中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(
专题0
1
：
语法
填空
-2023年上海十六区高三英语一模汇编
)
1.宝山区
Rob and Jane are classmates at a university. It is the beginning of the semester and time to buy books for various classes. Their university not only makes paper textbooks available but also offers digital textbooks to its students. Rob and Jane ____1____ (talk) about which type of book they prefer.
Rob: I think I’m going to study digitally this year.
Jane: What do you mean
Rob: Well, the majority of the textbooks I need for my classes ____2____ (offer) digitally. So I’m going to buy access in that form. That way I can study on my computer, phone or e-reader. The content is the same as a paper textbook.
Jane: Are you sure I’ve heard that not all textbooks are compatible (与……一致的) with all media devices. I had a friend last year who had some problems ____3____ (access) her books on certain devices.
Rob: Really I’ve never heard that. The people to ____4____ I talked said it was super convenient. Besides, my budget is very limited right now. The digital format costs less than half the price of the paper textbook.
Jane: True. But at the end of the semester, you can sell back a paper textbook. That way you can recover some of your money.
Rob: I also have to work most days after class. ____5____ (study) digitally means I don’t need to carry around a bunch of heavy books. So it would be much more convenient for me.
Jane: Convenience isn’t ____6____. I find it much easier to focus on what I’m reading in a real book. It’s also easier to follow a lecture and turn to the page that’s being discussed.
Rob: Yes, but I can access a page by searching for a word, so I can find it easily.
Jane: I find it easier to recall information I want to remember ____7____ I mark it in an actual book. Rob: But you can do that ____8____ digital material, too.
Jane: Have you ever had a textbook that you wanted to keep for future reference You know some textbooks are only available the semester you buy it. After that, you lose access to it.
Rob: Oh! I’ll have to look into ____9____ digital books I’d have permanent access to, then.
Jane: You know, I also read that when people read digitally their comprehension is weaker. People apparently read faster on a screen. But they don’t remember details as _____10_____ (well) as someone who reads it on paper.
Rob: I guess I’ll find out. Anyway, I’m going to try it.
Jane: Let me know how it works. I’m sticking with paper.
2.崇明区
Laziness and Lack of Sleep Can Shorten Your Life, Especially When Combined
You already know that smoking is bad for you and that drinking too much alcohol may shorten your life. Now a new study says that spending too much time in a chair and not having enough sleep should join a short list of behaviors ____21____ (know) to increase your risk of premature death.
Sitting for a long time and lack of sleep were damaging in their own way, but when combined with more traditional risk factors, ____22____ had a multiplier effect that made an early death far more likely.
The findings, published in the journal PLOS Medicine, make clear that “some risk behaviors tend to come together and ____23____ the joint risk could be much higher than the sum of the individual risks”.
For instance, smoking was ____24____ (dangerous) single risk factor among the six studied. The small number of people for ____25____ smoking was their only bad habit were 90 percent more likely to die during the course of the study than people who were with practical clean living in every aspect. People who reported high alcohol consumption as their only risk factor did not seem ____26____ (put) their lives in danger. But for those who combined heavy drinking with smoking, the risk of premature death was doubled. And when lack of sleep ____27____ (add) to the mix, the likelihood of an early death was nearly five times greater ____28____ lack of sleep by itself had only a light effect on death.
These numbers are based on the lives of 231,048 Australians.
____29____ (consider) factors such as age, gender, education and other factors, the researchers saw a clear pattern. It was a person’s bad lifestyle ____30____ contributed to his or her risk of premature death.
3.奉贤区
Gray Hair Can Return to Its Original Color
Few signs of old age are clearer than the sight of gray hair. ____1____ we grow older, our strands of hair lose their youthful color. Although this may seem like a permanent change, new research reveals that gray hairs ____2____ miraculously regain color — at least temporarily.
In one 1972 paper, the late doctor Stanley Comaish reported an isolated case of a 38-year-old man, with his three strands ____3____(be) light near the ends but dark near the roots. This signaled a reversal in the normal graying process, ____4____ begins at the root.
A new study from researchers at Columbia University is the first ____5____(offer) quantitative evidence linking psychological stress to graying hair in people. Having analyzed individual hairs from 14 volunteers, researchers compared the results with each volunteer’s stress diary, in which individuals’ review of their calendars and each week’s level of stress rated are included.
When hairs were aligned with (与……对照) stress diaries striking associations between stress and hair graying ____6____(reveal) and, in some cases, there was a reversal of graying when stress was removed. There was one individual who went on a long vacation, and five hairs on that person’s head returned back to dark during the vacation.
Although it may seem easy to understand ____7____ stress can speed up graying, the researchers were surprised to discover that hair color can be restored when stress is eased. We could picture hair as a powerful tool to assess the effects of ____8____(early) life events on aging — because hair provides a kind of physical record of past events, much____9____ the rings of a tree. It’s pretty clear that the hair encodes part of your biological history in some way. Hair grows out of the body, and then it crystallizes into _____10_____ hard and stable that holds the memory of your past.
4.虹口区
Runners and Cyclists Use GPS Mapping to Make Art
Fitness apps and the power of live satellite tracking have allowed runners, cyclists and others to draw hearts, animals, birthday wishes — and even homages to Vermeer — across their local landscapes.
In 1665, Johannes Vermeer dabbed (轻涂) the last drop of paint onto a canvas (帆布) in his Dutch studio, ___1___ (complete) his masterpiece “Girl with a Pearl Earring.” On an April day 357 years later, Janine Strong slowed her bike to stop, paused her fitness app, and watched as the snaking line of her cycling route ___2___ (draw) the shape of Vermeer’s masterpiece over the streets of Brooklyn.
Ms. Strong creates ___3___ has come to be known as “GPS art” — a practice ___4___ uses the Global Positioning System mapping capabilities of modern phone apps like Strava to create digital drawings using an athlete’s route across the landscape. ___5___ of biking on a straight path or in circles around a park, Ms. Strong plans her rides in the shapes of birthday cakes, stars, birds, lions — and the occasional Vermeer.
The hobby has grown with the widespread availability of satellite tracking for use by ordinary people, in fitness apps like Nike Run Club or MapMyRide. It is now a popularity on Strava often ___6___ (refer) to as “Strava art.”
Strava art has existed since that app’s release in 2009, but it experienced a sudden increase in use during the pandemic (疫情). According to Michael Joseph, a senior communications manager at the company, more than three billion activities ___7___ (upload) to Strava since the beginning of 2020.
To complete her digital vision of “Girl with a Pearl Earring,” Ms. Strong biked almost 50 miles around southern Brooklyn, carefully checking Strava ___8___ (make) sure that each turn, circle, and straightaway was achieving the iconic earring and head covering of Vermeer’s original. “I always have a big smile on my face ___9___ it works out and I upload it and it’s done,” she said. “It’s a far ___10___ (satisfying) feeling.”
5.黄浦区
How Reading Saved Me
During my first decade in prison, I busied myself with exercising and hanging out in the big yard. I hardly grew as ___1___ person. It wasn’t until I began college in prison in my 30s that I started to realize my full potential.
Through my journey in college, I became engaged in reading and writing, striving to escape prison life by expanding my mind beyond the environments I ___2___ (trap) in. I became good at using concepts and terms in conversations that were previously far over my head. More importantly, I eventually better understood ___3___ I had used violence to solve my problems.
Throughout the country, prison officials have rejected or tried every means ___4___ (ban) books about biology, sketching, dragons and even the moon. ___5___ (claim) such bans are necessary for the safety and security of prisons seems stupid. Practically every author I have encountered while in prison ___6___ (play) a role in my efforts to grow and become a better person — someone who can live in society by adding to it, as opposed ___7___taking from it.
Without college and without access to books and materials ___8___ expanded my mind beyond the towering concrete walls, I might still be wasting my time on the yard. My worldview would still be shaped by violence and harm. That’s not who I want to be ___9___ I leave this prison. It’s not who I want to see ____10____ (send) back into society.
6.嘉定区
Lovely Team Members
I fell in love with rhinos when I worked in a zoo in the 80s, and spent much of the next 20 years as the keeper of the largest captive (圈养的) group of rare black rhinos.
Being aggressive and stupid is ____1____ impresses urban residents about rhinos, but I discovered a group of sensitive, affectionate animals. ____2____ (weigh) over a ton, black rhinos are unexpectedly alert and have an unpredictable nature. However, ____3____ care and reassurance (安慰), they can be very trusting.
In the past few years, the number of rhinos has dropped dramatically, during ____4____ time I have helped look after rhinos being moved to reserves. Last year, I helped on a project to fly five black rhinos to the Serengeti National Park, where they had to be kept captive for a few weeks before ____5____ (release) into the wild. They lived in “bomas” wooden enclosures with “bedrooms”.
A couple of weeks before their planned release, the sky was filled with smoke and the flames were blowing over it. ____6____ (make) sure everything was fine, we rushed toward the bomas. I was terrified that the rhinos ____7____ (catch) fire, so my initial response was to release them. But I couldn’t, because they ____8____ (not fit) with transmitters (发射器). If I let them out, we would have great difficulty tracking them down. So I dashed back to the bomas and called the rhinos to their “bedrooms”. To my surprise, they moved without hesitation and were ____9____ (panicky) than I had thought. After half an hour, the wind changed direction and the fire began to die down.
That we and the rhinos had escaped unscathed (未受伤的) was a miracle. The relationship we had built with those lovely animals proved crucial. _____10_____ it, all our work would have been for nothing. The teamwork of everybody there played a large part too and the rhinos were very much part of that team.
7.金山区
Your Smell Could Attract Mosquitoes
A new study finds that some people attract mosquitoes much more than others, and it probably involves the way they smell.
The researchers have found that people who attract mosquitoes the most ____1____ (produce) a lot of certain chemicals on their skin These chemicals ____2____ (connect) to the smell that attracts the mosquitoes.
Leslie Vosshall is one of the researchers in New York. She said, “If you have high levels of this stuff on your skin, you’re going to be the one at the picnic____3____ (get) all the bites.”
For the study, researchers designed an experiment to have people’s smells compete against each other. They asked 64 volunteers to wear stockings around their forearms to absorb the smell from their skin. The stockings were put in separate traps at the end of a long tube. Then, dozens of mosquitoes were released. The mosquitoes came to some traps much more than others. The scientists did the experiment several times, always changing which stockings were competing against each other. At the end, they discovered a huge difference between stockings. ____4____ (attractive) stocking was around 100 times more attractive to the mosquitoes than the last-place finisher.
By testing the same people for over a year, the study showed that these big differences remain. “Mosquito magnets (招蚊子喜欢的人) seem____5____ (remain) mosquito magnets,” Researchers said. One common factor they found was ____6____ mosquito magnets had high levels of certain acids on their skin.
“The research could help find new ways to drive away mosquitoes,” said Jeff Riffell, a scientist not ____7____ (involve) in the study, “There ____8____ be ways to affect the skin bacteria and change the smell that attracts mosquitoes.” However, he said that would be hard to do. Researchers also did the experiment with mosquitoes ____9____ genes were changed to damage their sense of smell. But they still flew to the same mosquito magnets. Vosshall said mosquitoes have ways to find us ____10____ we change some conditions. “They have many backup plans to be able to find us and bite us,” she said.
