2023届高中英语阅读理解复习（含解析）
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| 名称 | 2023届高中英语阅读理解复习（含解析） |  | |
| 格式 | zip | ||
| 文件大小 | 20.7KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2023-01-08 15:53:58 | ||
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Reading Time
A
Humans are creating AI, and robots are learning to improve themselves. Who will teach whom Who on earth are wiser
Using a handheld device, Ajay Mandelkar, Jim Fan and Yuke Zhu use their software to control a robot arm.
Credit: L.A. Cicero
Bender is one of the robot arms that a team of Stanford researchers is using to test two frameworks that, together, could make it faster and easier to teach robots basic skills. The RoboTurk framework allows people to direct the robot arms in real time with a smartphone and a browser by showing the robot how to carry out tasks like picking up objects. SURREAL speeds the learning process by running multiple experiences at once, essentially allowing the robots to learn from many experiences simultaneously.
"With RoboTurk and SURREAL, we can push the boundary of what robots can do by combining lots of data collected by humans and coupling that with large-scale reinforcement learning," said Mandlekar, a member of the team that developed the frameworks.
Humans teaching robots
Yuke Zhu, a PhD student in computer science and a member of the team, showed how the system works by opening the app on his iPhone and waving it through the air. He guided the robot arm -- like a mechanical crane in an arcade game（电子游戏） -- to hover over his prize: a wooden block painted to look like a steak. This is a simple pick-and-place task that involves identifying objects, picking them up and putting them into the bin with the correct label.
To humans, the task seems ridiculously easy. But for the robots of today, it's quite difficult. Robots typically learn by interacting with and exploring their environment -- which usually results in lots of random arm waving -- or from large datasets.
However, those lessons aren't always perfect. When Zhu pressed hard on his phone screen and the robot released its grip, the wooden steak hit the edge of the bin and clattered（发出哗啦的声音） onto the table. "Humans are by no means optimal at this," Mandlekar said, "but this experience is still integral for the robots."
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181026143359.htm
Vocabulary:
hover: remain at or near a particular level.
How could the two frameworks make it faster and easier to teach robots basic skills
A. By showing the robot how to carry out tasks
B. By running multiple experiences at once
C. By combining lots of data collected by humans
D. By coupling many data with mass over-learning
2. Which of the right order to carry out the task based on Yuke Zhu
a. Recognizing different wooden blocks
b. Raising wooden blocks
c. Labeling the wooden blocks and the bin
d. Putting wooden blocks into the bin
A. c-a-b-d B. a-c-b-d C. b-a-c-d D. b-a-d-c
3. What can we infer from the underlined sentence
A. Those robots aren’t perfect at all.
B. It is hard to control a robot by an engineer.
C. It is not optimal for humans to finish any task.
D. The Robotic Technology is progressing gradually
4. What is the best title of this passage
A. Humans teach robots basic skills.
B. Humans help robots learn tasks.
C. The two frameworks are used in robot teaching.
D. The two frameworks are developed to test robots.
B
Modern culture does not love only the anti-hero; modern culture loves nearly anything it finds praiseworthy. This includes a wide field. There is even another spectrum, just within this sort of hero. At the far ends of this more specialized spectrum range world-wide figures such as Princess Diana to less known, community heroes. Princess Diana is perhaps the most famous woman in the world; her death is mourned by millions. She is most well known for her campaigns against several social issues including AIDS, poverty, drug-problems, and homelessness. Her work to raise awareness for these issues has put her down in history, and has made her a hero to the world. However, heroes do not have to be world heroes to be classified heroes. For example: There was the high school football player who gave up his senior season to donate one of his kidneys to save his grandmother. Or even more remarkable, 18-year-old Keisha Thomas, a black girl who threw herself over a white man with a confederate flag shirt who was being beaten at a KKK rally in Ann Arbor. These wholly unselfish acts make these people heroes. The ability to put others before oneself is a somewhat rare quality.
A person can be a hero to his or her family, or to the world. A jewel thief or a Mob member can be exceptionally heroic. The greatest difference in the hero of today and the hero of times past is the number and social standing. In times past, the hero was cultural perfection; today anyone can be a hero. In that aspect, we have progressed as a civilization. Now there is an ever growing number of heroes that societies can idolize and imitate. With ever more idols, there comes, ideally, a boost in a society’s overall goodness. If each individual was encouraged to pick a personal hero, perhaps the world would have fewer problems.
5. What does the underlined word “spectrum” mean
A. hero B. worth C. field D. figure
6. What does the author want to express by taking Princess Diana for example
A. Princess Diana was once a most famous woman in the world.
B. Different people have different opinions about modern heroes in modern society.
C. Princess Diana has many contributions to several social issues.
D. The world doesn’t regard Princess Diana as a heroine.
7. What’s the author’s attitude towards the football player’s donating one of his kidneys
A. He should have competed in his senior season.
B. He should not be regarded as a real hero.
C. He was a real hero to his family.
D. He must be awarded as a national hero.
8. What can we infer from the second paragraph
A. Anyone can be a hero at any times if he wishes.
B. Hero standard has developed with society.
C. A jewel thief is a somewhat hero.
D. Picking yourself a hero can solve many social problems.
C
How do speech and language normally develop
The most intensive period of speech and language development for humans is during the first three years of life, a period when the brain is developing and maturing. These skills appear to develop best in a world that is rich with sounds, sights, and consistent (一致的，协调的，相容的) exposure (揭发) to the speech and language of others.
