中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
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专题0
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阅读理解C篇
-2023年上海十六区高三英语一模汇编
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1.宝山区
When disaster strikes a community, it is often critical that assistance be provided right away. The best first responders are the people who call that area home. The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program teaches civilians how to prepare themselves for dangers that might affect their communities. Teams of volunteers are trained in basic skills such as fire safety and prevention, search and rescue, and first aid. After training, these volunteers can begin to provide immediate assistance in the consequence of disasters before professional rescuers arrive.
A CERT team can make a huge difference to a community. During the early stages of a disastrous event, citizens will likely face extreme challenges on their own. Emergency services are usually overwhelmed, and communities may be isolated because of blocked roads. A CERT team can size up the situation in their neighborhood and provide help right away. In 1986, untrained volunteers saved more than 800 lives in the Mexico City earthquake. Unfortunately, at least 100 volunteers also died in the process. To ensure their community was better prepared in events like this, Los Angeles piloted the first CERT program in 1986, and many cities followed their lead.
People of all ages can participate in a CERT program-there is even a teen program for adolescents. Local CERT trainers hold an annual training class and provide subsequent classes throughout the year to consolidate skills.
CERT programs are useful on many different levels. Volunteers are trained to act as eyes and ears, locating trapped victims for uniformed emergency responders who arrive later. They learn to put out small fires, shut off equipment, rescue survivors and provide basic medical treatment. Volunteers also create disaster plans to evacuate families as well as collect and store disaster supplies such as water, food and first-aid kits. Working with professionals, a CERT team can help reduce injuries, loss of life and property damage.
There are now CERT programs throughout the United States, and more than 600,000 people have trained as volunteers. Brazil, New Zealand and Turkey have similar programs. Citizens participate because they believe that everyone in a community has a role in disaster preparedness. By working competently as a team, CERT volunteers protect not only themselves but also the people around them when disasters occur.
43. According to the passage, when do CERT members usually provide assistance
A. Before those professional rescuers arrive. B. When uniformed emergency responders arrive.
C. During the early stages of a disastrous event. D. Throughout the process of rescue in a disaster.
44. The word “pilot” in the second paragraph most probably means ________.
A. conduct B. imitate C. pass D. discuss
45. According to the passage, residents in the community in some countries are willing to be CERT volunteers because ________.
A. they think each in the community is important in preventing and fighting against disaster
B. they believe everyone in the community has the responsibility in a sudden natural disaster
C. they think volunteers in the community can protect themselves and others in a disaster
D. they believe they can help victims earlier and more effectively than professional ones
46. What would be the proper title for the passage
A. CERT and professional rescue teams are important
B. CERT is a folk but helpful organization in America
C. Ordinary people can save lives in a natural disaster
D. Volunteers can effectively prevent a natural disaster
2.崇明区
The water off the coast of northwest Greenland is a glass-like calm, but the puddles (水坑) on the region’s icebergs are a sign that a transformation is underway higher on the ice sheet.
Several days of unusually warm weather in northern Greenland have caused rapid melting, made visible by the rivers of meltwater rushing into the ocean. Temperatures have been running around 60 degrees Fahrenheit — 10 degrees warmer than normal for this time of year, scientists said.
The amount of ice that melted in Greenland between July 15 and 17 this year alone — 6 billion tons of water per day — would be enough to fill 7.2 million Olympic-sized swimming pools, according to data from the US National Snow and Ice Data Center.
Each summer, scientists worry that they will see a repeat of the record melting that occurred in 2019, when 532 billion tons of ice flowed out into the sea. An unexpectedly hot spring and a July heat wave that year caused almost the entire ice sheet’s surface to melt. Global sea level rose permanently by 1.5 millimeters as a result.
Greenland holds enough ice — if it all melted — to lift sea level by 7.5 meters around the world. The latest research points to a more and more threatening situation on the Northern Hemisphere’s iciest island.
“Unprecedented (史无前例的)” rates of melting have been observed at the bottom of the Greenland ice sheet, a study published in February found, caused by huge quantities of meltwater flowing down from the surface. This water is particularly concerning because it can destabilize the sheet above it and could lead to a massive, rapid loss of ice.
And in 2020, scientists found that Greenland’s ice sheet had melted beyond the point of no return. The rate of melting in recent years exceeds anything Greenland has experienced in the last 12,000 years, another study found — and enough to cause measurable change in the gravitational field over Greenland.
At the East Greenland Ice-core Project — or EastGRIP — research camp in northwest Greenland, the work of scientists to understand the impact of climate change is being affected by climate change itself.
Aslak Grinsted, a climate scientist at the University of Copenhagen’s Niels Bohr Institute, said that they have been trying to get flights into the camp but the warmth is destabilizing the landing site.
Before human-caused climate change kicked in, temperatures near 32 degrees Fahrenheit there were unheard of. But since the 1980s, this region has warmed by around 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit per decade — four times faster than the global pace — making it all the more likely that temperatures will cross the melting point.
63. The passage is mainly written to ________.
A. alert people to the rapid melting of Greenland’s ice sheet
B. arouse people’s awareness of protecting the environment
C. inform people of the large amount of ice Greenland holds
D. reveal to people the cause and effect of the rise in sea level
64. What does “a transformation” in the first paragraph refer to
A. Climate change. B. A rise in sea level.
C. Global warming. D. The melting of ice.
65. What can be learned about the ice that melted in 2019
A. It repeated a record melting of the ice sheet several years ago.
B. Its amount was the largest ever and lifted sea level permanently.
C. It was enough to fill 7.2 million Olympic-sized swimming pools.
D. Its melting rate was so rapid as to result in an unexpectedly hot spring.
66. It is implied in the passage that ________.
A. climate change is a result of human activities
B. the study of climate change is being made easier
C. the melting of Greenland’s ice sheet is reversible
D. temperatures increase 1.5°F or so each decade globally
3.奉贤区
Cognitive Processing Therapy(CPT), a long-term psychological therapy, is a specific type of cognitive behavioral therapy which reduces post-traumatic stress disorder (创伤后应激障碍) symptoms after natural disasters. Typically, CPT is delivered over 12 sessions to help patients learn how to modify negative attitudes and practices related to their trauma. The goal is that the patient then creates a new, more positive view and understanding of the traumatic event, which reduces on-going negative effects on the patient’s current life. It specifically focuses on the core trauma themes of safety, trust, power and control, etc.
Delivered both individually and in structured group sessions, it allows for multiple different paths to receive effective treatments. In some studies, it has shown to be helpful in cases where medicine alone has not worked. Because CPT focuses on retraining thoughts and behaviors to form practical strategies that can be applied to everyday pared to other talk-therapies, it has been especially successful, because it can be completed in a brief period of time, allowing for a lower patient dropout rate. It also enhances brain connectivity, which lessens long-term impacts of trauma. This increased connectivity is why cognitive behavioral therapy is often argued to be more effective than medicine.
On the other hand, there are also multiple disadvantages to CPT. Due to its structured nature, it may not be suitable for people with more complex mental health needs or learning difficulties. Additionally, since it involves facing up to emotions and fears, patients may experience initial periods of additional anxiety or discomfort. Some therapists also argue that because it only addresses current problems and specific issues it does not address possible fundamental causes of mental health conditions, and because it focuses on the individual’s capacity to change themselves it does not address wider system problems that have a significant impact on a patient’s health and well-being.
However, focusing mainly on post-natural disasters, regardless of pre-disaster health, CPT has been repeatedly proven to be a rather successful treatment approach. Although there have not been studies generalizing CPT for children, it is an effective treatment for adults. The clear effectiveness of CPT demonstrates the importance of patient-specific therapies that are unique to the experiences of individual patients.
43. According to the passage, CPT is intended to help patients _________.
A. learn how to modify various negative attitudes and practices
B. cultivate a positive view and understanding of the traumatic events
C. minimize on-going negative effects on their previous and current life
D. focus on the core trauma themes of safety, trust, power, control, etc.
pared with other talk-therapies, what feature contributes to the effectiveness of CPT
A. Its multiple treating assignments.
B. Its applicable strategies in daily life.
C. Its higher treatment fulfillment.
D. Its brain connectivity enhancement.
45. What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. Post-disaster health is not taken into consideration in the CPT.
B. CPT proves to be the most successful treatment approach so far.
C. More researches might be conducted into the effectiveness of CPT in children.
D. CPT addresses the fundamental causes of patients’ mental health conditions.
46. What is the main idea of this passage
A. The application of Cognitive Processing Therapy.
B. An introduction to a long-term psychological therapy.
C. A breakthrough in the psychological medical field.
D. The limitations of Cognitive Processing Therapy.
4.虹口区
Much like beauty, art is in the eye of the beholder. The artwork we are attracted to can give insight into our personality, such as whether we are too quick or too slow, calm or moody. Studies into art preferences date back to the 1930s — most of them examining the extent to which people like or dislike different paintings. Research shows that a person’s interest in art is more strongly related to certain personality traits than to social class, age, or gender.
In particular, a personality trait called “openness” is the best predictor of whether individuals are interested in art. On the other side, those who identify as “conscientious (一丝不苟的)”, are often less drawn to the arts. These traits are part of the Big Five, a widely accepted personality theory based on nearly a century of research.
The model claims that each personality is composed of a combination of five core traits: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion (enjoying being with other people), agreeableness (being pleasant) and neuroticism (feeling worried and nervous). Rather than stating a person as being either shy or outgoing, the Big Five Model believes that everyone lies somewhere between the two extremes.
Personality traits may also affect the way people visually scan art. A 2018 study tracked participants’ eye movements as they studied abstract artwork. The majority of participants concentrated on the upper-right part. This makes sense, as the right half of the brain is specialized for visual and spatial processing, and also plays a significant role in processing the emotions that art draws out. However, participants who tended toward neuroticism focused on the left side of the picture, and those with mental disease paid more attention to the bottom of the picture.
Even with the impressive amount of research into the relationship between people’s personality traits and their love for art, there are still holes in the theories. For instance, some scientists claim that the Big Five Model doesn’t translate across cultures and is mainly targeted toward those living in developed nations. Also, most studies have focused on two-dimensional art, like paintings, and haven’t yet captured differing preferences for the variety of media that exist around the world. Then there’s the fact that our art preferences change over time and are informed by our ages, relationships and life experiences.
People’s preferences for art are nearly as complicated as art itself. But if you’re looking for a quick test of someone’s general personality traits, it doesn’t hurt to glance at what’s hanging on their walls.
43. Which of the following is the best illustration of “art is in the eye of the beholder” in paragraph 1
A. We judge a piece of art based on whether it is considered beautiful.
B. The beauty of a piece of artwork depends on its quality and price.
C. The owner of the artwork is the one who loves it the most.
D. Whether an artwork is appealing is a subjective matter.
44. The shadowed area in each of the following pictures is the part a person focuses on when enjoying an abstract painting. According to the 2018 study, which best illustrates the perception of a person who tends to be in anxiety
A. B.
C. D.
45. What can be inferred from the passage about the Big Five Model
A. It is a globally accepted measuring system.
B. Everyone can fit into one of the five categories.
C. There is much evidence of scientific studies to back it.
D. It can explain the change in our art preference over time.
46. What is the best title of this passage
A. What does your taste in art say about you
B. How to reveal one’s personality traits
C. Why do we like the artwork we like
D. How to discover your art preference
5.黄浦区
In 2020, OpenAI, a research lab in San Francisco, revealed a system called GPT-3. It is what artificial intelligence researchers call a neural(神经系统的) network, after the web of neurons in the human brain. A neural network is really a mathematical system that learns skills by locating patterns in vast amounts of digital data. By analyzing thousands of cat photos, for instance, it can learn to recognize a cat. “We call it ‘artificial intelligence,’ but a better name might be ‘finding statistical patterns from large data sets’,” said Dr. Gopnik, the Berkeley professor.
More recently, researchers at places like Google and OpenAI began building neural networks that learned from enormous amounts of prose, including digital books and Wikipedia articles by the thousands. GPT-3 is an example. As it analyzed all that digital text, it built what you might call a mathematical map of human language — more than 175 billion data points that describe how we piece words together. Using this map, it can perform many different tasks, like penning speeches, writing computer programs and having a conversation.
But there are limitations. If you ask GPT-3 for 10 speeches in the voice of Mark Twain, it might give you five that sound remarkably like the famous writer — and five others that come nowhere puter programmers use the technology to create small snippets(一小段) of code they can slip into larger programs, but more often than not they have to edit and adjust whatever it gives them.
Still, Dr. Gopnik described this kind of system as intelligent. “It is not intelligent in the way humans are. It is like an unfamiliar form of intelligence,” he said. “But it still counts.”
Dr. Gopnik and many others in the field are confident that they are on a path to building a machine that can do anything the human brain can do. This confidence shines through when they discuss current technologies. He admits that some A.I. researchers “struggle to differentiate between reality and science fiction.” But he believes these researchers still serve a valuable role. “They help us dream of the full range of the possible,” he said.