8.静安区
In a bid to control the nation’s growing problem with food wastage, the South Korean government has started a unique initiative – “Pay as You Trash”. As of now, the South Korean government has three methods ____1____ place to charge citizens for the food thrown away. One is through a RFI card. When users tap this card over a specially designed food waste bin, the lid (盖子) will open, allowing them to dump their waste. The waste ____2____ (weigh) automatically and a bill is recorded in the user’s account which the user needs to settle on a monthly basis. Each RFI bin costs $1,500 and ____3____ serve 60 households.
The second billing method is through pre-paid garbage bags. These specially designed bags are priced based on volume. There’s also an electronic management system, ____4____ residents put food waste directly into the bin and pay for it by purchasing a special tag ____5____ (attach) to the bin.
Every household in South Korea is subject to one of these payment systems. ____6____ the new payment method affects you depends totally on how much food you throw away. Whatever system you use, you are sure to feel the pain of food waste. The more food you throw out, the more you end up ____7____ (pay).
And it’s working. Residents like Seoul housewife Ms. Kwan have found it necessary to adopt innovative methods to avoid food waste. She picks ____8____ wet out of leftover food before throwing it away. She also separates fresh produce and other food items into ____9____ (small) portions so that only the required amount is used up per meal. “ ____10____ the fees can be reduced, I’m willing to adopt any innovative method to avoid food waste,” she said.
9.闵行区
Does the word “imperfect” always convey negative feeling Have you ever walked to the local grocery store’s produce(农产品) section, only ___21___ (see) a basket full of “imperfect produce” There’s ___22___ wrong with a tomato that isn’t perfectly rounded or peaches in different sizes; they still carry the same benefits and flavors as the versions we’re used to seeing in grocery stores. Farmers usually throw away these imperfect items, as many grocery chains won’t accept them for fear ___23___ they are unsellable. However, a growing group of grocery chains are fighting to make these deserted fruits and vegetables part of consumers’ buying habits.
One such business is Imperfect Produce, a start-up that delivers fresh ugly produce to consumers, with ___24___ service, you can get up to 20 pounds of fruit and veggies for around $20 a week. This is about a 30 percent discount compared to ___25___ is currently sold in stores. So far, the company ___26___ (accept) as partnership by several big chain wholesale giants, such as Whole Foods Company, to sell the misshapen produce.
While this movement might be a new trend here in the US, it’s already gained serious popularity in Europe. In 2014, the European Union announced the Year Against Food Waste, with a French grocery chain ___27___ (launch) a very successful campaign called Inglorious Fruits and Vegetables. In Portugal, a similar company to Imperfect Produce called Fruta Feia has also taken off.
Buying these unfortunate-looking foods should be appealing to consumers not only ___28___ the affordability, but also for the support it gives to farmers and the direct impact it has on decreasing food waste and the environmental pollution. It is believed that when the discarded(丢弃的) fruits and vegetables decompose(分解) they release methane, a greenhouse gas that, when ___29___ (release) into the atmosphere, is about 86 times as powerful as carbon dioxide over a 20-year period.
The growing amount of food waste is a major global problem. Each year, some 1.3 billion tons of food is wasted. Waste is, in fact, ___30___ (ugly) thing of all.
10.普陀区
Big Sister’s Wedding
Three days before the wedding, Grand Aunt personally entrusted a special small package for Aunt Baba to hand to Big Sister. On ___1___ (open) the elegant leather case in Aunt Baba’s room, Big Sister found a lovely pendant (吊坠) made of ancient green jade hanging on a heavy gold chain. She immediately put it on and breathed with pleasure while she admired ___2___ in the mirror. Then she begged Aunt Baba and me not to mention Grand Aunt’s gift to a soul, obviously intending to keep the pendant ___3___ telling Niang.
The wedding was a formal and brilliant affair with a ceremonial dinner party for five hundred in the grand ballroom on the ninth floor of the Cathay Hotel, ___4___ (situate) at the border of the Bund and fashionable Nanjing Road and overlooking the Huangpu River. The room ___5___ (fill) with masses of fresh flowers, and the Chinese character for double happiness was outlined in red blooms against the wall. Big Sister was elegantly dressed in a beautiful pink Qipao and silver shoes ___6___ Samuel wore a tuxedo (燕尾服). Two professional radio comedians acted as masters of ceremonies.
I had nothing to wear but an old pink Qipao ___7___ had been handed down by Big Sister when she grew out of it. ___8___ I didn’t look particularly nice, at least I didn’t stand out and no one noticed me. My three older brothers, however, were having a horrible time. For this special occasion, Father ordered them ___9___ (have) fresh hair-cuts. My brothers’ heads were shaved cleanly, so not a trace of hair ____10____ (remain). They were wearing dark-blue, traditional, long Chinese clothes with high collars and cloth buttons. I thought the brothers would make a lot of unexpected things on the Big Sister’s wedding.
11.青浦区
Clues at Ancient Lake Site Reveal Earliest Known Cooked Meal
Scientists have found the earliest known evidence of cooking at an archaeological site in Israel. The discovery has suggested prehistoric humans were able to deliberately make fires to cook food at least 780000 years ago.
The detailed study of fish teeth unearthed at the Gesher Benot Ya’ aqov site revealed that some of our early ancestors — most likely Homo erectus ( 直立猿人) believed to be the first hominin ( 古人族) ____1____ (migrate) outside Africa — were able to cook fish, said Dr. Irit Zohar, a researcher at Tel Aviv University’ s Steinhardt Museum of Natural History.
No human remains ____2____ ( find) at the site before, but the stone tools matched ____3____ found at Homo erectus sites across Africa, Zohar said. She said the lake would have been shallow, and it might have been easy to catch large fish like the extinct Luciobarbus longiceps, which ____4____ grow up to. 5 feet (2 meters), by hand.
This is an incredibly important discovery ____5____ the shift to eating cooked meals meant humans spent less energy on the intensive work of searching for and digesting raw food, freeing up ____6____ . Diet has had a big impact on the evolution of our species. It has been suggested ____7____ the consumption of meat in particular contributed to the increase in relative brain size of our early Homo ancestors — but they risked ____8____ ( contract) diseases while consuming the uncooked meat which was likely to be contaminated by infective bacteria, ” Linscott said.
“Cooking, however, kills bacteria and increases the energetic value of meat, ____9____ ( create) a new reliable food source for early hominins. Understanding when this happened is therefore a topic of great interest, because it might help to explain _____10_____ our hominin ancestors evolved the way in which they did. ”
12.松江区
Closer to Equality
Left. Right. Left. Right again.
Getting lost in the rhythm of my turns was one of my favorite parts of skiing. Whenever I feel the soft, powdery snow beneath my skis, I feel like I’m capable of ___21___.
I started skiing when I was just three years old. While the other children in my group ___22___ (mess) around, I was busy rolling down the small slopes. Although there were many difficulties, I soon mastered the basic concepts ___23___ (underlie) the art of turning.
I decided to take my skiing ___24___ the next level and joined a team when I was seven. Riding the chairlift with my mother, I saw free skiers spinning through the air. I immediately knew which team I wanted to join: free skiing, an event heavily ___25___ (dominate) by boys.
As soon as I joined the team, I was placed at its ___26___ (low) level. However, I never stopped climbing the rankings ___27___ I was placed into the highest group. At that point, I was the only girl on my team. I was put down at first; nobody wanted to ride the chairlift with me. But as time passed, I slowly became more accepted. And this entire process took three years.
In the past, having been forced to assume the roles of stay-at-home and motherly figures, women couldn’t imagine ___28___ they wanted to be. Even today, in some countries, there are still so many cases ___29___ people are not yet accepting the idea that women can make their own choices or pave their own paths. But if we are to fully accept these views, we will be able to move closer to equality.
Being a girl in such a sport can be difficult, but I’m actually thankful that my experiences have taught me to face whatever setbacks I meet with in life. I encourage you, all the girls, ___30___ (step) out of your comfort zone to show the boys that girls are just as powerful as they are.
13.徐汇区
What is Prosopagnosia
Imagine living in a world where everyone looks vaguely familiar, but you never know for certain exactly who anyone is. Your old classmates, your coworkers, your friends, and even your family members can appear ____1____ first glance to be friendly strangers who seem to know you. That’s ____2____ life is like for people with prosopagnosia, or face blindness.
Prosopagnosia is a neurological (神经性的) disorder that causes someone to have trouble recognizing people they know, or distinguishing between different people’s faces. ____3____ difficulties in face recognition were noted over a hundred years ago, understanding of prosopagnosia is still unfolding. The condition has received a significant share of the public’s attention after American author Jean Gilbert penned down her struggles with prosopagnosia in her book, The Picasso Mirror. ____4____, such as well-known British anthropologist Dr Jane Goodall and Hollywood actor Brad Pitt, have also revealed that they have face blindness.
A study from Harvard and University College London found that prosopagnosia may affect up to 2% of the population, ____5____ (mean) there may be millions of face-blind people. For many people just realising that their difficulties are the result of a recognised neurological condition and that they are “not alone” ____6____ (make) a huge difference.
For typical observers face recognition is based on the whole face, but for prosopagnostics is it the opposite — they are more focused on ____7____ (isolate) features. They often have to rely on clues other than someone’s facial features, such as hairstyle, clothing, or voice, ____8____ (identify) the people they know. It ____9____ be very disturbing for the person who has face blindness, as they do not know how to relate with people. This would hold especially true if the person isn’t aware that they might have prosopagnosia. They could become socially withdrawn, _____10_____ could lead to depression, panic attacks, social isolation or social anxiety.
14.浦东新区
Are you the kind of person who hated school Or are you more like Michael Nicholson, who can’t stop ____21____(learn) He currently has 30 degrees including 22 master’s and a doctorate! If you’re also passionate about studying, you might be a philomath — a person who loves to learn and study. The word comes from Greek____22____ ‘phil’ meaning ‘a lover of’ and ‘math’ meaning ‘learning’.
Humans are all philomaths to an extent — our brain ____23____ (programme) to be curious. ____24____ (make) sense of the world, we are eager to learn and understand. But it is also because of something called neoteny. This is a term that ____25____ (refer) to the adolescent characteristics of some animals, including humans, being maintained into adulthood. One of these traits is neuroplasticity, ____26____function is to make our brain stay flexible and give us the ability to learn throughout our lives. Many creatures which are genetically close to ____27____ (we) can’t do this and only learn during their adolescence.
But for every person who loves learning, there are plenty who can’t stand it. Lots of people remember their school days as being boring or even pointless. Why is this Educational experts have suggested that ____28____ a concept or idea is too complex or dull, it becomes harder to link old and new ideas together. If that’s the case, we lose motivation and absorb less information. As a result, ____29____people are negatively exposed to at school may lead to them avoiding learning opportunities in later life.
So, don’t let a bad educational experience prevent you learning something new as an adult. Evolution has made us lifelong learners, ____30____take advantage of your biology and discover your inner philomath. Who knows what you could achieve
15.杨浦区
It’s OK Not to Be OK
Every now and then, you are probably told not to give up when things get difficult. But at what point can we feel that it’s OK to give up Sometimes, giving up can be a thoughtful and brave decision. If you feel like you have the weight of the world on your shoulders and it is holding ___21___ down, find a way to take a break.___22___ (remember) that you can always give up when you hit your limit and start over when you feel ready again.
Simone Biles, with a ___23___ (combine) total of 32 Olympic and World Championship medals, got a case of the “twisties” at the Olympics in Tokyo last year. This means that when doing flips (空翻) or twists, the world’s greatest gymnast had a hard time figuring out ___24___ the ground was. So, she told the world she wasn’t going to compete ___25___ she knew her limits. If she had pushed herself at all costs, she might have ended up with a lifelong injury. Instead, she knew when ___26___ (tell) people she wasn’t OK.
