ the old woman of her illness-No, he _____ her but didn't ________her.
11. The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, allowing more patients to be________.
Ⅲ Developing ideas and presenting ideas--词汇-语法 (P32-33)
1.Apart from being a successful statesman, he was also well known as a leading American author.除了是一个成功的政治家，他还是一位杰出的美国作家。
☆apart from +n./pron./v-ing作宾语
①除了……外(还),此外≈in addition to≈besides。
e.g. Apart from English, he had to study another foreign language while in college.
②除了……外（都）≈except (for)。
e.g. I hardly know anyone else in the village apart from you.
The article is good apart from a few spelling mistakes.
【辨析】apart from/ in addition to/ besides/ except/ except for
in addition to/besides 除了……之外，强调除此之外还包括其他。
except除……之外，指从整体中除去一部分，except的宾语与整体词一般是同类的。其后可接that/when引导的从句。
except for除……以外，指说明整个基本情况后，对细节加以纠正，其后常接n.
e.g. She understands French besides/in addition to English.
He gets up early every day except Sunday.
It's really a good book except for the cover.
2. Benjamin Franklin's famous experiment with lightning has introduced generations of children to science.本杰明·富兰克林有关闪电的著名实验使几代儿童初次了解了科学。
☆experiment ①n.[C,U]实验，试验 关于……的实验 an experiment with/on...
做实验 perform/carry out/do/conduct an experiment
②vi.做试验，进行实验；尝试，试用 用…做实验/试用… experiment with/on...
e.g. Some people feel that experimenting on animals is wrong.
The teacher experimented with a new teaching method.
☆introduce ①vt.使初次了解，使尝试 使某人初次了解某事/物introduce sb. to sth.
e.g. The first lecture introduces students to the main topics of the course.
②vt.介绍，引见 自我介绍 introduce oneself 把A介绍给B introduce A to B
e.g. He introduced me to a Greek girl at the party.
③vt.首次引入，使传入 把…传入/引进… introduce…to/into…
e.g. Coffee was introduced into Britain from the Continent.
→introduction n.[U]引进；[C]介绍；[C,U]序言；[C]入门课程
介绍信a letter of introduction 简短的序言a brief introduction
3. A metal key was attached to the string. 绳子上还绑着一把金属钥匙。
☆attach ①vt.系；绑；贴；固定；连接；附上
把…系于…；把…附在…上 attach…to...（to为prep.）
e.g. He will attach the label to your luggage.
They have attached a number of conditions to the agreement.
②vt.赋予；认为…具有；为…所有
认为…(很有/几乎没有)重要性/价值/分量/意义
attach (great/little) importance/ value/ weight/ significance to…（to为prep.）
e.g. Our government attaches much importance to education now, which enables so many people to be well educated.
→attached adj.爱慕，依恋；附属于 attachment n.[C]附属物,附件；[C,U]爱慕，依恋
附属于…;依恋/爱慕… be attached to… (attached to 常在句中作定语/状语/补语)
e.g. This institute is attached to Peking University.
He is deeply attached to dancing.
4. A flash of lightning hit the kite, and electricity was conducted through the string to the key.
一道闪电击中风筝，电通过绳子传导至钥匙上。
☆conduct /k n'd kt/ ①vt.传导(热/电等能量)）;指挥(歌唱/音乐演奏);实施,执行,进行;带领
进行调查 conduct a survey
e.g.As is known to all, rubber does not conduct electricity.
The concert conducted by Andrew turned out to be very successful.
He conducted us around the museum.
②vt.举止，表现 表现好/差 conduct oneself well/badly
e.g. Child as he is, he really conducts himself well before guests.
③/'k nd kt/ n.[U]行为，举止
e.g. His conduct disagrees with his words.
→conductor n.(乐队)指挥;(公共汽车上的)售票员;列车长;导体 conductive adj.具有传导性的
→conduct词性不同时，发音不同，重音位置也不同，作名词时重音在前，作动词时重音在后，可以概括为“名前动后”。此类单词常见的还有：
transport /'tr nsp :t/ n.运送 /tr n’sp :t/ vt.运送
import /'imp : t/ n.进口 /im’p : t/ vt.进口
increase /’inkri:s/ n. 增加 /in'kri:s/ v. 增加
export /'eksp :t/ n.出口(商品) /ik’sp :t/ v.出口
record /'rek : d/ n.唱片;纪录 /ri'k : d/ v.记录；录制
suspect /’s spekt/ n.嫌疑犯 /s 'spekt/ vt.怀疑
5. Franklin, along with many other scientists, has inspired us and taught us that scientific experiments are important in order to establish the truth and to contribute towards later scientific discoveries and inventions. 富兰克林与许多其他科学家一样激励了我们，并教会我们无论是为了证实真相，还是为促成日后的科学发现和发明，科学实验都很重要。
☆along with与…一起,为prep.短语，用于连接两个并列的n./pron. along with 连接两个n./pron.作主语时，谓语动词的数要遵循"就远一致"的原则，还有together with, as well as…
e.g. She lost her job when the factory closed, along with hundreds of others.
The adult as well as the children likes this film.
☆establish ①vt.证实，确定
e.g. Before we take any action we must establish the truth.
②vt.建立(尤指正式关系);创立,设立 与…建立联系/关系 establish contact/relations with
e.g. We would like to establish direct business relations with you.
The committee was established in 1912.
→establishment n.确立；建立 established adj.已确立的,早已投入使用的
6. In fact, more than one account suggests that while Newton was certainly inspired by a falling apple, there is no proof that it hit him on the head.
事实上,不少记述表明牛顿确实受到了掉落苹果的启发,但没有证据显示苹果砸在了他的头上。
☆account ①n.[C]描述,叙述（后常接介词of）；账目；账户
描述…… give an account of... 开户/销户open/close an account
在银行有账户 have an account at/with a bank
e.g. Linda gave us a vivid account of her trip to Mount Tai after her return.
②vi.解释,说明;(数量上、比例上)占
是…的原因；解释…;（数量上、比例上）占… account for...
e.g. She could not account for her mistake.
Girls account for 30% of the students.
③vt.认为是，视为,为正式用语。 认为某人… account sb.+adj./n.（常用于被动语态）
e.g. Harry was accounted honest.
→因为，由于 on account of
决不，绝对不 on no account（位于句首时，句子用部分倒装）
考虑到某事，顾及某事 take sth. into account=take account of sth.
e.g. She was told to wear flat shoes on account of her back problem.
On no account should you tell our secret to him.
They had to take account of every possibility when they drew up the plan.