Perhaps they do. But for the rest of us, these dreams can get in the way of the issues that deserve our attention.
43. Which of the following statements correctly describes GPT-3
A. It is meant to monitor human’s neuron webs.
B. It stores limitless data in its mathematical system.
C. It can identify images and employ human language.
D. It studies pictures and digital books to invent patterns.
44. In paragraph 3, the example of computer programmers is used to __________.
A. illustrate GPT-3 is far from perfect
B. warn programmers against technology
C. show the process of slipping code into program
D. explain why GPT-3 fails to find Mark Twain’s speeches
45. What does Dr. Gopnik think of the mathematical system of GPT-3
A. He finds it valuable because it maximizes the current technologies.
B. He doubts its worth though it is remarkably similar to a human brain.
C. He thinks highly of it because it plays a valuable role in A.I. research.
D. He believes it will interrupt our thinking though it differs from science fiction.
46. What’s the author’s attitude towards A.I.
A. Enthusiastic. B. Opposed. C. Supportive. D. Unconcerned.
6.嘉定区
In the ancient walled city of Sana’a, mud skyscrapers rise high into the sky. The towering structures are built entirely out of earth and decorated with striking geometric patterns. The local mud architecture is so unique that the city has been recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage site.
“As an outstanding example of architecture reflecting the spatial characteristics of the early years, the city in its landscape has an extraordinary artistic and pictorial quality,” UNESCO writes in its description of Sana’a. “The buildings also demonstrate exceptional craftsmanship in the use of local materials and techniques.”
Even though the buildings in Sana’a are thousands of years old, they remain “terribly contemporary”, says Salma Samar Damliyi, co-founder of the Mud Brick Architecture Foundation. The ancient structures are still inhabited today and most remain private residences. Damliyi says it is easy to see why these mud buildings have not lost their appeal — they are well-insulated(绝缘的)，sustainable and extremely adaptable for modern use. “It is the architecture of the future,” says Damliyi.
Architects around the world are reviving (复兴) raw-earth construction as they seek to construct sustainable buildings that can resist extreme weather events such as flash floods and intense heat. Could this ancient form of architecture influence the design of our future homes
The construction industry accounts for 38% of global carbon dioxide emissions. The building sector has an important role to play if the world is to meet the goal of reaching net zero by 2050. Concrete, a common modern construction material, has a huge carbon footprint. Replacing concrete with less polluting materials is critical to achieving our climate goals, scientists warn.
The ancient material, mud, could be the perfect sustainable alternative to concrete, according to Damliyi. Constructing with mud has a very low impact on the environment and the material itself is fully recyclable, she says. “If you want to pull down a wall or change the design, you can recycle all the materials.” An added bonus is that mud buildings are warm in the winter and cool in the summer. This reduces the need for air conditioning units, which consume large amounts of electricity and contain refrigerants that comprise greenhouse gas emissions. Mud structures are also incredibly strong and resistant to extreme weather, such as heatwaves, floods and droughts, which scientists say will become more frequent and intense as temperatures continue to rise.
Therefore, people who wish to live in a modern, comfortable home should consider one made of mud. Overall, it makes for highly advanced as well as sustainable design.
43. According to the first two paragraphs, buildings in Sana’a are “unique” because ________ .
A. they are tall and tower over the entire city
B. their geometric patterns create artistic feelings
C. they are beautifully crafted with local resources
D. their fascinating history has attracted many tourists
44. Which of the following is TRUE about mud materials according to the passage
A. They can reduce the chance of extreme weather events.
B. They can be ideal for sustainable future construction.
C. They might produce lots of greenhouse gas emissions.
D. They might cause substantial temperature changes.
45. It can be inferred from the passage that .
A. mud might be an important solution to the climate crisis
B. the mud buildings in Sana’a are no longer suitable to live
C. rebuilding mud construction would take great efforts
D. mud becomes the favourite material of architects
46. What do you think might be the best title of the passage
A. The Historic Cities that Mark Human Civilization
B. The Construction Industry that Threatens Climate Goals
C. The Modern Architecture that Survives Extreme Weather
D. The Ancient Material that Makes for Future House Designs
7.金山区
Venus (金星) has long played second to its redder, smaller and more distant neighbor. Given how inhospitable (不宜居住的) Venus has appeared to be, we have spent the majority of the last century pinning some of our biggest hopes of finding signs of life on Mars.
That all changed on September 15, 2020. It was announced that a strange gas called phosphine had been spotted in the clouds above Venus. The gas is produced by microbes, extremely small living things, here on Earth, so the discovery has renewed hopes that there might be life on Venus. Now we need to know for sure.
There is, after all, only so much we can do with ground-based instruments. Venus is extremely bright. This brightness, caused by the intense reflection of sunlight from its thick clouds and highlighted because of its closer distance to Earth, basically blinds our instruments from making more detailed observations of the planet. It is like trying to look at the road while another car’s high beams (远光灯) are pointed in your direction.
“To really get to the heart of this question, we need to go to Venus,” says Paul Byrne, a planetary scientist at North Carolina State University. But of course, that is easier said than done. Temperatures at the surface reach 464℃, and pressures are 89 times higher than on Earth. Only the Soviet Union has successfully landed on the Venusian surface—its Venera 13 lander functioned for 127 minutes before succumbing to the bad weather in 1982. It is not easy to justify spending hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars on a mission that could be over in a matter of hours without giving us what we need.
An orbiter is the most sensible start. Unlike ground-based observations, orbiters can peer into the atmosphere and would have a better time observing how phosphine levels change over time or over what regions they are most concentrated. An orbiter also presents the opportunity to complete more challenging projects by potentially venturing directly into the planet’s atmosphere. A sample return mission could be possible, in which a spacecraft flies into the atmosphere and bottles up some gas to bring back to Earth for laboratory analysis.
Trying to find life on another planet, however, is not simply a walk from point A to point B. No single mission to Venus will be able to finish all the work necessary to answer the question. It might be time to think not just about what the next mission to Venus should be, but what a whole new era of Venus exploration would look like: a group of multiple missions that explore Venus in joint efforts—the way we currently do with Mars.
43. Venus is considered inhospitable to humans mainly because ________.
A. the pressure of the planet is too low
B. the surface of the planet is too bright
C. the density (密度) of the clouds is too low
D. the surface temperature of the planet is too high
44. The underlined phrase “succumbing to” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to “________”.
A. giving in to B. keeping away from
C. making up for D. putting up with
45. According to the article, scientists will be better able to reveal the secret about Venus by ________.
A. sending astronauts to the planet
B. using a more advanced space telescope
C. launching an orbiter to the planet
D. redesigning their ground-based instruments
46. What can we infer from the article
A. We have little hope of successfully finding life on Venus.
B. We have a firm determination to discover life on other planets.
C. We have spent much time studying phosphine in the past century.
D. We have attempted to land on the Venusian surface in the last century.
8.静安区
As Christmas approached the price of turkey went wild. It didn’t rocket, as some might suggest. Nor did it crash. It just started waving. We live in the age of the variable prices. In the eyes of sellers, the right price—the one that will draw the most profit from consumers’ wallets—has become the focus of huge experiments. These sorts of price experiments have become a routine part of finding that right price.
It may come as a surprise that, in buying a pie, you might be participating in a carefully designed social-science experiment. But this is what online comparison shopping has brought. Simply put, the convenience to know the price of anything, anytime, anywhere, has given us, the consumers, so much power that sellers—in a desperate effort to regain the upper hand, or at least avoid extinction—are now staring back through the screen. They are trying to “comparison shopping” us.
They have enough means to do so: the huge data tracks you leave behind whenever you place something in your online shopping cart with top data scientists capable of turning the information into useful price strategies, and what one tech economist calls “the ability to experiment on a scale that’s unimaginable in the history of economics.”
In result, not coincidentally, normal pricing practices—an advertised discount off the “list price,” two for the price of one, or simply “everyday low prices” are giving way to far more crazy strategies.
“In the Internet era, I don’t think anyone could have predicted how complicated these strategies have become,” says Robert Dolan, a professor at Harvard. The price of a can of soda in a vending machine can now vary with the temperature outside. The price of the headphones may depend on how budget-conscious your web history shows you to be. The price may even be affected by the price of the mobile phone you use for item search. For shoppers, that means price—not the one offered to you right now, but the one offered to you 20 minutes from now, or the one offered to me, or to your neighbor—may become an increasingly unknowable thing. “There used to be one price for something,” Dolan notes. Now the true price of pumpkin-pie spice is subject to a level of uncertainty.
43. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage
A. When holidays come, prices are usually increased.
B. The right price to sellers is the one to bring biggest profits.
C. The right price is fixed although it’s hard to find it.
D. To buy a pie, customers have to become an expert in economy.
44. Sellers stare back through the screen in order to ________.
A. reflect on the effect of the Internet
B. analyze customers’ online buying history for price strategy
C. double check the existence of the purchase
D. find out online where the lowest prices are
45. In Internet age, what element is NOT likely to affect the price of an item
A. The instant mood of the buyer at the time of purchase.
B. The necessity level of the item at the time of purchase.
C. The extent to which the buyer is sensitive to the price.
D. The price of the facility the buyer uses to look for the item.
46. What is the passage mainly about
A. The advantages of online shopping over traditional shopping.
B. Measures sellers take to maximize profits.
C. The analysis of pricing mechanism.
D. The battle between buyers and sellers in Internet age.
9.闵行区
Building good transportation is a good idea. To have environmental value, new transportation has to sufficiently replace or eliminate driving to cut energy consumption overall. That means that a new traffic system has to be supported by reduction in car use. Traffic lanes should be eliminated or converted into bike or bus lanes. Ideally, these should be combined with higher fuel taxes, and parking fees. Needless to say, I have to struggle to make myself extensively understood. But they’re necessary, because you can’t make people drive less, in the long run, by taking steps that make driving more pleasant, economical, and productive.
Lengthy commuting (通勤) time is a forceful factor which can slow the growth of suburbs. The farther people live away from cities, the longer commuting time they need, which means more pollution their cars produce. If, in a misguided effort to do something of environmental value, governments take steps that make long-distance car commuting faster or more convenient—by adding lanes, building bypass, employing traffic-control measures that make it possible for existing roads to accommodate more cars with fewer delays—we are actually encouraging people to live still farther from their jobs, stores, and schools. As a result, governments are forced to further extend road networks, water lines, and other facilities. If you cut commuting time by 10 percent, people who now drive fifty miles each way to work can find reason to move five miles farther out, because their travel time won’t change.
Traffic congestion (拥堵) isn’t an environmental problem; traffic is. Relieving congestion without doing anything to reduce the total volume of cars can only make the real problem worse. Highway engineers have known for a long time that building new car lanes only temporarily reduces congestion, because the new lanes add additional driving. Widening roads makes traffic move faster in the short term, but the improved conditions eventually attract additional drivers, and congestion reappears. With more car on the roads, people think about widening roads again. Moving drivers out of cars and into other forms of transportation can have the same effect, if existing traffic lanes are kept in service: road space stimulates road use.
One of the arguments that cities inevitably make in promoting transportation plans is that the new system, by relieving automobile congestion, will improve the lives of those who continue to drive. No one ever promotes a transportation system by arguing that it would make travelling less convenient—even though, from an environmental perspective, inconvenient travel is a worthy goal.
63. In the first paragraph, the author gives us the hint that his recommendations are ______.
A. not widely supported B. costly to carry out
C. generally recognized D. temporarily beneficial
64. According to the passage, what will happen if commuting time for drivers is reduced
A. Drivers will become more productive employees.
B. Mass transportation will be extended farther into suburban areas.
C. Drivers will be more willing to live farther from their working place.
D. Mass transportation will carry fewer passengers and receive less government funding.
65. Which of the following can be inferred about the author’s attitude towards the measures to improve traffic
A. They are environmentally beneficial and should be carried out immediately.
B. They are well intentioned but ultimately lead to environmental harm.
C. They will definitely arouse people’s awareness of environmental protection.
D. They will only work if they can make driving more economical and productive.
66. The author wrote this massage mainly to ______.
A. support the claim that efforts to reduce traffic actually increase traffic.
B. oppose the belief that improving mass transportation systems is good for the environment.
C. provide a balance between suburban expansion and traffic congestion.
D. indicate that making driving less agreeable is a way to reduce negative effects of traffic.
10.普陀区
Wildlife populations around the world are facing dramatic declines, according to new figures that have led environmental campaigners to call for urgent action to rescue the natural world. The 2022 Living Planet Index (LPI), produced by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), reveals that studied populations of mammals, birds, reptiles (爬行动物) and fish have seen an average decline of 69 per cent since 1970, faster than previous predictions. The LPI tracked global biodiversity between 1970 and 2018, based on the monitoring of 31,821 populations of 5230 vertebrate (脊椎动物) species. Mark Wright of WWF says the degree of decline is destructive and continues to worsen. “We are not seeing any really positive signs that we are beginning to bend the curve of nature,” he says.
