初三中考英语语法分类讲义（PDF版）
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●英语语法●
[精华课程概览]
①简单句 五种基本简单句简单句的成分
②并列句 并列句结构 并列连词
③复合句 名词性从句 定语从句 状语从句
④时态 时间(现在时/过去时/将来时)
状态(一般时/进行时/完成时)
⑤语态 主动语态 被动语态
⑥特殊规律 主谓一致 虚拟语气 倒装...…
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总共 30 节课
语法之 1 ●定冠词&不定冠词&零冠词●
课前填空测试:
(1) As we have finished the first chapter, now we will read______.
在我们完成第一章后,现在我们将阅读第二章。
A) second B) second chapter C) the second chapter
(2) _______ honesty is the best policy. 诚实是最好的策略。
A)不填 B)The C)A
语法解读:
不定冠词: a/an,可视为 one (一个)的弱化形式,表述数量,或者泛指任何一个。
a book一本书 an apple一个苹果
A fox cannot hide its tail. (任何一个)狐狸的尾巴总会露出来的。
零冠词:当某一名词是复数/专有名词或没有固定形状(抽象名词/物质名词)，
前面不适合加 a/an,应把该位置空下来,形成“零冠词”。
Books are my best friends. 书籍是我最好的朋友。
Luxun is a great Chinese writer. 鲁迅是一位伟大的中国作家。
Honesty is the best policy. 诚实是最好的策略。
Water is precious. 水是宝贵的。
定冠词: the,可视为 that或 those的弱化形式; that/those有明确的指示功能;
the也同样如此。如果对于某个名词有明指或暗示的情况,前面要加 the。
This is the book that I want. 这就是我想要的那本书。
Open the door please. 请把(那扇)门打开。
用法解析:
(1)定冠词 VS 不定冠词
I need a book to read on my trip. 我在旅途中需要读一本书(什么书都行)
I have finished the book that you lent me. 我已经读完了你借给我的那本书。
Do you mind if I open the window 你介意我开一下(这扇)窗户吗
Do you mind if I open a window 你介意我开个窗户吗
(2)定冠词 VS 零冠词
History is my favorite subject. 历史是我最喜爱的科目。
The history of China is my favorite subject. 中国史是我最喜欢的科目。
China is a great country. 中国是个伟大的国家。
This is not the China 50 years ago. 这不是 50年前的那个中国了。
(↑五十年前的中国,是明确指代,∴用 the)
(3)零冠词 VS 不定冠词
Beauty is in the eye of beholder.(beauty在此意为“美丽”,是抽象名词) 情人眼里出西施。
She is a beauty.(beauty在此意为“美人”,是具体名词) 她是个美人。
Experience is the best teacher. 经验是最好的老师。
an unusual experience 一次非同寻常的经历
课后作业:请分析句子中 book前为什么要用 the。
I have finished the book that you lent me. 我已经读完你借给我的书了。
语法之 2 ●简单句的五种基本句型●
翻译: 1.帝国衰落了。 →The empire fell. 主谓
2.我昨天看了一部电影. →I watched a movie yesterday. 主谓宾
3.鲱鱼罐头很难吃. →Sour herring tastes terrible. 主系表
4.老人家正给孩子们讲故事.→The old man is telling the kids a story. 主渭双宾
5.他把房子刷了成红色. →He painted the house red. 主谓宾宾补
语法解读:
1.主语+谓语 She arrived. 她来了。
主语:表示句子主要说明的人/事物(动作的发出者),由名词/代词/不定式/动名词充当。
Walking is a good form of exercise.(动名词——抽象概念) 散步是一种很好的锻炼方式。
To teach the three kids is my job this afternoon.(不定式——具体动作)
教三个孩子是我今天下午的工作。
谓语:描述主语发出的动作,可有不同的时态;
“主谓结构”当中,谓语通常是不及物动词。(不带宾语,单独构成完整含义。)
The empire fell.帝国衰落了。 l apologize.我道歉。 A problem arises.一个问题出现了。
2.主语+谓语+宾语
She likes English. 她喜欢英语。
宾语:表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,常由名词/代词/不定式/动名词充当。
I watched a movie yesterday.(名词) They helped me.(代词) 他们帮助了我。
It began to rain.(不定式) 开始下雨了。 I enjoy playing games.(动名词)我喜欢玩游戏.
3.主语+系动词+表语 She is happy.
表语:它位于系动词(比如 be)之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。
可以由形容词/名词/不定式/分词/介词短语充当。
He is a teacher.(名词) 他是一名教师。 He became angry.(形容词) 他生气了。
His job is to clean the window.(不定式) 他的工作是擦窗户。
His job is cleaning the window.(动名词) 他的工作是擦窗户。
He is at work.(介词短语) 他在工作。
系动词:不是一个具体的动作,而是连接主体和其状态的特殊动词。
You look beautiful.你看起来很漂亮。 The music sounds good.这音乐听起来不错。
4.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 She lent me a book.她借给我一本书。
直接/间接宾语: (↑lend的过去式)
如果一个谓语动词后面跟了两个宾语,该动词的直接对象是直接宾语;间接对象是间接宾语。
My father bought me a bicycle. 我爸爸给我买了一辆自行车。
(a bicycle是 bought的直接对象;me不是 bought 的直接对象)
5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 We must keep it a secret. 我们必须保守这个秘密。
宾语补足语:跟在宾语后面描述宾语用的,表示其“性质和状态”;
可由不定式/名词/形容词/分词/介词短语等来充当。
He painted the house green.(形容词) He got things done.(过去分词)他完成了任务.
I saw a squirrel climbing up a tree.(现在分词) 我看见一只松鼠正在爬树。
We asked her to sing a song.(不定式) 我们请她唱一首歌。
They elected Trump president.(名词) 他们选了特朗普为总统。
I found Tom in the garden.(介词短语) 我在花园里找到了汤姆。
难点精析:
1)及物动词和不及物动词
People die.人(都会)死亡。 People fear death.人们害怕死亡。
I am studying.我正在学习 I am studying English.我正在学习英语。
2)区分实义动词和系动词的原则:先定位表语,再反推系动词。
The leaves turn red.树叶变红了 ←←←←主系表→→→→ He died young.他英年早逝。
I turned a page.我翻了一页 ←←←←主谓宾
3)表语和宾补的共性 I am happy. 表语就是主语补足语 He makes me happy.
课后作业:判断下面句子的类型和成分: She is sleeping. She hates cheating.
She seems anxious. She made me happy. She gave me a cake.
语法之 3 ●名词和名词词组●
作业解答: 判断下面句子的类型和成分
She is sleeping. 主语+谓语 (此处 is是助动词) 她在睡觉。
She hates cheating. 主语+谓语+宾语 她讨厌欺骗。
She seems anxious. 主语+系动词+表语 她看起来焦虑。
She made me happy. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 她让我快乐。
She gave me a cake. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 她给了我一块蛋糕。
课前练习:1.He dropped the ______ and broke it. 他把咖啡杯掉在地上摔碎了。
(考咖啡杯的说法)A. cup of coffee B. coffee's cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup
2.——What do you want ——l want______ that is on the table.
A.the piece of bread/B.a piece of bread/C.a bread/D.some of bread(some bread√)
——你想要什么 ——我想要桌上的面包。 (考冠词/名词的可数不可数。既然
有定语从句去限定,则该名词有明确指代,应该用定冠词,bread不可数,只能选 A.)
语法解读:
1.名词的分类
普通名词
可数名词:
a.个体名词(表示个别人或事物的名称)例:table(桌),lawyer(律师),cat(猫),sister(姐妹)
b.集体名词(表示一群人或许多东西的总称)
例: people(人们),class(班),army(军队),family(家庭)
不可数名词:
a.物质名词(物质或材料的总称)例: water(水),sunshine(阳光),snow(雪),hair(头发)
b.抽象名词(表示动作/状态/品质/情感等抽象名词)
例: hope(希望),health(健康),love(爱),weather(天气)
专有名词——用来专门指代某人/物/地点/机构/组织,首字母一般要大写
the Changjiang River / the Great Wall / Maria / WHO (World Health Organization)
语法解读:
2.名词的数(单数和复数)
一般情况
构成方法:加-s 读音:清辅音后/s/;浊辅音和元音后读/z/
例词:map—maps, bag—bags, car—cars
以 s, ss, x, ch, sh 等结尾
构成方法:加-es 读音: -es读/iz/
例:bus—buses, class—classes, box—boxes, watch—watches, brush—brushes
以-f或-fe 结尾
构成方法:多数将 f或—fe变 v加—es 读音: —ves读/vz/
例词: leaf—leaves, thief—thieves, life lives, knife—knives
以元音字母+y 结尾或以 y结尾的专有名词
构成方法:直接加-s 读音: —s读/z/
例词: Mary—Marys, monkey—monkeys, holiday—holidays
以辅音字母+y 结尾的非专有名词
构成方法:变 y为 i加—es 读音: —s读/z/
例词: baby-babies, story-stories
以辅音字母+o 结尾的名词
构成方法:一般加—es 读音: —es读/z/
例词: hero—heroes, potato—potatoes, tomato—tomatoes
以元音字母+o 结尾的名词
构成方法:加—s 读音: —s读/z/
例词: bamboo—bamboos, radio—radios, zoo—zoos
3.名词的所有格
1)定义:“所有格”表示一种“所有关系”,修饰另一个名词,做定语。
2)两种形式:
a.名词+'s(一般有生命) A snail's shell 一只蜗牛的壳 A person's dignity 一个人的尊严
b.介词 of+名词(一般无生命) the window of the room the bottom of the sea海底
3)不以 s 结尾的名词:名词直接+'s,表示“...的”
the boy's mother / the student's book / his father's company
4)以 s结尾的单词(包括复数),后面加“撇”即可
Dickens' novels 狄更斯的小说 the boss' order 老板的命令
the hostess' pictures 女主人的照片 two hours' walk(复数) 两小时散步
5)不规则复数后面直接加's (↑英语的小时是非生命体)
men's room男厕所 women's clothes 女装 children's palace 少年宫
6)有时为避免重复,可以单独使用“名词+'s”来表示名词 (↙father's后面省略了 view)
My views are quite different from my father's. 我的观点和我父亲的很不一样。
My camera is the same as Jeff's. (Jeff's后面省略了 camera) 我的照相机和杰夫的一样。
4.名词词组(=名词结构)——结构:限定词+前置定语+名词+后置定语
a question 一个问题
a diffcult question 一个难题
a very diffcult question 一个非常难的问题
a very difficult English question 一个非常难的英语问题
a very diffcult English question asked by him一个他问的非常难的英语问题
前置定语:形容词
后置定语:副词/介词短语/从句/分词
难点精析:
1)某些无生命体的所有格也是直接+'s China's economy (国家/城市)中国的经济
today's newspaper(时间)今天的报纸 an hour's walk(时间)一小时的散步
the ship's deck(交通方式)船的甲板 the plane's engine(交通方式)飞机的引擎
the government's policy(组织/机构) The company's brand(组织/机构)公司的品牌
the sun's rays(天体)太阳的光线 the moon's surface(天体)月亮的表面
a mile's distance(度量衡)1英里的距离 a million dollars' deal(度量衡)一百万美金的交易
有连字符的已经转化为形容词的度量衡,不加's (↗为何不是's 见前面 3.(4)的说明)
a two—week training 为期两周的培训→→a two week's training √
a 10—dollar breakfast 10 元的早餐→→a 10 dollar's breakfast √
2)一些不可数名词为什么可以加 s
a.表示不同种类的
food(食物)一 foods on the shelf(货架上不同的食物)
freedom(自由)一 3 freedoms(3种不同的自由)
b.加 s变成另外的意思
work(工作)—works(著作) water(水)—waters(水域)
wood(木材)—woods(森林) glass(玻璃)—glasses(眼镜)
3)抽象名词的具体化 beauty美丽—a beauty一位美人/一个美的
honor荣誉—an honor一件非常光荣的事情 pleasure愉悦—a pleasure 令人愉悦的一事
success成功—a success一个成功的事情 failure失败—a failure一件失败的经历
4)名词词组的结构——下面各个句子的划线部分都是名词词组
The boy is my brother. 这个男孩是我的兄弟。
The cute boy is my brother. 那个可爱的男孩是我的弟弟。
The cute boy in blue jeans is my brother. 那个穿蓝色牛仔裤的可爱男孩是我弟弟。
The cute boy wearing blue jeans is my brother. 穿蓝色牛仔裤的可爱男孩是我弟弟。
The cute boy who is wearing blue jeans is my brother.