As a four-time Grand Slam winner at the age of 23, the Japanese tennis player Naomi Osaka ___27___ (drop) out of the 2021 French Open. She announced that she needed a break ___28___ the spotlight to work on her mental health. In a TIME magazine interview before the Olympics, she said, “I do hope that people ___29___ relate and understand it’s OK to not be OK, and it’s OK to talk about it. There are people ____30____ experiences are inspiring, and there is usually light at the end of any tunnel.”
16.长宁区
Living your best life
It was a bright spring morning in a suburban Rochester, New York, neighborhood. Three young men, ___1___ hearts were full of excitement, were preparing for a road trip across the United States. It would be the adventure of a life time. I was one of those young men. For my friends and ___2___, going on a cross-country trip was at the top our bucket lists!
A bucket list simply lists things you want to see, try or accomplish ___3___ your lifetime. But it’s not something simple like learning to ride a bike or passing a math test. You need to dream big! ___4___ this may not sound practical, it’s a good mental exercise and a lot of fun. The sky is the limit! Why Because making a bucket list can push you to do something extraordinary!
Making a bucket list can also help you get in touch with your values. People live busy lives, so it’s easy to get ___5___ (trap) in life’s daily routines. But taking time to chew over ___6___ you really want from life can help you get a fresh perspective.
If you’re ready to start making your own bucket list, you first need to decide what to put on it. You could make a list of unusual things you’d like to do, such as doing ___7___ underwater photo shoot as a mermaid (美人鱼). If you love animals, you could put a trip to Tokyo ___8___ (visit) a night bird café on your list.
What’s on my list Well, since I fancy ___9___ (look) into the night sky, I want to spend a few nights in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. If the skies are clear, I would have a view of the whole Milky Way Galaxy! Now it’s your turn. What strikes your fancy You ____10____ (not) discover what you are capable of until you dream BIG.
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 （共 2 页）
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(
专题0
1
：
语法
填空
-2023年上海十六区高三英语一模汇编
)
1.宝山区
Rob and Jane are classmates at a university. It is the beginning of the semester and time to buy books for various classes. Their university not only makes paper textbooks available but also offers digital textbooks to its students. Rob and Jane ____1____ (talk) about which type of book they prefer.
Rob: I think I’m going to study digitally this year.
Jane: What do you mean
Rob: Well, the majority of the textbooks I need for my classes ____2____ (offer) digitally. So I’m going to buy access in that form. That way I can study on my computer, phone or e-reader. The content is the same as a paper textbook.
Jane: Are you sure I’ve heard that not all textbooks are compatible (与……一致的) with all media devices. I had a friend last year who had some problems ____3____ (access) her books on certain devices.
Rob: Really I’ve never heard that. The people to ____4____ I talked said it was super convenient. Besides, my budget is very limited right now. The digital format costs less than half the price of the paper textbook.
Jane: True. But at the end of the semester, you can sell back a paper textbook. That way you can recover some of your money.
Rob: I also have to work most days after class. ____5____ (study) digitally means I don’t need to carry around a bunch of heavy books. So it would be much more convenient for me.
Jane: Convenience isn’t ____6____. I find it much easier to focus on what I’m reading in a real book. It’s also easier to follow a lecture and turn to the page that’s being discussed.
Rob: Yes, but I can access a page by searching for a word, so I can find it easily.
Jane: I find it easier to recall information I want to remember ____7____ I mark it in an actual book. Rob: But you can do that ____8____ digital material, too.
Jane: Have you ever had a textbook that you wanted to keep for future reference You know some textbooks are only available the semester you buy it. After that, you lose access to it.
Rob: Oh! I’ll have to look into ____9____ digital books I’d have permanent access to, then.
Jane: You know, I also read that when people read digitally their comprehension is weaker. People apparently read faster on a screen. But they don’t remember details as _____10_____ (well) as someone who reads it on paper.
Rob: I guess I’ll find out. Anyway, I’m going to try it.
Jane: Let me know how it works. I’m sticking with paper.
【答案】1. are talking 2. are offered 3. accessing 4. whom 5. Studying##To study
6. everything 7. if##when 8. with 9. which##what 10. well
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇对话。罗布和简是大学同学。这是新学期的开始，是购买各种课程书籍的时候了。他们的大学不仅提供纸质教科书，还为学生提供数字教科书。罗布和简正在谈论他们更喜欢哪种类型的书。
【1题详解】
考查时态和主谓一致。句意：罗布和简正在谈论他们更喜欢哪种类型的书。根据下文的对话可知，常常表示现在正在进行的动作，应用现在进行时，主语为Rob and Jane，谓语用复数。故填are talking。
【2题详解】
考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：我上课需要的大部分课本都是数字化的。主语与谓语构成被动关系，陈述客观事实用一般现在时的被动语态，主语为the majority of the textbooks，谓语用复数。故填are offered。
【3题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：去年，我有一个朋友在某些设备上访问她的书时遇到了一些问题。短语have problems doing sth.表示“做某事有问题”，用动名词作宾语。故填accessing。
【4题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：和我交谈过的人说这非常方便。分析句子可知，此处为“介词+关系代词”结构的定语从句修饰先行词people，作介词的宾语，指人，故用whom。故填whom。
【5题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：数字化学习意味着我不需要带着一堆沉重的书。此处作句子的主语，可用动名词或不定式，句首单词首字母要大写。故填Studying/To study。
【6题详解】
考查不定代词。句意：方便并不代表一切。作表语，表示“一切”应用不定代词everything。故填everything。
【7题详解】
考查状语从句。句意：我发现，当我在实际的书上做记号时/如果我在实际的书上做记号，我更容易回忆起我想记住的信息。此处可理解为条件状语从句，表示“如果”应用if；或理解为时间状语从句，表示“当……时候”用when。故填if/when。
【8题详解】
考查介词。句意：但你也可以用数字材料做到这一点。后跟名词作宾语，表示“用”应用介词with。故填with。
【9题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：那么，我得查一下我可以永久使用哪些/什么电子书。引导宾语从句，从句中缺少books的定语，表示“哪些”或“什么”应用which或what。故填which/what。
【10题详解】
考查副词。句意：但他们不像那些在纸上阅读的人那样记住细节。修饰动词remember应用副词well。故填well。
2.崇明区
Laziness and Lack of Sleep Can Shorten Your Life, Especially When Combined
You already know that smoking is bad for you and that drinking too much alcohol may shorten your life. Now a new study says that spending too much time in a chair and not having enough sleep should join a short list of behaviors ____21____ (know) to increase your risk of premature death.
Sitting for a long time and lack of sleep were damaging in their own way, but when combined with more traditional risk factors, ____22____ had a multiplier effect that made an early death far more likely.
The findings, published in the journal PLOS Medicine, make clear that “some risk behaviors tend to come together and ____23____ the joint risk could be much higher than the sum of the individual risks”.
For instance, smoking was ____24____ (dangerous) single risk factor among the six studied. The small number of people for ____25____ smoking was their only bad habit were 90 percent more likely to die during the course of the study than people who were with practical clean living in every aspect. People who reported high alcohol consumption as their only risk factor did not seem ____26____ (put) their lives in danger. But for those who combined heavy drinking with smoking, the risk of premature death was doubled. And when lack of sleep ____27____ (add) to the mix, the likelihood of an early death was nearly five times greater ____28____ lack of sleep by itself had only a light effect on death.
These numbers are based on the lives of 231,048 Australians.
____29____ (consider) factors such as age, gender, education and other factors, the researchers saw a clear pattern. It was a person’s bad lifestyle ____30____ contributed to his or her risk of premature death.
【答案】21. known 22. they 23. that 24. the most dangerous
25. whom 26. to be putting##to put##to have put 27. was added 28. even if##even though
29. Considering##Having considered 30. that
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了懒惰和缺乏睡眠会缩短你的寿命，尤其是当两者结合在一起时，风险可能远远高于单个风险的总和。
【21题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：现在一项新的研究表明，长时间坐在椅子上和睡眠不足会增加过早死亡的风险。分析句子成分可知，宾语从句的谓语动词为“should join”，所以提示词应为非谓语动词，与空前的“a short list of behaviors”为逻辑上的动宾关系。故填known。
【22题详解】
考查代词。句意：久坐和睡眠不足本身就有危害，但当它们与更传统的风险因素结合在一起时，会产生乘数效应，使早死的可能性大大增加。分析句子成分可知，“but”后的分句中，主句缺少主语，结合句意应为代词they指代前文提到的“Sitting for a long time”和“lack of sleep”。故填they。
【23题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：发表在《公共科学图书馆·医学》(PLOS Medicine)杂志上的研究结果明确指出，“一些风险行为往往会结合在一起，且联合风险可能远远高于单个风险的总和”。分析句子成分可知，动词短语“make clear”后接了两个宾语从句，第二个宾语从句为完整的从句，不缺成分，所以选用只起连接作用的关系词that，且不可以省略。故填that。
【24题详解】
考查形容词最高级。句意：例如，吸烟是六项研究中最危险的单一风险因素。根据本句中“among the six”可知，在六项单一风险因素中，吸烟是最危险的，应用形容词最高级。故填the most dangerous。
【25题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：在研究过程中，一小部分吸烟是唯一坏习惯的人死亡的可能性比在各方面都有实际清洁生活的人高90%。分析句子成分可知，“for_______smoking was their only bad habit”应为定语从句，修饰先行词“people”，关系词替代“people”在定语从句中充当介词“for”的宾语，应用关系代词whom。故填whom。
【26题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：那些将大量饮酒作为唯一危险因素的人似乎并没有将自己的生命置于危险之中。固定搭配seem to do sth. “似乎做某事”。因“大量饮酒”动作与“生命置于危险之中”动作先后情况不明显，所以可以用to do；也可以用to be doing表示前后动作几乎同时进行；也可用to have done表示先后动作顺序。故填to be putting或to put或to have put。
【27题详解】
考查代词语态。句意：如果再加上睡眠不足，早死的可能性会增加近5倍，尽管睡眠不足本身对死亡的影响很小。分析句子成分可知，空处应为“when”引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词，主语为“lack of sleep”，所以用被动语态，且用单数；照应主句谓语“was”时态，空处也应为一般过去时。故填was added。
【28题详解】
考查让步状语从句。句意：如果再加上睡眠不足，早死的可能性会增加近5倍，尽管睡眠不足本身对死亡的影响很小。分析句意可知，空前句意为“睡眠不足，早死的可能性会增加近5倍”，空后句意为“睡眠不足本身对死亡的影响很小”，前后为让步关系，应用even if或even though引导让步状语从句。故填even if或even though。
【29题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：考虑到年龄、性别、教育程度等因素，研究人员发现了一个清晰的模式。分析句子成分可知，谓语动词为“saw”，且无连词，所以空处应为非谓语动词，提示词“consider”和句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系，应用doing，若强调非谓语的动作在谓语动作之前发生，也可用doing的完成式having done。故填Considering或Having considered。
【30题详解】
考查强调句。句意：正是一个人不良的生活方式导致了他或她过早死亡的风险。分析句子成分可知，本句为强调句型It is/was...that/who...。强调a person’s bad lifestyle，应用that。故填that。
3.奉贤区
Gray Hair Can Return to Its Original Color
Few signs of old age are clearer than the sight of gray hair. ____1____ we grow older, our strands of hair lose their youthful color. Although this may seem like a permanent change, new research reveals that gray hairs ____2____ miraculously regain color — at least temporarily.