☆that引导的同位语从句
①同位语从句在句中起同位语的作用，多出现在 fact, news, idea, doubt, thought, question, promise, truth, report, possibility 等名词的后面,解释说明名词的具体
②名词后接同位语从句时，如果同位语从句意义完整，则用that 引导。
③在that引导的同位语从句中，that在从句中不作任何成分，无具体的意义，只起连接作用，但是不可省略，亦不可用which替换。
e.g. The fact that she was a foreigner made it difficult for her to get a job.
We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.
☆及物动词+sb.+介词+the+表示身体部位的名词
在该结构中，若身体部位不同，所用介词也不同，其具体用法如下：
拍,打:pat, strike, hit, beat +sb. +in the +柔软的部位(如: face, eye, leg…）
抓: catch, seize, grasp + sb. + on the +坚硬的部位(如: head, shoulder, back…）
拉,牵：pull, take, hold + sb. + by the +可牵拉的部位（如: hand, arm, ear…）
e.g. He hit Tom in the face.
The angry father caught his son by the arm.
The naughty boy hit the man on the nose.
→介词后面所跟的表示身体部位的名词前面要用 the,而不是his，her等物主代词。
7. However, new research suggests that the story may be fiction instead of fact.
然而，新的研究表明，这一故事可能只是杜撰，而非事实。
☆suggest后接宾语从句的用法
①suggest表“暗示,表明”时，其后所接的宾语从句用陈述语气。
②suggest表“建议”时，其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语用"(should)+v.原形”。
e.g. Her expression suggested that she had told a lie.
Experts suggest that teenagers (should) spend at least 30 minutes exercising, five times a week.
8. More than one generation of schoolchildren has been amazed by his bravery and his scientific approach to looking for the truth.几代学生都曾为他的勇敢和探索真理的科学方式而惊叹不已。
☆more than one +n.[C]单数,作主语+谓语v.单数, 不止一个…
e.g. More than one person has been involved in this affair.
→many a+ n.[C]单数, 作主语+谓语v.单数， 许多…
e.g. Many a student has attended the lecture.
9. But scientists all agree that if Franklin had actually touched the key, he would certainly have died from the electric shock.
不过科学家们一致认为,如果富兰克林真的触摸了钥匙，他肯定会因触电而亡。
☆与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句
语法意义：表示与过去事实相反的情况
主句谓语用"would have done"形式，从句谓语动词的形式：had done
主句谓语动词的形式：would/ could/ should/ might + have done
e.g. If I had seen him yesterday, I would have told him the news.
与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句
语法意义：表示与现在事实相反的情况或对当前情况的一种假设
从句谓语动词的形式：过去式（be 动词通常用were）
主句谓语动词的形式：would/ could/ should/ might+v.原形
e.g. If I were you, I wouldn't do it like that.
If I had enough money, I might buy myself a computer.
词汇-语法练习三
1. ___________ (apart from/except for) school work, the children also have to take art, music and sports classes in their free time.
2. -Why do you like ads -Because they have attractive pictures __________ (except/besides) their original slogans(广告语).
3. ____________ (apart from/ except for) providing entertainment, the website is also a helpful learning tool.
4. The book is a complete ___________ (introduce) to all the best Indian films.
5. If Mrs Brown hadn't introduced Mary _________ literature in junior high school, she wouldn't be a writer now.
6. She attached a stamp _______ envelope and mailed it out.
7. My younger brother is studying in a high school _____ (attach) to Renmin University of China.
8. Please find my application letter in this ___________ (attach).
9. More and more people begin to attach importance to ___________ (live) a low-carbon life.
10. Yesterday our chemistry teacher__________ an experiment on wood to see whether it was ________, and after the experiment we drew a conclusion that wood was a poor ___________ of heat.( conduct)
11.Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ________ (be) regarded as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
12. Bob, as well as several of his friends, _________ (invite) to the art show, but sadly, they didn't sell any of their paintings.
13. Beijing, together with Zhangjiakou, ______ (be) going to be the host of the 2022 Olympic Winter Games.
14. He left his library and half of his estate (财产)to the organization, which were the biggest donation ever since its ____________(establish).
15. The school has established a successful relationship ________ the local community.
16. She has been working hard day and night, which of course, accounts ______ her pale face.
17.You are supposed to take your personality ______ account and figure out what kind of job would suit you best.
18. When questioned, he was too shocked to give an account _______ what had happened.
19. The Japanese market accounts ______ 35 percent of the company's revenue (收益).
20. Some classmates suggest we __________ (go) to places of interest nearby.
21.Medical research has suggested that laughing ________ (be) a good way to reduce stress and help people feel good.
22. More than one answer ________ (have) been given to the question so far.
23. It is reported that many a new house _________ (be) being built at present in the disaster area.
24. You didn't let me drive. If we ____________ (drive) by turns, you wouldn't have got so tired.
25. If the new safety system ____________ (put) to use, the accident would never have happened.
26. We____________ (be) back in the hotel now if you didn't lose the map.
27. Bob made a promise to the manager _________ the work would all be finished on time.
28.There’s a tradition in our family _______ a cake will be brought for us all to share when it's somebody's birthday.
29. The little child took his grandma _______ the arm and walked her across the street.
30.In Thailand, you mustn't touch someone _______ the head, even by accident.
词汇-语法答案一
1.①In addition to ②In addition 2. dialing 3.of 4.incapable 5. to reach 6. to come
7. (should) gather 8.(should)be given 9.to build 10.that/ which, that 11.recognizing 12.left 13. to do 14.that 15.It 16.was, that
词汇-语法答案二
1.significant 2.of 3.to 4 .original 5.originally 6. in origin 7.by origin 8. Of 9.of；for 10. cured; treated; cure 11.treated
词汇-语法答案三
1. Apart from 2. besides 3.Apart from 4. introduction 5.to 6.to 7.attached
8. attachment 9.living 10.conducted;conductive;conductor 11.is 12. was invited
13. is 14.establishment 15 .with 16.for 17.into 18.of 19.for 20. (should) go 21. is 22.has 23.is 24.had driven 25.had been put 26.would/could/should/might be
27.that 28.that 29.by 30.onM 4 Amazing art
ⅠUnderstanding ideas--词汇-语法(P 38-39)
1.Greetings from Paris, everyone！ 从巴黎向大家发来问候！
☆greeting n.[C，U]问候，招呼，致意；[pl.]问候的话，祝词,贺词
向某人问好 send（one's）greetings to sb.
e.g.They exchanged greetings and sat down to lunch.