Freshwater vertebrates have been among the hardest-hit populations, with monitored populations showing an average decline of 83 per cent since 1970. The Amazon pink river dolphin, for example, has experienced a 65 per cent decline in its population between 1994 and 2016. Meanwhile, some of the most biodiverse regions of the world are seeing the steepest falls in wildlife, with the Caribbean and central and south America seeing average wildlife population declined by 94 per cent since 1970. Habitat loss and reduction is the largest driver of wildlife loss in all regions around the world, followed by species overexploitation by hunting, fishing or poaching (偷猎).
In December, governments from around the world will gather in Montreal, Canada, for the COP15 Biodiversity Framework, a much-delayed summit that aims to agree on a set of new targets intended to prevent the loss of animals, plants and habitats globally by 2030. “This is a once-in-a-decade opportunity that’s coming up,” says Robin Freeman of ZSL. He says it is vital that governments use the summit to agree on “meaningful, well measurable targets and goals”. “We need governments to take action to ensure that those goals deal with the complicated combined threats of climate change and biodiversity, in order for us to see a meaningful action,” says Freeman. But some researchers are critical of the LPI’s use of a headline figure of decline, warning it is easy to be misunderstood.
The findings don’t mean all species or populations worldwide are in decline. In fact, approximately half the populations show a stable or increasing trend, and half show a declining trend. “I think a more appropriate and useful way to look at it is to focus on specific species or populations,” says Hannah Ritchie at Our World in Data. But Wright says the LPI is a useful tool that reflects the findings of other biodiversity indicators. “All of those show they all scream there is something going really very badly wrong,” says Wright.
43. What does the underlined phrase in the first paragraph mean
A. Loving and protecting nature. B. Preserving the diversity of nature.
C. Underestimating the benefits of nature. D. Destroying and changing nature.
44. In paragraph 2, the author mentions the Amazon pink river dolphin to show ______.
A. the number of Amazon dolphins is on the rise
B. freshwater vertebrates are at risk of extinction
C. there are no positive measures to protect nature
D. some of the world’s wild animals are in decline
45. What can we learn about people’s response to the issue mentioned in the passage
A. It makes sense to focus on a particular species.
B. Preventing the loss of habitats by 2030 is certain to happen.
C. New agreement on the prevention of habitat loss will be in vain.
D. The Caribbean wildlife has been well protected in recent decades.
46. Which of the following is the best title of the passage
A. The COP15 Biodiversity Framework
B. Wildlife Population Declining Sharply
C. Urgent Action to Save the Earth
D. Correct Interpretation of LPI
11.青浦区
A database that follows the world’s fossil fuel production, reserves, and release of carbon was launched on Monday. The launch comes out at the same time as two important climate talks happening at the international level. One is the climate talks at the United Nation’s General Assembly in New York which began on September 13 . The other is COP27 in Sharm El Skeikh which began in November. It really matters to environmental sustainability.
The database is called The Global Registry of Fossil Fuels. It includes data from over 50, 000 oil, gas, and coal fields in 89 countries. That covers 75 percent of the world’s reserves, production, and release of carbon into the atmosphere. And it is available for public use, a first for a collection of this size.
Until now, there has been private data available for purchase, and research of the world’s fossil fuel usage and reserves. The International Energy Agency also keeps public data on oil, gas, and coal. But it centers on the demand for those fossil fuels. This new database, however, looks at what is yet to be burned. The information could help environmental groups to pressure leaders for stronger policies reducing the amount of carbon they release.
The database was developed by Carbon Tracker. It is a nonprofit organization that researches changes in energy use and their effects on financial markets. Global Energy Monitor also helped develop the database. It is an organization that follows different energy projects around the world.
Mark Campanale, a founder of Carbon Tracker, said he hopes the database will empower groups to hold governments accountable. He said that civil groups need to have more information on what governments are planning to do in terms of giving permits for coal, oil, and gas. He said they need to, “… actually begin to challenge this permitting process.” He thought that it is very important that the world should reduce carbon output.
In the research, Carbon Tracker found that the United States and Russia still have enough underground and unused fossil fuel to go over the world’ s remaining amount of carbon budget. The carbon budget is the point at which the world will go over the set amount of 1 .5 degrees Celsius of warming.
Campanale said investors should be holding the world’s largest fossil fuel companies responsible when they approve new fuel mining projects. Campanale said the hope is that the investment community will use the data to begin to challenge the investment plans of companies which still plan to expand oil, gas, and coal projects. “We already have enough extractable fossil fuels to cook the planet. We can’t afford to use them all — or almost any of them at this point.” he added.
43. The Global Registry of Fossil Fuels is special compared with other similar data available because______.
A. it aims at reducing the amount of carbon
B. it records the world’s demand for fossil fuel
C. it keeps data on fossil fuel public to the world
D. it centers on the remaining amount of fossil fuel
44. According to the passage, _________is a leading developer of the new database launched on Monday.
A. the United Nation’s General Assembly B. the International Energy Agency
C. Carbon Tracker D. Global Energy Monitor
45. According to the passage, which of the following does Mark Campanale most probably suggest
A. There are still enough fossil fuel to mine both in the United States and Russia.
B. The community should question companies’ planning to mine coal, oil and gas.
C. The new database is developed to help investment groups challenge plans for mining.
D. The government should rely on the new database to prevent mining plan of companies.
46. What’s the writer’s attitude towards the launch of the new database
A. Positive. B. Flexible. C. Critical. D. Ironical.
12.松江区
Alain Aspect, a French physicist, who won a long-expected Nobel Physics Prize on Tuesday (October 4, 2022), contributed a lot in proving the theory of quantum entanglement (量子缠绕), a theory — famously raised by Albert Einstein — that when a particle (粒子) is split into two, the properties of the two new particles remain connected, as if by an invisible piece of string, regardless of how far apart they are. It remained a theory until Aspect and his team proved it in a laboratory experiment for the first time in 1981, involving two photons (光子) at a distance of 12 meters.
Quantum strangeness has fascinated Aspect as a physicist. Awarded along with Austrian physicist Anton Zeilinger and John Clauser from the United States, Aspect emphasised the importance of international scientific cooperation. “He is one of those professors in physics. A whole community today works under his leadership,” said Retailleau, a former president of Paris-Saclay University. “Aspect is also a ‘tireless teacher’ who gives impressive lectures”, she added. His former student Olivier Reymond, who is now working on developing a quantum processor, said, “As well as passing his passion for physics on to his students, Aspect is also a food lover who will tell you all about his recipes for the goose liver.”
Alain Aspect is widely recognized for his experimental test of Bell’s inequalities, proposed by the late John Bell in 1964, and the related tests require measurements to be made on photons moving apart in opposite directions to look for connections between some of their physical properties, for instance, their polarizations. Aspect’s major contribution was to propose a feasible experimental scheme to make these measurements by rapidly changing the orientation of polarizers while photons moved through the device, and even more importantly, to implement it successfully in his experiments.
Sheila Rowan, president of the Institute of Physics which publishes Physics World, congratulated the team on their “well-deserved” recognition. “This is an area of physics with ongoing, profound impact, at a fundamental level to help understand the world around us and being explored for use in highly novel technologies for sensing and communication today,” she added.
Indeed, Aspect’s experiments have attracted enormous attention and triggered a string of theoretical and experimental work on quantum entanglement. As a result, new avenues have been explored in quantum computers, which in principle could outperform traditional computers at some tasks. We are generating more data now than ever before, need to analyse that data in more complex ways, and get results out faster. Quantum computing could help us to find new properties in the production of new materials for everyday use and it could also reduce power consumption within the manufacturing process. With quantum computing, research can be moved from the lab onto the computer where multiple imitations can be run while stretching your companies research and development budget further.
63. According to paragraph 2, Aspect is ______ as well as a physicist.
A. a tiresome professor B. an inspiring teacher
C. a cross-cultural food lover D. an empathetic community leader
64. It can be concluded about Aspect’s experiment that ______.
A. few people can comprehend its complicated process
B. interpersonal communication is promoted because of it
C. it was conducted successfully decades before Aspect won the Nobel Prize
D. Sheila Rowan played quite an important role in the publication of the result
65. What can be inferred from the passage
A. Aspect deserves the Prize for theoretical contributions to computing.
B. The team’s findings will bring about changes both in science and daily life.
C. Aspect is working as the president in Paris-Saclay University for the moment.
D. The team’s main contribution is the finding of practical methods in experimenting.
66. Which of the following would be the best title of the passage
A. Fruitful Joint Efforts in Popular Science
B. Alain Aspect — A Theoretical Physicist
C. Nobel Prize — For Experimental Purpose
D. Ground-breaking Achievement in Physics
13.徐汇区
A rich burial was unearthed by archaeologists at La Almoloya, southeastern Spain that is the cradle of the El Argar civilization, which lived in the region during the Bronze Age.
La Almoloya was a primary center of politics and wealth in the El Argar territory, and although the discovery was made in 2014, experts are now taking a closer look at the sociological and political context of the unearthed treasure.
The remains of a woman, along with a man who may have been her husband, were discovered in the forested hills of the area. Radiocarbon dating suggests the burial happened around 1700 BC. The pair were found with 30 objects containing precious metals and semi-precious stones, including the silver diadem (王冠), which encircled the skull (颅骨) of the woman.
Experts believe that the man in the grave was probably a warrior; wear and tear on his bones indicate he spent a lot of time on horseback, and his skull had deep scars from a facial injury, while gold plugs through his earlobes indicated he was someone of distinction.
The woman, named the “Princess of La Almoloya”, was buried a short time after the man, with vast quantities of jewellery: bracelets, earlobe plugs and rings, to name a few. The grave goods of the woman were worth tens of thousands of dollars in today’s money.
“We have two ways of interpreting this,” says archaeologist Roberto Risch of the Autonomous University of Barcelona. “Either you say, it’s just the wife of the king; or you say, no, she’s a political personality by herself.”
Risch is a co-author of a study that was recently published about the important findings, that noted the building under which the grave was found was of equal importance—a building specifically dedicated to governing purposes in Western Europe. A wide hall was excavated (挖掘), with high ceilings, a raised platform, and a capacity for more than 50 people to sit on benches that lined the walls. “It’s a building where people could be sitting listening to each other, or to someone explaining something,” says Risch, “There is no evidence of food and no clear-cut religious artefacts, so it doesn’t look like a home or a temple.”
The discovery at La Almoloya shed new light on the politics and gender relations in one of the first urban societies of the West. Previous findings have revealed that women were considered adults at a much younger age than boys were. Excavated grave goods have highlighted that girls as young as six were buried with knives and tools, but boys would be in their teens by the time they would be buried alongside such objects.
Additionally, the graves of some women from EI Argar were reopened generations later to bury other men and women, an unusual practice that experts believe would have been a very high honor. “What exactly their political power was, we don’t know,” Risch adds. “But this burial at La Almoloya questions the role of women in [Bronze Age] politics... it questions a lot of conventional wisdom.”
43. The woman discovered at La Almoloya ________.
A. proved to be a princess during the Bronze Age
B. was buried long after her husband’s death
C. lived in an ancient society called El Argar
D. was holding a silver diadem when unearthed
44. The man in the grave was believed to be a warrior mainly because ________.
A. he had gold plugs through his earlobes B. he was buried next to the woman
C. he was buried with knives and tools D. he had injuries and scars on his bones
45. According to Risch, the ancient building seemed to ________.
A. have been used for political meetings B. have served some religious purposes
C. be the first temple built in Western Europe D. be specially dedicated to food trading
46. What can be inferred from the discovery at La Almoloya
A. Women were buried with more riches than men in the Bronze Age.
B. The role of women in Bronze Age politics had been overestimated.
C. Women may have been powerful rulers in the El Argar civilization.
D. Women were considered adults at a much younger age than boys.
14.浦东新区
Trust me — I am expedition doctor
Ever since I was a young child, I’ve had a taste for adventure, but I never imagined I’d be able to satisfy this passion at regular intervals because of my chosen career.
My work as an expedition (探险队) doctor has taken me all over the world. However, my favourite trips, and the ones in which I now specialise, are those involving mountains. Never do I feel more inspired by nature than when I look up at their towering peaks and begin to prepare myself mentally for the challenges ahead.
I trained as a doctor in the UK, but there was little in that training to prepare me for binding up a broken leg during a storm on the side of a mountain! In fact, I’d say that medical skills come some way down the list of job requirements, after endurance, flexibility, problem-solving and communication.
This kind of medicine is a million miles away from the controlled, germ-free environment of a hospital, and your medical kit basically consists of whatever you can carry, so you sometimes have to be prepared to improvise (即兴做). For example, I’ve learned that some drugs can be used for several conditions, and I’ve even had to resort to cutting branches off a small tree to make a stick to support a broken arm.