In one 1972 paper, the late doctor Stanley Comaish reported an isolated case of a 38-year-old man, with his three strands ____3____(be) light near the ends but dark near the roots. This signaled a reversal in the normal graying process, ____4____ begins at the root.
A new study from researchers at Columbia University is the first ____5____(offer) quantitative evidence linking psychological stress to graying hair in people. Having analyzed individual hairs from 14 volunteers, researchers compared the results with each volunteer’s stress diary, in which individuals’ review of their calendars and each week’s level of stress rated are included.
When hairs were aligned with (与……对照) stress diaries striking associations between stress and hair graying ____6____(reveal) and, in some cases, there was a reversal of graying when stress was removed. There was one individual who went on a long vacation, and five hairs on that person’s head returned back to dark during the vacation.
Although it may seem easy to understand ____7____ stress can speed up graying, the researchers were surprised to discover that hair color can be restored when stress is eased. We could picture hair as a powerful tool to assess the effects of ____8____(early) life events on aging — because hair provides a kind of physical record of past events, much____9____ the rings of a tree. It’s pretty clear that the hair encodes part of your biological history in some way. Hair grows out of the body, and then it crystallizes into _____10_____ hard and stable that holds the memory of your past.
【答案】1. As 2. can##could##may##might 3. being 4. which 5. to offer
6. were revealed 7. that 8. earlier 9. like 10. something##the
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。新的研究表明，白发可以奇迹般地恢复颜色——至少是暂时的。文章介绍了这项研究的具体开展情况以及研究发现。
【1题详解】
考查状语从句。句意：随着年龄的增长，我们的头发失去了青春的颜色。此处引导时间状语从句，表示“随着”应用as，句首单词首字母要大写。故填As。
【2题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：虽然这似乎是一个永久性的改变，但新的研究表明，白发可以/可能奇迹般地恢复颜色——至少是暂时的。后跟动词原形，表示“可以”或“可能”，应用情态动词can/could/may/might。故填can/could/may/might。
【3题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：在1972年的一篇论文中，已故医生斯坦利·科迈什报告了一个38岁男子的孤立病例，他的三股发丝末端较浅，但发根附近较深。此处为with的复合结构，strands与be构成主动关系，应用现在分词，作宾补。故填being。
【4题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：这标志着从根开始的正常变灰过程的逆转。此处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词process，从句缺少主语，指物，应用which引导。故填which。
【5题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：哥伦比亚大学研究人员的一项新研究首次提供了心理压力与人们头发变白之间的定量证据。序数词后跟不定式，作后置定语。故填to offer。
【6题详解】
考查时态语态。句意：当头发与压力日志对照时，压力和头发变白之间的显著关联被揭示出来，在某些情况下，当压力消失时，头发变白的情况会逆转。主语与谓语构成被动关系，根据后文was可知，应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为striking associations，谓语用复数。故填were revealed。
【7题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：虽然压力会加速头发变白似乎很容易理解，但研究人员惊讶地发现，当压力缓解时，头发的颜色可以恢复。此处引导宾语从句，从句不缺少成分，句意完整，应用that引导。故填that。
【8题详解】
考查比较级。句意：我们可以把头发描绘成一个强有力的工具，来评估早期生活事件对衰老的影响，因为头发提供了一种过去事件的物理记录，就像树木的年轮一样。结合语境表示“更早的”，应用比较级。故填earlier。
【9题详解】
考查介词。句意：我们可以把头发描绘成一个强有力的工具，来评估早期生活事件对衰老的影响，因为头发提供了一种过去事件的物理记录，就像树木的年轮一样。后跟名词作宾语，表示“像”，应用like。故填like。
【10题详解】
考查不定代词或冠词。句意：头发从身体里长出来，然后结晶成坚硬而稳定的东西，保存着你过去的记忆。此处表示“坚硬的某物”应用不定代词something或用定冠词+形容词，表示一类事物。故填something或the。
4.虹口区
Runners and Cyclists Use GPS Mapping to Make Art
Fitness apps and the power of live satellite tracking have allowed runners, cyclists and others to draw hearts, animals, birthday wishes — and even homages to Vermeer — across their local landscapes.
In 1665, Johannes Vermeer dabbed (轻涂) the last drop of paint onto a canvas (帆布) in his Dutch studio, ___1___ (complete) his masterpiece “Girl with a Pearl Earring.” On an April day 357 years later, Janine Strong slowed her bike to stop, paused her fitness app, and watched as the snaking line of her cycling route ___2___ (draw) the shape of Vermeer’s masterpiece over the streets of Brooklyn.
Ms. Strong creates ___3___ has come to be known as “GPS art” — a practice ___4___ uses the Global Positioning System mapping capabilities of modern phone apps like Strava to create digital drawings using an athlete’s route across the landscape. ___5___ of biking on a straight path or in circles around a park, Ms. Strong plans her rides in the shapes of birthday cakes, stars, birds, lions — and the occasional Vermeer.
The hobby has grown with the widespread availability of satellite tracking for use by ordinary people, in fitness apps like Nike Run Club or MapMyRide. It is now a popularity on Strava often ___6___ (refer) to as “Strava art.”
Strava art has existed since that app’s release in 2009, but it experienced a sudden increase in use during the pandemic (疫情). According to Michael Joseph, a senior communications manager at the company, more than three billion activities ___7___ (upload) to Strava since the beginning of 2020.
To complete her digital vision of “Girl with a Pearl Earring,” Ms. Strong biked almost 50 miles around southern Brooklyn, carefully checking Strava ___8___ (make) sure that each turn, circle, and straightaway was achieving the iconic earring and head covering of Vermeer’s original. “I always have a big smile on my face ___9___ it works out and I upload it and it’s done,” she said. “It’s a far ___10___ (satisfying) feeling.”
【答案】1. completing 2. drew 3. what 4. that##which 5. Instead 6. referred
7. have been uploaded 8. to make 9. when##as##after 10. more satisfying
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是跑步者和骑自行车的人用GPS地图来创作艺术。
【1题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：1665年，Johannes Vermeer在他荷兰工作室的画布上涂抹了最后一滴颜料，完成了他的杰作《戴珍珠耳环的女孩》。句中谓语是dabbed，空格处用非谓语动词，Johannes Vermeer和complete之间是主谓关系，因此空格处用现在分词表主动，故填completing。
【2题详解】
考查动词时态。句意：357年后的一个4月的一天，Janine Strong放慢自行车的速度停下来，暂停了健身应用程序，看着她骑自行车时蜿蜒的路线在布鲁克林的街道上勾勒出Vermeer这幅杰作的形状。as引导的是时间状语从句，由“On an April day 357 years later”可知，时态用一般过去时，空格处用过去式，故填drew。
【3题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：Ms. Strong创作了所谓的“GPS艺术”——利用Strava等现代手机应用程序的全球定位系统(GPS)绘图功能，根据运动员穿越地形的路线绘制数字图形。“has come to be known as “GPS art””是宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，句子表示“Ms. Strong创作了所谓的“GPS艺术””，因此空格处用what引导宾语从句，故填what。
【4题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：Ms. Strong创作了所谓的“GPS艺术”——利用Strava等现代手机应用程序的全球定位系统绘图功能，根据运动员穿越地形的路线绘制数字图形。空格处引导的是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词practice是物，因此空格处用关系代词that/which引导定语从句，故填that或which。
【5题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：Ms. Strong不会沿着笔直的小路骑行，也不会在公园里绕圈骑行，她把自行车设计成生日蛋糕、星星、小鸟、狮子的形状，偶尔还会画上Vermeer的画。由“of biking on a straight path or in circles around a park, Ms. Strong plans her rides in the shapes of birthday cakes, stars, birds, lions — and the occasional Vermeer”可知，句子表示“Ms. Strong不会沿着笔直的小路骑行，也不会在公园里绕圈骑行”，空格处意为“代替，而不是”，是固定短语instead of，空格处是instead，位于句首，首字母大写，故填Instead。
【6题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：它现在在Strava很受欢迎，通常被称为“Strava艺术”。句中谓语是is，空格处用非谓语动词，popularity和refer to之间是逻辑动宾关系，因此空格处用过去分词，表被动，作后置定语，故填referred。
【7题详解】
考查动词语态。句意：据该公司高级通信经理Michael Joseph称，自2020年初以来，已有超过30亿项活动上传到Strava。由“since the beginning of 2020”可知，句子时态用现在完成时，活动是被上传，因此空格处是现在完成时的被动语态，have/has been done，主语activities是复数，因此空格处是have been uploaded。故填have been uploaded。
【8题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：为了完成《戴珍珠耳环的女孩》（Girl with a Pearl Earring）的数字视觉，Ms. Strong在Brooklyn南部骑行了近50英里，仔细检查Strava，确保每一个转弯、每一圈、每一秒都能达到Vermeer原作中标志性的耳环和头巾。由“carefully checking Strava”可知，Ms. Strong仔细检查Strava的目的是确保每一个转弯、每一圈、每一秒都能达到Vermeer原作中标志性的耳环和头巾，空格处用不定式，表目的，故填to make。
【9题详解】
考查时间状语从句。句意：她说：“当我上传成功后，我脸上总是挂着灿烂的微笑。”由“it works out and I upload it and it’s done”可知，句子表示“当我上传成功后，我脸上总是挂着灿烂的微笑”，空格处意为“当……的时候”，用when/as引导时间状语从句；句子也可理解为“我上传成功后，我脸上总是挂着灿烂的微笑”，空格处意为“在……之后”，用after引导时间状语从句，因此空格处应用when/as/after引导从句。故填when/as/after。
【10题详解】
考查比较级。句意：这是一种更令人满意的感觉。far修饰比较级，satisfying的比较级是more satisfying。故填more satisfying。
5.黄浦区
How Reading Saved Me
During my first decade in prison, I busied myself with exercising and hanging out in the big yard. I hardly grew as ___1___ person. It wasn’t until I began college in prison in my 30s that I started to realize my full potential.
Through my journey in college, I became engaged in reading and writing, striving to escape prison life by expanding my mind beyond the environments I ___2___ (trap) in. I became good at using concepts and terms in conversations that were previously far over my head. More importantly, I eventually better understood ___3___ I had used violence to solve my problems.
Throughout the country, prison officials have rejected or tried every means ___4___ (ban) books about biology, sketching, dragons and even the moon. ___5___ (claim) such bans are necessary for the safety and security of prisons seems stupid. Practically every author I have encountered while in prison ___6___ (play) a role in my efforts to grow and become a better person — someone who can live in society by adding to it, as opposed ___7___taking from it.
Without college and without access to books and materials ___8___ expanded my mind beyond the towering concrete walls, I might still be wasting my time on the yard. My worldview would still be shaped by violence and harm. That’s not who I want to be ___9___ I leave this prison. It’s not who I want to see ____10____ (send) back into society.