→ greet vt.和（某人）打招呼（或问好），欢迎，迎接
(以……方式)和某人打招呼 greet sb.（with sth.）
e.g. He greeted the guests warmly as they arrived.
She greeted me in the street with a friendly wave of the hand.
2.Now, at the top of these stone stairs...get a load of that! 现在,在这些石阶的顶端……注意看！
☆ get a load of 注意，仔细看（常用于表示惊讶或羡慕）
e.g. Get a load of that dress! It must suit you very well.
load ①n.[sing./pl.]大量,许多；[C]负荷；[C,usually sing.]（责任或忧虑的）沉重感，承载量
许多 a load of= loads of （后接n.[C](pl.)/n.[U]） 负重carry a heavy load
使某人如释重负 take a load off one's mind
e.g. I took a load of rubbish to the tip. 垃圾场
There are loads of great places to see in Australia.
The woman came down the hill with her load of firewood. 背着木柴
The good news took a load off my mind.
②vi.& vt.装入，装上；把……装入（武器、照相机或其他设备）vi.承载，装载
把某物装上…… load...with... …把...装入/到… load ... into/onto...
e.g. They are loading the truck with a couch.
She loaded a new film into the camera. 新胶卷
The ship was still loading. 装货
→unload v.卸，取下 overload vt.使超载 workload n.[C]工作量
download vt.下载 upload vt.上传
3.Her head and arms are missing, but you can imagine her holding her arms up high, celebrating the result of an ancient battle.
她的头和胳膊已经缺失，但你可以想象她高举双臂，庆祝一场古代战役的胜利。
☆ imagine vt.设想，想象
想象(某人)做...... imagine (sb. ) doing...
想象…… imagine + that 从句/wh-从句...
想象某人/某物为…… imagine sb./sth. to be/as...
e.g. I did not imagine becoming a writer in my childhood.
I can just imagine Sarah running her own business.
Can you imagine what it would be like to live without electricity
I was surprised when I saw the farm. I had imagined it to be much bigger.
→imagination n.[U,C] 想象(力)；[U]幻想物 imaginable adj.想象得到的：可想象的
imaginative adj.创新的，富于想象力的 imaginary adj.想象中的，虚构的，幻想的
4.Throughout his life, he made over 90 self-portraits! 终其一生，他创作了90余幅自画像！
☆throughout ①prep.自始至终，贯穿整个时期；各处，遍及
e.g. The museum is open daily throughout the year.
They export their products to markets throughout the world.
②adv.到处，各个地方；在整个期间，始终
e.g. The house is in excellent condition,with fitted carpets throughout.这座房子 状况 极好,
The ceremony lasted two hours and we had to stand throughout.
→①throughout+表示地点的名词=all over+表示地点的名词， "遍及……"。
throughout /all over the world throughout/ all over the country 全国各地
②throughout +表示时间的名词=all through+表示时间的名词， "贯穿……"。
throughout/ all through one's life 某人一生 throughout/ all through the year一年，整年throughout /all through the night 整个晚上
5.By the way, if you have enjoyed this live broadcast, subscribe to find out where I'm visiting next！ 顺便说一下，如果你喜欢这个现场直播，请订阅查看我接下来要去哪里！
☆ subscribe vi.定期订购/订阅......；定期交纳（会员费），定期捐助
定期订购；定期捐助 subscribe to
e.g. Are you going to subscribe to the fashion magazines 时尚/时装杂志
She subscribes to an environmental action group. 定期捐款给一个环境行动组织。
→ subscribe to 同意,赞成,to为prep.+view,belief,theory等n.作宾语。
e.g. The authorities no longer subscribe to the view that disabled people are unsuitable as teachers.
6.I guess that's why she attracts so many visitors every day. 我猜那就是她每天都能吸引这么多游客的原因。
☆That/ It/ This is why...句型，表示"那就是……的原因"，why引导表语从句，表示结果。表示原因的句型还有：
It/ This/ That's because... 这是因为……(because引导的表语从句表示原因）
The reason why...is/was that... ……的原因是……(why 引导的定语从句表示结果,that引导的表语从句表示原因）
e.g. Tom got stuck in the traffic jam.That's why he came late for the meeting.
= Tom came late for the meeting.That was because he got stuck in the traffic jam.
= The reason why Tom came late for the meeting was that he got stuck in the traffic jam.
7.They really do reach out to us across the centuries as if time itself were nothing.
它们真的跨越了几个世纪走近我们，仿佛时间本身什么都不是。
☆as if引导的方式状语从句，从句使用了虚拟语气
☆助动词do强调谓语的用法:do用于强调谓语时，意为“的确，确实，真的”，在谓语动词的原形前加助动词do用来加强语气。使用时，应注意如下几点：
①句子中不能有其他的助动词。
②do可以有时态的变化，但只用于一般现在时和过去时，且只用于肯定句中。
③do还用于祈使句中表示强调。
e.g. Do be careful with that vase! He does speak well！ He did come but soon went back.
e.g. Do come with us. Please! Do be quiet a moment！
词汇-语法练习一
1.I wish to take this opportunity to send my best wishes and festival__________ (greet) to you and your family members.
2.Bill opened the door for Harold and greeted him ___________ cries of welcome.
3.“I adore (喜爱) dancing,” says Lester Bridges, the owner of a dance studio in Iowa. “ I can't imagine _________ (do) anything else with my life."
4.Qi Baishi's paintings often leave the audience guessing and make them use their _________ (imagine).
5.I never knew my grandmother but I always imagined her ______ a kind and gentle person.
ⅡUsing Language--词汇-语法 (P43)
1.☆ hang-hung -hung ①vi.&vt.（使）挂在墙上：悬挂，吊；（使）低垂，下垂
e.g. We hung her portrait above the fireplace. 我们把她的画像挂在壁炉上方。
Where are we supposed to hang our washing up to dry
She hung her head in shame. 羞愧得垂下了头。
②hang- hanged - hanged vt.& vi.（被）绞死，施以绞刑
e.g. The man was hanged for murder.
闲荡,逗留 hang about/around 挂断电话 hang up
（电话用语）别挂电话；抓紧；（在逆境中）坚持，不放弃 hang on（=hold on）
抓紧某物；不放弃 hang on to sth.
2.While some say contemporary art lacks skill, meaning and artistic value, others argue that its worth lies in its ability to stimulate new discussions and understanding of everyday objects.
有人说当代艺术缺乏技巧、意义和艺术价值，然而也有人认为它的价值在于能够激发人们对日常事物新的讨论和理解。
☆ lack ①vt.&vi.缺乏，不足，没有（不用于被动语态）
e.g. Despite the fact that they lacked food,the explorers continued toward the goal.