穿蓝色牛仔裤的那个可爱的男孩是我弟弟。
课后作业:1. He is very tired. He needs_____. 他很累。他需要休息一夜
A. a night rest B. a rest night C. a night's rest D. a rest of night
2.找到下面名词结构中的核心名词,以及判定其前置定语和后置定语的形式
the southern part of Malaysia 马来西亚南部。
the old map on the wall 墙上的旧地图
a historical building on my way toairport 在我去机场的路上的一座历史建筑
语法之 4 ●动词的类别●
作业讲解:考名词所有格概念
1. He is very tired. He needs______. 他太累了。他需要一个晚上的休息。
A. a night rest B. a rest night C. a night's rest D. a rest of night
2.找到下面名词结构中的核心名词,以及判定其前置定语和后置定语的形式
the southern part of Malaysia马来西亚南部 前置定语 the southern 后置定语 of Malaysia
the old map on the wall 墙上的旧地图 前置定语 the old 后置定语 on the wall
a historical building on my way to airport 在我去机场的路上的一座历史建筑
限定词:a 核心名词:build 前置定语: historical 后置定语:on my way to airport
课前练习: 考情态动词概念
1. My book, The House of Hades, is missing. Who_____ have taken it.
我的书,{哈迪斯之家}不见了。谁拿走了它
A.need B.must C.should D.could
2. He looks young.和 He looks into the sky.两个 look有何区别
(前者为系动词,后者实义动词,也是不及物动词)
语法解读:
1.实义动词——又称行为动词
有实在意义并能独立作为句中谓语的动词 I love you. 我爱你。
1)及物(须带宾语)
Raise your hand if you have any questions. 如果你有任何问题请举手。
wash clothes洗衣服 drink water喝水
2)不及物(不带宾语)
Look!看! Please listen.请听。 She arrived.她来了。
如果后面要加宾语,必须用介词
Look at me.看着我。 Listen to me.听我说。 She arrived at the airport.她到达了机场。
语法解读:
2.连系动词
系动词——加上表语才构成完整的意思
I am a teacher.我是一个老师。 He looks young.他看起来年轻。
Her face turned red.她的脸变红了。 The soup tastes great.汤尝起来很好。
语法解读:
3.助动词
本身无词义,但可以构成时态/加强语气/否定句/疑问句等
I am reading a book.(表进行时态) 我正在看一本书。
I will do it.(表将来时态) 我会做的。
I do forget.(表加强语气,确实) 我确实忘了。
I didn't do that.(表否定) 我没有做那件事。
Do you love me (疑问) 你爱我吗
语法解读:
4.情态动词→与实意动词构成复合谓语,本身有词义。
与动词原形连用,构成复合谓语,本身有词义,表“推测/可能/判断/意愿”等:
must, can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should
He may lose his way.(推测) 他可能会迷路。
Anyone can make mistake.(可能性) 任何人都可能犯错误。
可能性程度排序: must＞can＞could＞may＞might
She must be at home now.(判断) 她现在一定在家。
I will/would never do that again.(意愿) 我以后再也不会那么做了。
Will you marry me (表意愿,情态动词也可以构成疑问句) 你愿意嫁给我吗
难点精析:
1.既是及物又是不及物(不同场合,不同用法)
I read every day.我每天都会阅读。←→ I read a book every day.我每天都会读一本书。
I walk there.我走路去那里。 ←→ I walk a dog every day.我每天都会遛狗。
2.延续动词和瞬间动词
延续动词:可以持续的行为
瞬间动词:瞬间完成的行为
My father owns a company.(延续) 我父亲拥有一家公司。
My father runs a company.(延续) 我父亲经营着一家公司。
My father registered a company yesterday.(瞬间) 昨天我父亲注册了一个公司。
They have been married for threeyears.(延续) 他们已经结婚三年了。
They got married three years ago.(瞬间) They married three years ago.(瞬间)
↖他们三年前结的婚。↗
难点精析:
3.系动词的再识别——非常重要的知识点
系动词就像月老,给主语和表语牵线。
She is a good swimmer. 她是一个游泳能手。
That book looks interesting. 那本书看起来很有趣。
I feel so sorry. 我感到非常遗憾。
Medicine tastes bitter but it cures diseases. 药吃起来苦,但是能治病。
She became angry. 她生气了。
Man will grow old. 人会变老的。
She proves very honest. 她被证明很诚实。
On hearing the news, she went pale. 听到这个消息,她的脸变白了。
课后作业:
1.My brother called to say he was all right, but say where he was.
A. mustn't 一定不 B. shouldn't应该不 C. wouldn't不肯 D. mightn't可能不
2.同义句型转换
Jack joined the club three years ago.
1)Jack_______the club__three years ago. 2) Jack______ the club__three years.
3)______three years__Jack joined the club.
语法之 5 ●非谓语动词之不定式 ●
作业讲解:
1. My brother called to say he was all right, but____say where he was.
我哥哥打电话来说他没事,但不愿说他在哪里。
A. mustn't 一定不 B. shouldn't应该不 C. wouldn't不肯 D. mightn't可能不
2.同义句型转换→考瞬间动词/延续性动词
Jack joined the club three years ago.
1)Jack ___________the club___ three years ago.从三年前开始,杰克就一直在俱乐部工作。
2)Jack____________the club___ three years. 杰克在俱乐部已经三年了。
3)___________three years___ Jack joined the club.自从杰克加入俱乐部以来已经三年了。
正确答案: 1) has been in; since 2) has been in; for 3) It's been; since
课前练习:考目的状语概念
一 Where did he go —He went to another store___________. 他去另一家商店买铅笔。
A.to buy pencils / B.for buying pencils / C.buy pencils / D.buying pencils
动词不定式的定义
“to do”在句中不能单独作为谓语(非谓语),
但保留动词的特点(可以有自己的宾语/状语,从而构成不定式短语)
to read a book 看一本书 a book是 read 的宾语→不定式短语
to read loudly 大声地朗读 副词 loudly 做状语修饰 read,整体作为不定式短语
语法解读:
不定式的语法功能→不定式的性质可以是“名词/形容词/副词”;
在成分上做:主语/表语/宾语/状语/定语/宾语补足语/主语补足语
a.做主语
To help poor people is our duty.=It is our duty to help poor people.
帮助穷人是我们的任务。
b.做表语
Our duty is to help poor people. 我们的任务是帮助穷人。
My wish is to travel around the world. 我的愿望是环游世界。
The intention of this book is to introduce popular science.
这本书的目的是介绍科普知识。
What surprises me is to see my idol. 让我惊喜的是见到我的偶像。
C.做宾语
I aim to change the world. 我立志要去改变世界。
She promised to come at 9:00. 她承诺 9点到。
Jack wants to be a scientist. 杰克想做一名科学家。
d.做宾语补足语→不定式作宾语补足语,事实上宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。
He forced me to do bad things. 他逼我去做坏事。
Miss Gao tells her students to ask questions. 高老师让她的学生提问。
I believe his plan to be the best one. 我认为他的计划是最好的。
It's hard to persuade the man to quit smoking. 很难去劝说这个男人戒烟。
e.主语补足语(见难点精析)
f.做状语
To succeed, you must believe in yourself.(目的状语) 为了成功,你必须相信自己。
To be honest, he is a good man.(评注性状语) 说实话,他是个好人。
I feel so sorry to leave early.(原因状语) 我很抱歉(因为)我要提前走。
She is too young to go alone. (结果状语) 她太小了,不能自己出去。
He ran back to the classroom, only to find the door was locked. (结果状语)
他跑回教室,才发现门被锁了。
g.做定语
Mary is a pleasant person to work with. 玛丽是一个一起共事很舒服的人。
I have a lot of homework to do. 我有很多作业要去做。
Jazz is beautiful music to listen to. 爵士是听起来美妙的音乐。
难点精析:
1. 不 定 式 做 宾 语 且 后 面 有 宾 补 时 , 常 用 it 做 形 式 宾 语 , 把 真 正 宾 语 ( 不 定 式 ) 放 在 后 面 。 常 用 句 型 :
consider/think/believe/feel/make/find+ it +adj.+to do sth.
I find it diffcult [to speak English fluently].
原序: I find [to speak English fluently] difficult. 我发现流畅地说英语很难。
We thought it better [to start early].
原序: We thought [to start early] better. 我们认为早点开始比较好。
2.不带 to的不定式做宾补
记住口诀: 一感(feel);二听(hear;listen to);三使(have,let,make);
五看(see, watch,notice, observe, look at);求帮助(help)等词后的宾语补足语,不带 to.
We felt the house shake. I heard someone sing. He makes me rewrite the essay.
我们感到房子在震动。 我听见有人唱歌。 他让我重写这篇文章。
I saw him enter the room. I helped my mom cook.
我看见他进了房间。 我帮我妈妈做饭。
以上句子划线是不带 to的不定式,切记不能加上 to是错误的!
被动语态时,to 仍然要出现(主语补足语)
He was seen (by me) to enter the room. 他被我看见进了房间。
I was made (by him) to rewrite the essay. 我被他逼着重写这篇文章。
难点精析:
3.疑问词加不定式的情况——what, when, whom, where, how
We are talking about how to overcome the present diffhculties.(宾语)
我们在谈论如何克服现在的难题。
What to eat is a big headache for many office workers.(主语)
吃什么对于很多办公室职员来说是一个很头疼的问题。
课后作业:
I consider it a great honor_____(visit) your company. 我认为参观贵公司是我的荣幸。
A. visit B. to visit C. visiting D. being visited
语法之 6 ●非谓语动词之动名词●
作业讲解:
I consider it a great honor______(visit) your company. 我认为参观贵公司是我的荣幸。
A. visit B. to visit C. visiting D. being visited
to visit是前面 consider的宾语,而且这个宾语有一个宾补是 a great honor
该句子的正常语序为:
I consider(谓语) to visit your company(宾语)a great honor(宾补).→→→句子头重脚轻
课前练习:
I consider it a great honor ______ (visit) your company.
A. visit B. to visit C. visiting D. being visited
思考:为什么 C 不对
→→→动名词与不定式的区别:动名词表达经常性的,泛泛的事;不定式表达未做/将要做的事。
语法解读:
动名词的定义～动名词有名词和动词的特征,可以带宾语或状语;动名词和其宾语或状语构成动名词短语
Children enjoy watching cartoons. (带宾语) 孩子喜欢看动画片。
Talking like this is no use.(带状语) 这么谈话是没有用的。
语法解读:
动名词的形式
常规:
动词+ing
被动语态: being done
否定式: not+doing
I like skating. (常规) 我喜欢滑冰。
I have no reason for not going.(否定) 我没有理由不去。
I stole into the room without being noticed.(被动语态) 我悄悄地进了房间,没被人发现。
语法解读:
动名词在句子中的成分
1)作主语
Working in such condition is not apleasure but a suffer.
(动名词短语做主语,谓语用“三单”) 在这种条件下,工作不是享受而是折磨。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.(形式主语) 覆水难收。
正常语序:Crying over spilt milk is no use.
It is a waste of time arguing with him.(同上) 跟他争辩就是浪费时间。
2)作宾语
The law doesn't allow camping in this forest.(动词+宾语)
法律不允许在森林里宿营。
I have fnished doing my homework.(动词+宾语) 我已经做完作业了。
I am responsible for organizing this conference.(介词+宾语) 我负责筹办这次大会。
We are looking forward to receiving your letter.(介词+宾语) 我们期待收到你的信。
This book is worth reading. (形容词+宾语) 这本书值得读。
语法解读:
3)做表语
Your job is cleaning the window. 你的工作是擦窗户。
In the ant's city, the queen's duty is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁的城市,蚁后的职责是产卵。
4)作定语
a waiting room 等候室 a reading room阅览室 a swimming pool游泳池
a racing car赛车 a hiding place 藏身之处
难点精析:
1.动名词和不定式的区别
含义
动名词:一般的/抽象的概念(一个已经做过的/经常去做的动作)
不定式:具体的某一动作(一个将来要做的动作)
My job is cleaning the window.(←←What is your job ) 我的工作是擦窗户。
My job is to clean the window.(←←What's your job this afternoon )
我的工作是擦窗户。
难点精析:
2.跟在一些特定的动词后面,动名词和不定式意义不同
不同的动词,有不同的含义(具体问题具体分析)
I stop to read.(停下其他的事情,开始看书) 我停下来看书。
I stop reading.(停止看书) 我停止阅读。
I forget to turn off the lights.(忘记做某事) 我忘记关灯了。
I forget turning off the lights.(忘记已经做过某事) 我忘记关灯了。
I continue reading.(意思相同) 我继续阅读。
I continue to read.(意思相同) 我继续阅读。
难点精析:
3.动名词的复合结构
名词所有格+动名词
Would you mind my using your telescope (无法将 my去掉,否则表意不清)
你介意我用你的望远镜吗
The father insists on his son's going to college. 这位父亲坚持让他儿子,上大学。
复合式结构,在句中做宾语
Her showing up encouraged everyone. 她的出现鼓舞了所有人。
her是名词所有格,后跟动名词词组,构成复合式结构,句子担任主语
The doctor advised his quitting smoking. 医生建议他戒烟。
his quitting smoking是所有格+动名词短语,构成动名词的复合结构,在句中做宾语
课后作业:
I like_____ ,but I dont like_____today.
A. read; to read B. to read; read C. reading; to read D. to read; reading
语法之 7 ●非谓语动词之分词●
作业解答: I like____, but I don't like____today. 我喜欢阅读,但我不喜欢今天阅读。
A. read; to read B. to read; read C.reading; to read D. to read; reading
课前练习:
填入正确的形式:______(work) for two days, Steve finally finished his report on time.
答案: Having worked 工作了两天之后,史蒂夫最终按时的完成了报告。
语法解读:
1.分类:现在分词 动词+ing→ watching seeing
过去分词 动词+ed→ watched seen
2.定义:现在分词表示正在进行的/或者主动的动作(描述 2种情况)
过去分词表示已经完成的/或被动的动作(描述 2种情况)
The man standing by the door is my uncle.(正在进行的动作)站在门边的那个人是我叔叔
Seeing from the top of the hill, we can get a full view of the city.(主动的动作)
从山顶上看,我们可以看到这个城市的全景。
Seen from the top of the hill, people look like ants.(被动的动作)
从山顶上看,人们看起来像蚂蚁。
Having worked for two days, Steve finally finished his report on time. (完成的动作)
工作了两天之后,史蒂夫终于按时完成了他的报告。
3.属性:分词具备动词的属性,故可以带宾语或状语,构成分词短语,
分词和分词短语在句中作形容词或副词的功能,可做定语/状语/表语/补足语。
1)作定语:单个分词作定语通常前置,分词短语作定语通常后置;
(依据与被修饰词的逻辑关系,主动时用现在分词,被动时用过去分词)
Do you know the man sitting there 你认识坐在那儿的男人嘛
Are there any living things on the moon 月球上有活的东西吗
Those are some painted chairs. 那些是油漆好的椅子。
2)作表语:表示主语的某种性质或状态,此时的分词已具备形容词的性质。
This activity is really challenging. 这个活动真的很有挑战性。
His speech is inspiring. 他的演讲是鼓舞人心的。
The shop has been closed for a week. 商店已经关了一周了。
3)作补足语
通常作宾语补足语,说明宾语的性质和状态
I found him lying on the grass. (him 为 lying的逻辑主语,主动关系)我发现他躺在草地上。
I considered this problem settled.
(problem是 settled的逻辑主语,被动关系)我认为这个问题被解决了。
如果将上面的句子改成被动句,宾语变主语,那么原来的宾补就相应变为主语补足语 He was found lying on the grass.