【答案】1. a 2. had been trapped##was trapped 3. why 4. to ban 5. Claiming
6. has played 7. to 8. that##which 9. when##after 10. sent
【解析】
【导语】本文是夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述读书和写作对作者一生的影响。
【1题详解】
考查冠词。句意：作为一个人，我几乎没有成长。分析句子结构和意思可知，空格后是可数名词单数person，这里表示泛指，用不定冠词，person的第一个音素是辅音音素，用a。故填a。
【2题详解】
考查谓语动词。句意：在我的大学旅程中，我开始从事阅读和写作，努力通过扩展我的思维，超越我被困的环境来逃离监狱生活。分析句子结构和意思可知，I ___2___ (trap) in是定语从句，先行词是environments，在从句中作介词in的宾语，连词that/which省略。这句话是描述过去是事情，主语I和动词trap是被动关系，所以用一般过去时的被动结构。也可以用过去完成时的被动结构，表示过去的过去发生的动作。故填had been trapped/was trapped。
【3题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：更重要的是，我最终更好地理解了为什么我使用暴力来解决我的问题。分析句子结构和意思可知，___3___ I had used violence to solve my problems是宾语从句，从句基本成分完整，上下文需要“为什么”的意思，用连词why引导。故填why。
【4题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：在全国各地，监狱官员拒绝或试图用所有的方法来禁止有关生物学、素描、龙甚至月亮的书籍。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里需要用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to ban。
【5题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：声称这样的禁令对监狱的安全和保障是必要的，似乎很愚蠢。分析句子结构和意思可知，句子缺少主语，所以用动名词作主语，表示事实。故填Claiming。
【6题详解】
考查谓语动词。句意：事实上，我在狱中遇到的每一位作者都在我成长和成为更好的人的努力中发挥了作用——一个可以通过加入而不是从中获益而生活在社会中的人。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里考查句子的谓语动词，表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响和结果，用现在完成时，主语是every author，助动词用has。故填has played。
【7题详解】
考查固定搭配。句意：见第6题详解。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里考查固定搭配opposed to，意为“和……相反”。故填to。
【8题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：没有大学，没有让我的思想超越了高耸的混凝土墙的书本和资料，我可能还在院子里浪费时间。分析句子结构和意思可知，___8___ expanded my mind beyond the towering concrete walls是定语从句，先行词是books and materials，在从句中作主语，指物，用关系代词that/which引导。故填that/which。
【9题详解】
考查时间状语从句。句意：当我离开这个监狱时/我离开监狱后，不想成为那样的人。分析句子结构和意思可知，此处应用when/after引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时候”或者“在……之后”。故填when/after。
【10题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：那不是我想看到的被送回社会的样子。分析句子结构和意思可知，who I want to see ___10___ (send) back into society是表语从句，连词who在从句中作see的宾语，动词send和被修饰的宾语who是逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词形式，作宾补。故填sent。
6.嘉定区
Lovely Team Members
I fell in love with rhinos when I worked in a zoo in the 80s, and spent much of the next 20 years as the keeper of the largest captive (圈养的) group of rare black rhinos.
Being aggressive and stupid is ____1____ impresses urban residents about rhinos, but I discovered a group of sensitive, affectionate animals. ____2____ (weigh) over a ton, black rhinos are unexpectedly alert and have an unpredictable nature. However, ____3____ care and reassurance (安慰), they can be very trusting.
In the past few years, the number of rhinos has dropped dramatically, during ____4____ time I have helped look after rhinos being moved to reserves. Last year, I helped on a project to fly five black rhinos to the Serengeti National Park, where they had to be kept captive for a few weeks before ____5____ (release) into the wild. They lived in “bomas” wooden enclosures with “bedrooms”.
A couple of weeks before their planned release, the sky was filled with smoke and the flames were blowing over it. ____6____ (make) sure everything was fine, we rushed toward the bomas. I was terrified that the rhinos ____7____ (catch) fire, so my initial response was to release them. But I couldn’t, because they ____8____ (not fit) with transmitters (发射器). If I let them out, we would have great difficulty tracking them down. So I dashed back to the bomas and called the rhinos to their “bedrooms”. To my surprise, they moved without hesitation and were ____9____ (panicky) than I had thought. After half an hour, the wind changed direction and the fire began to die down.
That we and the rhinos had escaped unscathed (未受伤的) was a miracle. The relationship we had built with those lovely animals proved crucial. _____10_____ it, all our work would have been for nothing. The teamwork of everybody there played a large part too and the rhinos were very much part of that team.
【答案】1. what 2. Weighing 3. with 4. which 5. being released 6. To make 7. would catch 8. weren’t fitted##weren’t fit 9. less panicky 10. Without
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了大家都认为犀牛好斗和愚蠢，但作者却认为黑犀牛是一种深情且值得信赖的动物，作者不仅养了犀牛20年，还和它们建立了深厚的感情。
【1题详解】
考查表语从句连接词。句意：好斗和愚蠢是城市居民对犀牛的印象，但我发现它们是一群敏感、深情的动物。分析句子可知，空格处引导is后面的表语从句，且从句缺主语，表“什么”，应使用连接代词what引导。故填what。
【2题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：体重超过一吨，黑犀牛出乎意料地警觉，并且具有不可预测的天性。分析句子可知，句子已经有谓语，空格处应使用非谓语形式，weigh在此表示“有……重”，与逻辑主语black rhinos之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，应使用现在分词表主动，作状语，且置于句首，首字母要大写。故填Weighing。
【3题详解】
考查介词。句意：然而，有着关爱和安慰，它们非常值得信赖。分析句子可知，句子结构完整，此处应使用介词+名词形成介词短语作状语。结合语境，however表示转折，此处强调犀牛的优点，拥有关爱和安慰人的特点，它们非常值得信赖。表示“附着，带有”应使用介词with。故填with。
【4题详解】
考查定语从句关系词。句意：在过去的几年里，犀牛的数量急剧下降，在此期间，我帮助照顾的犀牛被转移到保护区。分析句子可知，本句为非限制性定语从句，且前面有介词during，应使用介词+关系代词引导，修饰前面的主句（侧重点不在于主句中的时间名词，而是整个句子），应用during which time引导，表“在……期间”。故填which。
【5题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：去年，我帮助了一个项目，将五头黑犀牛带到塞伦盖蒂国家公园，在那里它们必须被圈养几周，然后被释放到野外。介词before后用动名词形式，分析句子可知， where they had to be kept captive for a few weeks before ________ (release) into the wild.为非限制性定语从句，从句的主语是they，指代前文的 five black rhinos ，和非谓语动词release之间为被动关系，该空用动名词的被动式。故填being released。
【6题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：为了确保一切都很好，我们冲向木质围栏。分析句子可知，句子有谓语rushed ，make要使用其非谓语形式，结合语境，此处应使用不定式作目的状语，且置于句首，首字母要大写。故填To make。
【7题详解】
考查时态。句意：我很害怕犀牛会着火，所以我的第一反应是释放它们。分析句子可知， I was terrified that the rhinos ___________ (catch) fire是宾语从句，当主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式，结合语境，是担心可能会着火，would可以用于表示某事的可能性，应使用情态动词would。故填would catch。
【8题详解】
考查时态。句意：但我不能，因为它们没有配备发射器。be fitted/fit with (配备)，根据couldn’t和上下文语境可知，此处也应使用一般过去时，再根据主语they和提示词not可知，应使用一般过去时复数的否定形式。故填weren’t fitted/fit。
【9题详解】
考查比较级。句意：令我惊讶的是，它们毫不犹豫地移动并且没我想象中的那么惊慌失措。根据后文的than和提示词panicky可知，此处要使用形容词的比较级，结合语境，是没“我”想象中的那么惊慌失措，所以是less panicky。故填less panicky。
【10题详解】
考查介词。句意：没有它，我们所有的工作都是徒劳的。it指代上文的The relationship we had built with those lovely animals，结合语境，没有“我们”与犀牛之间建立的联系，“我们”所做的工作就是徒劳的，表示没有应用介词without，置于句首要大写。故填Without。
7.金山区
Your Smell Could Attract Mosquitoes
A new study finds that some people attract mosquitoes much more than others, and it probably involves the way they smell.
The researchers have found that people who attract mosquitoes the most ____1____ (produce) a lot of certain chemicals on their skin These chemicals ____2____ (connect) to the smell that attracts the mosquitoes.
Leslie Vosshall is one of the researchers in New York. She said, “If you have high levels of this stuff on your skin, you’re going to be the one at the picnic____3____ (get) all the bites.”
For the study, researchers designed an experiment to have people’s smells compete against each other. They asked 64 volunteers to wear stockings around their forearms to absorb the smell from their skin. The stockings were put in separate traps at the end of a long tube. Then, dozens of mosquitoes were released. The mosquitoes came to some traps much more than others. The scientists did the experiment several times, always changing which stockings were competing against each other. At the end, they discovered a huge difference between stockings. ____4____ (attractive) stocking was around 100 times more attractive to the mosquitoes than the last-place finisher.
By testing the same people for over a year, the study showed that these big differences remain. “Mosquito magnets (招蚊子喜欢的人) seem____5____ (remain) mosquito magnets,” Researchers said. One common factor they found was ____6____ mosquito magnets had high levels of certain acids on their skin.
“The research could help find new ways to drive away mosquitoes,” said Jeff Riffell, a scientist not ____7____ (involve) in the study, “There ____8____ be ways to affect the skin bacteria and change the smell that attracts mosquitoes.” However, he said that would be hard to do. Researchers also did the experiment with mosquitoes ____9____ genes were changed to damage their sense of smell. But they still flew to the same mosquito magnets. Vosshall said mosquitoes have ways to find us ____10____ we change some conditions. “They have many backup plans to be able to find us and bite us,” she said.
【答案】1. produce 2. are connected 3. getting 4. The most attractive 5. to remain
6. that 7. involved 8. may 9. whose 10. even if##though
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了为什么有些人非常招蚊子，因为吸引蚊子的人会在皮肤上产生大量特定的化学物质。
【1题详解】
考查动词时态。句意：研究人员发现，最吸引蚊子的人会在皮肤上产生大量特定的化学物质。分析句子结构可知，本句是that引导的宾语从句，和who引导的定语从句，produce应做宾语从句的谓语，描述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，主语是people为复数，故用动词原形。故填produce。
【2题详解】
考查主谓一致和语态。句意：这些化学物质与吸引蚊子的气味有关。分析句子结构可知，本句缺少谓语动词，connect应做本句谓语，主语是chemicals，为复数，与connect之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，描述的是客观事实，用一般现在时。故填are connected。
【3题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：如果你的皮肤上有大量的这种物质，你就会成为野餐时被咬伤的那个人。分析句子结构可知，本句已有谓语动词are，所以get应该用非谓语形式，它的逻辑主语是one，两者间是主动关系，此处应该用现在分词做后置定语。故填getting。
【4题详解】
考查形容词。句意：最招蚊子的袜子对蚊子的吸引力大约是最后一名的100倍。分析句子结构可知，空后是名词stocking，所以空处应填形容词修饰，在根据句意可知是拿最最招蚊子的袜子和最后一名比较，所以应该用最高级，此处是形容词的最高级，前必须加定冠词the，谓语句首，首字母需大写。故填The most attractive。
【5题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：“招蚊子喜欢的人似乎仍然还是那么招蚊子，”德格纳罗说。分析句子结构可知，此处考查固定搭配：seem to do sth.意为“似乎是”。故填to remain。
【6题详解】
考查表语从句连接词。句意：他们发现的一个共同因素是，吸蚊剂在他们的皮肤上含有大量的某种酸。分析句子结构可知，空处引导的是表语从句，从句中结构完整，应该用that引导。故填that。
【7题详解】
考查形容词。句意：“这项研究可能有助于找到驱赶蚊子的新方法，”没有参与这项研究的科学家杰夫·里费尔(Jeff Riffell)说，“可能有办法影响皮肤细菌，改变吸引蚊子的气味。”。分析句子结构可知，此处考查固定搭配：be involved in意为“使参与”本句为形容词作定语。故填involved。
【8题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：“这项研究可能有助于找到驱赶蚊子的新方法，”没有参与这项研究的科学家杰夫·里费尔(Jeff Riffell)说，“可能有办法影响皮肤细菌，改变吸引蚊子的气味。”。分析句子结构可知，本句结构完整，设空在动词前，动词用的是原形，所以空处应填助动词或者情态动词，根据句意可知此处表推测，应用情态动词may。故填may。
【9题详解】
考查定语从句关系词。句意：研究人员还对蚊子进行了实验，这些蚊子的基因被改变，从而破坏了它们的嗅觉。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，从句中缺少定语，先行词是mosquitoes，所以应该用whose引导。故填whose。
【10题详解】
考查状语从句连词。句意：Vosshall说，蚊子有办法找到我们，尽管我们改变了一些条件。分析句子结构可知，设空前后两个句子是让步关系，空处应填though或者even if表达“尽管”之意，引导让步状语从句。故填though或者even if。
8.静安区
In a bid to control the nation’s growing problem with food wastage, the South Korean government has started a unique initiative – “Pay as You Trash”. As of now, the South Korean government has three methods ____1____ place to charge citizens for the food thrown away. One is through a RFI card. When users tap this card over a specially designed food waste bin, the lid (盖子) will open, allowing them to dump their waste. The waste ____2____ (weigh) automatically and a bill is recorded in the user’s account which the user needs to settle on a monthly basis. Each RFI bin costs $1,500 and ____3____ serve 60 households.