The reason why he failed in the driving test is that he lacked confidence in himself.
②n.[U,sing.]缺乏，匮乏，短缺（其前可加不定冠词）
缺乏…… (a) lack of... 因缺乏……for lack of... 不缺乏……no lack of...
e.g. In Africa millions of people have to drink unsafe water for lack of clean drinking water.
My father had achieved so much despite his lack of formal education.
There is no lack of beauty in our life but lack of the eyes to discover it.
→lacking adj.缺乏，不足 缺少/缺乏…… be lacking in...
词汇-语法练习二
1.It is often the case that anything is possible for those who _________________（不放弃希望）.
2.-Jack still can't help being anxious about his job interview.
—Lack ________ self-confidence is his Achilles’ heel(致命弱点), I am afraid.
3.They gave up carrying out the plan _________ lack of money.
4.He is lacking_________ courage to make an apology to her.
Ⅲ Developing ideas and presenting ideas--词汇-语法 (P44-47)
1.Its artist, Han Gan, is known for his skill in capturing not only the physical features of the animal,but also its inner spirit and strength.
创作这幅作品的艺术家韩干，以高超的技巧闻名，他不仅善于捕捉动物的身体特征，还擅长展现它的内在精神和力量。
☆ spirit n.[U，C]精神，心灵；[pl.]情绪，心境
团队精神 team spirit 心情好，精神状态不错be in good spirits
在心里，在精神上in spirit 情绪高涨/低落 be in high/low spirits
e.g. Sometimes you will be astonished by the power of the human spirit to overcome difficulties.
I can't come to your wedding but I will be there in spirit.
I'm 85, but I still feel young in spirit.
Seeing the scientist Yuan Longping, the crowd were in high spirits.
2.Wang Wei decided to sponsor the young man to study painting and recommended him to a master. 王维决定资助这个年轻人学习绘画，并将他推荐给一位大师。
☆ sponsor ①vt.资助；赞助；举办，促成；倡议，提交（法案等）
e.g. The competition was sponsored by British Airways.
Two Californian congressmen sponsored the bill. 提交了这一法案
②n.[C]赞助者；资助者；倡议者
e.g. A wealthy sponsor came to our rescue with a generous donation.
He is one of the sponsors of the new bill.
→sponsorship n.[U,C]赞助款，资助；[U]倡议
e.g. The project needs to raise 8 million yuan in sponsorship.
3.The horses,whether resting or on the move, offered him plenty of inspiration.
无论是正在休息还是在跑动的马，都给他提供了很多灵感。
☆ offer ① vt.提供，供应；主动提出 n.[C]主动提议，建议
给某人提供某物 offer sb.sth.= offer sth.to sb. 主动提出做某事 offer to do sth.
主动提出…… make an offer to do/ of ... 工作机会a job offer
e.g. She always makes an offer of help every time I get into trouble.
She had no previous experience of this kind of job but she got the job offer just due to her honesty.
② vt.& n. 出价
e.g. We offered him 100,000 dollars for the house. =We made an offer of 100,000 dollars...
→给某人提供某物 supply sb./sth.with sth. = supply sth.to sb./sth.
provide sb. with sth = provide sth. for sb.
e.g. The power station supplies us with enough electricity.
The project is designed to provide young people with work.
4.It is said that when the Emperor asked Han Gan to take a master of horse painting as his teacher, the artist replied... 据说，当皇帝让韩干拜一位马匹画大师为师时，韩干回答说……
☆ reply ①vt.&vi.回答，答复；vi.回应
答复某人 reply to sb. 对某事作出答复，回应某事 reply to sth.
以……回应 reply with...
e.g. When asked where she was, Mary replied that she was staying at her parents' flat.
He never replied to any of my letters.
She only replied with a smile.
②n.[C,U]回答，答复
回答，回复 a reply to in reply to（在句中作状语）
(对某事)不作答复make no reply（to sth.）
e.g. I'm writing in reply to your letter of 16 March.
I asked her what her name was but she made no reply.
5.The colours of the flowers range from bright yellows to brownish yellows, showing that the flowers are at different stages of life.
这些花的颜色从明黄色变到棕黄色，表明这些花处于不同的生命阶段。
☆ range ① vi.（在一定范围内）变动,变化；包括（从…到…）之间的各类事物；vt.（按一定位置或顺序）排列
在……范围内变动；从…到…不等 range from...to... range between...and...
e.g. He has a wide range of interests, ranging from playing chess to swimming.
The children's ages range from 5 to 15. = The children's ages range between 5 and 15.
Cups and plates were neatly ranged on the shelves.
②n.[C]种，类；一系列；射程；[C，U]范围；[C]山脉
各种各样的 a wide range of
在（视觉或听觉等)范围内,在(……)可及的 in/within range (of sth.)
超出(……)的范围 out of/beyond range (of sth.)
超出某人的范围 out of/beyond one's range
e.g. We launched the new range of hair products.
The shop keeps a wide range of goods. The target is within range of the gun.
The price of the house is well beyond our range.
Between Italy and France, there is a mountain range called the Alps.
词汇-语法练习三
1.Two lawyers have donated $ 50, 000 ____________ (sponsor) our school's campaign "Help the Needy",which was started by our former headmaster three years ago.
2.Mr Lee, who is a businessman, once ___________ five poor students in the village, and the _______________ lasted until they graduated. (sponsor)
3.We offer an excellent education _____ our students. In return, we expect students to work hard.
4.He introduced me to his children, one of whom offered __________ (go) with me as a guide.
5.The building was designed to accommodate the elderly and provide them__________ the best environment.
6.They dare not walk across the desert unless supplied ___________ enough food and water.
7.Each application letter should be accompanied by a stamped and addressed envelope, so that we can reply ___________ you in time.
8.Not having received a reply _______ his letter, he decided to write another to the personnel(人事部）manager about his job application.
9.There is a wide range ________ books in the bookshop,whose prices range ______ 1 dollar to 20 dollars. You can choose books____________ (range) along the wall next to the door according to the writers' names.
词汇-语法答案一
1.greetings 2 with 3 doing 4 imagination(s) 5 as
词汇-语法答案二
1.hang on to hope 2 of 3 for 4 in
词汇-语法答案三
1.to sponsor 2. sponsored; sponsorship 3. to 4. to go 5. with 6.with 7 to
8 to 9.of, from, rangedM 5 What an adventure!