他被发现躺在草地上。
This problem was considered settled. 这个问题被认为已经解决了。
4)作状语
a.时间→Arriving at the cinema, they found the movie had been over.
(同时发生)到了电影院,他们发现电影已经结束了。
→Having finished his homework, Tom went home.
(分词动作在谓语动作之前)做完作业之后,汤姆回家了。
b.原因→Seriously injured, she was sent to hospital at once.
(因为)严重受伤了,她立刻被送到了医院。
c.结果→The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.
大火持续了接近一个月,什么值钱的东西都没留下。
d.条件→Working hard, you will succeed. (如果)努力工作,你就会成功。
e.让步→Taking more care,I still made a few mistakes.=Even though I take more
care, I still made a few mistakes. (尽管)更加小心了,我仍然犯了几个错误。
f.伴随→The teacher came in, followed by some students.
老师进来了,还跟着一些学生。
g.评注性状语→Generally speaking, boys are better at math and logic than girls.
普遍来说,男孩要比女孩更擅长数学和逻辑。
难点精析:
1)现在分词和过去分词的区别
现在分词:正在进行的动作←→过去分词:已完成的动作
falling leaves (正在飘落的树叶) fallen leaves (已落在地上的树叶)
现在分词:主动的意义←←← →→→过去分词:被动的意义
I heard someone closing the door.(听到有人在关) 我听见有人把门关上了。
I heard the door closed.(听到门被关上了) 我听见门关上了。
形容词性的分词
现在分词:令人有某种感觉←←← →→→过去分词:人被引起某种感觉
The movie is exciting. (这部电影令人兴奋)修饰物 这部电影令人兴奋。
I am excited. (我被引起兴奋的感觉)修饰人 我很兴奋。
例外: He is an inspiring person. 他是一个让人振奋的人。This story is inspiring.
这个故事令人振奋。
He is inspired. 他受到了鼓舞。
2)动名词和现在分词的区别(都是“动词+ing”)
动名词是名词属性,在句中充当名词性质的成分,如主语/宾语
现在分词是形容词或副词的属性,在句中充当定语/状语等成分
The man reading over there is my classmate.(现在分词作定语)
那边看书的那个人是我的同学。
Reading a lot of books, he is knowledgeable.(现在分词作状语) 读了很多书,他很博学。
I enjoy reading.(动名词作宾语) 我喜欢阅读。
I got a high score after studying hard.(介词后面都是名词或动名词)
经过努力学习,我得了高分。
课后作业→请填入正确的动词形式: ______(found) in the early 20th century,
the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.
Wang Baoqiang announced his divorce on Weibo,
______ (make) a hot topic in society.
语法之 8 ●形容词●
作业解答:
请填入正确的动词形式: 在 20世纪初,这所学校继续办学激发孩子们对艺术的热爱。
__________(found) in the early 20th century,the school keeps on
inspiring children's love of art. 答案: Having been founded
Wang Baoqiang announced his divorce on Weibo, 王宝强在微博上宣布离婚。
________ (make) a hot topic in society. 成了社会的热门话题。
答案: making
课前练习: 在下面句子中用正确的顺序填入形容词:white, wooden, little
The house smells as it hasn't been cleaned for years.
这所白色小木头房子闻起来好像有好几年没打扫过了。
语法解读:
1.定义:形容词是修饰名词/表示人或物的性质/状态/特征的词。
a black umbrella一把黑色的伞
an impressive advertisement一个令人印象深刻的广告
a hard-working student一个勤奋的学生
an exciting game一个激动人心的游戏
2.形容词的构成
1)本身就是形容词 red/glad/nice
2)加后缀形成的形容词
+y: wind—windy刮风的; fun—funny搞笑的
+al: nation—national国家的; education—educational教育的
+able: comfort—comfortable舒服的; admire—admirable令人倾佩的
+en: wood—wooden木制的; gold—golden金色的
+ish: fool—foolish愚蠢的; self—selfish 自私的
+ive: impress—impressive让人印象深刻的; expense—expensive 昂贵的
+ful: beauty—beautiful美丽的; power—powerful有力的/有威力的
+ous: fame—famous著名的; dange—dangerous危险的
+ly: friend—friendly友好的; love—lovely可爱的
3)复合形容词
副词词干+现在分词/过去分词:
hard—working 勤劳的; well—educated 受过良好教育的
名词词干+现在分词/过去分词:
time—consuming耗时的; man—made人造的
名词词干+形容词:
world—famous 全球知名的; duty—free免税
形容词词干+名词+ed:
kind—hearted 热心肠的;cold—blooded冷血的; absent—minded心不在焉的
形容词词干+现在分词: easy—going随和的
4)分词转化而成的形容词:
现在分词:令人……的←←← →→→过去分词:感到……的
annoying:令人生气的(Mosquitos are annoying.蚊子是令人讨厌的。[ 'n ])
annoyed:感到生气的(I am annoyed.我生气。[ 'n d]恼怒的)
exciting:令人兴奋的(an exciting game一个令人兴奋的游戏)
excited:感到兴奋的(I am/feel excited.我感到兴奋。)
语法解读:
3.形容词的功能
1)作定语
Professor White gave us an interesting lecture. 怀特教授给我们做了一次有趣的讲座。
2)作表语=主语补足语
What he said is true. 他说的是真的。
3)作补足语
The matter made us tired. 这件事让我们很累。
I found the book very interesting. 我发现这本书非常有趣。
4)作状语
Hungry and tired, I had to stop and take a rest.(原因) 我又饿又累,只能停下来休息。
She was lying in bed, awake.(伴随) 她醒着躺在床上。
难点精析:
1.形容词的位置
1)置于名词前,叫“前置定语”a black swana / nice car 如果碰到多重形容词,
根据“限定/外形/年龄/新旧/颜色/国籍/材质”这样的顺序
the little white wooden house 白色的小木屋
the first beautiful white Chinese stone bridge 中国第一座美丽的白色石桥
置于名词后,叫“后置定语”。一些表语形容词,只能作表语或者后置定语
alive, alike, afraid, awake, alone,asleep, worth 等
The baby asleep might be awake very soon. 睡着的婴儿可能很快就醒了。 You alone cannot succeed.
单考你自己无法成功。
2)形容词置于不定代词之后 something interesting一个有趣的东西 someone strong
3)形容词后面如果带有介词短语,一定要后置
This is a place worthy of a visit. 这是一个值得参观的地方。
I don't like this teacher strict with his students. 我不喜欢这个老师对他的学生太严厉。
难点精析:
2. the+形容词,变成名词
the old老人 the rich富人 the unknown未知的事 the young年轻人
the wrong and the right错误的事和正确的事
The unknown has to be explored. 未知的东西须被探索。
课后作业:
请指出句子中的形容词,且判定它在句中所作的成分。
We arrived home very late, safe and sound. 我们到家很晚,安然无恙。
语法之 9 ●形容词之比较级和最高级●
作业讲解: 请指出句子中的形容词,且判定它在句中所作的成分。
We arrived home very late, safe and sound. 我们到家很晚,安然无恙。
答:safe and sound,是形容词的并列结构,在句中作伴随状语(home/late在这里都是副词,修饰 arrive)此句并非是主谓宾结构!
∵arrive为不及物动词,不能直接带宾语,除非跟介词短语。
课前练习: 判断下面句子的对错
She looks more younger than I.(more不可以修饰比较级,但可用 much加强比较级)
正确的句子为→→She looks younger than I./She looks much younger than I.
Beijing's weather is colder than Shanghai.(比较对象偏差,Shanghai 应该+'s)
语法解读:
一.形容词三种存在形式: 原级/比较级/最高级
1.规则变化
1)直接变化词尾,加—er, —est: strong-stronger—strongest
2)字母 e 结尾,把 e去掉,再加后缀: late—later—latest
3)以一个辅音字母结尾,双写该辅音字母: hot—hotter—hottest
4)“辅音+y”结尾,把 y变成 i: ugly—uglier—ugliest
5)“元音+y”结尾,y不变: gray—grayer—grayest
6)双/多音节,前加 more或 most:
enthusiastic—more enthusiastic—most enthusiastic
规则变化中的特殊情况
1)少数双音节形容词既可加后缀;也可以加 more, most:
cleverer / more clever—cleverest / most clever
simpler / more simple—simplest / most simple
2)“劣等比较”形容词原型前加 less, least:
important—less important—least important
3)有些形容词没有比较级(自身就表达了一种“极致”的情况):
right, wrong, final,impossible, perfect
4)复合形容词,例如: well—known,better—known, best—known
2.不规则变化
1) good—better—best 2) bad—worse—worst
3) much/many—more—most 4) far—farther—farthest
二.比较级的句型用法
1.原级比较: as... as...
Today is as warm as yesterday. 今天和昨天一样暖和。
Today is not as/so warm as yesterday.(第一个 as可由 so代替) 今天不如昨天暖和。
He gave me as valuable advice as you did.(as后面跟“形容词+名词”)
他给我的建议和你给的一样有价值。
Miss Green is not as/so strict ateacher as Mr. White.
格林老师不像怀特老师那样严格。
2.比较级———当一方超过或少于另一方时,用“比较级”.+than”;否定式“less than”
He made fewer mistakes than I (did). 他犯的错误比我少。
John gets better grades than Bob (does). 约翰的分数比鲍勃好。
We should help those who are less fortunate than us.
我们应该帮助那些没有我们幸运的人。
3.最高级———表示三者或三者以上程度最高
句式: the +形容词最高级(+名词) +表示范围的短语或从句
The theater is the oldest in London.=This is the oldest theater in London.
这是伦敦最古老的剧院。
难点精析:
1.比较级句型常见问题 3
China's population is more than Japan. X →(比较对象出问题)
China's population is more than Japan's.√ 中国的人口比日本的人口多。
China is larger than any country in Asia. X →(比较的范围出问题)
China is larger than any other country in Asia. √ 中 国 比 亚 洲 其 他 国 家 都 大 。
China is larger than any country in Africa. √ 中国比非洲的国家都大。
2.比较结构中的省略比较对象的现象
一 What do you think of this film —I have never seen a better one.
—你觉得这部电影怎么样 — 我从未见过比这更好的了。(后面省略 than this film)
Are you feeling better today (暗含跟 yesterday比) 你今天感觉好点了吗
Be more careful next time.(暗含跟 this time 比) 下次小心点。
She hoped to get a better job.(暗含跟 the present job比) 她希望得到一份更好的工作。
3.特殊的比较结构
1)比较级+and+比较级:越来越
My English is getting better and better. 我的英语变得越来越好了。
2) the+比较级,the+比较级:越……越……
The older you get, the wiser you will become. 你年纪越长,就会变得越有智慧。
3) no+比较级+than:前后一样(同级比较)
His English is no better than mine. 他的英语不比我的好。
4) more..than...:与其说...不如说...
He is more an artist than a philosopher. 与其说他是一个哲学家,不如说他是一个艺术家.
4.比较级表最高级
1)比较级+than any other...
Rose is taller than any other girl in her class. 萝丝比她们班里其他女生都高。
2)否定词+比较级
I have never heard a funnier joke than this one. 我从没听过比这更搞笑的笑话。
课后作业:考同级比较概念
It is just _____among countries to host the Olympics as to win an Olympic medal.
各国举办奥运会以赢得奥运奖牌的竞争同样激烈。
A. so fierce a competition 如此激烈的竞争 B. as fierce a competition同样的激烈竞争
C. such a flerce competition这样的竞争 D. too fierce a competition竞争太激烈
语法之 10 ●副 词●
作业讲解 各国举办奥运会以赢得奥运奖牌的竞争同样激烈。
It is just______among countries to host the Olympics as to win an Olympic medal.
A. so fierce a competition如此激烈的竞争 B. as fierce a competition同样的激烈竞争
C. such a flerce competition这样的竞争 D. too fierce a competition竞争太激烈
课前练习: Henry was away from home for quite a bit and_______saw his family.
A. frequently频繁的 B. seldom很少 C. aIways总是 D. usually通常
语法解读: 亨利离开家很久了,很少见到家人。
1.定义——副词通常表达时间/地点/程度/方式等概念。
副词是句中表行为或状态的词,修饰动词/形容词/其他副词/介词短语/乃至全句。We should study very hard. The place
is very beautiful. It is raining heavily.
我们应该非常努力的工作。 这个地方非常漂亮。 天正下着大雨
Luckily, he won the game. His lQ is far [above the average level]. [' v r d ]
非常走运的是他获胜了。 他的 IQ远远的超过平均值。
2.副词的构成方式
1)与形容词形式相同(意思不一定相同) enough(足够的;足够地) fast(快的;快地)
early(早的;早早地) long(长的;长时间地) straight(直的;直接地) hard(硬的;努力地)
2)形容词+ly quick—quickly(直接加) simple—simply(去掉结尾 e)
easy—easily(把 y变 i) full—fully(Il 结尾直接加 y) basic—basically(ic结尾,加 ally)
3.副词的语法功能(通常作状语)
They welcomed us warmly. (修饰动词) 他们非常热情的欢迎了我们。
Many people still live a very poor life.(修饰形容词) 很多人仍然过着贫穷的生活。
They will be here pretty soon.(修饰副词) 他们将很快就来了。
My seat is exactly [in the middle ofthe classroom].(修饰介词短语)我的座位正好在教室中间
Hopefully, we'II meet again on Thursday.(修饰整个句子) 希望我们周四能再见面。
4.副词表达的情况 时间:recently,ago,today,soon,lately,then
地点:here,there,downstairs,outdoors 程度:much,enough,almost,very,so,quite
评论性:luckily,honestly,ironically,generally 方式:happily,directly,clearly,nicely
频度:often,always,sometimes,usually,seldom 疑问:when,where,how,why
5.副词在句中的位置
1)时间/地点副词通常在句尾。如果同时出现,先地点后时间。时间副词也可以在句首。
We had a meeting here yesterday.= Yesterday we had a meeting here.