There is increasing evidence suggesting that there are "critical periods" for speech and language development in infants and young children. This means that the developing brain is best able to absorb a language, any language, during this period. The beginning signs of communication occur during the first few days of life when an infant learns that a cry will bring food, comfort, and companionship. As they grow, infants begin to sort out the speech sounds (phonemes) or building blocks that compose the words of their language. Research has shown that by six months of age, most children recognize the basic sounds of their native language.
As the speech mechanism (jaw, lips, and tongue) and voice mature, an infant is able to make controlled sound. By six months of age, an infant usually babbles or produces repetitive syllables such as "ba, ba, ba". By the end of their first year, most children have mastered the ability to say a few simple words. Children are most likely unaware of the meaning of their first words, but soon learn the power of those words as others respond to them.
By eighteen months of age, most children can say eight to ten words. By age two, most are putting words together in crude sentences such as "more milk." During this period, children rapidly learn that words symbolize or represent objects, actions, and thoughts. At this age they also engage in representational or pretend play. At ages three, four, and five, a child's vocabulary rapidly increases, and he or she begins to master the rules of language.
9. According to the passage, which of the statement is NOT true
A. The developing brain is best able to absorb any language.
B. The beginning signs of communication occur during the first few days of life.
C. By six months of age, all children recognize the basic sounds of their native language.
D. By age two, children rapidly learn that words symbolize or represent objects, actions, and thoughts.
10. We can infer from the passage that ______.
A. By six months of age, an infant must babble or produce repetitive syllables
B. By the end of their first year, most children are most likely aware of the meaning of their first words.
C. By age two, children rapidly learn that words symbolize or represent objects, actions, and thoughts.
D. The brain development is critical important for children to develop their speech and language ability.
11. That there are "critical periods" for speech and language development in infants and young children means ______.
A. that children are so young that it is easy for them to study.
B. that the developing brain is best able to absorb a language, any language.
C. that the children are eager to learn the language.
D. we must take care of children.
12. The best title for the passage might be “__________”.
A. How to help the children develop their speech and language.
B. How do speech and language normally develop
C. The ways to develop speech and language.
D. A study about speech and language development.
D
Food crime involves serious and intentional dishonesty that impacts detrimentally（有害地） on the safety or authenticity of food, drink or animal feed.
At the National Food Crime Unit, we have identified seven techniques as the main methods through which food crime can be committed.
The seven techniques are:
theft - dishonestly appropriating food, drink or feed products in order to profit from their use or sale
unlawful processing – slaughtering* or preparing meat and related products in unapproved premises* or using unauthorized techniques
waste diversion - unlawfully diverting food, drink or feed meant for disposal(处置), back into the supply chain
adulteration（掺杂、伪造）- reducing the quality of food by including a foreign substance, in order to lower costs or fake a higher quality
substitution - replacing a food or ingredient with another substance that is similar but inferior
misrepresentation - marketing or labelling a product to wrongly portray（描绘）its quality, safety, origin or freshness
document fraud(欺骗) -includes the making, use and possession of false documents with the intent to sell, market or otherwise vouch（保证）for a fraudulent（欺骗性的）or substandard（非标准化的）product
Food Crime Confidential is a reporting facility where anyone with suspicions about food crime can report these safely and in confidence, over the phone or online. This means that your details will not be shared with anyone else.
While still of concern, instances where there is no direct intention to deceive or deliberate dishonesty do not constitute（构成）food crime and should not be reported to the NFCU. These should be reported here to the relevant local authority.
If you send information about a wrongdoing or criminal activity to the NFCU, you can be reassured that your personal information will be protected. It will not be shared with any other part of our Agency or any other partner. The only time your information will be shared is if you give us your permission as requested at the end of the form.
Please use the links above to share information with us. However, you can also contact the Unit by calling Food Crime Confidential on 0207 276 8787.
https://www.food.gov.uk/safety-hygiene/food-crime
Vocabulary:
slaughter：the killing of many people cruelly and unfairly, especially in a war:
E.g. Hardly anyone in the town escaped the slaughter when the rebels were defeated
premise: an idea or theory on which a statement or action is based:
E.g. The research project is based on the premise stated earlier.