ⅠUnderstanding ideas--词汇-语法(P50-51)
1.The first people confirmed to have reached the top were Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953. 埃德蒙·希拉里和丹增·诺盖是被证实于1953年首次登顶的人。
☆ confirm vt.证实，证明；确认
证实… confirm that/wh-从句 据/已证实… It is/has been confirmed that...
e.g. Research has confirmed that the risk of this disease is higher for women.
Some scientists don't deny the existence of aliens, but further evidence is still needed to confirm it.
It has been confirmed that the rumour is true.
→confirmation n.[U,C]证实,确认书,证明书
e.g. I'm still waiting for confirmation of the test results. 考试结果的通知书
2.It is still not known if he succeeded in reaching the top of Qomolangma before it took his life.目前尚不清楚他是否在遇难前成功登顶珠穆朗玛峰。
☆succeed ①vi.成功，做成 成功做某事 succeed in（doing）sth.
e.g. It never occurred to me that you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.
②vi.成功，有成就
e.g. You will have to work hard if you are to succeed.
③vt.接替，继任，随后出现 接替某人(担任……) succeed sb. (as...)
e.g. He will succeed his father as manager of the shop.
④ vi.继承（财产、地位等） 继承某物 succeed to sth.
e.g. The young man will succeed to his grandfather's wealth.这个年
→ success n.[U]成功；[C]成功的人/事物 successful adj.获得成功的
successfully adv.成功地
e.g. After succeeding his father's company as president, he succeeded in making the company more successful,which helped to make him a success in turn.
☆if引导的主语从句 不能位于句首，只能位于句末，前面需用it作形式主语。if在从句中不充当句子成分，仅起连接作用，意为“是否”。
e.g. It is not sure if we'll go for an autumn outing. 去秋游
It remains to be seen if we are wrong in the matter.
→ whether引导主语从句时，可以置于句首、句末。whether在从句中不充当句子成分，仅起连接作用，意为"是否"。
e.g. Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful.
It is doubtful whether/if the work can be completed on time.
3.It brings into focus what's important to you. 登山会让你把注意力集中在对你来说重要的事情上。
☆bring...into focus 使…成为焦点,如果宾语较长，可以调整为"bring into focus+较长宾语”。
e.g. The accident brought the pedestrian safely into focus.
…集中(某人的精力/注意力）于… focus (one's energy/attention) on...
注视… focus one's eyes on...
关注的焦点the focus of attention
4. There are a thousand reasons to turn around and only one to keep going.
有一千个理由让你转身（放弃），但只有一个理由让你继续前进。
☆turn around ①转向反方向，转身
e.g. I turned around and walked out without saying a word.
②（使）（业务、部门等）好转，扭转
e.g. After a year's hard work, he has turned around a badly performing department.
→turn构成的其他短语：
turn down 调低；拒绝 turn up调高；到达，露面；被找到
turn on/off 打开/关掉 turn to 求助于：开始使用；翻到（某页）
turn in 上交；交还 turn out结果是；生产；出席（某项活动），在场
5.With the majority of attempts to climb Qomolangma resulting either in total success or failure, is there also a scientific reason behind this risk-taking？ 大部分攀登珠穆朗玛峰的尝试都以完全的成功或彻底的失败结束，那么，在这样的冒险背后是否也存在什么科学的原因呢？
☆ attempt ①n.[C，U]尝试，试图
为了做某事 in an attempt to do sth. 第一次尝试 at the/one's first attempt
尝试做某事 make an attempt to do sth. =make an attempt at doing sth.
e.g. They closed the road in an attempt to reduce traffic in the city.
His success at the first attempt didn't satisfy him. Instead, he went all out to try a second time.
I made an attempt to persuade her to change her mind,but failed completely.
②vt.努力，尝试，试图 努力/试图做某事 attempt to do sth.
e.g. I will attempt to answer all your questions.
【辨析】attempt to do sth./manage to do sth.
attempt to do sth.表示"试图做某事，努力做某事"，强调动作，但并不一定成功，≈try to do sth.。
I attempted to get in touch with her, but failed.
manage to do sth.表示"设法做成某事"，强调结果，≈succeed in doing sth.。
Thanks to your help, we managed to get over the problem.
☆ result in 造成，导致，后面跟产生的结果。近义词（组）有cause, lead to, contribute to...
e.g. The great increase in tourism in recent years has resulted in the construction of many hotels.
Acting before thinking often results in failure.
→result 构成的其他短语：
result from... 由……造成（后接原因） as a result of... 由于……
as a result 结果 without result 徒劳；毫无结果
6.Recent studies indicate that risk-taking may be part of human nature, with some of us more likely to take risks than others.
最近的研究表明,冒险可能是人性的一部分，我们中的一些人要比其他人更可能冒险。
☆ likely ①adj.可能的 可能做某事 be likely to do sth. 可能…… It is likely that...
e.g. We've just heard a warning on the radio that a hurricane is likely to come.
Tom was likely to miss the early bus because he got up late.
=It was likely that Tom would miss the early bus because he got up late.
②adv.大概，很可能
e.g. I'd likely have done the same thing in your situation.
【辨析】likely/ probable/ possible
语气强弱：probable> likely > possible
likely主语可以是人、物、形式主语it。probable/ possible不用人作主语，常用it作形式主语。
sb./ sth. is likely to do sth. It is likely that...
It is probable that...
It is possible (for sb.) to do sth. It is possible that..
e.g. He is likely to set a world record in the future.
It is possible for him to set a world record in the future.
It is probable/ possible /likely that he will set a world record in the future.
7.He refers to the personalities of these people as "Type T", with the "T" standing for"thrill".
他称这些人的人格为"T型"，,"T"代表"thrill (刺激)"。
☆ refer to...as... 把…称作…
e.g. The Chinese refer to their language as Han, as it became popular among the Han Dynasty.
☆ stand for
① （字母或符号）代表，象征
e.g. In China, these knots stand for friendship, love and good luck.
What do the five rings on the Olympic flag stand for
②支持，主张
e.g. We stand for peace and wish to settle all disputes by peaceful means.
③容忍，忍受。常用于否定句,≈tolerate, stand, put up with...
e.g. She always lies to me, and I won't stand for it.
词汇-语法练习一
1.____ hasn't been confirmed whether genetically modified food is really safe for humans to eat.
2. There has been no official ______________ (confirm) that the documents are genuine（真的）.
3. As is announced in today's paper, they have succeeded ________ solving many problems according to the new theory.
4. He succeeded his father ___________ editor of the paper.
5. The key to ____________ (success) small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.
6. However, the railway quickly proved to be_______ great success and within six months, more than 25, 000 people were using it every day.