That isn’t to say that you can’t train to be an expedition doctor; on the contrary, there are some excellent courses available. Not only do they teach medical techniques, but also practical skills such as carrying out risk assessments, crossing rivers safely and using satellite phones. The first course I did included a session on expedition dentistry, though I must admit I still don’t like the idea of pulling out someone’s tooth!
I do most of my work for adventure holiday companies, travelling to remote places. When I started out, these holidays were quite rare, but they have become much more mainstream now that we’ve all seen celebrities climbing Kilimanjaro or watched reality shows about people surviving in jungles.
I do have mixed feelings about all these people with large amounts of disposable income coming to poor areas just for their own enjoyment, so I try to make sure that the companies I work for have high ethical standards and benefit the local communities. And of course, tourism provides employment, and also opens the eyes of rich visitors to the hardship that many people are forced to endure.
I realise that this kind of life isn’t for everyone, but I’d recommend that all doctors try it at least once, if only to make them appreciate the comforts of their usual working environment!
63. The author feels that he has been________.
A. obliged to choose his career B. lucky with his job
C. obsessed with his adventure D. inspired by his patients
64. According to the passage, what can be learned about medical skills for an expedition doctor
A. They are less important than practical skills.
B. They are strictly required as the most important.
C. They are adequately attained in medical schools.
D. They are an underlying part of practical skills.
65. Why do expedition doctors sometimes have to use unusual techniques
A. They keep their equipment in a backpack.
B. Things can happen that they don’t expect.
C. They don’t have the resources of a hospital.
D. They are required by the patients on the trip.
66. The author works for ethical companies because________.
A. they organise expeditions in the remote areas he enjoys visiting
B. they appreciate the comforts of the unusual working environments
C. he wants to make sure that his clients are safe at all times during the expedition
D. he feels uncomfortable about the difference between rich tourists and poor local people
15.杨浦区
Children often learn new languages more easily than adults do, but it’s unclear why. Some theorize that grasping a language requires absorbing subtle patterns unconsciously and that adults’ superior conscious reasoning is to blame. New research suggests that, indeed, grown-ups might just be too smart for their own good.
For a recent study in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, a group of Belgian adults at the same time read and heard strings of four made-up words (such as “kieng nief siet hiem”).
Specific consonants (辅音) always appeared at the beginning or end of a word if the word contained a certain vowel (元音). Participants next read the sequences aloud quickly. Their ability to avoid mistakes doing so indicated how well they absorbed the consonant-vowel patterns.
But before exposure to the new words, the participants had carried out a separate test: pressing keys to react to letters and numbers. Some got a much faster, more mentally draining version of this test.
Those who did the difficult version claimed greater mental exhaustion afterward-but performed better on the following language task. The researchers assume that tired learners used less conscious analysis on the word rules: they were free to learn like a child.
For a related paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, the research team had English-speaking adults listen to streams of syllables (音节) secretly grouped into three-syllable “words.” Later, they played pairs of three-syllable units; one word in the pair came from the stream, and one was a new combination. The participants guessed which word was familiar, then rated their confidence.
In one participant group, some had first done the original mentally draining test. In another, some had received magnetic pulses to interrupt activity in a brain area that previous research has linked to executive control. In both groups, these measures improved participants’ performance on the syllable task when they were unsure about their answers, indicating unconscious analysis of speech. Neuroscientist Michael Ullman, who was not involved in either paper, likes that both the studies added to mental burden differently and measured different skills. That’s really good in science because you’ve got evidences pointing to the same direction,” he says, adding that he would like to see higher language skills such as grammar studied this way.
63. The reason why some Belgians were given a more difficult test before the language task was that .
A. they would have no time to prepare for the upcoming task
B. they would be too tired mentally to consciously analyze the rules
C. they could have something to refer to in the following task
D. they might compare the difficulty level of the two tasks
64. How did the participants who had received magnetic pulses do in the syllable task, compared with those who hadn’t
A. They relied more upon conscious analysis.
B. They identified more familiar combinations.
C. They performed the task less confidently.
D. They were less able to control emotions.
65. What can be inferred from Michael Ullman’s remark
A. The research result is not solid until grammar is included.
B. Subconscious mind remains to be explored in science.
C. The outcomes of the two researches back each other up
D. More evidence is needed to back the claim of the two papers.
66. Which of the following conclusions will the research team agree with
A. Human brain processes languages in multiple ways.
B. Conscious analysis is the key to mastering a language.
C. Increasing mental health improves one’s language.
D. Reducing reasoning may help to learn a language.
16.长宁区
In the film Inside Out, 11-year-old Riley’s emotions are personified as brightly colored internal figures that drive her behaviors. The same five emotions—anger, fear, disgust (憎恶), sadness, and joy—appear in every other character’s head as well, functioning in much the same way in each individual. In Western cultures, this is the case, argues psychologist Batja Mesquita in Between Us. Emotions in such contexts, she writes, are considered “MINE,” or “Mental, INside the person, and Essentialist,” the latter defined in the book as always having the same properties.
This conception of emotion is not universal, however. Emotions elsewhere, she argues, are thought of as “OURS”—“OUtside the person, Relational, and Situated.” Using this distinction, Mesquita sets about contrasting emotions in “the West,” where the individual is the top concern, with “the Rest,” where community is prioritized.
Mesquita describes amae as a central emotion in Japanese culture, where it builds interdependence by encouraging tolerance in parenting process. She describes hasham—which includes shame, embarrassment, and social respectability—as a fundamental emotion for Egyptian Bedouins (游牧人). Such observations provide a background for her to explore a range of issues, including childhood socialization, the nature of friendship, the role of language in shaping emotions, and cross-cultural communication in a globalized world.
Despite Mesquita’s emphasis on cross-cultural emotions, there is little discussion of whether the MINE-OURS dichotomy (二分法) accurately explains global cultural variation. Other scholars have noted, for example, that hunter-gatherer societies at the same time emphasize both individual self-government and social cooperation. And in an apparent contradiction to her earlier arguments, Mesquita herself ultimately concludes that Westerners have OURS emotions.
Taken as a whole, however, the book contributes much to the discussion of the origins of emotions, presenting a remarkable collection of cross-cultural studies intermixed with personal stories about foreign residents’ struggles to reunite diverse emotional and social worlds. In chapter 8, for example, Mesquita describes an incident where she—a Dutch native living in the United States—bumped into the famous American psychologist Hazel Markus at a conference Markus helped organize. Wishing to express understanding of Markus’s workload, Mesquita declared “You look a little tired.” The remark appeared to make Markus nervous and confused but was intended as an expression of sympathy—to sympathize in Dutch is to acknowledge suffering, not offer comfort as in the US.
The book’s take-home message is fundamental: There are no natural emotions, no inborn emotions, no universal emotions. Mesquita argues that emotions are “meaning making” and “a preparation for action” and that the idea of “emotions as inner states” is a Western construct. Instead, she suggests that emotions are a “dance” cocreated between people who live in a specific cultural context at a particular historical moment.
43. In Between Us, Mesquita indicates that ______.
A. the Japanese build kids’ emotion of shame in parenting
B. MINE-OURS dichotomy is the very cause of cross-cultural emotions
C. emotions outside “the West” are considered community-centred
D. hunter-gatherers have both emotions of “OURS” and “MINE”
44. We can infer from the incident in paragraph 5 that ______.
A. the emotion of sympathy is to offer help in Dutch culture
B. foreign residents from different cultures usually unite as one
C. as Dutch Mesquita shows her personality of warmth and caring
D. cross-cultural emotional exchanges probably cause misunderstanding
45. What is Mesquita’s main argument about emotions in her book
A. Family education hardly influences one’s emotions.
B. Sociocultural contexts largely contribute to emotions.
C. Western people’s emotions have no properties of OURS.
D. Internal factors play a vital role in shaping how we feel.
46. Which of the following is the best title of the passage
A. The cultural landscape of emotions B. The cultural origin of emotions
C. The cultural convention of emotions D. The cultural shock of emotions
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21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
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专题0
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阅读理解C篇
-2023年上海十六区高三英语一模汇编
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1.宝山区
When disaster strikes a community, it is often critical that assistance be provided right away. The best first responders are the people who call that area home. The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program teaches civilians how to prepare themselves for dangers that might affect their communities. Teams of volunteers are trained in basic skills such as fire safety and prevention, search and rescue, and first aid. After training, these volunteers can begin to provide immediate assistance in the consequence of disasters before professional rescuers arrive.
A CERT team can make a huge difference to a community. During the early stages of a disastrous event, citizens will likely face extreme challenges on their own. Emergency services are usually overwhelmed, and communities may be isolated because of blocked roads. A CERT team can size up the situation in their neighborhood and provide help right away. In 1986, untrained volunteers saved more than 800 lives in the Mexico City earthquake. Unfortunately, at least 100 volunteers also died in the process. To ensure their community was better prepared in events like this, Los Angeles piloted the first CERT program in 1986, and many cities followed their lead.
People of all ages can participate in a CERT program-there is even a teen program for adolescents. Local CERT trainers hold an annual training class and provide subsequent classes throughout the year to consolidate skills.
CERT programs are useful on many different levels. Volunteers are trained to act as eyes and ears, locating trapped victims for uniformed emergency responders who arrive later. They learn to put out small fires, shut off equipment, rescue survivors and provide basic medical treatment. Volunteers also create disaster plans to evacuate families as well as collect and store disaster supplies such as water, food and first-aid kits. Working with professionals, a CERT team can help reduce injuries, loss of life and property damage.
There are now CERT programs throughout the United States, and more than 600,000 people have trained as volunteers. Brazil, New Zealand and Turkey have similar programs. Citizens participate because they believe that everyone in a community has a role in disaster preparedness. By working competently as a team, CERT volunteers protect not only themselves but also the people around them when disasters occur.
43. According to the passage, when do CERT members usually provide assistance
A. Before those professional rescuers arrive. B. When uniformed emergency responders arrive.
C. During the early stages of a disastrous event. D. Throughout the process of rescue in a disaster.
44. The word “pilot” in the second paragraph most probably means ________.
A. conduct B. imitate C. pass D. discuss
45. According to the passage, residents in the community in some countries are willing to be CERT volunteers because ________.
A. they think each in the community is important in preventing and fighting against disaster
B. they believe everyone in the community has the responsibility in a sudden natural disaster
C. they think volunteers in the community can protect themselves and others in a disaster
D. they believe they can help victims earlier and more effectively than professional ones
46. What would be the proper title for the passage
A. CERT and professional rescue teams are important
B. CERT is a folk but helpful organization in America
C. Ordinary people can save lives in a natural disaster
D. Volunteers can effectively prevent a natural disaster
【答案】43. D 44. C 45. A 46. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了社区应急响应小组（CERT）项目教平民如何为可能影响他们社区的危险做好准备。说明了CERT团队可以对社区产生巨大的影响，介绍了其积极作用以及人们对其的看法。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program teaches civilians how to prepare themselves for dangers that might affect their communities. Teams of volunteers are trained in basic skills such as fire safety and prevention, search and rescue, and first aid. After training, these volunteers can begin to provide immediate assistance in the consequence of disasters before professional rescuers arrive. (社区应急响应小组（CERT）项目教平民如何为可能影响他们社区的危险做好准备。志愿者队伍接受消防安全和预防、搜索和救援以及急救等基本技能的培训。经过培训，这些志愿者可以在专业救援人员到达之前，在灾难发生后立即提供援助)”可知，CERT成员通常在灾难中救援的整个过程提供帮助。故选D。
【44题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“the first CERT program in 1986, and many cities followed their lead(第一个CERT计划在1986年，许多城市跟随他们的领导)”可知，洛杉矶在1986年通过了第一个CERT计划，许多城市效仿他们的做法。故画线词意思是“通过”。故选C。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Citizens participate because they believe that everyone in a community has a role in disaster preparedness. By working competently as a team, CERT volunteers protect not only themselves but also the people around them when disasters occur.(公民参与是因为他们相信社区中的每个人都可以在备灾中发挥作用。通过作为一个团队称职地工作，CERT志愿者在灾难发生时不仅保护自己，还保护周围的人)”可知，一些国家的社区居民愿意成为CERT志愿者，因为他们认为社区中的每一个人在预防和抗击灾难方面都很重要。故选A。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段中“The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program teaches civilians how to prepare themselves for dangers that might affect their communities. Teams of volunteers are trained in basic skills such as fire safety and prevention, search and rescue, and first aid. After training, these volunteers can begin to provide immediate assistance in the consequence of disasters before professional rescuers arrive. (社区应急响应小组（CERT）项目教平民如何为可能影响他们社区的危险做好准备。志愿者队伍接受消防安全和预防、搜索和救援以及急救等基本技能的培训。经过培训，这些志愿者可以在专业救援人员到达之前，在灾难发生后立即提供援助)”结合文章说明了CERT团队可以对社区产生巨大的影响，介绍了其积极作用以及人们对其的看法。可知，故C选项“普通人也能在自然灾害中拯救生命”最符合文章标题。故选C。
2.崇明区
The water off the coast of northwest Greenland is a glass-like calm, but the puddles (水坑) on the region’s icebergs are a sign that a transformation is underway higher on the ice sheet.