2)频度副词放在实义动词前,情态动词/助动词/系动词之后。
I will always love you.我将一直爱你。 He doesn't often study.他不常学习。
3)修饰全句的副词,若放句中要用逗号隔开,放句首不一定加逗号。
Nothing, indeed, is more important than health. 的确,没有什么比健康更重要。
Fortunately, he escaped from the disaster. 幸运的是,他从灾难中逃脱了。
4)评论性副词放句首,后用逗号。
Honestly, he is unfit for the job. 诚实的说,他不适合这个工作。
Frankly, I don't have much confidence this time. 坦率的说,这一次我不太有信心。
难点精析:
1.有些副词可以修饰名词/代词,加强语气
We held quite a party last weekend. 上个周末我们举办了一个相当不错的聚会。
Even a child won't believe those words. 即使是小孩也不会相信这些话。 Nearly everyone supports him.
几乎每个人都支持他。
2.副词的比较级和最高级 well—better—best/much—more—most/little—less—least
用法跟形容词一致 I can run faster than he. 我能跑得比他快。
The kind of language appeared as early as the Stone Age.这种语言早在石器时代就有了
The more we know each other, the better we understand each other.
我们越了解对方,就越能理解对方。
3. never, seldom, rarely, little等否定副词置于句首的倒装
Never have I seen such a beautiful woman. 我从未见过这么漂亮的女人。
课后作业: Next to biology,I like physics______.
A.better / B.best / C.the better / D.very well
语法之 11 ●代 词●
作业讲解:
Next to biology, I like physics_____. (Next to紧挨着/仅次于) 除了生物学,我最喜欢物理。
A. better B. best C. the better D. very well
课前练习:
—Who is at the door 谁在门口 —_____is the deliverer.是送快递的。
A. It B. He C. That D. The man
语法解读:
1.定义
代词是指代人或事的词,主要替代名词以及起名词作用的短语/不定式/动名词/从句或句子,以避免重复。
Learning English is hard, but it can become easy if you adopt a right method.
学习英语很困难,但如果你采用正确的方法,就会变得容易。
2.代词的分类
人称代词/物主代词/反身代词/指示代词/不定代词/疑问代词
1)人称代词
a.类别
单数: I, you, he, she, it 宾格: me, you, him, her, it
复数: we, you, they 宾格: us, you, them
b.语法功能
He would drown his sadness in wine.(主语,主格) 他会用酒淹死他的悲伤。
I bought a gift for him.(宾语,宾格) 我给他买了一件礼物。
We,us three,will finish the task together.(同位语,宾格) 我们三个人将一起完成这项任务。
2)物主代词——表示所有关系的代词,是人称代词的所有格形式。
I一 my / we 一 our / you一 your / he一 his / she一 her / they 一 their / it一 its
This is my seat.(形容词性物主代词) 这是我的座位。
This is not my dictionary. Mine has been lent to Lucy.(名词性物主代词)
这不是我的字典。我的借给了露西。
3)反身代词——用于动作的发出者把动作施加到动作的发出者本人时。
I一 myself / you一 yourself / it一 itself / they一 themselves[ m's lvz]
The little boy can dress himself now.(作宾语) 这个小男孩现在能自己穿衣服了。
The girl in the picture is myself. (作表语) 画中的女孩是我自己。
I myself made the mistake. (作同位语) 我自己也犯了这个错误。
4)指示代词
用来指代或标记人或事物的代词 this(这个) that(那个) these(这些) those(那些)
That was too hard for me.(作主语) 这对我来说太难了。
This house is for rent.(作定语) 这房子是出租的。
What I want to stress is this.(作表语) 我想强调的是这个。
I start to doubt that.(作宾语) 我开始怀疑。
5)不定代词
不明确指代某人/某事/某些人的代词: something, one, some, other 等
One cannot live without money. 人没有钱就不能生活。
I need something to cheer me up. 我需要一些东西让我开心起来。
Some say love is vulnerable while others say love is strong.
有人说爱是脆弱的,有人说爱是坚强的。
6)疑问代词——表达疑问或构成疑问句的代词,
主要有: who (主格), whom (宾格),whose (所有格), which, what等。
Who did this (主格) 这是谁干的
Whom/who do you like better, Mike orJack (口语中 who可替代 whom)
迈克或杰克,你更喜欢谁
With whom did you discuss the question (With后面一定要用宾格)
你和谁讨论了这个问题
Whose side are you on (谁的,作形容词性所有格) 你站在哪一边
Helen has taken her bag. Whose is this (作名词性所有格) 海伦拿了她的包。这是谁的
难点精析:
it的用法:it 是第三人称单数主格/宾格,可当主语/宾语/表语。it指代内容丰富,如:
1)指上文提到的事物/群体/想法等
——Where is my dictionary →I left it right on the desk. (指事物 dictionary)
——我的字典在哪里 →我把它放在桌子上了。
——I've broken a plate.→It doesn't matter. (it 指前面提过的事)
——我打碎了一个盘子。 →没关系。
2)确定身份
—Who is that (电话:你是谁) →It's me. Thomas.(
—Who is at the door 谁在门口 →It's the milkman.这是送奶工。
3)指时间/天气/距离等
It is nine o'clock now. It is raining heavily. It is a long way to go.
现在是九点。 雨下得很大。 这还有很长的路要走。
4)形式主语
It is not easy to learn English well. 学好英语不容易。
5)形式宾语
I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.
我已经说得很清楚了,这里不准吸烟。
6)强调句型
It was he that leaked the news.(在强调句型中 was后面不用宾格,还是用主格。)
是他泄露了这个消息。
7)带 it的习语 Take it easy.放松点 Get it.懂了。
I can't help it.情不自禁/不要告诉我/我没办法
课后作业:
An unsatisfying score doesn't matter.
________is important that you have done your best.
A. One B. What C. It D. AlI
语法之 12 ●介 词●
作业讲解:
An unsatisfying score doesn't matter. 不满意的分数并不重要。
______is important that you have done your best. 重要的是你已经尽力了。
A. One B. What C. It D. AlI
课前练习:
—When will the game begin
—lt will begin ____15 minutes.
→游戏何时开始？→它将在 15分钟后开始。
A. in B. on C. by D. after (after一般表达过去的一个动作)
语法解读:
1.定义
介词是用来表示名词(代词及其他名词性质的结构)和句中其他词关系的词;
介词是虚词,不能单独作句中成分,须要和后面的词共同作成分;
介词后面的名词或动名词构成“介宾短语”。
at home(在家) / for everyone(为了大家) / above the average level(平均水平之上)
语法解读:
2.介词的分类
→→按形式分类
1)简单介词(一个词)
at:在... about:关于 after:在...之后 between:在...之间 against:针对于
2)合成介词(两个介词合在一起)
throughout:遍及/贯穿 inside:在...里面 into:到...里面 without:没有
3)短语介词(和其他词类的组合) in front of:在...前面 on behalf of:代表...
I thank you on behalf of the government. 我代表政府感谢你。
4)分词介词(部分动词的分词形式具有介词属性)
including:包括 given:考虑到
Given your age, you have done a great job. 考虑到你的年龄,你做得很好。
regarding:关于
I have nothing to say regarding this matter. 关于这件事我无话可说。
语法解读:
2.介词的分类
→→按意义分类
1)表方位
at:在(某个点)上
on:在....上
under:在...下方
inside:在...里面
through:穿过/通过
2)表时间 at:在...时间点
in:在...时间之后 in three days
since:自从
within:在一段时间内 within three days 在三天内
3)表方式 by, via, through:通过
with, in:用
4)表方向 to:去到...
from:来自...
out of:从...出来
off:从...离开
语法解读:
2.介词的分类→→按意义分类
5)表数量 above=over (超过)
6)表“除...外” except=apart from= but(but作介词时含义:除...以外)
7)表“关于” on=about=of
8)表“原因” because of=due to=owing to=for=as a result of
9)表“代替” instead of
10)表“支持”或“反对” for, against
语法解读:
3.介词短语(介宾短语) ['en nt]古老的
1)介词+名词/代词 a map of ancient China go without you没有你
2)介词+doing by using better methods be fond of dancing喜欢跳舞
3)介词+wh-从句 depend on what you like 这取决于你喜欢什么
according to what l heard last night 根据我昨晚听到的
4)介词+形容词 in particular for free in general
5)介词+不定式/疑问词+不定式
I had no choice but to wait. 我别无选择,只能等待。
about how to carry out the plan 关于如何执行计划
语法解读:
4.介词短语(介宾短语)的功能
1)作状语
I have to wait for another half an hour.(表时间) 我还得再等半个小时。
Thanks to your help, we completed the project earlier.(表原因)
由于你的帮助,我们提前完成了这个项目。
I live near my company.(表地点) 我住在公司附近。
2)作定语
The man next to Bill is from Spain. 比尔旁边的人是西班牙人。
I am a student of the physics department. 我是物理系的学生。
3)作表语
My home is just opposite the university. 我家就在大学对面。
The girl is in tears. 这个女孩在流泪。
4)作补足语
keep the dog out of the house. 把狗赶出家门。
Don't leave the books all over the desk. 不要把书乱扔在桌子上。
难点精析:
1.不定式 to 和介词 to 的区别
1)看是否有含义(介词 to,对于)
2)to后面的成分,动词原形,还是名词/动名词
Confidence is key to success. 自信是成功的关键。
(句中 to 有含义,而且 successs是名词,所以 to是介词)
I need more confidence to succeed. 我需要更多的自信才能成功。
(to succeed 的 to没有含义,是不定式,句中作状语修饰前面的动词 need)
2.双重介词——实质是一个介词连用出现的情况。介词短语跟着另外一个介词
介词短语用作介词的宾语,通常跟在 from, since, until之后
She stared at the street from behindthe window. 她从窗户后面盯着街道看。
(from behindthe window=介词 from+介宾短语 behindthe window)
She has lived there since before the war. 她从战前就住在那里。
The secret was never told until after the old man's death.
这个秘密直到老人去世后才被告知。
(until after the old man's death=until+after the old man's death)
课后作业:
I will go fishing______the lake this Sunday.填 in,on还是 at
这个星期天我将去湖边钓鱼。
语法之 13 ●数 词●
作业讲解: I will go fishing______the lake this Sunday.填 in,on还是 at
解析:用 on,指在湖面上(比如划着小船在湖里钓鱼)。
用 in,也指湖面上,但通常是指在较大的湖面,即人或船与湖面相比,显得很小。
用 at,是把 lake看作一个地点。
课前练习:
There are_______months in a year, and December is the_______month of the year.
一年有十二个月,十二月是一年中的第十二个月。
A.twelve; twelve B.twelve; twelfth C.twelfth; twelve D.twelfth; twelfth
语法解读:
1.定义:数词是表示数目多少,或先后顺序的词。100, 1/3, 3.14, 21st century
2.分类
1)基数词
a.1~12单独记:one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve
b.13~19词尾为后缀 teen:thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, ...,nineteen
c.20~90逢十词尾为后缀 ty:twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty, seventy,eighty,ninety
d.21~99在十位数和个位数之间加连字符:twenty-nine, thirty-eight, ninety-two
e.单位词:百 hundred;千 thousand;百万 million;10亿 billion(1亿 one hundred million)
2)序数词
a.第 1到第 19:除了 1(first), 2(second),3(third);其余都是基数词+th,比如 sixteenth;
有三个拼写特殊: fifth;eighth;twelfth
b.第 20到第 90:基数词词尾 y变 i,再加 eth,比如: twentieth
c. hundred, thousand,million的序数词,后面直接加 th,
即 hundredth, thousandth, millionthn.第一百万
d.几十几及以上的序数词,前面用基数词,个位数用序数词,
如:第 132,one hundred and thirty-second
序数词的用法：
前面加代词或定冠词
This is her second time to visit Shanghai. 这是她第二次来上海。
The first thing to do is to clean the house. 首先要做的是打扫房子。
和基数词连用时,序数词放前面
the first three pages of the book书的前三页
序数词修饰谓语动词时,定冠词 the要省略
The team ranked first in its country. 这个队在本国名列第一。
3.数词的语法功能
1)做主语
Two were late yesterday. 昨天有两个人迟到了。
The second is bigger than the first. 第二个比第一个大。
2)做表语 l'm eighteen.我十八岁。 He was the first to arrive here.他是第一个到这里的。
3)做宾语 Give me four.给我四个。 l like the forth.我喜欢第四个。
4)做定语
We have six subjects this term. 这学期我们有六门课。
The sixth blind man went forward to feel the elephant. 第六个盲人走上前去摸大象。
5)做同位语
We two have been to Beijing. 我们两个去过北京。
l want the big one, the first on the right. 我要那个大的,右边第一个。
语法解读:
4.分数/小数和百分数
1)分数
a.分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子若大于 1,分母用复数
1/5: one fifth 3/5: three fifths 五又五分之三: five and three fifths
b.如果分母是 2或 4,分别用 half和 quarter
1/2: one half 1/4: one quarter 3/4: three quarters
2)小数→小数点读 point;零读 zero或 o;小数点前面的数字按基数词读,
后面的数字按单个数字读
9.65: nine point six five
53.16: fifty-three point one six 0.05: zero point zero five
3)百分数~把基数词放在单词 percent前面即可
20%: twenty percent 53%: ffty-three percent
分数和百分数+of+名词,谓语跟 of后面的名词一致
Two thirds of the money was spent on food. 三分之二的钱花在食物上。
About seventy percent of the earth's surface is covered by water.
大约 70%的地球表面被水覆盖。
难点精析:
1.1000 以上的数字怎么念
先从后向前数,每三位用一个“千分撇”隔开,(右起)第一个千分撇表示 thousand(千);
第二个表示 million(百万);第三个表示 billion(十亿);
然后一节一节地用几百几十几的方式表示:
1,006: one thousand and six
12,345: twelve thousand, three hundred and forty-five
1,234,567:
one million,two hundred and thirty-four thousand,five hundred and sixty-seven
2.序数词前面一般加 the,但加 a/an 时,表示“又一、再一”。
Try a second time and you'll succeed. 再试一次,你就会成功。
Now read it for a third time. 现在再读第三遍。
课后作业:
_________of the land in that district_____covered, with trees and grass.
那个地区五分之二的土地都被树和草覆盖着。
A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths: is D. Two fifths; are
语法之 14 ●并列句和常用连词●
作业讲解:
_________of the land in that district_____covered with trees and grass.
那个地区五分之二的土地都被树和草覆盖着。
A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths: is D. Two fifths; are
课前练习:
It is not easy to change habits,____with a strong will, everything is possible.