用turn的短语填空
7.I _____________ and saw a pleasant woman with a big smile on her face waving to wish me a safe trip.
8. She's having a lot of trouble with the new computer, but she doesn't know whom to _________.
9. How could you _______________ such a fantastic job when you have been out of work for months
1.John attempted _____________ (break) the world record but failed at last.
2.I made an attempt _____________ persuading（劝说）him to break away from his bad friends, but in vain(徒劳).
3.选词填空：attempt/manage
- Did you ___________ to finish the project on time as your leader had required
—No, I _________ to, but I failed.
4.用result的相关短语完成句子
① Mary nearly missed the flight ________________ doing too much shopping.
② There is no doubt that it is human activities that ______________ the worse environment.
③ It was late at night and there was no bus. ________________ , we had to walk to the village.
④ It was said that his failure in the competition __________________ the lack of confidence.
5.Experts say if you pick something you enjoy, you are more likely ___________ (succeed).
6.Thanks to John's outstanding performance, __________ is likely that he will be accepted by Harvard University.
7.选词填空：likely/possible/probable
①It is__________ that he will come to help us, because he has promised us.
② Luckily for me, the University of Leeds, where I was studying at the time, made it________
for any student, even people like me speaking only one language, to study abroad.
③ Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very___________ to be a Beethoven.
8.The expert suggested that the problem referred _________ at the meeting be paid close attention to.
9.Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize -which is often referred to ________ the Nobel Prize in architecture - on February 28.
10.__________ was not certain if he passed the exam.
11.The limits of a person's intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but_______ he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.
ⅡUsing Language--词汇-语法 (P53-55)
1.At first, the sea was calm and we spent our days working,fishing and playing cards, happily unaware that we wouldn't be back for a very long time. 起初，海上风平浪静，我们整天工作、钓鱼、打牌，很快乐，却没有意识到我们可能很长时间都回不来了。
☆ unaware adj.未觉察到的，未意识到的
不知道/未意识到…… be/become unaware of/ that…
e.g. He was unaware that the police were watching him.
Tom carried on reading,seemingly unaware of my presence.
→aware adj.知道，意识到：察觉到 知道/意识到… be/become aware of/ that...
据我所知 as far as I'm aware =as far as I know
awareness n.[U,sing.]意识，知道 加强(某人)对…的意识 rise (one's) awareness of/about...
2.Work in pairs. Offer first aid advice for injuries or illness in Activity 5.
两人一组。为活动5中的伤病或疾病提供急救建议。
☆injury n.[U,C]伤害，损伤 对…的伤害 injury to...
伤害某人 do sb. an injury =do an injury to sb.
e.g. Mike is out of the basketball team because of a terrible head injury/a terrible injury to his head. Don't do that.You'll do yourself an injury.
→injure vt.使受伤：伤害 injured adj.受伤的 the injured伤员，受伤的人
be badly/seriously injured 严重受伤
【辨析】injury/ harm/ wound/ hurt
injury n.[C,U]多指对身体、机能等的伤害，尤指意外事故中的”伤害”。
harm v.& n.[U]多指给人的肉体或精神带来的伤害。
wound v.& n.[C]多指战斗、攻击中所造成的"伤，伤口"或心灵上的"创伤"。
hurt v./ adj. / n.[U]普通用语，多指肉体的"疼，痛"或对心灵的"伤害"。
e.g. He got serious injuries in the accident.
She meant no harm-she was only joking.
The nurse cleaned the knife wound.
There was hurt and real anger in her voice.
3.Although regarded as the most dangerous road in the country,it is also known as the "heavenly road" for its amazing views.
尽管被视为我国最危险的道路，但它以其令人惊叹的美景而被称为”天国之路”。
While listening and taking notes, you don't need to write down every word in full.
在听听力和做笔记的时候，你不需要完整地写下每一个单词。
☆状语从句的省略
1)在时间/ 让步/ 条件/ 方式状语从句中，如果从句主语和主句的主语一致，同时从句谓语含有be动词，可省去该从句的主语和be动词，这时从句中可以出现如下结构：
①连词+n./ adj./ prep.短语 ②连词+现在分词/过去分词/不定式
e.g. Though (he was) young, he succeeded in taking apart the machine skillfully and then put it together without any difficulty.
When/While (I was) on my way to work,I met her.
While (I was) cleaning my bedroom, I heard a scream coming from down stairs suddenly.
The medicine is quite effective if (it is) taken on time.
2)当从句的主语与主句的主语不一致，但从句的主语是it，从句中又含有be动词，可以把it和be动词一起省略。
e.g. If (it is) necessary, I'll come tomorrow.
→对状语从句的省略的考查主要是让学生判断连词后面用哪种非谓语形式，做这
类题的关键是要弄清楚省略结构中的动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系，如果是主谓关系用现在分词，如果是动宾关系用过去分词。
词汇-语法练习二
1.He has been here for a week, but I was ____________ (aware) of his existence until today.
2.A good teacher is aware ___________ each student's need.
3. Global warming is a big concern for all and it's important to raise ___________ (aware) of climate change.
4. My brother took part in the football match in spite of the injury __________ his left leg.
5. He tried his best to comfort the _________ (injure) and told them help was on the way.
6. 选词填空：wound/hurt/harm/injury
①If penicillin（青霉素）had not been available,many people would have died from sickness or
even small ____________ in World WarⅡ.
②-Coach, can I continue with the training
-Sorry, you can't, as you haven't recovered from the knee _____________.
③Smoking does great ___________ to his health; what's worse, last week his girlfriend's leaving
___________ his feelings.
补全以下句子
7. While ____________ reading a book, I heard a knock on the door.
8.The workers just did the work as____________ told.
9.If _____________ possible, I will attend the meeting.
10.Amy, as well as her brothers, was given a warm welcome when__________ (return) to the
village last week.
11.-Will you go to John's party this Friday -Of course not, even if_____________ (invite).
12.She stood at the gate as if __________ (wait) for someone.
Ⅲ Developing ideas and presenting ideas--词汇-语法 (P57-59)
1.They are captured and taken inside the submarine, where they meet the man in charge, Captain Nemo. 他们被俘获，并被带进潜水艇里，在那里他们见到了管理者，尼摩船长。
☆charge ①n.［U］掌管，主管
负责in charge 由某人掌管（主语通常为物）in the charge of sb.
主管/负责…(表状态） in charge of... 掌管/负责…(表动作) take charge of...
e.g. I'm not in charge of the project. Mr Brown is the person in charge.
The boss asked John to take charge of the company for a few days while he was away.
This factory is in the charge of Mr Green.