Several days of unusually warm weather in northern Greenland have caused rapid melting, made visible by the rivers of meltwater rushing into the ocean. Temperatures have been running around 60 degrees Fahrenheit — 10 degrees warmer than normal for this time of year, scientists said.
The amount of ice that melted in Greenland between July 15 and 17 this year alone — 6 billion tons of water per day — would be enough to fill 7.2 million Olympic-sized swimming pools, according to data from the US National Snow and Ice Data Center.
Each summer, scientists worry that they will see a repeat of the record melting that occurred in 2019, when 532 billion tons of ice flowed out into the sea. An unexpectedly hot spring and a July heat wave that year caused almost the entire ice sheet’s surface to melt. Global sea level rose permanently by 1.5 millimeters as a result.
Greenland holds enough ice — if it all melted — to lift sea level by 7.5 meters around the world. The latest research points to a more and more threatening situation on the Northern Hemisphere’s iciest island.
“Unprecedented (史无前例的)” rates of melting have been observed at the bottom of the Greenland ice sheet, a study published in February found, caused by huge quantities of meltwater flowing down from the surface. This water is particularly concerning because it can destabilize the sheet above it and could lead to a massive, rapid loss of ice.
And in 2020, scientists found that Greenland’s ice sheet had melted beyond the point of no return. The rate of melting in recent years exceeds anything Greenland has experienced in the last 12,000 years, another study found — and enough to cause measurable change in the gravitational field over Greenland.
At the East Greenland Ice-core Project — or EastGRIP — research camp in northwest Greenland, the work of scientists to understand the impact of climate change is being affected by climate change itself.
Aslak Grinsted, a climate scientist at the University of Copenhagen’s Niels Bohr Institute, said that they have been trying to get flights into the camp but the warmth is destabilizing the landing site.
Before human-caused climate change kicked in, temperatures near 32 degrees Fahrenheit there were unheard of. But since the 1980s, this region has warmed by around 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit per decade — four times faster than the global pace — making it all the more likely that temperatures will cross the melting point.
63. The passage is mainly written to ________.
A. alert people to the rapid melting of Greenland’s ice sheet
B. arouse people’s awareness of protecting the environment
C. inform people of the large amount of ice Greenland holds
D. reveal to people the cause and effect of the rise in sea level
64. What does “a transformation” in the first paragraph refer to
A. Climate change. B. A rise in sea level.
C. Global warming. D. The melting of ice.
65. What can be learned about the ice that melted in 2019
A. It repeated a record melting of the ice sheet several years ago.
B. Its amount was the largest ever and lifted sea level permanently.
C. It was enough to fill 7.2 million Olympic-sized swimming pools.
D. Its melting rate was so rapid as to result in an unexpectedly hot spring.
66. It is implied in the passage that ________.
A. climate change is a result of human activities
B. the study of climate change is being made easier
C. the melting of Greenland’s ice sheet is reversible
D. temperatures increase 1.5°F or so each decade globally
【答案】63. A 64. D 65. B 66. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了格陵兰冰盖的快速融化现象，说明地球正在变暖。
【63题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，尤其根据第二段“Several days of unusually warm weather in northern Greenland have caused rapid melting, made visible by the rivers of meltwater rushing into the ocean. Temperatures have been running around 60 degrees Fahrenheit — 10 degrees warmer than normal for this time of year, scientists said. (格陵兰岛北部连续几天异常温暖的天气导致了冰川的快速融化，融化的水涌入海洋。科学家表示，今年这个时候的气温一直在华氏60度左右，比正常温度高10度。)”可知，这篇文章主要是为了提醒人们注意格陵兰冰盖的快速融化，地球正在变暖。故选A项。
【64题详解】
词句猜测题。黑体词语的后文，文章第二段中“Several days of unusually warm weather in northern Greenland have caused rapid melting, made visible by the rivers of meltwater rushing into the ocean. (格陵兰岛北部连续几天异常温暖的天气导致了冰川的快速融化，融化的水涌入海洋。)”说明由于气温变暖导致格陵兰岛北部冰川在快速融化，从而推知划线词句“The water off the coast of northwest Greenland is a glass-like calm, but the puddles (水坑) on the region’s icebergs are a sign that a transformation is underway higher on the ice sheet. (格陵兰岛西北部海岸的海水平静如玻璃，但该地区冰山上的水坑表明，在冰盖的高处，a transformation正在进行。)”其中a transformation指的是“冰的融化”。故选D项。
【65题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“Each summer, scientists worry that they will see a repeat of the record melting that occurred in 2019, when 532 billion tons of ice flowed out into the sea. An unexpectedly hot spring and a July heat wave that year caused almost the entire ice sheet’s surface to melt. Global sea level rose permanently by 1.5 millimeters as a result. (每年夏天，科学家们都担心，他们会看到2019年创纪录的冰川融化重演，当时5320亿吨的冰川流入大海。那年一场意外的温泉和7月的热浪导致几乎整个冰盖表面融化。因此，全球海平面永久性地上升了1.5毫米。)”可知，2019年融化的冰，数量是有史以来最大的，并永久性地升高了海平面。故选B项。
【66题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Before human-caused climate change kicked in, temperatures near 32 degrees Fahrenheit there were unheard of. But since the 1980s, this region has warmed by around 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit per decade — four times faster than the global pace — making it all the more likely that temperatures will cross the melting point. (在人类造成的气候变化开始之前，那里的气温接近32华氏度是前所未闻的。但自20世纪80年代以来，这一地区每十年变暖约1.5华氏度，比全球变暖速度快四倍，这使得气温越过熔点的可能性更大。)”可知，文中暗示气候变化是人类活动的结果。故选A项。
3.奉贤区
Cognitive Processing Therapy(CPT), a long-term psychological therapy, is a specific type of cognitive behavioral therapy which reduces post-traumatic stress disorder (创伤后应激障碍) symptoms after natural disasters. Typically, CPT is delivered over 12 sessions to help patients learn how to modify negative attitudes and practices related to their trauma. The goal is that the patient then creates a new, more positive view and understanding of the traumatic event, which reduces on-going negative effects on the patient’s current life. It specifically focuses on the core trauma themes of safety, trust, power and control, etc.
Delivered both individually and in structured group sessions, it allows for multiple different paths to receive effective treatments. In some studies, it has shown to be helpful in cases where medicine alone has not worked. Because CPT focuses on retraining thoughts and behaviors to form practical strategies that can be applied to everyday pared to other talk-therapies, it has been especially successful, because it can be completed in a brief period of time, allowing for a lower patient dropout rate. It also enhances brain connectivity, which lessens long-term impacts of trauma. This increased connectivity is why cognitive behavioral therapy is often argued to be more effective than medicine.
On the other hand, there are also multiple disadvantages to CPT. Due to its structured nature, it may not be suitable for people with more complex mental health needs or learning difficulties. Additionally, since it involves facing up to emotions and fears, patients may experience initial periods of additional anxiety or discomfort. Some therapists also argue that because it only addresses current problems and specific issues it does not address possible fundamental causes of mental health conditions, and because it focuses on the individual’s capacity to change themselves it does not address wider system problems that have a significant impact on a patient’s health and well-being.
However, focusing mainly on post-natural disasters, regardless of pre-disaster health, CPT has been repeatedly proven to be a rather successful treatment approach. Although there have not been studies generalizing CPT for children, it is an effective treatment for adults. The clear effectiveness of CPT demonstrates the importance of patient-specific therapies that are unique to the experiences of individual patients.
43. According to the passage, CPT is intended to help patients _________.
A. learn how to modify various negative attitudes and practices
B. cultivate a positive view and understanding of the traumatic events
C. minimize on-going negative effects on their previous and current life
D. focus on the core trauma themes of safety, trust, power, control, etc.
pared with other talk-therapies, what feature contributes to the effectiveness of CPT
A. Its multiple treating assignments.
B. Its applicable strategies in daily life.
C. Its higher treatment fulfillment.
D. Its brain connectivity enhancement.
45. What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. Post-disaster health is not taken into consideration in the CPT.
B. CPT proves to be the most successful treatment approach so far.
C. More researches might be conducted into the effectiveness of CPT in children.
D. CPT addresses the fundamental causes of patients’ mental health conditions.
46. What is the main idea of this passage
A. The application of Cognitive Processing Therapy.
B. An introduction to a long-term psychological therapy.
C. A breakthrough in the psychological medical field.
D. The limitations of Cognitive Processing Therapy.
【答案】43. B 44. C 45. C 46. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种长期心理疗法——认知加工疗法。它能够帮助患者改变消极态度和行为，减少对患者生活的负面影响，但同时也存在一些缺点，患者在初始阶段可能会更加焦虑或不适。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal is that the patient then creates a new, more positive view and understanding of the traumatic event, which reduces on-going negative effects on the patient’s current life.(这样做的目的是让病人对创伤事件有一个新的、更积极的看法和理解，从而减少对病人当前生活的持续负面影响。)”可知，认知加工疗法是为了帮助病人培养对创伤性时间的积极看法和理解。故选B项。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Compared to other talk-therapies, it has been especially successful, because it can be completed in a brief period of time , allowing for a lower patient dropout rate. It also enhances brain connectivity, which lessens long-term impacts of trauma. This increased connectivity is why cognitive behavioral therapy is often argued to be more effective than medicine.(与其他谈话疗法相比，它特别成功，因为它可以在很短的时间内完成，允许较低的患者退出率。它还能增强大脑的连通性，从而减少创伤的长期影响。这种增强的连通性就是为什么认知行为疗法经常被认为比药物更有效。)”可知，认知加工疗法成功是因为它完成时间短，增强大脑的连通性，所以它比其他的疗法要更加有效。故选C项。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“However, focusing mainly on post-natural disasters, regardless of pre-disaster health, CPT has been repeatedly proven to be a rather successful treatment approach. Although there have not been studies generalizing CPT for children, it is an effective treatment for adults. The clear effectiveness of CPT demonstrates the importance of patient-specific therapies that are unique to the experiences of individual patients.(然而，认知加工疗法主要侧重于自然灾害后，而不考虑灾前健康，已多次被证明是一种相当成功的治疗方法。虽然还没有研究将认知加工疗法推广到儿童，但它对成人是一种有效的治疗方法。认知加工疗法的明确有效性证明了患者特异性治疗的重要性，这是个体患者独特的经历。)”可知，认知加工疗法多次被证明是一种相当成功的治疗方法，并且对于成年人来说已经是有效的方法；由此可以推出，下一步很有可能就是将其应用于儿童身上，研究它的有效性。故选C项。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。文章第一段主要讲了认知加工疗法的定义，它是一种长期的心理疗法；第二段讲了它为何如此有效，其原理是什么；第三段讲了认知加工疗法的缺点；第四段讲了它的应用范围。综合全文可知，文章主要介绍了一种长期心理疗法——认知加工疗法。故选B项。
4.虹口区
Much like beauty, art is in the eye of the beholder. The artwork we are attracted to can give insight into our personality, such as whether we are too quick or too slow, calm or moody. Studies into art preferences date back to the 1930s — most of them examining the extent to which people like or dislike different paintings. Research shows that a person’s interest in art is more strongly related to certain personality traits than to social class, age, or gender.
In particular, a personality trait called “openness” is the best predictor of whether individuals are interested in art. On the other side, those who identify as “conscientious (一丝不苟的)”, are often less drawn to the arts. These traits are part of the Big Five, a widely accepted personality theory based on nearly a century of research.
The model claims that each personality is composed of a combination of five core traits: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion (enjoying being with other people), agreeableness (being pleasant) and neuroticism (feeling worried and nervous). Rather than stating a person as being either shy or outgoing, the Big Five Model believes that everyone lies somewhere between the two extremes.
Personality traits may also affect the way people visually scan art. A 2018 study tracked participants’ eye movements as they studied abstract artwork. The majority of participants concentrated on the upper-right part. This makes sense, as the right half of the brain is specialized for visual and spatial processing, and also plays a significant role in processing the emotions that art draws out. However, participants who tended toward neuroticism focused on the left side of the picture, and those with mental disease paid more attention to the bottom of the picture.
Even with the impressive amount of research into the relationship between people’s personality traits and their love for art, there are still holes in the theories. For instance, some scientists claim that the Big Five Model doesn’t translate across cultures and is mainly targeted toward those living in developed nations. Also, most studies have focused on two-dimensional art, like paintings, and haven’t yet captured differing preferences for the variety of media that exist around the world. Then there’s the fact that our art preferences change over time and are informed by our ages, relationships and life experiences.