A. and B. but C. or D. so 改变习惯并不容易,只要有坚强的意志,一切都是可能的。
语法解读:
1.定义
连词是连接单词/短语或句子的虚词。大多数有含义,如:and(和),but(但是),or (选择)。
2.分类:并列连词/从属连词(从句)
1)并列连词(并列句的五种类型)
a.表递进/并列或顺承
and: He had a lot of money and he spent it freely.(连接句)
他有很多钱,而且他花钱大手大脚。
not only...but also...: He is not only rich but also kind. (连形容词)
他不仅富有而且善良。
both...and...: Both Tom and Mike are interested in reading. (连名词)
汤姆和迈克都对阅读感兴趣。
b.表转折
but: The car is very old but it runs fast. (连句子) 这辆车很旧,但它跑得很快。
yet: Jane said she was ill, yet I saw her in the street just now. (连句子)
简说她病了,但我刚才在街上看见她了。
c.表选择
or: Hurry up, or you will be late. 快点,否则你会迟到的。
either...or...: Either you or I am right. 不是你对就是我对。
d.表因果
so:The shops were closed, so I didn't get any milk.商店关门了,所以我没有买到牛奶。
for:It must have rained last night, for it is wet all over.(because是从属连词)
昨晚一定下雨了,因为到处都是雨。
e.表对比
while: The boys are active while the girls are quiet. (whereas)然而;鉴于;反之
男孩们很活跃,而女孩们很安静。
语法解读:
2)从属连词
引导名词性从句的连词(主语从句/宾语从句/表语从句/同位语从句)
引导状语从句的连词(引导定语从句的叫关系代词或关系副词,
讲从句的时候专门再讲。以下的知识点在后续“从句”章节还会细讲,先作为预习)
a.引导名词性从句的从属连词
that, which, whether, who, whom,whose, when, where, why等
That the earth goes around the sun is a truth. (引导主语从句,也可以转化成形式主语 it)
地球绕着太阳转是一个真理。
She said that she will not be late for tomorrow's meeting. (引导宾语从句)
她说明天的会议她不会迟到。
That is why I love you.(引导表语从句) 那就是我爱你的原因。
I had a dream that one day l can start up my own business.(引导同位语从句)
我有一个梦想,有一天我也可以创业。
语法解读:
b.引导状语从句的从属连词
状语从句各有各的引导词,有的引导词又可以引导不同种类的状语从句。
Don't get excited when you talk. (时间) 讲话的时候不要太激动。
Please stay where you are. (地点) 请呆在原地。
I have to go home, because it is too late. (原因) 我得回家了,因为太晚了。
If you have any question, please feel free to ask me.(条件)
如果你有任何问题,请随便问我。
I switched off my smartphones so that I can focus on my work. (结果)
我关掉了手机以便可以专心工作。
He continued to teach though he was ill.(让步) 虽然生病了,他还是继续教学。
This car runs faster than that cardoes.(比较) 这个车比那个车跑得快。
Do as Romans do. (方式) 入乡随俗。
难点精析:
while作并列连词:当...的时候;然而
while作从属连词:虽然(引导让步状语从句)
I am working on my homework while my mom is cooking in the kitchen.
我妈妈在厨房做饭的时候,我在做作业。
When the scores are announced, some students are happy while others are sad.
当分数公布的时候,一些学生很开心,另外的却很难过。
While I hate WeChat, I still can't live and work without it.
虽然我讨厌微信,我生活和工作却离不开它。
课后作业:
It was middle of the night____my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game with him.
A. that B. as C. which D. when
语法之 15 ●时态之一般时 ●
作业讲解: lt was middle of the night_____my father woke me up
and told me to watch the football game with him. 这是一个半夜,我父亲把我吵醒了
A. that B. as C. which D.when. 告诉我和他一起看足球赛。
(从句有两种:名词性/状语从句;从属连词可引导从句,这里 It was middle of the night 的主系表很完备,不需后接充当本句
成分的名词性从句,而主句 be 动词 was 是不可能被状语从句所修饰,所以填空不可能是从属连词,那只能是并列连词,据题意应
该是一个表示时间的并列连词,A.B.C.D.中唯有 D.复合)
课前练习:—Is Peter coming —No,he___his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
A. changes B. changed C. was changing D. has changed
语法解读: 他在最后一刻打电话后改变了主意。
1.一般时的分类—— 一般现在时: I am a teacher.
一般将来时: I will be a teacher. 一般过去时: I was a teacher.
2.一般现在时
1)定义:一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示,主语若为第三人称单数,动词的变化如下:
a.后面加 s,或 es (eat-eats; discuss-discusses)
b.be动词变成 is
c.have的变化: have变成 has
2)用法:
a.表示经常性的动作或状态 I often go to school on foot.我经常步行去学校。
They play football after school every afternoon. Does Molly live here
b.表示现在的特征/状态/能力/性格 She is a tough woman. 她是一个坚强的女人。
This job requires great patience. 这项工作需要极大的耐心。
c.客观事实/普遍真理 Light travels faster than sound. 光比声音传播得快。
Action speaks louder than words. 行动比语言更响亮。
3.一般过去时
1)一般过去时由动词的过去式表示。变化如下:
a.一般情况,加 ed: pack-packed
b.辅音+y结尾,y变 i,加 ed: carry—carried (元音+y,直接加 ed:play-played)
c.一个辅音字母结尾(重读闭音节),双写辅音字母,加 ed: plan-planned
d.不发音的 e结尾,直接加 d: like- -likede.还有些不规则的动词: eat- -ate; hit- -hit
2)用法
a.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态(句中通常有表过去的时间状语)
I received the offer yesterday. 我昨天收到了报价。
The disaster happened two months ago. 灾难发生在两个月前。
China was the most prosperous country in Tang dynasty. 在唐朝中国最繁荣的国家。
b. used to+do,表过去的情况(暗指现在不) We used to go fishing every Sunday.
c. would+do,表过去的某种习惯
My mom would go downtown when she was not busy.我妈妈不忙的时候会去市中心。
d. since后面用一般过去时 You haven' t changed much since we last met.
自从我们上次见面以来,你变化不大。
4.一般将来时
1)一般将来时的构成
a. shall+动词原形(第一人称) I shall go in a few minutes. 我几分钟后就去。
b. will+动词原型(各种人称) We will succeed. 我们将获得成功。
2)用法:
a.表将来的动作或状态:经常搭配的时间状语—— next time (year)
tomorrow (tomorrow evening) before long (不久后) this afternoon
the day after tomorrow in the future in+时间段
I will leave this city in three days. 我将在三天内离开这个城市。
b.不用助动词 will,shall的一般将来时表达法
*be going to do(计划好或迹象表明) It is going to rain.(迹象)
We are going to hold a meeting to discuss that matter.(计划好)
我们要开个会讨论那件事。
*现在进行时表将来
He is leaving school in one year.(计划好) 他一年后就要毕业了。
I'm taking the kids to the zoo this Sunday.(计划好) 这个星期天我要带孩子们去动物园。
*一般现在时表将来
We have no class tomorrow.(时刻表) 我们明天没有课。
The train arrives at 10:00. We still have much time.(时刻表)
火车 10点到达。我们还有很多时间。
*时间/条件状语从句里用一般现在时表将来
When she comes, I'll tell her about it. 她来时,我将告诉她这件事。
If you arrive, please give me a call. 如果你到了,请给我打电话。
*be to do 表将来
She is to be married next month. (计划) 她将于下月结婚。
We are to meet at the gate of the school.(计划) 我们将在学校门口集合。
You plan is to be a failure.(注定) 你的计划是失败。
The show is about to begin.(马上,将要) 演出就要开始了。
难点精析:
1.一般过去时表“现在”——think, know, hope, want等词的一般过去时表现在的行为,但语气比一般现在时更加委婉。
I didn't know you were so busy.(表现在,“你特别忙,这一点我没料到”) 我不知道你这么忙。
I thought you forgave me.(表现在,“你并没有原谅我”) 我以为你原谅了我。
2.be going to do和 will do的区别:
前者强调计划好/考虑好的,后者表示说话的时候才(临时)做的决定
—You've left the light on. 你让灯开着。
—Oh, sorry. I'll go and turn it off. (我这就去关) 哦,抱歉。我去把它关掉。
课后作业: 填上正确的形式
I'm sorry. I____(not realize) I was blocking your way.
语法之 16 ●进行时(现在/过去)●
作业讲解:
I'm sorry. I____(not realize) I was blocking your way.
填上正确的形式(didn't realize) 我很抱歉。我没有意识到我挡住了你的路。
(用一般过去时,表现在的行为,可体现自己的语气更加委婉;需要注意的是,后面的be动词相应的改动为was;过去确实没有意识
到挡住 your way,但说话时意识到了)
课前练习:
—Lets discuss the question raised last night,shall we 让我们讨论昨晚提出的问题,好吗
—There is no hurry for that. Besides, 不要着急。
I____for a conference. 此外,我还想参加一个会议。
A. headed B. was heading C. have headed D. am heading
语法解读:
1.现在进行时的构成——助动词 be(is, am, are)+现在分词(doing)
*动词的变化规律
1)一般:加 ing (try-trying)
2)辅音字母结尾,重读闭音节:双写辅音字母,加 ing (ban- banning)
3)不发音的 e结尾:去掉 e,加 ing(date-dating)
2.现在进行时的基本含义
1)表达当下正在进行的动作
2)表达目前一段时间内在做的事情,说话时未必在做
It is snowing hard outside.(1) 外面正在下大雪。
I am reading a new book by J.K.Rowling.(1) 我正在看 j.k.罗琳的新书。
I am teaching part-time in a middle school.(2) 我在一所中学教兼职。
Alisa is writing a book about herself.(2) 艾丽萨正在写一本关于她自己的书。
语法解读:
3.特殊用法
1)表达计划好的将来时
I am taking kids to the zoo this Sunday. 这个星期天我要带孩子们去动物园。
The plane is arriving soon. 飞机马上就到。
2)现在进行时与 always, constantly,continually,forever等副词连用,
表达说话者的感情(生气/赞扬/同情/不满/好奇等)
I'm always losing keys.(生气) 我总是丢钥匙。
She's constantly disturbing me.(厌烦) 她老是打扰我。
Maria is always thinking of others instead of herself.(赞扬)
玛丽亚总是想到别人而不是自己。
3)get,become,turn表“变化”动词的进行时可表示“逐渐/越来越”
The leaves are turning yellow. 树叶正在变黄。
The environment is getting worse. 环境越来越糟。
4)系动词和表示性质/品质的形容词连用,其进行时态表示与平时不一样
*此类形容词:foolish(傻的),nice,kind(好的), careful(细致的),patient(耐心的),lazy(懒的),
rude(粗鲁的),polite(有礼貌的),impolite(无理的),energetic(有活力的),lively(生动的)......
You're being rude.(暗含:你平时可不这样) 你怎么这么粗鲁
Why are you being so stupid. (暗含:你平时不这样) 你为什么这会儿这么笨
语法解读:
过去进行时
1.过去进行时的构成:助动词 be(was/were)+现在分词
2.过去进行时的基本含义
表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作,句子中可能搭配的时间状语
(at that moment/ time, this time yesterday,all the day yesterday)
What were you doing this time last night 昨晚这个时候你在做什么
He was doing his homework from 7 to 9 last night. 昨天晚上 7 点到 9点他在做作业。
They were cleaning the house all the day yesterday. 他们昨天一整天都在打扫房子。
3.特殊用法
1)一个延续动作被一个短暂动作打断,前者用过去进行时,后者用一般过去时
2)was/were always/forever/constantly doing 表示对某一过去事情的厌烦或褒奖 3)hope,wonder,think,expect 用过去式表
示现在的客气/礼貌或不确定
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle.(1) 我哥哥
[精华课程概览]
①简单句 五种基本简单句简单句的成分
②并列句 并列句结构 并列连词
③复合句 名词性从句 定语从句 状语从句
④时态 时间(现在时/过去时/将来时)
状态(一般时/进行时/完成时)
⑤语态 主动语态 被动语态
⑥特殊规律 主谓一致 虚拟语气 倒装...…
↓
总共 30 节课
语法之 1 ●定冠词&不定冠词&零冠词●
课前填空测试:
(1) As we have finished the first chapter, now we will read______.