13. According to the passage, which of the following is not TRUE
A. Food crime does harm to every aspect of our lives.
B. Adulteration is used to lower costs or fake a higher quality.
C. There is more dishonesty in food, drink or feed products to make more profit.
D. Replacing a food with another similar but inferior substance is one of a food crime.
14. What should we do if we find a food crime
A. Fight with criminals.
B. Cover a food crime confidently.
C. Protect our personal information.
D. Don’t share information with others.
15. What’s the best title of this passage
A. Food crime is detrimental.
B. How to react to a food crime
C. Be courageous to fight with a food crime.
D. What’s the food crime and how to deal with it
E
In humans, other mammals, and many other animals that have been studied — such as fish, birds, ants, and fruit-flies — regular sleep is necessary for survival._____16_____.
In mammals, the measurement of eye movement during sleep is used to divide sleep into two broad types: rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.____17______.
Sleep proceeds in cycles of REM and NREM phases.
In humans, this cycle is approximately 90 to 110 minutes. Each phase may have a distinct physiological function. Drugs such as alcohol and sleeping pills can suppress certain stages of sleep. This can result in a sleep that exhibits loss of consciousness. ____18______.
In REM, the brain is active and the body inactive, and this is when most dreaming occurs._____19_____, REM sleep is similar in appearance to the wakeful EEG that has low voltage and mixed frequency. During REM sleep there is loss of skeletal muscle tone, and an active sympathetic nervous system.
In NREM sleep, the body is active and the brain inactive, and there is relatively little dreaming. Non-REM encompasses four stages; stages 1 and 2 are considered 'light sleep', and 3 and 4 'deep sleep'. _____20_____, unlike REM sleep which is characterized by rapid eye movements and relative absence of muscle tone. There are often limb movements, and parasomnia sleep walking occurs in non-REM sleep.
They are differentiated solely using EEG
Related closely to an electroencephalography(EEG)
Characterized by an electroencephalography (EEG)
But this does not fulfill its physiological functions.
A cyclical alternating pattern may sometimes be observed during a stage.
The capability for arousal from sleep is also needed for health and survival.
Each type has a distinct set of associated physiological, neurological and psychological features.
F
A first-aider is someone who has undertaken training appropriate to the circumstances. _ 21__
first aid at work
emergency first aid at work, or,
any other level of training or qualification that is appropriate to the circumstances
Employers can use the findings of their first-aid needs assessment to decide the appropriate level to which first-aiders should be trained.
Emergency first aid at work (EFAW) training enables a first-aider to give emergency first aid to someone who is injured or becomes ill while at work. First aid at work training includes the EFAW syllabus and also equips the first-aider to apply first aid to a range of specific injuries and illness.
____22____ it is strongly recommended that first-aiders undertake annual refresher training.
Certificates for the purposes of first aid at work last for three years. Before their certificates expire, first-aiders will need to undertake a requalification course as appropriate, to obtain another three-year certificate. ___23____
____24____
The findings of an employer's first-aid needs assessment will help them decide how many first-aiders are required. There are no hard and fast rules on exact numbers and they will need to take into account all the relevant circumstances of their particular workplace.
The table in the leaflet First aid at work: your questions answered, provides general guidance on how many first-aiders or appointed persons might be needed.
___25____
It is very unlikely that any action would be taken against a first-aider who was using the first-aid training they have received. HSE cannot give any specific advice on this issue as it does not fall within HSE's statutory powers.
It is recommended that you seek legal advice, or advice from your employer's insurance brokers on whether their policies cover first-aiders' liability.
A. Can legal action be taken against first-aiders
B. To undertake training appropriate to the circumstances,
C. How many first-aiders does an employer need
D. They must hold a valid certificate of competence in either.
E. Once certificates have expired the first aider is no longer considered to be competent to act as a workplace first aider.