People’s preferences for art are nearly as complicated as art itself. But if you’re looking for a quick test of someone’s general personality traits, it doesn’t hurt to glance at what’s hanging on their walls.
43. Which of the following is the best illustration of “art is in the eye of the beholder” in paragraph 1
A. We judge a piece of art based on whether it is considered beautiful.
B. The beauty of a piece of artwork depends on its quality and price.
C. The owner of the artwork is the one who loves it the most.
D. Whether an artwork is appealing is a subjective matter.
44. The shadowed area in each of the following pictures is the part a person focuses on when enjoying an abstract painting. According to the 2018 study, which best illustrates the perception of a person who tends to be in anxiety
A. B.
C. D.
45. What can be inferred from the passage about the Big Five Model
A. It is a globally accepted measuring system.
B. Everyone can fit into one of the five categories.
C. There is much evidence of scientific studies to back it.
D. It can explain the change in our art preference over time.
46. What is the best title of this passage
A. What does your taste in art say about you
B. How to reveal one’s personality traits
C. Why do we like the artwork we like
D. How to discover your art preference
【答案】43. D 44. C 45. C 46. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是研究表明，一个人对艺术的兴趣与某些个性特征的关系更大，而不是与社会阶层、年龄或性别的关系。
【43题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第一段的“The artwork we are attracted to can give insight into our personality, such as whether we are too quick or too slow, calm or moody.(吸引我们的艺术作品可以洞察我们的个性，比如我们是太快还是太慢，冷静还是情绪化。)”可知，对艺术的喜爱能反映我们的个性，因此“art is in the eye of the beholder”的意思是“一件艺术品是否吸引人是一个主观问题”，故选D。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“However, participants who tended toward neuroticism focused on the left side of the picture, and those with mental disease paid more attention to the bottom of the picture.(然而，倾向于神经过敏的参与者关注的是图片的左侧，而患有精神疾病的参与者则更多地关注图片的底部。)”可知，一个处于焦虑状态的人会关注图片的左侧和底部，故选C。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“These traits are part of the Big Five, a widely accepted personality theory based on nearly a century of research.(这些特质是“Big Five”的一部分。“Big Five”是基于近一个世纪的研究而被广泛接受的人格理论。)”可知，有很多科学研究的证据支持Big Five Model这一观点。故选C。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“The artwork we are attracted to can give insight into our personality, such as whether we are too quick or too slow, calm or moody. Studies into art preferences date back to the 1930s — most of them examining the extent to which people like or dislike different paintings. Research shows that a person’s interest in art is more strongly related to certain personality traits than to social class, age, or gender.(吸引我们的艺术作品可以洞察我们的个性，比如我们是太快还是太慢，冷静还是情绪化。关于艺术偏好的研究可以追溯到20世纪30年代，大多数研究都是调查人们对不同绘画作品的喜欢或不喜欢程度。研究表明，一个人对艺术的兴趣与某些个性特征的关系更大，而不是与社会阶层、年龄或性别的关系。)”可知，本文主要讲的是研究表明，一个人对艺术的兴趣与某些个性特征的关系更大，而不是与社会阶层、年龄或性别的关系，因此最好的题目是A选项“What does your taste in art say about you (你的艺术品味说明了关于你的什么？)”，故选A。
5.黄浦区
In 2020, OpenAI, a research lab in San Francisco, revealed a system called GPT-3. It is what artificial intelligence researchers call a neural(神经系统的) network, after the web of neurons in the human brain. A neural network is really a mathematical system that learns skills by locating patterns in vast amounts of digital data. By analyzing thousands of cat photos, for instance, it can learn to recognize a cat. “We call it ‘artificial intelligence,’ but a better name might be ‘finding statistical patterns from large data sets’,” said Dr. Gopnik, the Berkeley professor.
More recently, researchers at places like Google and OpenAI began building neural networks that learned from enormous amounts of prose, including digital books and Wikipedia articles by the thousands. GPT-3 is an example. As it analyzed all that digital text, it built what you might call a mathematical map of human language — more than 175 billion data points that describe how we piece words together. Using this map, it can perform many different tasks, like penning speeches, writing computer programs and having a conversation.
But there are limitations. If you ask GPT-3 for 10 speeches in the voice of Mark Twain, it might give you five that sound remarkably like the famous writer — and five others that come nowhere puter programmers use the technology to create small snippets(一小段) of code they can slip into larger programs, but more often than not they have to edit and adjust whatever it gives them.
Still, Dr. Gopnik described this kind of system as intelligent. “It is not intelligent in the way humans are. It is like an unfamiliar form of intelligence,” he said. “But it still counts.”
Dr. Gopnik and many others in the field are confident that they are on a path to building a machine that can do anything the human brain can do. This confidence shines through when they discuss current technologies. He admits that some A.I. researchers “struggle to differentiate between reality and science fiction.” But he believes these researchers still serve a valuable role. “They help us dream of the full range of the possible,” he said.
Perhaps they do. But for the rest of us, these dreams can get in the way of the issues that deserve our attention.
43. Which of the following statements correctly describes GPT-3
A. It is meant to monitor human’s neuron webs.
B. It stores limitless data in its mathematical system.
C. It can identify images and employ human language.
D. It studies pictures and digital books to invent patterns.
44. In paragraph 3, the example of computer programmers is used to __________.
A. illustrate GPT-3 is far from perfect
B. warn programmers against technology
C. show the process of slipping code into program
D. explain why GPT-3 fails to find Mark Twain’s speeches
45. What does Dr. Gopnik think of the mathematical system of GPT-3
A. He finds it valuable because it maximizes the current technologies.
B. He doubts its worth though it is remarkably similar to a human brain.
C. He thinks highly of it because it plays a valuable role in A.I. research.
D. He believes it will interrupt our thinking though it differs from science fiction.
46. What’s the author’s attitude towards A.I.
A. Enthusiastic. B. Opposed. C. Supportive. D. Unconcerned.
【答案】43. C 44. A 45. C 46. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了由旧金山的一个实验室OpenAI所展示的一个名为GPT-3的系统。这个系统被人工智能研究人员称为神经网络，它可以通过定位大量数字数据中的模式来学习技能。对此系统，不同的人发表了不同的看法。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“By analyzing thousands of cat photos, for instance, it can learn to recognize a cat.(通过分析数千张猫的照片，它可以学会识别猫。)”和文章第二段“GPT-3 is an example. As it analyzed all that digital text, it built what you might call a mathematical map of human language — more than 175 billion data points that describe how we piece words together. Using this map, it can perform many different tasks, like penning speeches, writing computer programs and having a conversation.(GPT-3就是一个例子。当它分析所有的数字文本时，它就构建了一个你可以称之为人类语言的数学地图——超过1750亿个数据点，这些数据点描述了我们如何将单词组合在一起。使用这张地图，它可以执行许多不同的任务，如撰写演讲稿、编写计算机程序和进行对话。)”可知，GPT-3可以识别图像并使用人类语言。故选C。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第三段第一句“But there are limitations.(但也有局限性。)”和“Computer programmers use the technology to create small snippets of code they can slip into larger programs, but more often than not they have to edit and adjust whatever it gives them.(计算机程序员使用这项技术来创建可以将其插入到更大的程序中的代码的小片段，但更多的时候，他们必须编辑和调整它给他们的任何内容。)”可知，GPT-3还是有局限性的，它创建的代码并不是完全正确的，还需要程序员亲自编辑和调整，这说明GPT-3远非完美。故选A。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Still, Dr. Gopnik described this kind of system as intelligent. ‘It is not intelligent in the way humans are. It is like an unfamiliar form of intelligence,’ he said. ‘But it still counts.’(尽管如此，Gopnik博士还是将这种系统描述为智能系统。他说：“它不像人类那样聪明。它就像一种不熟悉的智力形式。但它仍然很重要。”)”和第五段“Dr. Gopnik and many others in the field are confident that they are on a path to building a machine that can do anything the human brain can do. This confidence shines through when they discuss current technologies. (戈普尼克博士和该领域的许多其他人都相信，他们正在走上一条制造机器的道路，这种机器可以做人类大脑所能做的任何事情。当他们讨论当前的技术时，这种信心就会油然而生。)”可知，Dr. Gopnik高度评价了GPT-3这个系统，因为它在人工智能研究中发挥着重要作用。故选C。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Perhaps they do. But for the rest of us, these dreams can get in the way of the issues that deserve our attention.(也许是这样。但对我们其他人来说，这些梦想可能会阻碍值得我们关注的问题。)”可知，在作者看来，尽管人工智能可以帮人类实现很多梦想，但同时也可能会阻碍那些值得我们关注的问题，所以对此持反对意见。故选B。
6.嘉定区
In the ancient walled city of Sana’a, mud skyscrapers rise high into the sky. The towering structures are built entirely out of earth and decorated with striking geometric patterns. The local mud architecture is so unique that the city has been recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage site.
“As an outstanding example of architecture reflecting the spatial characteristics of the early years, the city in its landscape has an extraordinary artistic and pictorial quality,” UNESCO writes in its description of Sana’a. “The buildings also demonstrate exceptional craftsmanship in the use of local materials and techniques.”
Even though the buildings in Sana’a are thousands of years old, they remain “terribly contemporary”, says Salma Samar Damliyi, co-founder of the Mud Brick Architecture Foundation. The ancient structures are still inhabited today and most remain private residences. Damliyi says it is easy to see why these mud buildings have not lost their appeal — they are well-insulated(绝缘的)，sustainable and extremely adaptable for modern use. “It is the architecture of the future,” says Damliyi.
Architects around the world are reviving (复兴) raw-earth construction as they seek to construct sustainable buildings that can resist extreme weather events such as flash floods and intense heat. Could this ancient form of architecture influence the design of our future homes
The construction industry accounts for 38% of global carbon dioxide emissions. The building sector has an important role to play if the world is to meet the goal of reaching net zero by 2050. Concrete, a common modern construction material, has a huge carbon footprint. Replacing concrete with less polluting materials is critical to achieving our climate goals, scientists warn.
The ancient material, mud, could be the perfect sustainable alternative to concrete, according to Damliyi. Constructing with mud has a very low impact on the environment and the material itself is fully recyclable, she says. “If you want to pull down a wall or change the design, you can recycle all the materials.” An added bonus is that mud buildings are warm in the winter and cool in the summer. This reduces the need for air conditioning units, which consume large amounts of electricity and contain refrigerants that comprise greenhouse gas emissions. Mud structures are also incredibly strong and resistant to extreme weather, such as heatwaves, floods and droughts, which scientists say will become more frequent and intense as temperatures continue to rise.
Therefore, people who wish to live in a modern, comfortable home should consider one made of mud. Overall, it makes for highly advanced as well as sustainable design.