在我们完成第一章后,现在我们将阅读第二章。
A) second B) second chapter C) the second chapter
(2) _______ honesty is the best policy. 诚实是最好的策略。
A)不填 B)The C)A
语法解读:
不定冠词: a/an,可视为 one (一个)的弱化形式,表述数量,或者泛指任何一个。
a book一本书 an apple一个苹果
A fox cannot hide its tail. (任何一个)狐狸的尾巴总会露出来的。
零冠词:当某一名词是复数/专有名词或没有固定形状(抽象名词/物质名词)，
前面不适合加 a/an,应把该位置空下来,形成“零冠词”。
Books are my best friends. 书籍是我最好的朋友。
Luxun is a great Chinese writer. 鲁迅是一位伟大的中国作家。
Honesty is the best policy. 诚实是最好的策略。
Water is precious. 水是宝贵的。
定冠词: the,可视为 that或 those的弱化形式; that/those有明确的指示功能;
the也同样如此。如果对于某个名词有明指或暗示的情况,前面要加 the。
This is the book that I want. 这就是我想要的那本书。
Open the door please. 请把(那扇)门打开。
用法解析:
(1)定冠词 VS 不定冠词
I need a book to read on my trip. 我在旅途中需要读一本书(什么书都行)
I have finished the book that you lent me. 我已经读完了你借给我的那本书。
Do you mind if I open the window 你介意我开一下(这扇)窗户吗
Do you mind if I open a window 你介意我开个窗户吗
(2)定冠词 VS 零冠词
History is my favorite subject. 历史是我最喜爱的科目。
The history of China is my favorite subject. 中国史是我最喜欢的科目。
China is a great country. 中国是个伟大的国家。
This is not the China 50 years ago. 这不是 50年前的那个中国了。
(↑五十年前的中国,是明确指代,∴用 the)
(3)零冠词 VS 不定冠词
Beauty is in the eye of beholder.(beauty在此意为“美丽”,是抽象名词) 情人眼里出西施。
She is a beauty.(beauty在此意为“美人”,是具体名词) 她是个美人。
Experience is the best teacher. 经验是最好的老师。
an unusual experience 一次非同寻常的经历
课后作业:请分析句子中 book前为什么要用 the。
I have finished the book that you lent me. 我已经读完你借给我的书了。
语法之 2 ●简单句的五种基本句型●
翻译: 1.帝国衰落了。 →The empire fell. 主谓
2.我昨天看了一部电影. →I watched a movie yesterday. 主谓宾
3.鲱鱼罐头很难吃. →Sour herring tastes terrible. 主系表
4.老人家正给孩子们讲故事.→The old man is telling the kids a story. 主渭双宾
5.他把房子刷了成红色. →He painted the house red. 主谓宾宾补
语法解读:
1.主语+谓语 She arrived. 她来了。
主语:表示句子主要说明的人/事物(动作的发出者),由名词/代词/不定式/动名词充当。
Walking is a good form of exercise.(动名词——抽象概念) 散步是一种很好的锻炼方式。
To teach the three kids is my job this afternoon.(不定式——具体动作)
教三个孩子是我今天下午的工作。
谓语:描述主语发出的动作,可有不同的时态;
“主谓结构”当中,谓语通常是不及物动词。(不带宾语,单独构成完整含义。)
The empire fell.帝国衰落了。 l apologize.我道歉。 A problem arises.一个问题出现了。
2.主语+谓语+宾语
She likes English. 她喜欢英语。
宾语:表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,常由名词/代词/不定式/动名词充当。
I watched a movie yesterday.(名词) They helped me.(代词) 他们帮助了我。
It began to rain.(不定式) 开始下雨了。 I enjoy playing games.(动名词)我喜欢玩游戏.
3.主语+系动词+表语 She is happy.
表语:它位于系动词(比如 be)之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。
可以由形容词/名词/不定式/分词/介词短语充当。
He is a teacher.(名词) 他是一名教师。 He became angry.(形容词) 他生气了。
His job is to clean the window.(不定式) 他的工作是擦窗户。
His job is cleaning the window.(动名词) 他的工作是擦窗户。
He is at work.(介词短语) 他在工作。
系动词:不是一个具体的动作,而是连接主体和其状态的特殊动词。
You look beautiful.你看起来很漂亮。 The music sounds good.这音乐听起来不错。
4.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 She lent me a book.她借给我一本书。
直接/间接宾语: (↑lend的过去式)
如果一个谓语动词后面跟了两个宾语,该动词的直接对象是直接宾语;间接对象是间接宾语。
My father bought me a bicycle. 我爸爸给我买了一辆自行车。
(a bicycle是 bought的直接对象;me不是 bought 的直接对象)
5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 We must keep it a secret. 我们必须保守这个秘密。
宾语补足语:跟在宾语后面描述宾语用的,表示其“性质和状态”;
可由不定式/名词/形容词/分词/介词短语等来充当。
He painted the house green.(形容词) He got things done.(过去分词)他完成了任务.
I saw a squirrel climbing up a tree.(现在分词) 我看见一只松鼠正在爬树。
We asked her to sing a song.(不定式) 我们请她唱一首歌。
They elected Trump president.(名词) 他们选了特朗普为总统。
I found Tom in the garden.(介词短语) 我在花园里找到了汤姆。
难点精析:
1)及物动词和不及物动词
People die.人(都会)死亡。 People fear death.人们害怕死亡。
I am studying.我正在学习 I am studying English.我正在学习英语。
2)区分实义动词和系动词的原则:先定位表语,再反推系动词。
The leaves turn red.树叶变红了 ←←←←主系表→→→→ He died young.他英年早逝。
I turned a page.我翻了一页 ←←←←主谓宾
3)表语和宾补的共性 I am happy. 表语就是主语补足语 He makes me happy.
课后作业:判断下面句子的类型和成分: She is sleeping. She hates cheating.
She seems anxious. She made me happy. She gave me a cake.
语法之 3 ●名词和名词词组●
作业解答: 判断下面句子的类型和成分
She is sleeping. 主语+谓语 (此处 is是助动词) 她在睡觉。
She hates cheating. 主语+谓语+宾语 她讨厌欺骗。
She seems anxious. 主语+系动词+表语 她看起来焦虑。
She made me happy. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 她让我快乐。
She gave me a cake. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 她给了我一块蛋糕。
课前练习:1.He dropped the ______ and broke it. 他把咖啡杯掉在地上摔碎了。
(考咖啡杯的说法)A. cup of coffee B. coffee's cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup
2.——What do you want ——l want______ that is on the table.
A.the piece of bread/B.a piece of bread/C.a bread/D.some of bread(some bread√)
——你想要什么 ——我想要桌上的面包。 (考冠词/名词的可数不可数。既然
有定语从句去限定,则该名词有明确指代,应该用定冠词,bread不可数,只能选 A.)
语法解读:
1.名词的分类
普通名词
可数名词:
a.个体名词(表示个别人或事物的名称)例:table(桌),lawyer(律师),cat(猫),sister(姐妹)
b.集体名词(表示一群人或许多东西的总称)
例: people(人们),class(班),army(军队),family(家庭)
不可数名词:
a.物质名词(物质或材料的总称)例: water(水),sunshine(阳光),snow(雪),hair(头发)
b.抽象名词(表示动作/状态/品质/情感等抽象名词)
例: hope(希望),health(健康),love(爱),weather(天气)
专有名词——用来专门指代某人/物/地点/机构/组织,首字母一般要大写
the Changjiang River / the Great Wall / Maria / WHO (World Health Organization)
语法解读:
2.名词的数(单数和复数)
一般情况
构成方法:加-s 读音:清辅音后/s/;浊辅音和元音后读/z/
例词:map—maps, bag—bags, car—cars
以 s, ss, x, ch, sh 等结尾
构成方法:加-es 读音: -es读/iz/
例:bus—buses, class—classes, box—boxes, watch—watches, brush—brushes
以-f或-fe 结尾
构成方法:多数将 f或—fe变 v加—es 读音: —ves读/vz/
例词: leaf—leaves, thief—thieves, life lives, knife—knives
以元音字母+y 结尾或以 y结尾的专有名词
构成方法:直接加-s 读音: —s读/z/
例词: Mary—Marys, monkey—monkeys, holiday—holidays
以辅音字母+y 结尾的非专有名词
构成方法:变 y为 i加—es 读音: —s读/z/
例词: baby-babies, story-stories
以辅音字母+o 结尾的名词
构成方法:一般加—es 读音: —es读/z/
例词: hero—heroes, potato—potatoes, tomato—tomatoes
以元音字母+o 结尾的名词
构成方法:加—s 读音: —s读/z/
例词: bamboo—bamboos, radio—radios, zoo—zoos
3.名词的所有格
1)定义:“所有格”表示一种“所有关系”,修饰另一个名词,做定语。
2)两种形式:
a.名词+'s(一般有生命) A snail's shell 一只蜗牛的壳 A person's dignity 一个人的尊严
b.介词 of+名词(一般无生命) the window of the room the bottom of the sea海底
3)不以 s 结尾的名词:名词直接+'s,表示“...的”
the boy's mother / the student's book / his father's company
4)以 s结尾的单词(包括复数),后面加“撇”即可
Dickens' novels 狄更斯的小说 the boss' order 老板的命令
the hostess' pictures 女主人的照片 two hours' walk(复数) 两小时散步
5)不规则复数后面直接加's (↑英语的小时是非生命体)
men's room男厕所 women's clothes 女装 children's palace 少年宫
6)有时为避免重复,可以单独使用“名词+'s”来表示名词 (↙father's后面省略了 view)
My views are quite different from my father's. 我的观点和我父亲的很不一样。
My camera is the same as Jeff's. (Jeff's后面省略了 camera) 我的照相机和杰夫的一样。
4.名词词组(=名词结构)——结构:限定词+前置定语+名词+后置定语
a question 一个问题
a diffcult question 一个难题
a very diffcult question 一个非常难的问题
a very difficult English question 一个非常难的英语问题
a very diffcult English question asked by him一个他问的非常难的英语问题
前置定语:形容词
后置定语:副词/介词短语/从句/分词
难点精析:
1)某些无生命体的所有格也是直接+'s China's economy (国家/城市)中国的经济
today's newspaper(时间)今天的报纸 an hour's walk(时间)一小时的散步
the ship's deck(交通方式)船的甲板 the plane's engine(交通方式)飞机的引擎
the government's policy(组织/机构) The company's brand(组织/机构)公司的品牌
the sun's rays(天体)太阳的光线 the moon's surface(天体)月亮的表面
a mile's distance(度量衡)1英里的距离 a million dollars' deal(度量衡)一百万美金的交易
有连字符的已经转化为形容词的度量衡,不加's (↗为何不是's 见前面 3.(4)的说明)
a two—week training 为期两周的培训→→a two week's training √
a 10—dollar breakfast 10 元的早餐→→a 10 dollar's breakfast √
2)一些不可数名词为什么可以加 s
a.表示不同种类的
food(食物)一 foods on the shelf(货架上不同的食物)
freedom(自由)一 3 freedoms(3种不同的自由)
b.加 s变成另外的意思
work(工作)—works(著作) water(水)—waters(水域)
wood(木材)—woods(森林) glass(玻璃)—glasses(眼镜)
3)抽象名词的具体化 beauty美丽—a beauty一位美人/一个美的
honor荣誉—an honor一件非常光荣的事情 pleasure愉悦—a pleasure 令人愉悦的一事
success成功—a success一个成功的事情 failure失败—a failure一件失败的经历
4)名词词组的结构——下面各个句子的划线部分都是名词词组
The boy is my brother. 这个男孩是我的兄弟。
The cute boy is my brother. 那个可爱的男孩是我的弟弟。
The cute boy in blue jeans is my brother. 那个穿蓝色牛仔裤的可爱男孩是我弟弟。
The cute boy wearing blue jeans is my brother. 穿蓝色牛仔裤的可爱男孩是我弟弟。
The cute boy who is wearing blue jeans is my brother.
穿蓝色牛仔裤的那个可爱的男孩是我弟弟。
课后作业:1. He is very tired. He needs_____. 他很累。他需要休息一夜
A. a night rest B. a rest night C. a night's rest D. a rest of night
2.找到下面名词结构中的核心名词,以及判定其前置定语和后置定语的形式
the southern part of Malaysia 马来西亚南部。
the old map on the wall 墙上的旧地图
a historical building on my way toairport 在我去机场的路上的一座历史建筑
语法之 4 ●动词的类别●
作业讲解:考名词所有格概念
1. He is very tired. He needs______. 他太累了。他需要一个晚上的休息。
A. a night rest B. a rest night C. a night's rest D. a rest of night
2.找到下面名词结构中的核心名词,以及判定其前置定语和后置定语的形式
the southern part of Malaysia马来西亚南部 前置定语 the southern 后置定语 of Malaysia
the old map on the wall 墙上的旧地图 前置定语 the old 后置定语 on the wall
a historical building on my way to airport 在我去机场的路上的一座历史建筑
限定词:a 核心名词:build 前置定语: historical 后置定语:on my way to airport
课前练习: 考情态动词概念
1. My book, The House of Hades, is missing. Who_____ have taken it.
我的书,{哈迪斯之家}不见了。谁拿走了它
A.need B.must C.should D.could
2. He looks young.和 He looks into the sky.两个 look有何区别
(前者为系动词,后者实义动词,也是不及物动词)
语法解读:
1.实义动词——又称行为动词
有实在意义并能独立作为句中谓语的动词 I love you. 我爱你。
1)及物(须带宾语)
Raise your hand if you have any questions. 如果你有任何问题请举手。
wash clothes洗衣服 drink water喝水
2)不及物(不带宾语)
Look!看! Please listen.请听。 She arrived.她来了。
如果后面要加宾语,必须用介词
Look at me.看着我。 Listen to me.听我说。 She arrived at the airport.她到达了机场。
语法解读:
2.连系动词
系动词——加上表语才构成完整的意思
I am a teacher.我是一个老师。 He looks young.他看起来年轻。
Her face turned red.她的脸变红了。 The soup tastes great.汤尝起来很好。
语法解读:
3.助动词
本身无词义,但可以构成时态/加强语气/否定句/疑问句等
I am reading a book.(表进行时态) 我正在看一本书。
I will do it.(表将来时态) 我会做的。
I do forget.(表加强语气,确实) 我确实忘了。
I didn't do that.(表否定) 我没有做那件事。
Do you love me (疑问) 你爱我吗
语法解读:
4.情态动词→与实意动词构成复合谓语,本身有词义。
与动词原形连用,构成复合谓语,本身有词义,表“推测/可能/判断/意愿”等:
must, can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should
He may lose his way.(推测) 他可能会迷路。
Anyone can make mistake.(可能性) 任何人都可能犯错误。
可能性程度排序: must＞can＞could＞may＞might
She must be at home now.(判断) 她现在一定在家。
I will/would never do that again.(意愿) 我以后再也不会那么做了。
Will you marry me (表意愿,情态动词也可以构成疑问句) 你愿意嫁给我吗
难点精析:
1.既是及物又是不及物(不同场合,不同用法)
I read every day.我每天都会阅读。←→ I read a book every day.我每天都会读一本书。
I walk there.我走路去那里。 ←→ I walk a dog every day.我每天都会遛狗。
2.延续动词和瞬间动词
延续动词:可以持续的行为
瞬间动词:瞬间完成的行为
My father owns a company.(延续) 我父亲拥有一家公司。
My father runs a company.(延续) 我父亲经营着一家公司。
My father registered a company yesterday.(瞬间) 昨天我父亲注册了一个公司。
They have been married for threeyears.(延续) 他们已经结婚三年了。
They got married three years ago.(瞬间) They married three years ago.(瞬间)
↖他们三年前结的婚。↗
难点精析:
3.系动词的再识别——非常重要的知识点
系动词就像月老,给主语和表语牵线。
She is a good swimmer. 她是一个游泳能手。
That book looks interesting. 那本书看起来很有趣。
I feel so sorry. 我感到非常遗憾。
Medicine tastes bitter but it cures diseases. 药吃起来苦,但是能治病。
She became angry. 她生气了。
Man will grow old. 人会变老的。
She proves very honest. 她被证明很诚实。
On hearing the news, she went pale. 听到这个消息,她的脸变白了。
课后作业:
1.My brother called to say he was all right, but say where he was.