The second billing method is through pre-paid garbage bags. These specially designed bags are priced based on volume. There’s also an electronic management system, ____4____ residents put food waste directly into the bin and pay for it by purchasing a special tag ____5____ (attach) to the bin.
Every household in South Korea is subject to one of these payment systems. ____6____ the new payment method affects you depends totally on how much food you throw away. Whatever system you use, you are sure to feel the pain of food waste. The more food you throw out, the more you end up ____7____ (pay).
And it’s working. Residents like Seoul housewife Ms. Kwan have found it necessary to adopt innovative methods to avoid food waste. She picks ____8____ wet out of leftover food before throwing it away. She also separates fresh produce and other food items into ____9____ (small) portions so that only the required amount is used up per meal. “ ____10____ the fees can be reduced, I’m willing to adopt any innovative method to avoid food waste,” she said.
【答案】1. in 2. is weighed 3. can 4. where 5. attached 6. Whether 7. paying
8. anything 9. smaller 10. If
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲的是为控制国内不断加重的食物浪费问题，韩国政府推出了一项特别举措——“为食物垃圾买单”。
【1题详解】
考查介词。句意：到目前为止，韩国政府有三种方法向市民收取丢弃食物的费用。由“the South Korean government has three methods”可知，此处表示“韩国政府有三种方法向市民收取丢弃食物的费用”，“have sth. in place”意为“拥有”，因此空格处是介词in，故填in。
【2题详解】
考查时态，语态和主谓一致。句意：垃圾会自动称重，账单会记录在用户的账户上，用户需要每月进行结算。垃圾被称重，句子描述客观事实，因此空格处是一般现在时的被动语态，主语waste是不可数名词，因此空格处是is weighed。故填is weighed。
【3题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：每个RFI垃圾桶价值1500美元，可以为60个家庭提供服务。空后serve是原形，空格处用情态动词，根据语境可知，句子表示“每个RFI垃圾桶价值1500美元，可以为60个家庭提供服务”，空格处意为“能够，可以”，表示一种能力，用情态动词can，故填can。
【4题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：还有一个电子管理系统，居民可以直接把食物垃圾扔进垃圾桶，并通过购买贴在垃圾桶上的特殊标签来支付费用。分析可知，空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，先行词system是抽象地点，因此空格处用关系副词where引导定语从句，故填where。
【5题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：还有一个电子管理系统，居民可以直接把食物垃圾扔进垃圾桶，并通过购买贴在垃圾桶上的特殊标签来支付费用。句中谓语是put...and pay，空格处用非谓语动词，tag和attach之间是逻辑动宾关系，空格处用过去分词表被动，作后置定语，故填attached。
【6题详解】
考查主语从句。句意：新的支付方式是否会影响你完全取决于你扔掉了多少食物。空格处引导的是主语从句，由“depends totally on how much food you throw away”可知，句子表示“新的支付方式是否会影响你完全取决于你扔掉了多少食物”，空格处意为“是否”，用whether引导主语从句，位于句首，首字母大写，故填Whether。
【7题详解】
考查动名词。句意：你扔掉的食物越多，最终付出的代价就越多。end up doing是固定短语，意为“最后做某事”，因此空格处用动名词paying作宾语，故填paying。
【8题详解】
考查代词。句意：她从吃剩的食物中挑出任何湿漉漉的东西，然后扔掉。由“before throwing it away”及常识可知，句子表示“她从吃剩的食物中挑出任何湿漉漉的东西，然后扔掉”，空格处意为“任何东西”，是anything。故填anything。
【9题详解】
考查比较级。句意：她还把新鲜农产品和其他食物分成小份，这样每餐只吃所需的量。由“so that only the required amount is used up per meal”可知，她还把新鲜农产品和其他食物分成小份，这样每餐只吃所需的量，空格处意为“更小的”，用比较级smaller。故填smaller。
【10题详解】
考查状语从句。句意：她说：“如果能降低费用，我愿意采取任何创新的方法来避免食物浪费。”根据语境可知，句子表示“如果能降低费用，我愿意采取任何创新的方法来避免食物浪费”，空格处意为“如果”，用if引导条件状语从句，位于句首，首字母大写，故填If。
9.闵行区
Does the word “imperfect” always convey negative feeling Have you ever walked to the local grocery store’s produce(农产品) section, only ___21___ (see) a basket full of “imperfect produce” There’s ___22___ wrong with a tomato that isn’t perfectly rounded or peaches in different sizes; they still carry the same benefits and flavors as the versions we’re used to seeing in grocery stores. Farmers usually throw away these imperfect items, as many grocery chains won’t accept them for fear ___23___ they are unsellable. However, a growing group of grocery chains are fighting to make these deserted fruits and vegetables part of consumers’ buying habits.
One such business is Imperfect Produce, a start-up that delivers fresh ugly produce to consumers, with ___24___ service, you can get up to 20 pounds of fruit and veggies for around $20 a week. This is about a 30 percent discount compared to ___25___ is currently sold in stores. So far, the company ___26___ (accept) as partnership by several big chain wholesale giants, such as Whole Foods Company, to sell the misshapen produce.
While this movement might be a new trend here in the US, it’s already gained serious popularity in Europe. In 2014, the European Union announced the Year Against Food Waste, with a French grocery chain ___27___ (launch) a very successful campaign called Inglorious Fruits and Vegetables. In Portugal, a similar company to Imperfect Produce called Fruta Feia has also taken off.
Buying these unfortunate-looking foods should be appealing to consumers not only ___28___ the affordability, but also for the support it gives to farmers and the direct impact it has on decreasing food waste and the environmental pollution. It is believed that when the discarded(丢弃的) fruits and vegetables decompose(分解) they release methane, a greenhouse gas that, when ___29___ (release) into the atmosphere, is about 86 times as powerful as carbon dioxide over a 20-year period.
The growing amount of food waste is a major global problem. Each year, some 1.3 billion tons of food is wasted. Waste is, in fact, ___30___ (ugly) thing of all.
【答案】21. to see 22. nothing 23. that 24. whose 25. what 26. has been accepted
27. launching 28. because of##due to 29. released 30. the ugliest
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述长得奇形怪状的蔬果具有同等的味道和好处，一家初创企业Imperfect Produce专门售卖这样的蔬果，购买丑蔬果不仅价格低廉，还有助于减少环境污染和粮食浪费。
【21题详解】
考查动词不定式。句意：你有没有去过当地杂货店的农产品区，却只看到一篮子“不完美的农产品”？“only+动词不定式”作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果，故填to see。
【22题详解】
考查代词。句意：外表不是非常圆的番茄或大小不一的桃子都没有问题；它们仍然具有我们过去在杂货店看到的相同的好处和口味。根据“they still carry the same benefits and flavors as the versions we’re used to seeing in grocery stores”可知，此处指外表不好看的番茄或土豆都没有问题，there is nothing wrong with………没有问题。故填nothing。
【23题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：农民通常会扔掉这些不完美的产品，因为许多杂货店连锁店不会接受它们，因为担心它们卖不出去。for fear that害怕，固定短语，引导目的状语从句。故填that。
【24题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：Imperfect Produce就是这样一家企业，这家初创企业向消费者运送新鲜的丑陋农产品。通过他们的服务，你可以以每周20美元左右的价格买到多达20磅的水果和蔬菜。分析句子可知，此处是非限制性定语从句，先行词是start-up，关系词在从句中作定语，和service之间是所属关系，应用关系代词whose，故填whose。
【25题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：与目前商店出售的商品相比，这大约是30%的折扣。分析句子可知，空处引导宾语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，表示物，应用连接代词what。故填what。
【26题详解】
考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：到目前为止，该公司已经被Whole Foods公司等几家大型连锁批发巨头接受为合作伙伴，销售畸形农产品。根据时间状语“So far”可知，句子用现在完成时，且主语company和动词accept之间是被动关系，应用现在完成时态的被动语态，主语是名词单数，助动词用has。故填has been accepted。
【27题详解】
考查现在分词。句意：2014年，欧盟宣布了反对食物浪费年，一家法国食品杂货连锁店发起了一项非常成功的名为“不上相的蔬果”运动。此处是“with+宾语+宾语补足语”结构，动词launch和宾语a French grocery chain之间是主谓关系，应用现在分词作宾补。故填launching。
【28题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：购买这些看起来不太好看的食物对消费者有吸引力，不仅是因为价格实惠，还因为它对农民的支持，以及它对减少食物浪费和环境污染的直接影响。not only...but also连接并列成分，根据but also后的for“因为”可知，此处表示原因，because of/due to由于，因为，符合语境。故填because of/due to。
【29题详解】
考查状语从句的省略。句意：人们认为，当被丢弃的水果和蔬菜分解时，它们会释放出甲烷，这是一种温室气体，在20年的时间里，释放到大气中的甲烷的强度大约是二氧化碳的86倍。分析句子结构可知，that引导的定语从句中含有when引导的时间状语从句，状语从句的主语是a greenhouse gas，和动词release之间是被动关系，故完整形式是when it is released into the atmosphere，状语从句的主语和定语从句主语一致，且状语从句含有be动词，可将主语和be动词省略。故填released。
【30题详解】
考查形容词最高级。句意：事实上，浪费是最丑陋的事情。根据“of all”可知，此处应用形容词最高级形式ugliest，前面加定冠词the。故填the ugliest。
10.普陀区
Big Sister’s Wedding
Three days before the wedding, Grand Aunt personally entrusted a special small package for Aunt Baba to hand to Big Sister. On ___1___ (open) the elegant leather case in Aunt Baba’s room, Big Sister found a lovely pendant (吊坠) made of ancient green jade hanging on a heavy gold chain. She immediately put it on and breathed with pleasure while she admired ___2___ in the mirror. Then she begged Aunt Baba and me not to mention Grand Aunt’s gift to a soul, obviously intending to keep the pendant ___3___ telling Niang.