②vt./ vi.& n.[C,U] 要价，收费
因…向…收费 charge...for... 收…的费用charge for...
免费 free of charge =for free
e.g. I wonder how much you charge for your services.
The restaurant charged us 400 yuan for the wine.
If you buy this machine, the delivery will be free of charge.
③v.＆n.控告，指控
控告/指控某人（做了）某事 charge sb.with (doing) sth.= accuse sb.of (doing) sth.
e.g. They charged me with neglecting my duty.
④给…充电charge sth. (up)
e.g. Alex forgot to charge the battery (up).
→在一些短语中，有无冠词the意义截然不同
in control of 控制 in the control of... 由…掌控
in charge of负责，主管 in the charge of... 由…掌管
by sea 经海路 in possession of 拥有
by the sea 在海边 in the possession of... 为…所有
2.In order to keep this secret, Captain Nemo tells his three newest passengers that they are not permitted to leave the submarine.
为了保守秘密，尼摩船长告诉他的三名新乘客，他们不得离开潜水艇。
☆permit ①v.允许，准许vi.& v.使有可能
允许某人做某事 permit sb. to do sth. 准许(某人)做某事permit (one's) doing sth.
天气/时间允许的话weather/time permitting
e.g. The security system will not permit you to enter without the correct password.
His health doesn't permit his travelling with us.
Weather/Time permitting,we will have a picnic in the woods.
②n.[C]许可证
e.g. You're not allowed to park here unless you have a permit.
→permit作v.时，可以+sb.to do，但不能直接跟不定式,应注意有"be permitted to do sth."结构。
e.g. His parents don't permit him to take his cellphone to the school.
Visitors are not permitted to take photographs here.
→permission n.[U]许可,允许 请求许可ask (for) permission
未经许可without permission 如果某人同意的话，经某人许可 with sb.'s permission
3.And now, how can I look back upon the impression left upon me by that walk under the waters 现在，我该怎样回顾那次海底散步给我留下的印象呢？
☆look back upon/ on/ at“回忆，回顾，回头看”
e.g. I look back upon my time in China with satisfaction, and I really hope to go back and study in Beijing again.
→look back 回顾；回头看（不接宾语）
e.g. If we look back, we will realize the great changes reform has made.
She looked back at me and said, "Goodbye."
4.Words are not enough to relate such wonders！ 言语不足以描述这样的奇事。
☆relate ①vt.讲述，叙述 (向某人)讲述… relate sth.(to sb.)
e.g. He later related the whole story to me.
②vt.&vi.把…联系起来，使有联系，联系
把…和…联系起来 relate...to... 和…有关/有联系 be related to...
涉及，与…相关；能够理解并同情relate to
e.g. The report seeks to relate the rise in crime to the increase in unemployment.
The theme of the dialogue should be related to that of the passage.
The second paragraph of the text relates to the situation in Scotland.
Many adults can't relate to children. 了解儿童的想法
5.The light, which lit the soil thirty feet below the surface of the ocean, astonished me by its power. 光照亮了海面下三十英尺处的土壤，这股力量真让我惊奇。
☆astonish vt.使十分惊讶，使吃惊
通过（做）某事使某人惊讶 astonish sb.by (doing) sth. 某人没有料到…It astonishes sb.(that)...
e.g. Diana astonished her family by winning three competitions in a row. 连续赢得
It astonishes me (that) he could be so thoughtless. 轻率的，考虑不周的
→astonished adj.吃惊，感到十分惊讶（多用来说明或修饰人、人的声音或表情）
对…感到惊讶 be astonished at/by...
发现/听到/看到…感到吃惊 be astonished to find/hear/see...
→astonishing adj.令人十分惊讶的 astonishment n.[U]惊讶，惊异
to one's astonishment 令某人惊讶的是 in astonishment 惊讶地，吃惊地（作状语）
e.g.To my astonishment, they seemed astonished at the astonishing news, and looked at me in astonishment.
6.The solar rays shone through the watery mass easily, and consumed all colour, and I clearly distinguished objects at a distance of a hundred and fifty yards.阳光毫不费力地穿过了海水，把水中的所有颜色驱散，我可以看清
☆ consume ①vt.消耗，耗费（燃料、能量或时间）
e.g.We have to replace these old lamps with the new energy-efficient ones, because they consume too much electricity.
This kind of car consumes a lot of fuels.
②vt.吃，喝
e.g. The kids soon consumed all the food on the table.
→consumption n.[U]消费；消耗量 consumer n.[C]消费者，顾客，用户
☆distinguish ①vt.看清，认出，听清（不用于进行时）
e.g. The light was too dim for me to distinguish anything clearly.
②vt.&vi.区分，辨别，分清
使…有别于…,区别…和… distinguish...from... 区分…和…distinguish between...and...
e.g. The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish one from the other.
We should distinguish between right and wrong. 明辨是非
③vt.使受人青睐，使著名，使出众
(作为/因…)杰出，著名 distinguish oneself (as/for...）
e.g. She has already distinguished herself as an athlete.
→distinguishable adj.隐约可辨的；可区分的 distinguished adj.著名的，杰出的；高贵的
因…而著名 be distinguished for sth.
7.Truly this water which surrounded me was but another air heavier than the Earth's atmosphere,but almost as clear. 真的,在我周围的这水只是另一种空气，虽然密度较地球上的空气大，但透明度跟地球上的空气相仿。
☆ surround vt.包围，围绕
用…包围… surround...with... 被…包围be surrounded by/with...
e.g. Snowcapped mountains surround the city.
Our house is surrounded by/with trees, so we can enjoy their shade in summer. 树荫下乘凉
→过去分词短语 surrounded by/with 常在句中作状语、定语或补语，此时surround与句子的主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
→surrounding adj.周围的，附近的 surroundings n.[pl.]环境
在…环境之中 in...surroundings
e.g. Recently, she moved to a new house. Surrounded by/ with the mountains, her house is very beautiful. She is satisfied with the surrounding area and will soon fit in with the new surroundings.
8.Captain Nemo walked in front, one of his men following some steps behind.
尼摩船长走在前面，他的一个同伴跟在身后，距离他几步远。
☆独立主格结构
①语法功能：只在句中作状语，表示原因、条件、时间、方式、伴随等。
②语法构成：名词/代词+adj./ adv./n./ prep.短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式
③特点：可置于句首或句尾，常由逗号将其与句子其他成分分开。独立主格结构与句子之间不能使用任何连接词。 其逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
e.g. They were talking to the natives, the guide acting as the interpreter. 导游当翻译
The table set, they began to dine.