F. To help keep their basic skills up to date,
G. What can we do to be a first-aider
答案
Reading Time
A
1. D.细节理解题。根据"With RoboTurk and SURREAL, we can push the boundary of what robots can do by combining lots of data collected by humans and coupling that with large-scale reinforcement learning,"意为RoboTurk and SURREAL是两大构架（framework),可以通过把人类收集的数据和大范围的强化学习整合起来，从而扩大机器人能做的工作的范围。从而可知选项D正确。A是关于RoboTurk 的，B是关于SURREAL的，C选项片面。
2. A.结构文档题。根据“This is a simple pick-and-place task that involves identifying objects, picking them up and putting them into the bin with the correct label.”可知A正确。C项虽然在文中没有直接提起，但是从逻辑可知必须先标记木块和箱子，再识别不同的木块，然后把木块提起来，最后把木块放进带标记的箱子里。
3. D. 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，“在这一点上人类绝对不可能是完美的，但是对于机器人来说这个经历仍然是要整合的。”this指的就是 Zhu给机器人手臂下指令但是机器人并没有完美完成把木块放入木箱的任务。由此可知D项“机器人技术正在慢慢的进步。”
4. B. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Bender is one of the robot arms that a team of Stanford researchers is using to test two frameworks that, together, could make it faster and easier to teach robots basic skills. ”，以及后面次标题“Humans teaching robots”可知，选项B正确。A项和“those lessons aren't always perfect.”相似是干扰项。
B
5．C。词义猜测题。根据上句This includes a wide field. 可知此处所指的是一个“范围，类别”，本句中的even another也给出了提示，下半句中的this sort也可以作为一个暗示。因此要选择C项。
6．B。此题考查理解作者态度。从上句中At the far ends of this …to less known, community heroes.和本段下文中However, heroes do not have to be world heroes to be classified heroes.以及下文的例子都说明了看问题的角度不同导致人们对“现代英雄”的认识标准也是不同的。
7．C。大意推断题。从下文中Or even more remarkable,…可以看出作者对此football player的做法是肯定的。从上文中However, heroes do not have to be world heroes to be classified heroes.可以看出作者承认看待“英雄”的角度是不同的。
8．B。细节理解题。根据第二段第一句A person can be a hero to his or her family, or to the world.的内容可知：评判标准的不同，才有不同的“英雄”人物。根据下文中In times past, …, we have progressed as a civilization.可知，随着时代的不同，我们看待“英雄”的标准也不同了。故选B项。
C
9. C。细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“This means that the developing brain is best able to absorb a language, any language…….”可知A不是正确答案；根据第二段第三句 “The beginning signs of communication occur during the first few days of life when an infant learns that a cry will bring food, comfort, and companionship。”可知B不对；根据最后一段第二、三句，“By age two, …… During this period, children rapidly learn that words symbolize or represent objects, actions, and thoughts.”可知D不是正确答案；根据第二段最后一句，“by six months of age, most children recognize the basic sounds of their native language.”可知应该选C。
10. D．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“By six months of age, an infant usually babbles or produces repetitive syllables”可知A不对；根据第三段第三句“By the end of their first year, most children have mastered the ability to say a few simple words. Children are most likely unaware of the meaning of their first words,……”可知B不对；根据第四段第二句“By age two, most children…… rapidly learn that words symbolize or represent objects, actions, and thoughts.”可知C是文章直接告诉我们的，不是推断出来的；根据第一段第一句“The most intensive period of speech and language development for humans is during the first three years of life, a period when the brain is developing and maturing.”可知应该选D.
11. B。细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“"critical periods" for speech and language development in infants and young children. This means that the developing brain is best able to absorb a language, any language, during this period.”可知答案为B。
12. B。细节理解和归纳总结题。根据上下文之意可知本文讲的是孩子语言能力的发展。故选B。
D
13. A细节理解题。根据“Food crime involves serious and intentional dishonesty that impacts detrimentally on the safety or authenticity of food, drink or animal feed.”可知，食品犯罪在食物、饮料、动物饲养方面产生影响，而不是生活的方方面面，可知A选项错误。根据“adulteration reducing the quality of food by including a foreign substance, in order to lower costs or fake a higher quality”，可知B选项正确。根据“theft - dishonestly appropriating food, drink or feed products in order to profit from their use or sale”，可知C选项正确。根据“substitution - replacing a food or ingredient with another substance that is similar but inferior”，可知D 选项正确。
14. B细节理解题。根据“Food Crime Confidential is a reporting facility where anyone with suspicions about food crime can report these safely and in confidence”，cover代替report，confidently代替in confidence，可知B选项正确。根据“If you send information about a wrongdoing or criminal activity to the NFCU, you can be reassured that your personal information will be protected. It will not be shared with any other part of our Agency or any other partner.”可知，C、D选项不符合题意。A 选项原文未提及。
15. D主旨大意题。通览全文可知，文章主要介绍了两个方面：一是食品犯罪的定义及表现，二是如何应对食品犯罪，所以，D选项正确。A、B、C选项不全面。
E
16. F. 根据“regular sleep is necessary for survival.”可知，选项F中“从睡眠中醒来得能力对于健康和生存也是有必要得”是正确的。
17. G. 根据前一句“…...two broad types: rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.”可知，选项G“两种类型有…...”是正确的。
18. D. 根据前一句“This can result in a sleep that exhibits loss of consciousness.”可知，选项D与之构成转折关系。
19. C. 根据后半句可知，此空格应该为一个短语，答案只能在B、C中选择，从语意上看C正确。
20. A. 根据代词“They”指代前面一句中“four stages”，以及空格后面为一个短语可知，A正确。
F
21. D根据“emergency first aid at work, or,”可知是满足3个条件之一便可达到要求，可知D选项正确
22. F 根据“it is strongly recommended that first-aiders undertake annual refresher training.”可推知前半句是为了达到某种目的，用动词不定式，强烈推荐急救者要接受最新的训练，目的是让其技能与时俱进，可知F选项正确。
23. E 根据“Certificates for the purposes of first aid at work last for three years. …….to obtain another three-year certificate”整段讲述的是certificate，根据词汇的复现，可推知E选项正确。
24. C 根据“The findings of an employer's first-aid needs assessment will help them decide how many first-aiders are required.”可知C选项正确。
25. A根据“It is very unlikely that any action would be taken against a first-aider who was using the first-aid training they have received”可知A选项正确。
A
Humans are creating AI, and robots are learning to improve themselves. Who will teach whom Who on earth are wiser
Using a handheld device, Ajay Mandelkar, Jim Fan and Yuke Zhu use their software to control a robot arm.