The wedding was a formal and brilliant affair with a ceremonial dinner party for five hundred in the grand ballroom on the ninth floor of the Cathay Hotel, ___4___ (situate) at the border of the Bund and fashionable Nanjing Road and overlooking the Huangpu River. The room ___5___ (fill) with masses of fresh flowers, and the Chinese character for double happiness was outlined in red blooms against the wall. Big Sister was elegantly dressed in a beautiful pink Qipao and silver shoes ___6___ Samuel wore a tuxedo (燕尾服). Two professional radio comedians acted as masters of ceremonies.
I had nothing to wear but an old pink Qipao ___7___ had been handed down by Big Sister when she grew out of it. ___8___ I didn’t look particularly nice, at least I didn’t stand out and no one noticed me. My three older brothers, however, were having a horrible time. For this special occasion, Father ordered them ___9___ (have) fresh hair-cuts. My brothers’ heads were shaved cleanly, so not a trace of hair ____10____ (remain). They were wearing dark-blue, traditional, long Chinese clothes with high collars and cloth buttons. I thought the brothers would make a lot of unexpected things on the Big Sister’s wedding.
【答案】1. opening 2 herself 3. without 4. situated 5. was filled
6. and##while 7. which##that 8. Although##Though 9. to have 10. remained
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要描写了作者大姐举行婚礼前后的情况。
【1题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：在爸爸阿姨的房间里，大姐打开优雅的皮箱，发现一个可爱的古青玉挂件挂在一条沉重的金链子上。作介词的宾语，open应用动名词形式。故填opening。
【2题详解】
考查代词。句意：她立刻戴上它，一边欣赏镜子里的自己，一边愉快地呼吸着。此处指欣赏“她自己”应用反身代词herself。故填herself。
【3题详解】
考查介词。句意：然后她求Aunt Baba和我不要提姥姥送给灵魂的礼物，显然是想留着这个吊坠而不告诉Niang。后跟动名词作宾语，表示“不”应用介词without。故填without。
【4题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：婚礼隆重盛大，500人的晚宴在国泰大酒店九层的大宴会厅举行，坐落在外滩和时尚的南京路交界处，俯瞰黄浦江。分析句子结构可知situate与逻辑主语the Cathay Hotel构成被动关系，故用过去分词作状语。故填situated。
【5题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：房间里摆满了大量的鲜花，“双喜”的汉字在靠墙的红花中被勾勒出来。短语be filled with，结合后文“the Chinese character for double happiness was outlined”可知为一般过去时，谓语用单数。故填was filled。
【6题详解】
考查连词。句意：大姐穿着漂亮的粉色旗袍和银鞋，塞缪尔穿着燕尾服。此处表示并列或对比关系，应用连词and或while。故填and/while。
【7题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：我没有什么可穿的，只有一件粉红色的旧旗袍，那是大姐长大后传下来的。定语从句修饰先行词an old pink Qipao，从句缺少主语，指物，故用which或that。故填which/that。
【8题详解】
考查状语从句。句意：虽然我看起来不是特别好，但至少我不显眼，没有人注意到我。引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然”应用although或though，句首单词首字母要大写。故填Although/Though。
【9题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：为了这个特殊的日子，父亲命令他们重新剪了发型。短语order sb. to do sth.表示“命令某人做某事”。故填to have。
【10题详解】
考查时态。句意：我的哥哥们的头发都被剃得干干净净，一根头发也没有留下。结合上文“My brothers’ heads were shaved cleanly”可知为一般过去时。故填remained。
11.青浦区
Clues at Ancient Lake Site Reveal Earliest Known Cooked Meal
Scientists have found the earliest known evidence of cooking at an archaeological site in Israel. The discovery has suggested prehistoric humans were able to deliberately make fires to cook food at least 780000 years ago.
The detailed study of fish teeth unearthed at the Gesher Benot Ya’ aqov site revealed that some of our early ancestors — most likely Homo erectus ( 直立猿人) believed to be the first hominin ( 古人族) ____1____ (migrate) outside Africa — were able to cook fish, said Dr. Irit Zohar, a researcher at Tel Aviv University’ s Steinhardt Museum of Natural History.
No human remains ____2____ ( find) at the site before, but the stone tools matched ____3____ found at Homo erectus sites across Africa, Zohar said. She said the lake would have been shallow, and it might have been easy to catch large fish like the extinct Luciobarbus longiceps, which ____4____ grow up to. 5 feet (2 meters), by hand.
This is an incredibly important discovery ____5____ the shift to eating cooked meals meant humans spent less energy on the intensive work of searching for and digesting raw food, freeing up ____6____ . Diet has had a big impact on the evolution of our species. It has been suggested ____7____ the consumption of meat in particular contributed to the increase in relative brain size of our early Homo ancestors — but they risked ____8____ ( contract) diseases while consuming the uncooked meat which was likely to be contaminated by infective bacteria, ” Linscott said.
“Cooking, however, kills bacteria and increases the energetic value of meat, ____9____ ( create) a new reliable food source for early hominins. Understanding when this happened is therefore a topic of great interest, because it might help to explain _____10_____ our hominin ancestors evolved the way in which they did. ”
【答案】1. to migrate 2. had been found 3. those 4. could 5. because## since ##as
6. more 7. that 8. contracting 9. creating 10. why
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家在以色列的一处考古遗址发现了已知最早的烹饪证据。这一发现表明，史前人类至少在78万年前就能从容不迫地生火做饭了。
【1题详解】
考查动词不定式。句意：很可能是直立人，被认为是第一个迁移到非洲以外的人类。分析句子可知，此处为the first…to do“第一个做某事的……”固定短语，为动词不定式作后置定语。故填to migrate。
【2题详解】
考查时态语态。句意：佐哈尔说，此前在该遗址没有发现过人类遗骸，但这些石器与在非洲各地直立人遗址发现的石器相符。根据句意以及before可知，此处动作应为过去的过去，为过去完成时。主语与谓语为被动关系。故填had been found
【3题详解】
考查代词。句意：佐哈尔说，此前在该遗址没有发现过人类遗骸，但这些石器与在非洲各地直立人遗址发现的石器相符。分析句子可知，此处为代词those指代前文提到的同类不同个的名词stone tools的复数形式。故填those。
【4题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：她说，这个湖很浅，可能很容易用手捕捉到像已经灭绝的长尾鱼那样的大鱼，它们可以长到5英尺(2米)。根据句意可知，此处为情态动词could“能够”，满足句意要求。故填could。
【5题详解】
考查连词。句意：这是一个非常重要的发现，因为食用熟食的转变意味着人类在寻找和消化生食物的密集工作上花费的精力更少，从而释放出更多的精力。根据句意可知，此处为连词because / since / as引导的原因状语从句，满足句意要求。故填because / since / as。
【6题详解】
考查副词。句意：这是一个非常重要的发现，因为食用熟食的转变意味着人类在寻找和消化生食物的密集工作上花费的精力更少，从而释放出更多的精力。根据句意可知，此处为副词more“更多”修饰动词freeing up，满足句意要求。故填more。
【7题详解】
考查连接词。句意：林斯考特说:“有人认为，肉类的消费尤其有助于我们早期人类祖先的相对脑容量的增加，但他们在食用可能被感染细菌污染的生肉时，有感染疾病的风险。”分析句子可知，此处固定句型it has been suggested that…“这表明着……”that为主语从句的连接词，满足句子结构。故填that。
【8题详解】
考查动名词。句意：林斯考特说:“有人认为，肉类的消费尤其有助于我们早期人类祖先的相对脑容量的增加，但他们在食用可能被感染细菌污染的生肉时，有感染疾病的风险。”risk doing“冒险做……”，为动名词作宾语。故填contracting。
【9题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，烹饪可以杀死细菌，增加肉类的能量价值，为早期人类创造了一个新的可靠的食物来源。分析句子可知，此处为非谓语动词作状语，create和逻辑主语Cooking为主动关系，所以为现在分词形式。故填creating。
【10题详解】
考查连接词。句意：因此，了解这种情况何时发生是一个非常有趣的话题，因为它可能有助于解释为什么我们的古人类祖先会以这种方式进化。根据句意可知，此处为连词why引导的宾语从句，意为“为什么”，在从句中作状语成分，满足句意要求。故填why。
12.松江区
Closer to Equality
Left. Right. Left. Right again.
Getting lost in the rhythm of my turns was one of my favorite parts of skiing. Whenever I feel the soft, powdery snow beneath my skis, I feel like I’m capable of ___21___.
I started skiing when I was just three years old. While the other children in my group ___22___ (mess) around, I was busy rolling down the small slopes. Although there were many difficulties, I soon mastered the basic concepts ___23___ (underlie) the art of turning.
I decided to take my skiing ___24___ the next level and joined a team when I was seven. Riding the chairlift with my mother, I saw free skiers spinning through the air. I immediately knew which team I wanted to join: free skiing, an event heavily ___25___ (dominate) by boys.
As soon as I joined the team, I was placed at its ___26___ (low) level. However, I never stopped climbing the rankings ___27___ I was placed into the highest group. At that point, I was the only girl on my team. I was put down at first; nobody wanted to ride the chairlift with me. But as time passed, I slowly became more accepted. And this entire process took three years.
In the past, having been forced to assume the roles of stay-at-home and motherly figures, women couldn’t imagine ___28___ they wanted to be. Even today, in some countries, there are still so many cases ___29___ people are not yet accepting the idea that women can make their own choices or pave their own paths. But if we are to fully accept these views, we will be able to move closer to equality.
Being a girl in such a sport can be difficult, but I’m actually thankful that my experiences have taught me to face whatever setbacks I meet with in life. I encourage you, all the girls, ___30___ (step) out of your comfort zone to show the boys that girls are just as powerful as they are.