So many windows to clean, I had to devote the whole morning.(句子的主语I为clean这一动作的执行者，所以这里用不定式的主动形式，表示被动含义）
The exam to be held tomorrow, I can't go to the cinema tonight.(句子的主语I不是hold这一动作的执行者，所以这里用不定式的被动形式）
He came into the room, his nose red with cold.
→在独立主格结构中用现在分词、过去分词和动词不定式的意义是不同的。现在分词往往表示主动的、正在进行的动作或现在的状态；过去分词往往表示被动的、已经完成的动作；动词不定式往往表示没有发生或即将发生的动作。
9.①Conseil and I remained near each other, as if an exchange of words had been possible through our metal cases. 康塞尔和我彼此紧挨着,好像我们可以通过金属外壳交谈似的。
②She almost looks as though she is about to set sail once again! 她看上去几乎像是又要起航了。
☆as if/as though"仿佛，好像”，引导从句的用法如下：
1)引导方式状语从句，用来修饰主句的谓语。
e.g. David speaks English perfectly as if he had lived in England for many years.
2)引导表语从句，常置于系动词look, seem, sound等之后。
e.g. This time it looks as if we're really getting somewhere. 我们似乎真的有进展了
3)as if/as though引导的表语从句或方式状语从句的语气：
①若从句所表示的情况是事实或实现的可能性较大，从句通常用陈述语气。
e.g. He talks as if/as though he is drunk.
②若从句所表示的情况不是事实，而是主观的想象或夸大性的比喻时，通常用虚拟语气。
a.表示与现在的事实相反的情况，从句谓语用一般过去时（be 动词通常用were）。
e.g. She always talks to me as if/as though she were my elder sister.
b.表示与过去的事实相反的情况，从句谓语用“had+过去分词”。
e.g. He talked about Rome as if/ as though he had been there before.
c.表示与将来的事实相反的情况，从句谓语用"would/could/might +动词原形"。
e.g. He talks gladly as if/as though he would be our monitor.
→as if/as though引导从句时，用何种语气取决于说话者。如果说话者对所说之事有明显的依据，那么从句就用陈述语气；如果说话者对所说之事没有依据，只是想表达一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测，那么从句就用虚拟语气。
e.g. Mavis speaks aloud as if she is angry. (真的生气了)
Mavis speaks aloud as if she were angry. (仿佛生气了,其实没有生气)
10.Above me was the calm surface of the sea. 在我之上是平静无波的海面。
☆表语提前引起的全部倒装
有时为了使句子平衡（主语较长）或为了强调或为了使上下文衔接更加紧密，将表语置于句首，此时句子要用全部倒装结构，即将系动词提到主语前面，作表语的可以是介词短语、形容词、分词。
e.g. Among the goods are flowers, candles and toys.
Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
Standing on the top of the mountain is an ancient tower dating back to hundreds of years ago. Seated in the classroom are the people who are to attend the parents' meeting.
→使用全部倒装的句子的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词，则不能使用全部倒装结构。
→在表语提前的倒装句中，要注意主谓一致，即谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致，与表语无关。
词汇-语法练习三
1.I'm not going there again - they charged me $ 10 __________ a cup of coffee!
2.The court charged him ________ carrying dangerous products.
3.I’m writing to ask for your ____________ (permit) to use the school hall for the coming English speaking contest.
4.We have arranged to play tennis on Saturday, weather ___________ (permit).
5.Many shop owners don't permit ___________(park) cars in front of their shops.
6.If you don't have a __________ (permit), you will not be permitted _________ (drive) a new energy vehicle.
7.They were taken to the police station as they had entered the area _____________（未经允许）.
8.Even though his father didn't _______________（允许他加入）the school football team, he did it finally.
9.Every time she ______________ (回顾) the good days, a sweet smile appeared on her face.
10._______________（回顾过去）, I am proud of what we have achieved.
11. The ____________ look on his face showed that he felt __________ to be asked such a
question. (astonish)
12.Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and __________
(astonish) ways.
13. After I told her the news, she stared in ____________ (astonish).
14. ______________ astonished us that the man survived the air crash.
15.Nowadays, many ____________ (consume) prefer to shop on the Internet.
16. Vegetarians（素食者）may live longer, healthier lives. There is a connection between red meat _______________ (consume) and various diseases.
17. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition,energy and luck made Dickens such a
_________________ (distinguish) writer.
18. The lecture mainly deals with the trouble young children have in distinguishing right _________ wrong.
19. Ning Zetao, who won a total of four gold sat the 2014 Inchon Asian Games, distinguished himself ____________ a new swimming star.
20. The buses,most of which were full, were surrounded __________ an angry crowd.
21. ______________ (surround) by green mountains and located at the foot of Lushan Mountian, it is a famous tourist attraction.
22. Determining where we are in relation to our _______________ (surround) remains an essential skill for our survival.
23. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons___________ (finish) for the day.
24. Vince heard the news that the Chinese soccer team lost the game again, tears____________ (come) down his face.
25. Lots of homework ____________(do), he has no time to talk with us.
26.句式升级（每空一词）
①The teacher was ill, so the lecture was put off.
The teacher ______________ ill, the lecture was put off.
②If all things are considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
All things ______________, her paper is of greater value than yours.
27.It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I __________ (do) it
28. I don't know why she is looking at me as if she __________(know) me. I've never seen her before.
29.I was in great pain at that moment, but I tried to act as if nothing _____________ (happen) until the class was over.
30. Look! Sitting in the front ___________ (be) the leaders of the school.
词汇-语法答案一
1It 2.confirmation 3 in 4 as 5 successful 6 a 7 turned around 8 turn to 9 turn down 10 to break 11 at 12 manage; attempted 13.① as a result of ② result in ③As a result ④resulted from 14 to succeed 15it 16 ①probable ②possible ③likely 17 to 18 as 19 It 20 whether
词汇-语法答案二
1.unaware 2.of 3.awareness 4 to 5injured 6.①wounds ②injury/wound
③harm;hurt 7.I was 8 they were 9 it is 10 returning 11 invited 12 waiting
词汇-语法答案三
1 for 2 with 3 permission 4 permitting 5 parking 6 permit; to drive
7 without permission 8 permit him to join/ permit his joining 9 looked back on/upon/at
10 Looking back 11 astonished; astonished 12. astonishing 13. astonishment 14. It
15 consumers 16 consumption 17 distinguished 18from 19 as 20 by/with 21 Surrounded 22 surroundings 23 finished 24 coming 25 to do
26 ①being ②considered 27 had done 28 knew 29 had happened 30 are