A. mustn't 一定不 B. shouldn't应该不 C. wouldn't不肯 D. mightn't可能不
2.同义句型转换
Jack joined the club three years ago.
1)Jack_______the club__three years ago. 2) Jack______ the club__three years.
3)______three years__Jack joined the club.
语法之 5 ●非谓语动词之不定式 ●
作业讲解:
1. My brother called to say he was all right, but____say where he was.
我哥哥打电话来说他没事,但不愿说他在哪里。
A. mustn't 一定不 B. shouldn't应该不 C. wouldn't不肯 D. mightn't可能不
2.同义句型转换→考瞬间动词/延续性动词
Jack joined the club three years ago.
1)Jack ___________the club___ three years ago.从三年前开始,杰克就一直在俱乐部工作。
2)Jack____________the club___ three years. 杰克在俱乐部已经三年了。
3)___________three years___ Jack joined the club.自从杰克加入俱乐部以来已经三年了。
正确答案: 1) has been in; since 2) has been in; for 3) It's been; since
课前练习:考目的状语概念
一 Where did he go —He went to another store___________. 他去另一家商店买铅笔。
A.to buy pencils / B.for buying pencils / C.buy pencils / D.buying pencils
动词不定式的定义
“to do”在句中不能单独作为谓语(非谓语),
但保留动词的特点(可以有自己的宾语/状语,从而构成不定式短语)
to read a book 看一本书 a book是 read 的宾语→不定式短语
to read loudly 大声地朗读 副词 loudly 做状语修饰 read,整体作为不定式短语
语法解读:
不定式的语法功能→不定式的性质可以是“名词/形容词/副词”;
在成分上做:主语/表语/宾语/状语/定语/宾语补足语/主语补足语
a.做主语
To help poor people is our duty.=It is our duty to help poor people.
帮助穷人是我们的任务。
b.做表语
Our duty is to help poor people. 我们的任务是帮助穷人。
My wish is to travel around the world. 我的愿望是环游世界。
The intention of this book is to introduce popular science.
这本书的目的是介绍科普知识。
What surprises me is to see my idol. 让我惊喜的是见到我的偶像。
C.做宾语
I aim to change the world. 我立志要去改变世界。
She promised to come at 9:00. 她承诺 9点到。
Jack wants to be a scientist. 杰克想做一名科学家。
d.做宾语补足语→不定式作宾语补足语,事实上宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。
He forced me to do bad things. 他逼我去做坏事。
Miss Gao tells her students to ask questions. 高老师让她的学生提问。
I believe his plan to be the best one. 我认为他的计划是最好的。
It's hard to persuade the man to quit smoking. 很难去劝说这个男人戒烟。
e.主语补足语(见难点精析)
f.做状语
To succeed, you must believe in yourself.(目的状语) 为了成功,你必须相信自己。
To be honest, he is a good man.(评注性状语) 说实话,他是个好人。
I feel so sorry to leave early.(原因状语) 我很抱歉(因为)我要提前走。
She is too young to go alone. (结果状语) 她太小了,不能自己出去。
He ran back to the classroom, only to find the door was locked. (结果状语)
他跑回教室,才发现门被锁了。
g.做定语
Mary is a pleasant person to work with. 玛丽是一个一起共事很舒服的人。
I have a lot of homework to do. 我有很多作业要去做。
Jazz is beautiful music to listen to. 爵士是听起来美妙的音乐。
难点精析:
1. 不 定 式 做 宾 语 且 后 面 有 宾 补 时 , 常 用 it 做 形 式 宾 语 , 把 真 正 宾 语 ( 不 定 式 ) 放 在 后 面 。 常 用 句 型 :
consider/think/believe/feel/make/find+ it +adj.+to do sth.
I find it diffcult [to speak English fluently].
原序: I find [to speak English fluently] difficult. 我发现流畅地说英语很难。
We thought it better [to start early].
原序: We thought [to start early] better. 我们认为早点开始比较好。
2.不带 to的不定式做宾补
记住口诀: 一感(feel);二听(hear;listen to);三使(have,let,make);
五看(see, watch,notice, observe, look at);求帮助(help)等词后的宾语补足语,不带 to.
We felt the house shake. I heard someone sing. He makes me rewrite the essay.
我们感到房子在震动。 我听见有人唱歌。 他让我重写这篇文章。
I saw him enter the room. I helped my mom cook.
我看见他进了房间。 我帮我妈妈做饭。
以上句子划线是不带 to的不定式,切记不能加上 to是错误的!
被动语态时,to 仍然要出现(主语补足语)
He was seen (by me) to enter the room. 他被我看见进了房间。
I was made (by him) to rewrite the essay. 我被他逼着重写这篇文章。
难点精析:
3.疑问词加不定式的情况——what, when, whom, where, how
We are talking about how to overcome the present diffhculties.(宾语)
我们在谈论如何克服现在的难题。
What to eat is a big headache for many office workers.(主语)
吃什么对于很多办公室职员来说是一个很头疼的问题。
课后作业:
I consider it a great honor_____(visit) your company. 我认为参观贵公司是我的荣幸。
A. visit B. to visit C. visiting D. being visited
语法之 6 ●非谓语动词之动名词●
作业讲解:
I consider it a great honor______(visit) your company. 我认为参观贵公司是我的荣幸。
A. visit B. to visit C. visiting D. being visited
to visit是前面 consider的宾语,而且这个宾语有一个宾补是 a great honor
该句子的正常语序为:
I consider(谓语) to visit your company(宾语)a great honor(宾补).→→→句子头重脚轻
课前练习:
I consider it a great honor ______ (visit) your company.
A. visit B. to visit C. visiting D. being visited
思考:为什么 C 不对
→→→动名词与不定式的区别:动名词表达经常性的,泛泛的事;不定式表达未做/将要做的事。
语法解读:
动名词的定义～动名词有名词和动词的特征,可以带宾语或状语;动名词和其宾语或状语构成动名词短语
Children enjoy watching cartoons. (带宾语) 孩子喜欢看动画片。
Talking like this is no use.(带状语) 这么谈话是没有用的。
语法解读:
动名词的形式
常规:
动词+ing
被动语态: being done
否定式: not+doing
I like skating. (常规) 我喜欢滑冰。
I have no reason for not going.(否定) 我没有理由不去。
I stole into the room without being noticed.(被动语态) 我悄悄地进了房间,没被人发现。
语法解读:
动名词在句子中的成分
1)作主语
Working in such condition is not apleasure but a suffer.
(动名词短语做主语,谓语用“三单”) 在这种条件下,工作不是享受而是折磨。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.(形式主语) 覆水难收。
正常语序:Crying over spilt milk is no use.
It is a waste of time arguing with him.(同上) 跟他争辩就是浪费时间。
2)作宾语
The law doesn't allow camping in this forest.(动词+宾语)
法律不允许在森林里宿营。
I have fnished doing my homework.(动词+宾语) 我已经做完作业了。
I am responsible for organizing this conference.(介词+宾语) 我负责筹办这次大会。
We are looking forward to receiving your letter.(介词+宾语) 我们期待收到你的信。
This book is worth reading. (形容词+宾语) 这本书值得读。
语法解读:
3)做表语
Your job is cleaning the window. 你的工作是擦窗户。
In the ant's city, the queen's duty is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁的城市,蚁后的职责是产卵。
4)作定语
a waiting room 等候室 a reading room阅览室 a swimming pool游泳池
a racing car赛车 a hiding place 藏身之处
难点精析:
1.动名词和不定式的区别
含义
动名词:一般的/抽象的概念(一个已经做过的/经常去做的动作)
不定式:具体的某一动作(一个将来要做的动作)
My job is cleaning the window.(←←What is your job ) 我的工作是擦窗户。
My job is to clean the window.(←←What's your job this afternoon )
我的工作是擦窗户。
难点精析:
2.跟在一些特定的动词后面,动名词和不定式意义不同
不同的动词,有不同的含义(具体问题具体分析)
I stop to read.(停下其他的事情,开始看书) 我停下来看书。
I stop reading.(停止看书) 我停止阅读。
I forget to turn off the lights.(忘记做某事) 我忘记关灯了。
I forget turning off the lights.(忘记已经做过某事) 我忘记关灯了。
I continue reading.(意思相同) 我继续阅读。
I continue to read.(意思相同) 我继续阅读。
难点精析:
3.动名词的复合结构
名词所有格+动名词
Would you mind my using your telescope (无法将 my去掉,否则表意不清)
你介意我用你的望远镜吗
The father insists on his son's going to college. 这位父亲坚持让他儿子,上大学。
复合式结构,在句中做宾语
Her showing up encouraged everyone. 她的出现鼓舞了所有人。
her是名词所有格,后跟动名词词组,构成复合式结构,句子担任主语
The doctor advised his quitting smoking. 医生建议他戒烟。
his quitting smoking是所有格+动名词短语,构成动名词的复合结构,在句中做宾语
课后作业:
I like_____ ,but I dont like_____today.
A. read; to read B. to read; read C. reading; to read D. to read; reading
语法之 7 ●非谓语动词之分词●
作业解答: I like____, but I don't like____today. 我喜欢阅读,但我不喜欢今天阅读。
A. read; to read B. to read; read C.reading; to read D. to read; reading
课前练习:
填入正确的形式:______(work) for two days, Steve finally finished his report on time.
答案: Having worked 工作了两天之后,史蒂夫最终按时的完成了报告。
语法解读:
1.分类:现在分词 动词+ing→ watching seeing
过去分词 动词+ed→ watched seen
2.定义:现在分词表示正在进行的/或者主动的动作(描述 2种情况)
过去分词表示已经完成的/或被动的动作(描述 2种情况)
The man standing by the door is my uncle.(正在进行的动作)站在门边的那个人是我叔叔
Seeing from the top of the hill, we can get a full view of the city.(主动的动作)
从山顶上看,我们可以看到这个城市的全景。
Seen from the top of the hill, people look like ants.(被动的动作)
从山顶上看,人们看起来像蚂蚁。
Having worked for two days, Steve finally finished his report on time. (完成的动作)
工作了两天之后,史蒂夫终于按时完成了他的报告。
3.属性:分词具备动词的属性,故可以带宾语或状语,构成分词短语,
分词和分词短语在句中作形容词或副词的功能,可做定语/状语/表语/补足语。
1)作定语:单个分词作定语通常前置,分词短语作定语通常后置;
(依据与被修饰词的逻辑关系,主动时用现在分词,被动时用过去分词)
Do you know the man sitting there 你认识坐在那儿的男人嘛
Are there any living things on the moon 月球上有活的东西吗
Those are some painted chairs. 那些是油漆好的椅子。
2)作表语:表示主语的某种性质或状态,此时的分词已具备形容词的性质。
This activity is really challenging. 这个活动真的很有挑战性。
His speech is inspiring. 他的演讲是鼓舞人心的。
The shop has been closed for a week. 商店已经关了一周了。
3)作补足语
通常作宾语补足语,说明宾语的性质和状态
I found him lying on the grass. (him 为 lying的逻辑主语,主动关系)我发现他躺在草地上。
I considered this problem settled.
(problem是 settled的逻辑主语,被动关系)我认为这个问题被解决了。
如果将上面的句子改成被动句,宾语变主语,那么原来的宾补就相应变为主语补足语 He was found lying on the grass.
他被发现躺在草地上。
This problem was considered settled. 这个问题被认为已经解决了。
4)作状语
a.时间→Arriving at the cinema, they found the movie had been over.
(同时发生)到了电影院,他们发现电影已经结束了。
→Having finished his homework, Tom went home.
(分词动作在谓语动作之前)做完作业之后,汤姆回家了。
b.原因→Seriously injured, she was sent to hospital at once.
(因为)严重受伤了,她立刻被送到了医院。
c.结果→The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.
大火持续了接近一个月,什么值钱的东西都没留下。
d.条件→Working hard, you will succeed. (如果)努力工作,你就会成功。
e.让步→Taking more care,I still made a few mistakes.=Even though I take more
care, I still made a few mistakes. (尽管)更加小心了,我仍然犯了几个错误。
f.伴随→The teacher came in, followed by some students.
老师进来了,还跟着一些学生。
g.评注性状语→Generally speaking, boys are better at math and logic than girls.
普遍来说,男孩要比女孩更擅长数学和逻辑。
难点精析:
1)现在分词和过去分词的区别
现在分词:正在进行的动作←→过去分词:已完成的动作
falling leaves (正在飘落的树叶) fallen leaves (已落在地上的树叶)
现在分词:主动的意义←←← →→→过去分词:被动的意义
I heard someone closing the door.(听到有人在关) 我听见有人把门关上了。
I heard the door closed.(听到门被关上了) 我听见门关上了。
形容词性的分词
现在分词:令人有某种感觉←←← →→→过去分词:人被引起某种感觉
The movie is exciting. (这部电影令人兴奋)修饰物 这部电影令人兴奋。
I am excited. (我被引起兴奋的感觉)修饰人 我很兴奋。
例外: He is an inspiring person. 他是一个让人振奋的人。This story is inspiring.
这个故事令人振奋。
He is inspired. 他受到了鼓舞。
2)动名词和现在分词的区别(都是“动词+ing”)
动名词是名词属性,在句中充当名词性质的成分,如主语/宾语
现在分词是形容词或副词的属性,在句中充当定语/状语等成分
The man reading over there is my classmate.(现在分词作定语)
那边看书的那个人是我的同学。
Reading a lot of books, he is knowledgeable.(现在分词作状语) 读了很多书,他很博学。
I enjoy reading.(动名词作宾语) 我喜欢阅读。
I got a high score after studying hard.(介词后面都是名词或动名词)
经过努力学习,我得了高分。
课后作业→请填入正确的动词形式: ______(found) in the early 20th century,
the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.