Credit: L.A. Cicero
Bender is one of the robot arms that a team of Stanford researchers is using to test two frameworks that, together, could make it faster and easier to teach robots basic skills. The RoboTurk framework allows people to direct the robot arms in real time with a smartphone and a browser by showing the robot how to carry out tasks like picking up objects. SURREAL speeds the learning process by running multiple experiences at once, essentially allowing the robots to learn from many experiences simultaneously.
"With RoboTurk and SURREAL, we can push the boundary of what robots can do by combining lots of data collected by humans and coupling that with large-scale reinforcement learning," said Mandlekar, a member of the team that developed the frameworks.
Humans teaching robots
Yuke Zhu, a PhD student in computer science and a member of the team, showed how the system works by opening the app on his iPhone and waving it through the air. He guided the robot arm -- like a mechanical crane in an arcade game（电子游戏） -- to hover over his prize: a wooden block painted to look like a steak. This is a simple pick-and-place task that involves identifying objects, picking them up and putting them into the bin with the correct label.
To humans, the task seems ridiculously easy. But for the robots of today, it's quite difficult. Robots typically learn by interacting with and exploring their environment -- which usually results in lots of random arm waving -- or from large datasets.
However, those lessons aren't always perfect. When Zhu pressed hard on his phone screen and the robot released its grip, the wooden steak hit the edge of the bin and clattered（发出哗啦的声音） onto the table. "Humans are by no means optimal at this," Mandlekar said, "but this experience is still integral for the robots."
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181026143359.htm
Vocabulary:
hover: remain at or near a particular level.
How could the two frameworks make it faster and easier to teach robots basic skills
A. By showing the robot how to carry out tasks
B. By running multiple experiences at once
C. By combining lots of data collected by humans
D. By coupling many data with mass over-learning
2. Which of the right order to carry out the task based on Yuke Zhu
a. Recognizing different wooden blocks
b. Raising wooden blocks
c. Labeling the wooden blocks and the bin
d. Putting wooden blocks into the bin
A. c-a-b-d B. a-c-b-d C. b-a-c-d D. b-a-d-c
3. What can we infer from the underlined sentence
A. Those robots aren’t perfect at all.
B. It is hard to control a robot by an engineer.
C. It is not optimal for humans to finish any task.
D. The Robotic Technology is progressing gradually
4. What is the best title of this passage
A. Humans teach robots basic skills.
B. Humans help robots learn tasks.
C. The two frameworks are used in robot teaching.
D. The two frameworks are developed to test robots.
B
Modern culture does not love only the anti-hero; modern culture loves nearly anything it finds praiseworthy. This includes a wide field. There is even another spectrum, just within this sort of hero. At the far ends of this more specialized spectrum range world-wide figures such as Princess Diana to less known, community heroes. Princess Diana is perhaps the most famous woman in the world; her death is mourned by millions. She is most well known for her campaigns against several social issues including AIDS, poverty, drug-problems, and homelessness. Her work to raise awareness for these issues has put her down in history, and has made her a hero to the world. However, heroes do not have to be world heroes to be classified heroes. For example: There was the high school football player who gave up his senior season to donate one of his kidneys to save his grandmother. Or even more remarkable, 18-year-old Keisha Thomas, a black girl who threw herself over a white man with a confederate flag shirt who was being beaten at a KKK rally in Ann Arbor. These wholly unselfish acts make these people heroes. The ability to put others before oneself is a somewhat rare quality.
A person can be a hero to his or her family, or to the world. A jewel thief or a Mob member can be exceptionally heroic. The greatest difference in the hero of today and the hero of times past is the number and social standing. In times past, the hero was cultural perfection; today anyone can be a hero. In that aspect, we have progressed as a civilization. Now there is an ever growing number of heroes that societies can idolize and imitate. With ever more idols, there comes, ideally, a boost in a society’s overall goodness. If each individual was encouraged to pick a personal hero, perhaps the world would have fewer problems.
5. What does the underlined word “spectrum” mean
A. hero B. worth C. field D. figure
6. What does the author want to express by taking Princess Diana for example
A. Princess Diana was once a most famous woman in the world.
B. Different people have different opinions about modern heroes in modern society.
C. Princess Diana has many contributions to several social issues.
D. The world doesn’t regard Princess Diana as a heroine.
7. What’s the author’s attitude towards the football player’s donating one of his kidneys
A. He should have competed in his senior season.
B. He should not be regarded as a real hero.
C. He was a real hero to his family.
D. He must be awarded as a national hero.
8. What can we infer from the second paragraph
A. Anyone can be a hero at any times if he wishes.
B. Hero standard has developed with society.
C. A jewel thief is a somewhat hero.
D. Picking yourself a hero can solve many social problems.
C
How do speech and language normally develop
The most intensive period of speech and language development for humans is during the first three years of life, a period when the brain is developing and maturing. These skills appear to develop best in a world that is rich with sounds, sights, and consistent (一致的，协调的，相容的) exposure (揭发) to the speech and language of others.