【答案】21. anything##everything 22. were messing 23. underlying 24. to 25. dominated
26. lowest 27. till ##until##before 28. what##who 29. where 30. to step
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇应用文。本文改编自谷爱凌12岁时的一次演讲内容，文章介绍了她的滑雪历程中体会到的男女不平等，她鼓励其他女孩要走出舒适区，让男孩们知道女孩和他们一样强大。
【21题详解】
考查不定代词。句意：每次感受到滑雪板下柔软的粉状雪时，我就觉得自己无所不能。根据前一句“Getting lost in the rhythm of my turns was one of my favorite parts of skiing. (我最喜欢滑雪的一点便是沉溺于自己转身的节奏中)”，以及第二段最后一句“Although there were many difficulties, I soon mastered the basic concepts 3 (underlie) the art of turning. (尽管有许多困难，我很快就掌握了转身的艺术的基本概念。)”，作者喜欢滑雪，并熟练掌握了其中的技巧，所以觉得自己在滑雪这方面无所不能了。be capable of意为“有能力”，设空处应用复合不定代词anything或everything，作of的宾语。故填anything/everything。
【22题详解】
考查时态。句意：当我们组的其他孩子在胡闹时，我正忙着从小斜坡上滚下来。while引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词为延续状态，应用过去进行时，主语为the other children，为复数，助动词应用were。故填were messing。
【23题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：尽管有许多困难，我很快就掌握了转身的艺术的基本概念。此句谓语为mastered，故设空处为非谓语动词，underlie意为“构成……的基础”，为及物动词，与逻辑主语the basic concepts为主谓关系，应用现在分词，作后置定语。故填underlying。
【24题详解】
考查介词。句意：在我七岁的时候，我决定要把我的滑雪水平提升到一个新的水平，我加入了一个团队。短语take sth. to the next level意为“将……提升一个台阶，使……更上一层楼”，设空处应填介词to。故填to。
【25题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：我马上就知道我想加入哪支队伍了：自由滑雪，一个被男生统治的项目。an event为free skiing的同位语，后接非谓语动词短语，作后置定语。dominate意为“统治，支配；占绝对优势”，为及物动词，与逻辑主语an event之间为动宾关系，应用过去分词表被动。故填dominated。
【26题详解】
考查形容词最高级。句意：我一加入团队，就被安排在最低级别。根据后文“However, I never stopped climbing the rankings 7 I was placed into the highest group. (然而，我的排名从未停止上升，直到我被分到级别最高的一组。)”可知，该团队把队员按能力分成多个组。故设空处应用形容词low的最高级lowest，表“最低级别”，作level的前置定语。故填lowest。
【27题详解】
考查连词。句意：然而，我的排名从未停止上升，直到我被分到最高的一组或在我被分到最高的一组之前。根据本句句意可知，作者在进去最高级别组之前，一直在努力中，设空处应用连词till (直到)或until (直到)或before (在……以前)，引导时间状语从句。故填till/until/before。
【28题详解】
考查宾语从句连接词。句意：在过去，女性被迫承担家庭主妇和母亲的角色，无法想象自己想成为什么样的人。谓语动词imagine后接宾语从句，从句中缺表语，根据句意，设空处应填what或who，引导宾语从句，表“他们想成为什么样的人”。故填what/who。
【29题详解】
考查定语从句的关系副词。句意：即使在今天，在一些国家，仍有许多情况下，人们尚未接受妇女可以自己做出选择或开辟自己的道路的这种思想。根据句子结构，so many cases为先行词，后接限制性定语从句，关系词在从句中为地点状语，设空处应用关系副词where。故填where。
【30题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：我鼓励你们，所有的女孩，走出你的舒适区，向男孩们展示女孩和他们一样强大。此处考查动词短语encourage sb. to do sth.，意为“鼓励某人做某事”，设空处应用动词不定式，作宾补。故填to step。
13.徐汇区
What is Prosopagnosia
Imagine living in a world where everyone looks vaguely familiar, but you never know for certain exactly who anyone is. Your old classmates, your coworkers, your friends, and even your family members can appear ____1____ first glance to be friendly strangers who seem to know you. That’s ____2____ life is like for people with prosopagnosia, or face blindness.
Prosopagnosia is a neurological (神经性的) disorder that causes someone to have trouble recognizing people they know, or distinguishing between different people’s faces. ____3____ difficulties in face recognition were noted over a hundred years ago, understanding of prosopagnosia is still unfolding. The condition has received a significant share of the public’s attention after American author Jean Gilbert penned down her struggles with prosopagnosia in her book, The Picasso Mirror. ____4____, such as well-known British anthropologist Dr Jane Goodall and Hollywood actor Brad Pitt, have also revealed that they have face blindness.
A study from Harvard and University College London found that prosopagnosia may affect up to 2% of the population, ____5____ (mean) there may be millions of face-blind people. For many people just realising that their difficulties are the result of a recognised neurological condition and that they are “not alone” ____6____ (make) a huge difference.
For typical observers face recognition is based on the whole face, but for prosopagnostics is it the opposite — they are more focused on ____7____ (isolate) features. They often have to rely on clues other than someone’s facial features, such as hairstyle, clothing, or voice, ____8____ (identify) the people they know. It ____9____ be very disturbing for the person who has face blindness, as they do not know how to relate with people. This would hold especially true if the person isn’t aware that they might have prosopagnosia. They could become socially withdrawn, _____10_____ could lead to depression, panic attacks, social isolation or social anxiety.
【答案】1. at 2. what 3. Though##Although##While 4. Others 5. meaning
6. makes 7. isolated 8. to identify 9. can##could 10. which
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是脸盲症，并且根据专家的研究讲述这种病症出现的原因以及带给患者的困扰，并且介绍了这种病症的患者是如何识别他人以及后续会产生怎样的负面情绪。
1题详解】
考查短语。句意：你的老同学，你的同事，你的朋友，甚至你的家人乍一看都可能是友好的陌生人，似乎认识你。根据句意以及下文结构，填写介词“at”可以构成短语“at first glance”，此短语的意思是“初看、乍一眼”。故填at。
【2题详解】
考查表语从句。句意：这就是患有人面失认症或脸盲症的人的生活。根据空白处前面的结构“That’s”以及空白处后面出现了句子结构，说明这里需要连接词，形成表语从句，而根据句意，从句中“life”前需要填修饰词表示“什么样的生活”，选用连接词“what”。故填what。
【3题详解】
考查状语从句。句意：尽管人们在一百多年前就注意到了脸盲症的解决困难，但对脸盲症的认识仍在不断发展。根据上下文内容可知，空处填连词引导让步状语从句。故填Though/Although/While。
【4题详解】
考查代词。句意：其他人，如英国著名人类学家珍·古道尔博士和好莱坞演员布拉德·皮特，也透露他们患有脸盲症。阜南县句子可知，空处缺少主语，根据上文“The condition has received a significant share of the public’s attention after American author Jean Gilbert penned down her struggles with prosopagnosia in her book, The Picasso Mirror. (美国作家简·吉尔伯特在她的书《毕加索之镜》中描述了她与人面失认症的斗争后，人面失认症引起了公众的广泛关注。)”可知上文中提到了一个名人患有脸盲症，那么下文中也出现了一些名人，列举了还有名人同样患有这种疾病，指代其他人而且是复数形式，用others作主语。故填Others。
【5题详解】
考查现在分词。句意：哈佛大学和伦敦大学学院的一项研究发现，脸盲症可能影响到2%的人，意味着可能有数百万人有脸盲症。句中括号提示词是动词“mean”表示“意味着”，逗号前是完整句子，谓语动词是may affect，因此“mean”要使用非谓语动词作状语，与其逻辑主语a study之间是主动关系，用现在分词作状语。故填meaning。
【6题详解】
考查动词时态。句意：对于许多人来说，意识到他们的困难是由公认的神经系统疾病引起的以及他们“并不孤单”，对他们有很大的影响。句子的主语是动名词短语“realising that their difficulties are the result of a recognised neurological condition and that they are'not alone’”，故谓语动词make用单数，而且文章主时态是表一般现在时。故填makes。
【7题详解】
考查过去分词。句意：对于典型的观察者来说，人脸识别是基于整张脸的，但对于脸盲症患者来说，情况恰恰相反，他们更关注孤立的特征。括号中提示词是动词形式，但是空格前有介词，而且空格后“feature”是名词，表示“特征”的意思，名词前使用形容词修饰，“isolate”表示“孤立”的意思，其形容词是过去分词“isolated”，表示“孤立的、分离的”意思。故填isolated。
【8题详解】
考查不定式。句意：他们常常不得不依靠面部特征以外的线索，如发型、服装或声音，来识别他们认识的人。括号中提示词“identify”动词意思是“认出、识别”，分析句子可知，表达目的，因此要使用不定式形式作目的状语。故填to identify。
【9题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：对于脸盲症患者来说，这可能会非常困扰，因为他们不知道如何与人联系。根据句意，脸盲症患者要识别其他人只能通过面部以外的特征，因此可能会让他们感到困扰，表达一种逻辑上的可能性，使用情态动词“can”也可以是“could”。故填can/could。
【10题详解】
考查非限制性定语从句。句意：他们可能会变得在社交上孤僻，从而导致抑郁、恐慌发作、社交孤立或社交焦虑。分析句子可知，空格处引导定语从句，指代整个主句，从句中作主语，引导非限制性定语从句用关系代词which。故填which。
14.浦东新区
Are you the kind of person who hated school Or are you more like Michael Nicholson, who can’t stop ____21____(learn) He currently has 30 degrees including 22 master’s and a doctorate! If you’re also passionate about studying, you might be a philomath — a person who loves to learn and study. The word comes from Greek____22____ ‘phil’ meaning ‘a lover of’ and ‘math’ meaning ‘learning’.
Humans are all philomaths to an extent — our brain ____23____ (programme) to be curious. ____24____ (make) sense of the world, we are eager to learn and understand. But it is also because of something called neoteny. This is a term that ____25____ (refer) to the adolescent characteristics of some animals, including humans, being maintained into adulthood. One of these traits is neuroplasticity, ____26____function is to make our brain stay flexible and give us the ability to learn throughout our lives. Many creatures which are genetically close to ____27____ (we) can’t do this and only learn during their adolescence.
But for every person who loves learning, there are plenty who can’t stand it. Lots of people remember their school days as being boring or even pointless. Why is this Educational experts have suggested that ____28____ a concept or idea is too complex or dull, it becomes harder to link old and new ideas together. If that’s the case, we lose motivation and absorb less information. As a result, ____29____people are negatively exposed to at school may lead to them avoiding learning opportunities in later life.
So, don’t let a bad educational experience prevent you learning something new as an adult. Evolution has made us lifelong learners, ____30____take advantage of your biology and discover your inner philomath. Who knows what you could achieve
【答案】21. learning 22. with 23. is programmed 24. To make 25. refers 26. whose
27. us 28. if##when 29. what##whatever##something##all##anything 30. so
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是不要让糟糕的教育经历阻止你成年后学习新东西。进化让我们终身学习，所以要利用生理优势，发现内在的哲学。
【21题详解】
考查动名词。句意：还是说你更像Michael Nicholson，学无止境？根据“Are you the kind of person who hated school Or”可知，句子表示“还是说你更像Michael Nicholson，学无止境”，也就是不会停止学习，stop doing是固定短语，意为“停止做某事”，因此空格处用动名词作宾语，故填learning。
【22题详解】
考查介词。句意：这个词来自希腊语，“phil”的意思是“热爱的人”，“math”的意思是“学习”。由“‘phil’ meaning ‘a lover of’”可知，此处是with复合结构，表伴随，故填with。
【23题详解】
考查时态，语态和主谓一致。句意：在某种程度上，人类都是爱好文学的人——我们的大脑天生好奇。brain和programme之间是逻辑动宾关系，句子描述客观事实，因此空格处是一般现在时的被动语态，主语our brain是单数，因此空格处是is programmed。故填is programmed。
【24题详解】
考查不定式。句意：为了理解这个世界，我们渴望学习和理解。由“we are eager to learn and understand”可知，空格处要用不定式表目的，位于句首的单词首字母要大写，故填To make。
【25题详解】
考查时态和主谓一致。句意：这是一个术语，指的是包括人类在内的一些动物的青春期特征一直维持到成年。句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，that指代的先行词a term是单数，因此空格处是第三人称单数refers。故填refers。
【26题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：这些特征之一是神经可塑性，其功能是使我们的大脑保持灵活，并赋予我们一生的学习能力。分析可知，空格处引导的是定语从句，neuroplasticity和function之间是所属关系，空格处用表示所属的关系代词whose引导定语从句，故填whose。
【27题详解】
考查代词。句意：许多与我们基因相近的生物无法做到这一点，只能在青春期学习。空格处用we的宾格us作宾语，故填us。
【28题详解】
考查状语从句。句意：教育专家建议，如果一个概念或想法太复杂或太枯燥，就很难把新旧想法联系起来。由“a concept or idea is too complex or dull, it becomes harder to link old and new ideas together”可知，句子表示“如果一个概念或想法太复杂或太枯燥，就很难把新旧想法联系起来”或“当一个概念或想法太复杂或太枯燥时，就很难把新旧想法联系起来”，空格处可用if引导条件状语从句，也可用when引导时间状语从句，故填if/when。
【29题详解】
考查主语从句和代词。句意