43. According to the first two paragraphs, buildings in Sana’a are “unique” because ________ .
A. they are tall and tower over the entire city
B. their geometric patterns create artistic feelings
C. they are beautifully crafted with local resources
D. their fascinating history has attracted many tourists
44. Which of the following is TRUE about mud materials according to the passage
A. They can reduce the chance of extreme weather events.
B. They can be ideal for sustainable future construction.
C. They might produce lots of greenhouse gas emissions.
D. They might cause substantial temperature changes.
45. It can be inferred from the passage that .
A. mud might be an important solution to the climate crisis
B. the mud buildings in Sana’a are no longer suitable to live
C. rebuilding mud construction would take great efforts
D. mud becomes the favourite material of architects
46. What do you think might be the best title of the passage
A. The Historic Cities that Mark Human Civilization
B. The Construction Industry that Threatens Climate Goals
C. The Modern Architecture that Survives Extreme Weather
D. The Ancient Material that Makes for Future House Designs
【答案】43. C 44. B 45. A 46. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文以Sana’a具有特色的泥质城堡引入，主要介绍了泥浆这种古老的材料可作为完美的可持续的建筑材料。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的“The towering structures are built entirely out of earth and decorated with striking geometric patterns.The local mud architecture is so unique that the city has been recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage site.(这些高耸的建筑完全是用泥土建造的，装饰着引人注目的几何图案。当地的泥建筑非常独特，因此这座城市已被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产)”和第二段的“The buildings also demonstrate exceptional craftsmanship in the use of local materials and techniques.(这些建筑还展示了在使用当地材料和技术方面的卓越工艺)”可知，Sana’a的建筑的独特之处在于它们是用当地的资源进行精心装饰的。故选C。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的“Damliyi says it is easy to see why these mud buildings have not lost their appeal — they are well-insulated (绝缘的)，sustainable and extremely adaptable for modern use. “It is the architecture of the future,” says Damliyi.(达姆利伊说，很容易理解为什么这些泥土建筑没有失去吸引力——它们绝缘良好，可持续发展，非常适合现代使用。“这是未来的建筑，”达姆利耶说)”和第四段的“Architects around the world are reviving (复兴) raw-earth construction as they seek to construct sustainable buildings that can resist extreme weather events such as flash floods and intense heat. (世界各地的建筑师正在复兴生土建筑，因为他们寻求建造能够抵御暴洪和高温等极端天气事件的可持续建筑)”可知，泥土材料是未来可持续建设的理想选择。故选B。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“The construction industry accounts for 38% of global carbon dioxide emissions. The building sector has an important role to play if the world is to meet the goal of reaching net zero by 2050. Concrete, a common modern construction material, has a huge carbon footprint. Replacing concrete with less polluting materials is critical to achieving our climate goals, scientists warn.(建筑业占全球二氧化碳排放量的38%。如果世界要实现到2050年实现净零排放的目标，建筑行业可以发挥重要作用。混凝土是一种常见的现代建筑材料，它的碳足迹非常大。科学家警告说，用污染更少的材料取代混凝土对实现我们的气候目标至关重要)”和倒数第二段的“The ancient material, mud, could be the perfect sustainable alternative to concrete, according to Damliyi. Constructing with mud has a very low impact on the environment and the material itself is fully recyclable, she says.(达姆利伊表示，这种古老的材料——泥浆，可能是混凝土的完美可持续替代品。她说，用泥浆建筑对环境的影响非常小，而且材料本身是完全可回收的)”推知，泥浆可能是气候危机的重要解决方法。故选A。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第三段的“Damliyi says it is easy to see why these mud buildings have not lost their appeal — they are well-insulated(绝缘的)，sustainable and extremely adaptable for modern use. “It is the architecture of the future,” says Damliyi.(达姆利伊说，很容易理解为什么这些泥土建筑没有失去吸引力——它们绝缘良好，可持续发展，非常适合现代使用。“这是未来的建筑，”达姆利耶说)”和最后一段“Therefore, people who wish to live in a modern, comfortable home should consider one made of mud. Overall, it makes for highly advanced as well as sustainable design.(因此，想要住在现代舒适的房子里的人应该考虑用泥土做的房子。总的来说，它有助于高度先进和可持续的设计)”可知，本文主要介绍了泥浆这种古老的材料可作为完美的可持续的建筑材料。D项“古老的材料造就了未来的房屋设计”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。
7.金山区
Venus (金星) has long played second to its redder, smaller and more distant neighbor. Given how inhospitable (不宜居住的) Venus has appeared to be, we have spent the majority of the last century pinning some of our biggest hopes of finding signs of life on Mars.
That all changed on September 15, 2020. It was announced that a strange gas called phosphine had been spotted in the clouds above Venus. The gas is produced by microbes, extremely small living things, here on Earth, so the discovery has renewed hopes that there might be life on Venus. Now we need to know for sure.
There is, after all, only so much we can do with ground-based instruments. Venus is extremely bright. This brightness, caused by the intense reflection of sunlight from its thick clouds and highlighted because of its closer distance to Earth, basically blinds our instruments from making more detailed observations of the planet. It is like trying to look at the road while another car’s high beams (远光灯) are pointed in your direction.
“To really get to the heart of this question, we need to go to Venus,” says Paul Byrne, a planetary scientist at North Carolina State University. But of course, that is easier said than done. Temperatures at the surface reach 464℃, and pressures are 89 times higher than on Earth. Only the Soviet Union has successfully landed on the Venusian surface—its Venera 13 lander functioned for 127 minutes before succumbing to the bad weather in 1982. It is not easy to justify spending hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars on a mission that could be over in a matter of hours without giving us what we need.
An orbiter is the most sensible start. Unlike ground-based observations, orbiters can peer into the atmosphere and would have a better time observing how phosphine levels change over time or over what regions they are most concentrated. An orbiter also presents the opportunity to complete more challenging projects by potentially venturing directly into the planet’s atmosphere. A sample return mission could be possible, in which a spacecraft flies into the atmosphere and bottles up some gas to bring back to Earth for laboratory analysis.
Trying to find life on another planet, however, is not simply a walk from point A to point B. No single mission to Venus will be able to finish all the work necessary to answer the question. It might be time to think not just about what the next mission to Venus should be, but what a whole new era of Venus exploration would look like: a group of multiple missions that explore Venus in joint efforts—the way we currently do with Mars.
43. Venus is considered inhospitable to humans mainly because ________.
A. the pressure of the planet is too low
B. the surface of the planet is too bright
C. the density (密度) of the clouds is too low
D. the surface temperature of the planet is too high
44. The underlined phrase “succumbing to” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to “________”.
A. giving in to B. keeping away from
C. making up for D. putting up with
45. According to the article, scientists will be better able to reveal the secret about Venus by ________.
A. sending astronauts to the planet
B. using a more advanced space telescope
C. launching an orbiter to the planet
D. redesigning their ground-based instruments
46. What can we infer from the article
A. We have little hope of successfully finding life on Venus.
B. We have a firm determination to discover life on other planets.
C. We have spent much time studying phosphine in the past century.
D. We have attempted to land on the Venusian surface in the last century.
【答案】43. D 44. A 45. C 46. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍2020年9月15日在金星上空的云层中发现的一种叫做磷化氢的气体，重新燃起了金星上可能存在生命的希望。虽然困难重重，但人们有坚定的决心去发现其他星球上的生命，期中轨道飞行器就是一个明智的途径。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的““To really get to the heart of this question, we need to go to Venus,” says Paul Byrne, a planetary scientist at North Carolina State University. But of course, that is easier said than done.Temperatures at the surface reach 464℃, and pressures are 89 times higher than on Earth. (“要真正了解这个问题的核心，我们需要去金星，”北卡罗来纳州立大学的行星科学家保罗·伯恩说。当然，说起来容易做起来难。火星表面温度高达464℃，压力是地球的89倍)”可知，金星表面温度过高，使得人们难以接近。由此推知，金星不适宜居住主要是因为该星球表面温度过高。故选D。
【44题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第四段的“Only the Soviet Union has successfully landed on the Venusian surface—its Venera 13 lander functioned for 127 minutes before succumbing to the bad weather in 1982(只有苏联成功地登陆过金星表面——1982年，它的金星13号着陆器在向糟糕天气 succumbing to前，工作了127分钟)”尤其是“bad weather”猜测，划线词意为“屈服”，即金星13号在金星工作了127分钟以后，迫于糟糕天气不等不终止。故选A。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“An orbiter is the most sensible start. Unlike ground-based observations, orbiters can peer into the atmosphere and would have a better time observing how phosphine levels change over time or over what regions they are most concentrated. An orbiter also presents the opportunity to complete more challenging projects by potentially venturing directly into the planet’s atmosphere. A sample return mission could be possible, in which a spacecraft flies into the atmosphere and bottles up some gas to bring back to Earth for laboratory analysis.(轨道飞行器是最明智的开始。与地面观测不同，轨道飞行器可以凝视大气层，并可以更好地观察磷化氢水平如何随时间变化，或磷化氢浓度最集中的区域。轨道飞行器还提供了一个机会，通过可能直接进入地球大气层来完成更具挑战性的项目。样本返回任务是可能的，其中航天器飞入大气层，并装上一些气体带回地球进行实验室分析)”可知，通过向金星发射轨道飞行器，科学家将能够更好地揭示金星的秘密。故选C。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Trying to find life on another planet, however, is not simply a walk from point A to point B. No single mission to Venus will be able to finish all the work necessary to answer the question. It might be time to think not just about what the next mission to Venus should be, but what a whole new era of Venus exploration would look like: a group of multiple missions that explore Venus in joint efforts—the way we currently do with Mars.(然而，试图在另一颗行星上寻找生命，并不是简单地从a点走到b点就能完成的，没有一个金星任务能够完成回答这个问题的所有必要工作，也许是时候不只是考虑下一个金星任务应该是什么，而是考虑一个全新的金星探索时代会是什么样子：一组联合探索金星的多个任务，就像我们目前对火星所做的那样)”可知，虽然任务艰巨、困难重重，人们还是会继续探索金星以及其他星球，以寻找生命的迹象。由此推知，我们有坚定的决心去发现其他星球上的生命。故选B。
8.静安区
As Christmas approached the price of turkey went wild. It didn’t rocket, as some might suggest. Nor did it crash. It just started waving. We live in the age of the variable prices. In the eyes of sellers, the right price—the one that will draw the most profit from consumers’ wallets—has become the focus of huge experiments. These sorts of price experiments have become a routine part of finding that right price.
It may come as a surprise that, in buying a pie, you might be participating in a carefully designed social-science experiment. But this is what online comparison shopping has brought. Simply put, the convenience to know the price of anything, anytime, anywhere, has given us, the consumers, so much power that sellers—in a desperate effort to regain the upper hand, or at least avoid extinction—are now staring back through the screen. They are trying to “comparison shopping” us.
They have enough means to do so: the huge data tracks you leave behind whenever you place something in your online shopping cart with top data scientists capable of turning the information into useful price strategies, and what one tech economist calls “the ability to experiment on a scale that’s unimaginable in the history of economics.”
In result, not coincidentally, normal pricing practices—an advertised discount off the “list price,” two for the price of one, or simply “everyday low prices” are giving way to far more crazy strategies.
“In the Internet era, I don’t think anyone could have predicted how complicated these strategies have become,” says Robert Dolan, a professor at Harvard. The price of a can of soda in a vending machine can now vary with the temperature outside. The price of the headphones may depend on how budget-conscious your web history shows you to be. The price may even be affected by the price of the mobile phone you use for item search. For shoppers, that means price—not the one offered to you right now, but the one offered to you 20 minutes from now, or the one offered to me, or to your neighbor—may become an increasingly unknowable thing. “There used to be one price for something,” Dolan notes. Now the true price of pumpkin-pie spice is subject to a level of uncertainty.
43. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage
A. When holidays come, prices are usually increased.
B. The right price to sellers is the one to bring biggest profits.
C. The right price is fixed although it’s hard to find it.
D. To buy a pie, customers have to become an expert in economy.
44. Sellers stare back through the screen in order to ________.
A. reflect on the effect of the Internet
B. analyze customers’ online buying history for price strategy
C. double check the existence of the purchase
D. find out online where the lowest prices are
45. In Internet age, what element is NOT likely to affect the price of an item
A. The instant mood of the buyer at the time of purchase.
B. The necessity level of the item at the time of purchase.
C. The extent to which the buyer is sensitive to the price.
D. The price of the facility the buyer uses to look for the item.
46. What is the passage mainly about
A. The advantages of online shopping over traditional shopping.
B. Measures sellers take to maximize profits.
C. The analysis of pricing mechanism.
D. The battle between buyers and sellers in Internet age.
【答案】43. B 44. B 45. A 46. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述在网络时代，因为受到很多因素的影响，物品的价格不再是一成不变的了，文章对定价机制进行了分析
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“In the eyes of sellers, the right price—the one that will draw the most profit from consumers’ wallets—has become the focus of huge experiments. (在卖家看来，合适的价格——从消费者的钱包中获得最多利润的价格——已经成为了巨大实验的焦点。)”可知，对商家来说，合适的价格就是能给他们带来最多利润的价格。故选B。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Simply put, the convenience to know the price of anything, anytime, anywhere, has given us, the consumers, so much power that sellers—in a desperate effort to regain the upper hand, or at least avoid extinction—are now staring back through the screen. They are trying to “comparison shopping” us. (简单地说，随时随地了解任何东西的价格的便利性给了我们消费者如此强大的力量，以至于为了重新占据上风或至少避免灭绝而不顾一切的卖家现在都在屏幕上盯着我们。他们试图和我们“比价购物”)”可知，商家们一直在屏幕上盯着我们是为了和我们“比价购物”，即通过分析消费者的在线购买历史以制定价格策略。故选B。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“The price of a can of soda in a vending machine can now vary with the temperature outside. The price of the headphones may depend on how budget-conscious your web history shows you to be. The price may even be affected by the price of the mobile phone you use for item search. (现在，自动售货机中一罐汽水的价格会随着室外温度的变化而变化。耳机的价格可能取决于您的网络历史记录显示的预算意识。价格甚至可能受您用于物品搜索的手机价格的影响。)”可知，一件商品的价格会受室外温度、预算意识和消费者用于物品搜索的手机价格等的影响，不包括购买者当时的情绪。故选A。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段“It may come as a surprise that, in buying a pie, you might be participating in a carefully designed social-science experiment. But this is what online comparison shopping has brought. (买馅饼时，你可能会参加一个精心设计的社会科学实验，这可能会让人感到惊讶。但这就是网上比价购物所带来的。)”和最后一段““In the Internet era, I don’t think anyone could have predicted how complicated these strategies have become,” says Robert Dolan, a professor at Harvard. (哈佛大学教授罗伯特·多兰表示：“在互联网时代，我认为没有人能够预测这些策略会变得多么复杂。”。)”可知，这篇文章主要讲述在网络时代，因为受到很多因素的影响，物品的价格不再是一成不变的了，文章对定价机制进行了分析。故选C。
9.闵行区
Building good transportation is a good idea. To have environmental value, new transportation has to sufficiently replace or eliminate driving to cut energy consumption overall. That means that a new traffic system has to be supported by reduction in car use. Traffic lanes should be eliminated or converted into bike or bus lanes. Ideally, these should be combined with higher fuel taxes, and parking fees. Needless to say, I have to struggle to make myself extensively understood. But they’re necessary, because you can’t make people drive less, in the long run, by taking steps that make driving more pleasant, economical, and productive.