There is increasing evidence suggesting that there are "critical periods" for speech and language development in infants and young children. This means that the developing brain is best able to absorb a language, any language, during this period. The beginning signs of communication occur during the first few days of life when an infant learns that a cry will bring food, comfort, and companionship. As they grow, infants begin to sort out the speech sounds (phonemes) or building blocks that compose the words of their language. Research has shown that by six months of age, most children recognize the basic sounds of their native language.
As the speech mechanism (jaw, lips, and tongue) and voice mature, an infant is able to make controlled sound. By six months of age, an infant usually babbles or produces repetitive syllables such as "ba, ba, ba". By the end of their first year, most children have mastered the ability to say a few simple words. Children are most likely unaware of the meaning of their first words, but soon learn the power of those words as others respond to them.
By eighteen months of age, most children can say eight to ten words. By age two, most are putting words together in crude sentences such as "more milk." During this period, children rapidly learn that words symbolize or represent objects, actions, and thoughts. At this age they also engage in representational or pretend play. At ages three, four, and five, a child's vocabulary rapidly increases, and he or she begins to master the rules of language.
9. According to the passage, which of the statement is NOT true
A. The developing brain is best able to absorb any language.
B. The beginning signs of communication occur during the first few days of life.
C. By six months of age, all children recognize the basic sounds of their native language.
D. By age two, children rapidly learn that words symbolize or represent objects, actions, and thoughts.
10. We can infer from the passage that ______.
A. By six months of age, an infant must babble or produce repetitive syllables
B. By the end of their first year, most children are most likely aware of the meaning of their first words.
C. By age two, children rapidly learn that words symbolize or represent objects, actions, and thoughts.
D. The brain development is critical important for children to develop their speech and language ability.
11. That there are "critical periods" for speech and language development in infants and young children means ______.
A. that children are so young that it is easy for them to study.
B. that the developing brain is best able to absorb a language, any language.
C. that the children are eager to learn the language.
D. we must take care of children.
12. The best title for the passage might be “__________”.
A. How to help the children develop their speech and language.
B. How do speech and language normally develop
C. The ways to develop speech and language.
D. A study about speech and language development.
D
Food crime involves serious and intentional dishonesty that impacts detrimentally（有害地） on the safety or authenticity of food, drink or animal feed.
At the National Food Crime Unit, we have identified seven techniques as the main methods through which food crime can be committed.
The seven techniques are:
theft - dishonestly appropriating food, drink or feed products in order to profit from their use or sale
unlawful processing – slaughtering* or preparing meat and related products in unapproved premises* or using unauthorized techniques
waste diversion - unlawfully diverting food, drink or feed meant for disposal(处置), back into the supply chain
adulteration（掺杂、伪造）- reducing the quality of food by including a foreign substance, in order to lower costs or fake a higher quality
substitution - replacing a food or ingredient with another substance that is similar but inferior
misrepresentation - marketing or labelling a product to wrongly portray（描绘）its quality, safety, origin or freshness
document fraud(欺骗) -includes the making, use and possession of false documents with the intent to sell, market or otherwise vouch（保证）for a fraudulent（欺骗性的）or substandard（非标准化的）product
Food Crime Confidential is a reporting facility where anyone with suspicions about food crime can report these safely and in confidence, over the phone or online. This means that your details will not be shared with anyone else.
While still of concern, instances where there is no direct intention to deceive or deliberate dishonesty do not constitute（构成）food crime and should not be reported to the NFCU. These should be reported here to the relevant local authority.
If you send information about a wrongdoing or criminal activity to the NFCU, you can be reassured that your personal information will be protected. It will not be shared with any other part of our Agency or any other partner. The only time your information will be shared is if you give us your permission as requested at the end of the form.
Please use the links above to share information with us. However, you can also contact the Unit by calling Food Crime Confidential on 0207 276 8787.
https://www.food.gov.uk/safety-hygiene/food-crime
Vocabulary:
slaughter：the killing of many people cruelly and unfairly, especially in a war:
E.g. Hardly anyone in the town escaped the slaughter when the rebels were defeated
premise: an idea or theory on which a statement or action is based:
E.g. The research project is based on the premise stated earlier.