Lengthy commuting (通勤) time is a forceful factor which can slow the growth of suburbs. The farther people live away from cities, the longer commuting time they need, which means more pollution their cars produce. If, in a misguided effort to do something of environmental value, governments take steps that make long-distance car commuting faster or more convenient—by adding lanes, building bypass, employing traffic-control measures that make it possible for existing roads to accommodate more cars with fewer delays—we are actually encouraging people to live still farther from their jobs, stores, and schools. As a result, governments are forced to further extend road networks, water lines, and other facilities. If you cut commuting time by 10 percent, people who now drive fifty miles each way to work can find reason to move five miles farther out, because their travel time won’t change.
Traffic congestion (拥堵) isn’t an environmental problem; traffic is. Relieving congestion without doing anything to reduce the total volume of cars can only make the real problem worse. Highway engineers have known for a long time that building new car lanes only temporarily reduces congestion, because the new lanes add additional driving. Widening roads makes traffic move faster in the short term, but the improved conditions eventually attract additional drivers, and congestion reappears. With more car on the roads, people think about widening roads again. Moving drivers out of cars and into other forms of transportation can have the same effect, if existing traffic lanes are kept in service: road space stimulates road use.
One of the arguments that cities inevitably make in promoting transportation plans is that the new system, by relieving automobile congestion, will improve the lives of those who continue to drive. No one ever promotes a transportation system by arguing that it would make travelling less convenient—even though, from an environmental perspective, inconvenient travel is a worthy goal.
63. In the first paragraph, the author gives us the hint that his recommendations are ______.
A. not widely supported B. costly to carry out
C. generally recognized D. temporarily beneficial
64. According to the passage, what will happen if commuting time for drivers is reduced
A. Drivers will become more productive employees.
B. Mass transportation will be extended farther into suburban areas.
C. Drivers will be more willing to live farther from their working place.
D. Mass transportation will carry fewer passengers and receive less government funding.
65. Which of the following can be inferred about the author’s attitude towards the measures to improve traffic
A. They are environmentally beneficial and should be carried out immediately.
B. They are well intentioned but ultimately lead to environmental harm.
C. They will definitely arouse people’s awareness of environmental protection.
D. They will only work if they can make driving more economical and productive.
66. The author wrote this massage mainly to ______.
A. support the claim that efforts to reduce traffic actually increase traffic.
B. oppose the belief that improving mass transportation systems is good for the environment.
C. provide a balance between suburban expansion and traffic congestion.
D. indicate that making driving less agreeable is a way to reduce negative effects of traffic.
【答案】63. A 64. C 65. B 66. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者提出了为缓解交通对环境造成的破坏，需要减少汽车使用，把汽车出行变得不方便。这一观点并不为大众所接受。他通过指出减少通勤时间的好处和现行的一些缓解措施的不足分析支持自己的观点。
【63题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段第五句“Needless to say, I have to struggle to make myself extensively understood.(更不用说，我必须努力让自己被广泛地理解)”可知，作者的想法目前并没有被广泛接受，即没有被大众广泛支持。故选A项。
【64题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“If you cut commuting time by 10 percent, people who now drive fifty miles each way to work can find reason to move five miles farther out, because their travel time won’t change.(如果你将通勤时间减少10%，那么现在每天单程开车50英里上班的人就有理由再往外走5英里，因为他们的行程时间不会改变)”可知，如果通勤时间减少，人们会愿意住得离上班的地方更远些。故选C项。
【65题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段第一二句“Traffic congestion (拥堵) isn’t an environmental problem; traffic is. Relieving congestion without doing anything to reduce the total volume of cars can only make the real problem worse. Highway engineers have known for a long time that building new car lanes only temporarily reduces congestion, because the new lanes add additional driving.（交通拥堵不是环境问题；交通本身就是。不采取任何措施减少汽车总量来缓解拥堵只会使真正的问题变得更糟。公路工程师们早就知道，修建新的车道只是暂时减少拥堵，因为新车道增加了额外的驾驶。）”可知，作者认为现有的比如增加车道目的在不缓解拥堵，但实际上增加了驾驶，从长远看反而对环境有害。故可推测出作者认为这些措施是出自好心，但对环境有害。故选B项。
【66题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段第三句“That means that a new traffic system has to be supported by reduction in car use.(这意味着新的交通系统必须通过减少汽车使用来支持)”和最后一句“No one ever promotes a transportation system by arguing that it would make travelling less convenient—even though, from an environmental perspective, inconvenient travel is a worthy goal.(从来没有人通过争论某个交通系统会使旅行变得不那么方便来推广这个交通系统，尽管从环境角度来看，不方便的旅行是一个值得追求的目标)”可知，在作者眼里，为了缓解环境压力，把开车出行变得不那么方便，不那么让人开心是一个好方法在，这也是他在本文中推崇的。故选D项。
10.普陀区
Wildlife populations around the world are facing dramatic declines, according to new figures that have led environmental campaigners to call for urgent action to rescue the natural world. The 2022 Living Planet Index (LPI), produced by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), reveals that studied populations of mammals, birds, reptiles (爬行动物) and fish have seen an average decline of 69 per cent since 1970, faster than previous predictions. The LPI tracked global biodiversity between 1970 and 2018, based on the monitoring of 31,821 populations of 5230 vertebrate (脊椎动物) species. Mark Wright of WWF says the degree of decline is destructive and continues to worsen. “We are not seeing any really positive signs that we are beginning to bend the curve of nature,” he says.
Freshwater vertebrates have been among the hardest-hit populations, with monitored populations showing an average decline of 83 per cent since 1970. The Amazon pink river dolphin, for example, has experienced a 65 per cent decline in its population between 1994 and 2016. Meanwhile, some of the most biodiverse regions of the world are seeing the steepest falls in wildlife, with the Caribbean and central and south America seeing average wildlife population declined by 94 per cent since 1970. Habitat loss and reduction is the largest driver of wildlife loss in all regions around the world, followed by species overexploitation by hunting, fishing or poaching (偷猎).
In December, governments from around the world will gather in Montreal, Canada, for the COP15 Biodiversity Framework, a much-delayed summit that aims to agree on a set of new targets intended to prevent the loss of animals, plants and habitats globally by 2030. “This is a once-in-a-decade opportunity that’s coming up,” says Robin Freeman of ZSL. He says it is vital that governments use the summit to agree on “meaningful, well measurable targets and goals”. “We need governments to take action to ensure that those goals deal with the complicated combined threats of climate change and biodiversity, in order for us to see a meaningful action,” says Freeman. But some researchers are critical of the LPI’s use of a headline figure of decline, warning it is easy to be misunderstood.
The findings don’t mean all species or populations worldwide are in decline. In fact, approximately half the populations show a stable or increasing trend, and half show a declining trend. “I think a more appropriate and useful way to look at it is to focus on specific species or populations,” says Hannah Ritchie at Our World in Data. But Wright says the LPI is a useful tool that reflects the findings of other biodiversity indicators. “All of those show they all scream there is something going really very badly wrong,” says Wright.
43. What does the underlined phrase in the first paragraph mean
A. Loving and protecting nature. B. Preserving the diversity of nature.
C. Underestimating the benefits of nature. D. Destroying and changing nature.
44. In paragraph 2, the author mentions the Amazon pink river dolphin to show ______.
A. the number of Amazon dolphins is on the rise
B. freshwater vertebrates are at risk of extinction
C. there are no positive measures to protect nature
D. some of the world’s wild animals are in decline
45. What can we learn about people’s response to the issue mentioned in the passage
A. It makes sense to focus on a particular species.
B. Preventing the loss of habitats by 2030 is certain to happen.
C. New agreement on the prevention of habitat loss will be in vain.
D. The Caribbean wildlife has been well protected in recent decades.
46. Which of the following is the best title of the passage
A. The COP15 Biodiversity Framework
B. Wildlife Population Declining Sharply
C. Urgent Action to Save the Earth
D. Correct Interpretation of LPI
【答案】43. B 44. B 45. A 46. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了世界各地的野生动物数量正面临急剧下降，世界各国政府将齐聚加拿大蒙特利尔，集思广益，制订计划救自然世界。
【43题详解】
词句猜测题。由第一段中的“The 2022 Living Planet Index (LPI), produced by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), reveals that studied populations of mammals, birds, reptiles (爬行动物) and fish have seen an average decline of 69 per cent since 1970, faster than previous predictions. The LPI tracked global biodiversity between 1970 and 2018, based on the monitoring of 31,821 populations of 5230 vertebrate (脊椎动物) species. Mark Wright of WWF says the degree of decline is destructive and continues to worsen. “We are not seeing any really positive signs that we are beginning to bend the curve of nature,” he says. (伦敦动物学会（ZSL）发布的2022年活星球指数（LPI）显示，自1970年以来，哺乳动物、鸟类、爬行动物和鱼类的研究种群平均下降了69%，比之前的预测更快。根据对5230种脊椎动物的31821个种群的监测，LPI在1970年至2018年间追踪了全球生物多样性。世界自然基金会（WWF）的马克·赖特表示，下降的程度是破坏性的，而且还在继续恶化。“我们没有看到任何真正积极的迹象表明我们正在开始bend the curve of nature,”他说)”可知，上文谈及地球生物多样性丧失的问题，且马克·赖特表示他没有看到人类有真正拯救地球生物多样性的积极迹象。由此推知，划线短语意为“保护自然的多样性（Preserving the diversity of nature）”。故选B项。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。由第二段中的“Freshwater vertebrates have been among the hardest-hit populations, with monitored populations showing an average decline of 83 per cent since 1970. The Amazon pink river dolphin, for example, has experienced a 65 per cent decline in its population between 1994 and 2016. (淡水脊椎动物一直是受影响最严重的种群之一，监测到的种群数量自1970年以来平均下降了83%。例如，1994年至2016年间，亚马逊粉红河海豚的种群数量下降了65%)”可推知，作者提到亚马逊粉红河海豚是为了表明淡水脊椎动物一直是受影响最严重的种群之一，一些淡水脊椎动物面临灭绝的危险。故选B项。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。由最后一段中的““I think a more appropriate and useful way to look at it is to focus on specific species or populations,” says Hannah Ritchie at Our World in Data. (“我认为更合适和有用的方法是关注特定物种或种群，”Hannah Ritchie在《我们的数据世界》中说道)”可知，关注某一特定物种是有意义的。故选A项。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。由第一段中的“Wildlife populations around the world are facing dramatic declines, according to new figures that have led environmental campaigners to call for urgent action to rescue the natural world. (根据新的数据，世界各地的野生动物数量正面临急剧下降，这一数字已导致环境活动家呼吁采取紧急行动拯救自然世界)”及第二段中的“Freshwater vertebrates have been among the hardest-hit populations, with monitored populations showing an average decline of 83 per cent since 1970. (淡水脊椎动物一直是受影响最严重的种群之一，监测到的种群数量自1970年以来平均下降了83%)”和最后一段中的“But Wright says the LPI is a useful tool that reflects the findings of other biodiversity indicators. “All of those show they all scream there is something going really very badly wrong,” says Wright. (但赖特表示，LPI是反映其他生物多样性指标结果的有用工具。“所有这些都表明它们都在尖叫，有些事情真的非常严重，”赖特说)”可知，文章讲述了世界各地的野生动物数量正面临急剧下降，人们要采取措施拯救自然世界。由此可知，B项“野生动物数量急剧下降”适合作本文最佳标题。故选B项。
11.青浦区
A database that follows the world’s fossil fuel production, reserves, and release of carbon was launched on Monday. The launch comes out at the same time as two important climate talks happening at the international level. One is the climate talks at the United Nation’s General Assembly in New York which began on September 13 . The other is COP27 in Sharm El Skeikh which began in November. It really matters to environmental sustainability.
The database is called The Global Registry of Fossil Fuels. It includes data from over 50, 000 oil, gas, and coal fields in 89 countries. That covers 75 percent of the world’s reserves, production, and release of carbon into the atmosphere. And it is available for public use, a first for a collection of this size.
Until now, there has been private data available for purchase, and research of the world’s fossil fuel usage and reserves. The International Energy Agency also keeps public data on oil, gas, and coal. But it centers on the demand for those fossil fuels. This new database, however, looks at what is yet to be burned. The information could help environmental groups to pressure leaders for stronger policies reducing the amount of carbon they release.
The database was developed by Carbon Tracker. It is a nonprofit organizatio