13. According to the passage, which of the following is not TRUE
A. Food crime does harm to every aspect of our lives.
B. Adulteration is used to lower costs or fake a higher quality.
C. There is more dishonesty in food, drink or feed products to make more profit.
D. Replacing a food with another similar but inferior substance is one of a food crime.
14. What should we do if we find a food crime
A. Fight with criminals.
B. Cover a food crime confidently.
C. Protect our personal information.
D. Don’t share information with others.
15. What’s the best title of this passage
A. Food crime is detrimental.
B. How to react to a food crime
C. Be courageous to fight with a food crime.
D. What’s the food crime and how to deal with it
E
In humans, other mammals, and many other animals that have been studied — such as fish, birds, ants, and fruit-flies — regular sleep is necessary for survival._____16_____.
In mammals, the measurement of eye movement during sleep is used to divide sleep into two broad types: rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.____17______.
Sleep proceeds in cycles of REM and NREM phases.
In humans, this cycle is approximately 90 to 110 minutes. Each phase may have a distinct physiological function. Drugs such as alcohol and sleeping pills can suppress certain stages of sleep. This can result in a sleep that exhibits loss of consciousness. ____18______.
In REM, the brain is active and the body inactive, and this is when most dreaming occurs._____19_____, REM sleep is similar in appearance to the wakeful EEG that has low voltage and mixed frequency. During REM sleep there is loss of skeletal muscle tone, and an active sympathetic nervous system.
In NREM sleep, the body is active and the brain inactive, and there is relatively little dreaming. Non-REM encompasses four stages; stages 1 and 2 are considered 'light sleep', and 3 and 4 'deep sleep'. _____20_____, unlike REM sleep which is characterized by rapid eye movements and relative absence of muscle tone. There are often limb movements, and parasomnia sleep walking occurs in non-REM sleep.
They are differentiated solely using EEG
Related closely to an electroencephalography(EEG)
Characterized by an electroencephalography (EEG)
But this does not fulfill its physiological functions.
A cyclical alternating pattern may sometimes be observed during a stage.
The capability for arousal from sleep is also needed for health and survival.
Each type has a distinct set of associated physiological, neurological and psychological features.
F
A first-aider is someone who has undertaken training appropriate to the circumstances. _ 21__
first aid at work
emergency first aid at work, or,
any other level of training or qualification that is appropriate to the circumstances
Employers can use the findings of their first-aid needs assessment to decide the appropriate level to which first-aiders should be trained.
Emergency first aid at work (EFAW) training enables a first-aider to give emergency first aid to someone who is injured or becomes ill while at work. First aid at work training includes the EFAW syllabus and also equips the first-aider to apply first aid to a range of specific injuries and illness.
____22____ it is strongly recommended that first-aiders undertake annual refresher training.
Certificates for the purposes of first aid at work last for three years. Before their certificates expire, first-aiders will need to undertake a requalification course as appropriate, to obtain another three-year certificate. ___23____
____24____
The findings of an employer's first-aid needs assessment will help them decide how many first-aiders are required. There are no hard and fast rules on exact numbers and they will need to take into account all the relevant circumstances of their particular workplace.
The table in the leaflet First aid at work: your questions answered, provides general guidance on how many first-aiders or appointed persons might be needed.
___25____
It is very unlikely that any action would be taken against a first-aider who was using the first-aid training they have received. HSE cannot give any specific advice on this issue as it does not fall within HSE's statutory powers.
It is recommended that you seek legal advice, or advice from your employer's insurance brokers on whether their policies cover first-aiders' liability.
A. Can legal action be taken against first-aiders
B. To undertake training appropriate to the circumstances,
C. How many first-aiders does an employer need
D. They must hold a valid certificate of competence in either.
E. Once certificates have expired the first aider is no longer considered to be competent to act as a workplace first aider.
F. To help keep their basic skills up to date,
G. What can we do to be a first-aider
答案
Reading Time
A
1. D.细节理解题。根据"With RoboTurk and SURREAL, we can push the boundary of what robots can do by combining lots of data collected by humans and coupling that with large-scale reinforcement learning,"意为RoboTurk and SURREAL是两大构架（framework),可以通过把人类收集的数据和大范围的强化学习整合起来，从而扩大机器人能做的工作的范围。从而可知选项D正确。A是关于RoboTurk 的，B是关于SURREAL的，C选项片面。
2. A.结构文档题。根据“This is a simple pick-and-place task that involves identifying objects, picking them up and putting them into the bin with the correct label.”可知A正确。C项虽然在文中没有直接提起，但是从逻辑可知必须先标记木块和箱子，再识别不同的木块，然后把木块提起来，最后把木块放进带标记的箱子里。
3. D. 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，“在这一点上人类绝对不可能是完美的，但是对于机器人来说这个经历仍然是要整合的。”this指的就是 Zhu给机器人手臂下指令但是机器人并没有完美完成把木块放入木箱的任务。由此可知D项“机器人技术正在慢慢的进步。”
4. B. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Bender is one of the robot arms that a team of Stanford researchers is using to test two frameworks that, together, could make it faster and easier to teach robots basic skills. ”，以及后面次标题“Humans teaching robots”可知，选项B正确。A项和“those lessons aren't always perfect.”相似是干扰项。
B
5．C。词义猜测题。根据上句This includes a wide field. 可知此处所指的是一个“范围，类别”，本句中的even another也给出了提示，下半句中的this sort也可以作为一个暗示。因此要选择C项。
6．B。此题考查理解作者态度。从上句中At the far ends of this …to less known, community heroes.和本段下文中However, heroes do not have to be world heroes to be classified heroes.以及下文的例子都说明了看问题的角度不同导致人们对“现代英雄”的认识标准也是不同的。
7．C。大意推断题。从下文中Or even more remarkable,…可以看出作者对此football player的做法是肯定的。从上文中However, heroes do not have to be world heroes to be classified heroes.可以看出作者承认看待“英雄”的角度是不同的。
8．B。细节理解题。根据第二段第一句A person can be a hero to his or her family, or to the world.的内容可知：评判标准的不同，才有不同的“英雄”人物。根据下文中In times past, …, we have progressed as a civilization.可知，随着时代的不同，我们看待“英雄”的标准也不同了。故选B项。
C
9. C。细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“This means that the developing brain is best able to absorb a language, any language…….”可知A不是正确答案；根据第二段第三句 “The beginning signs of communication occur during the first few days of life when an infant learns that a cry will bring food, comfort, and companionship。”可知B不对；根据最后一段第二、三句，“By age two, …… During this period, children rapidly learn that words symbolize or represent objects, actions, and thoughts.”可知D不是正确答案；根据第二段最后一句，“by six months of age, most children recognize the basic sounds of their native language.”可知应该选C。
10. D．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“By six months of age, an infant usually babbles or produces repetitive syllables”可知A不对；根据第三段第三句“By the end of their first year, most children have mastered the ability to say a few simple words. Children are most likely unaware of the meaning of their first words,……”可知B不对；根据第四段第二句“By age two, most children…… rapidly learn that words symbolize or represent objects, actions, and thoughts.”可知C是文章直接告诉我们的，不是推断出来的；根据第一段第一句“The most intensive period of speech and language development for humans is during the first three years of life, a period when the brain is developing and maturing.”可知应该选D.
11. B。细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“"critical periods" for speech and language development in infants and young children. This means that the developing brain is best able to absorb a language, any language, during this period.”可知答案为B。
12. B。细节理解和归纳总结题。根据上下文之意可知本文讲的是孩子语言能力的发展。故选B。
D
13. A细节理解题。根据“Food crime involves serious and intentional dishonesty that impacts detrimentally on the safety or authenticity of food, drink or animal feed.”可知，食品犯罪在食物、饮料、动物饲养方面产生影响，而不是生活的方方面面，可知A选项错误。根据“adulteration reducing the quality of food by including a foreign substance, in order to lower costs or fake a higher quality”，可知B选项正确。根据“theft - dishonestly appropriating food, drink or feed products in order to profit from their use or sale”，可知C选项正确。根据“substitution - replacing a food or ingredient with another substance that is similar but inferior”，可知D 选项正确。
14. B细节理解题。根据“Food Crime Confidential is a reporting facility where anyone with suspicions about food crime can report these safely and in confidence”，cover代替report，confidently代替in confidence，可知B选项正确。根据“If you send information about a wrongdoing or criminal activity to the NFCU, you can be reassured that your personal information will be protected. It will not be shared with any other part of our Agency or any other partner.”可知，C、D选项不符合题意。A 选项原文未提及。
15. D主旨大意题。通览全文可知，文章主要介绍了两个方面：一是食品犯罪的定义及表现，二是如何应对食品犯罪，所以，D选项正确。A、B、C选项不全面。
E
16. F. 根据“regular sleep is necessary for survival.”可知，选项F中“从睡眠中醒来得能力对于健康和生存也是有必要得”是正确的。
17. G. 根据前一句“…...two broad types: rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.”可知，选项G“两种类型有…...”是正确的。
18. D. 根据前一句“This can result in a sleep that exhibits loss of consciousness.”可知，选项D与之构成转折关系。
19. C. 根据后半句可知，此空格应该为一个短语，答案只能在B、C中选择，从语意上看C正确。
20. A. 根据代词“They”指代前面一句中“four stages”，以及空格后面为一个短语可知，A正确。
F
21. D根据“emergency first aid at work, or,”可知是满足3个条件之一便可达到要求，可知D选项正确
22. F 根据“it is strongly recommended that first-aiders undertake annual refresher training.”可推知前半句是为了达到某种目的，用动词不定式，强烈推荐急救者要接受最新的训练，目的是让其技能与时俱进，可知F选项正确。
23. E 根据“Certificates for the purposes of first aid at work last for three years. …….to obtain another three-year certificate”整段讲述的是certificate，根据词汇的复现，可推知E选项正确。
24. C 根据“The findings of an employer's first-aid needs assessment will help them decide how many first-aiders are required.”可知C选项正确。
25. A根据“It is very unlikely that any action would be taken against a first-aider who was using the first-aid training they have received”可知A选项正确。