Wang Baoqiang announced his divorce on Weibo,
______ (make) a hot topic in society.
语法之 8 ●形容词●
作业解答:
请填入正确的动词形式: 在 20世纪初,这所学校继续办学激发孩子们对艺术的热爱。
__________(found) in the early 20th century,the school keeps on
inspiring children's love of art. 答案: Having been founded
Wang Baoqiang announced his divorce on Weibo, 王宝强在微博上宣布离婚。
________ (make) a hot topic in society. 成了社会的热门话题。
答案: making
课前练习: 在下面句子中用正确的顺序填入形容词:white, wooden, little
The house smells as it hasn't been cleaned for years.
这所白色小木头房子闻起来好像有好几年没打扫过了。
语法解读:
1.定义:形容词是修饰名词/表示人或物的性质/状态/特征的词。
a black umbrella一把黑色的伞
an impressive advertisement一个令人印象深刻的广告
a hard-working student一个勤奋的学生
an exciting game一个激动人心的游戏
2.形容词的构成
1)本身就是形容词 red/glad/nice
2)加后缀形成的形容词
+y: wind—windy刮风的; fun—funny搞笑的
+al: nation—national国家的; education—educational教育的
+able: comfort—comfortable舒服的; admire—admirable令人倾佩的
+en: wood—wooden木制的; gold—golden金色的
+ish: fool—foolish愚蠢的; self—selfish 自私的
+ive: impress—impressive让人印象深刻的; expense—expensive 昂贵的
+ful: beauty—beautiful美丽的; power—powerful有力的/有威力的
+ous: fame—famous著名的; dange—dangerous危险的
+ly: friend—friendly友好的; love—lovely可爱的
3)复合形容词
副词词干+现在分词/过去分词:
hard—working 勤劳的; well—educated 受过良好教育的
名词词干+现在分词/过去分词:
time—consuming耗时的; man—made人造的
名词词干+形容词:
world—famous 全球知名的; duty—free免税
形容词词干+名词+ed:
kind—hearted 热心肠的;cold—blooded冷血的; absent—minded心不在焉的
形容词词干+现在分词: easy—going随和的
4)分词转化而成的形容词:
现在分词:令人……的←←← →→→过去分词:感到……的
annoying:令人生气的(Mosquitos are annoying.蚊子是令人讨厌的。[ 'n ])
annoyed:感到生气的(I am annoyed.我生气。[ 'n d]恼怒的)
exciting:令人兴奋的(an exciting game一个令人兴奋的游戏)
excited:感到兴奋的(I am/feel excited.我感到兴奋。)
语法解读:
3.形容词的功能
1)作定语
Professor White gave us an interesting lecture. 怀特教授给我们做了一次有趣的讲座。
2)作表语=主语补足语
What he said is true. 他说的是真的。
3)作补足语
The matter made us tired. 这件事让我们很累。
I found the book very interesting. 我发现这本书非常有趣。
4)作状语
Hungry and tired, I had to stop and take a rest.(原因) 我又饿又累,只能停下来休息。
She was lying in bed, awake.(伴随) 她醒着躺在床上。
难点精析:
1.形容词的位置
1)置于名词前,叫“前置定语”a black swana / nice car 如果碰到多重形容词,
根据“限定/外形/年龄/新旧/颜色/国籍/材质”这样的顺序
the little white wooden house 白色的小木屋
the first beautiful white Chinese stone bridge 中国第一座美丽的白色石桥
置于名词后,叫“后置定语”。一些表语形容词,只能作表语或者后置定语
alive, alike, afraid, awake, alone,asleep, worth 等
The baby asleep might be awake very soon. 睡着的婴儿可能很快就醒了。 You alone cannot succeed.
单考你自己无法成功。
2)形容词置于不定代词之后 something interesting一个有趣的东西 someone strong
3)形容词后面如果带有介词短语,一定要后置
This is a place worthy of a visit. 这是一个值得参观的地方。
I don't like this teacher strict with his students. 我不喜欢这个老师对他的学生太严厉。
难点精析:
2. the+形容词,变成名词
the old老人 the rich富人 the unknown未知的事 the young年轻人
the wrong and the right错误的事和正确的事
The unknown has to be explored. 未知的东西须被探索。
课后作业:
请指出句子中的形容词,且判定它在句中所作的成分。
We arrived home very late, safe and sound. 我们到家很晚,安然无恙。
语法之 9 ●形容词之比较级和最高级●
作业讲解: 请指出句子中的形容词,且判定它在句中所作的成分。
We arrived home very late, safe and sound. 我们到家很晚,安然无恙。
答:safe and sound,是形容词的并列结构,在句中作伴随状语(home/late在这里都是副词,修饰 arrive)此句并非是主谓宾结构!
∵arrive为不及物动词,不能直接带宾语,除非跟介词短语。
课前练习: 判断下面句子的对错
She looks more younger than I.(more不可以修饰比较级,但可用 much加强比较级)
正确的句子为→→She looks younger than I./She looks much younger than I.
Beijing's weather is colder than Shanghai.(比较对象偏差,Shanghai 应该+'s)
语法解读:
一.形容词三种存在形式: 原级/比较级/最高级
1.规则变化
1)直接变化词尾,加—er, —est: strong-stronger—strongest
2)字母 e 结尾,把 e去掉,再加后缀: late—later—latest
3)以一个辅音字母结尾,双写该辅音字母: hot—hotter—hottest
4)“辅音+y”结尾,把 y变成 i: ugly—uglier—ugliest
5)“元音+y”结尾,y不变: gray—grayer—grayest
6)双/多音节,前加 more或 most:
enthusiastic—more enthusiastic—most enthusiastic
规则变化中的特殊情况
1)少数双音节形容词既可加后缀;也可以加 more, most:
cleverer / more clever—cleverest / most clever
simpler / more simple—simplest / most simple
2)“劣等比较”形容词原型前加 less, least:
important—less important—least important
3)有些形容词没有比较级(自身就表达了一种“极致”的情况):
right, wrong, final,impossible, perfect
4)复合形容词,例如: well—known,better—known, best—known
2.不规则变化
1) good—better—best 2) bad—worse—worst
3) much/many—more—most 4) far—farther—farthest
二.比较级的句型用法
1.原级比较: as... as...
Today is as warm as yesterday. 今天和昨天一样暖和。
Today is not as/so warm as yesterday.(第一个 as可由 so代替) 今天不如昨天暖和。
He gave me as valuable advice as you did.(as后面跟“形容词+名词”)
他给我的建议和你给的一样有价值。
Miss Green is not as/so strict ateacher as Mr. White.
格林老师不像怀特老师那样严格。
2.比较级———当一方超过或少于另一方时,用“比较级”.+than”;否定式“less than”
He made fewer mistakes than I (did). 他犯的错误比我少。
John gets better grades than Bob (does). 约翰的分数比鲍勃好。
We should help those who are less fortunate than us.
我们应该帮助那些没有我们幸运的人。
3.最高级———表示三者或三者以上程度最高
句式: the +形容词最高级(+名词) +表示范围的短语或从句
The theater is the oldest in London.=This is the oldest theater in London.
这是伦敦最古老的剧院。
难点精析:
1.比较级句型常见问题 3
China's population is more than Japan. X →(比较对象出问题)
China's population is more than Japan's.√ 中国的人口比日本的人口多。
China is larger than any country in Asia. X →(比较的范围出问题)
China is larger than any other country in Asia. √ 中 国 比 亚 洲 其 他 国 家 都 大 。
China is larger than any country in Africa. √ 中国比非洲的国家都大。
2.比较结构中的省略比较对象的现象
一 What do you think of this film —I have never seen a better one.
—你觉得这部电影怎么样 — 我从未见过比这更好的了。(后面省略 than this film)
Are you feeling better today (暗含跟 yesterday比) 你今天感觉好点了吗
Be more careful next time.(暗含跟 this time 比) 下次小心点。
She hoped to get a better job.(暗含跟 the present job比) 她希望得到一份更好的工作。
3.特殊的比较结构
1)比较级+and+比较级:越来越
My English is getting better and better. 我的英语变得越来越好了。
2) the+比较级,the+比较级:越……越……
The older you get, the wiser you will become. 你年纪越长,就会变得越有智慧。
3) no+比较级+than:前后一样(同级比较)
His English is no better than mine. 他的英语不比我的好。
4) more..than...:与其说...不如说...
He is more an artist than a philosopher. 与其说他是一个哲学家,不如说他是一个艺术家.
4.比较级表最高级
1)比较级+than any other...
Rose is taller than any other girl in her class. 萝丝比她们班里其他女生都高。
2)否定词+比较级
I have never heard a funnier joke than this one. 我从没听过比这更搞笑的笑话。
课后作业:考同级比较概念
It is just _____among countries to host the Olympics as to win an Olympic medal.
各国举办奥运会以赢得奥运奖牌的竞争同样激烈。
A. so fierce a competition 如此激烈的竞争 B. as fierce a competition同样的激烈竞争
C. such a flerce competition这样的竞争 D. too fierce a competition竞争太激烈
语法之 10 ●副 词●
作业讲解 各国举办奥运会以赢得奥运奖牌的竞争同样激烈。
It is just______among countries to host the Olympics as to win an Olympic medal.
A. so fierce a competition如此激烈的竞争 B. as fierce a competition同样的激烈竞争
C. such a flerce competition这样的竞争 D. too fierce a competition竞争太激烈
课前练习: Henry was away from home for quite a bit and_______saw his family.
A. frequently频繁的 B. seldom很少 C. aIways总是 D. usually通常
语法解读: 亨利离开家很久了,很少见到家人。
1.定义——副词通常表达时间/地点/程度/方式等概念。
副词是句中表行为或状态的词,修饰动词/形容词/其他副词/介词短语/乃至全句。We should study very hard. The place
is very beautiful. It is raining heavily.
我们应该非常努力的工作。 这个地方非常漂亮。 天正下着大雨
Luckily, he won the game. His lQ is far [above the average level]. [' v r d ]
非常走运的是他获胜了。 他的 IQ远远的超过平均值。
2.副词的构成方式
1)与形容词形式相同(意思不一定相同) enough(足够的;足够地) fast(快的;快地)
early(早的;早早地) long(长的;长时间地) straight(直的;直接地) hard(硬的;努力地)
2)形容词+ly quick—quickly(直接加) simple—simply(去掉结尾 e)
easy—easily(把 y变 i) full—fully(Il 结尾直接加 y) basic—basically(ic结尾,加 ally)
3.副词的语法功能(通常作状语)
They welcomed us warmly. (修饰动词) 他们非常热情的欢迎了我们。
Many people still live a very poor life.(修饰形容词) 很多人仍然过着贫穷的生活。
They will be here pretty soon.(修饰副词) 他们将很快就来了。
My seat is exactly [in the middle ofthe classroom].(修饰介词短语)我的座位正好在教室中间
Hopefully, we'II meet again on Thursday.(修饰整个句子) 希望我们周四能再见面。
4.副词表达的情况 时间:recently,ago,today,soon,lately,then
地点:here,there,downstairs,outdoors 程度:much,enough,almost,very,so,quite
评论性:luckily,honestly,ironically,generally 方式:happily,directly,clearly,nicely
频度:often,always,sometimes,usually,seldom 疑问:when,where,how,why
5.副词在句中的位置
1)时间/地点副词通常在句尾。如果同时出现,先地点后时间。时间副词也可以在句首。
We had a meeting here yesterday.= Yesterday we had a meeting here.
2)频度副词放在实义动词前,情态动词/助动词/系动词之后。
I will always love you.我将一直爱你。 He doesn't often study.他不常学习。
3)修饰全句的副词,若放句中要用逗号隔开,放句首不一定加逗号。
Nothing, indeed, is more important than health. 的确,没有什么比健康更重要。
Fortunately, he escaped from the disaster. 幸运的是,他从灾难中逃脱了。
4)评论性副词放句首,后用逗号。
Honestly, he is unfit for the job. 诚实的说,他不适合这个工作。
Frankly, I don't have much confidence this time. 坦率的说,这一次我不太有信心。
难点精析:
1.有些副词可以修饰名词/代词,加强语气
We held quite a party last weekend. 上个周末我们举办了一个相当不错的聚会。
Even a child won't believe those words. 即使是小孩也不会相信这些话。 Nearly everyone supports him.
几乎每个人都支持他。
2.副词的比较级和最高级 well—better—best/much—more—most/little—less—least
用法跟形容词一致 I can run faster than he. 我能跑得比他快。
The kind of language appeared as early as the Stone Age.这种语言早在石器时代就有了
The more we know each other, the better we understand each other.
我们越了解对方,就越能理解对方。
3. never, seldom, rarely, little等否定副词置于句首的倒装
Never have I seen such a beautiful woman. 我从未见过这么漂亮的女人。
课后作业: Next to biology,I like physics______.
A.better / B.best / C.the better / D.very well
语法之 11 ●代 词●
作业讲解:
Next to biology, I like physics_____. (Next to紧挨着/仅次于) 除了生物学,我最喜欢物理。
A. better B. best C. the better D. very well
课前练习:
—Who is at the door 谁在门口 —_____is the deliverer.是送快递的。
A. It B. He C. That D. The man
语法解读:
1.定义
代词是指代人或事的词,主要替代名词以及起名词作用的短语/不定式/动名词/从句或句子,以避免重复。
Learning English is hard, but it can become easy if you adopt a right method.
学习英语很困难,但如果你采用正确的方法,就会变得容易。
2.代词的分类
人称代词/物主代词/反身代词/指示代词/不定代词/疑问代词
1)人称代词
a.类别
单数: I, you, he, she, it 宾格: me, you, him, her, it
复数: we, you, they 宾格: us, you, them
b.语法功能
He would drown his sadness in wine.(主语,主格) 他会用酒淹死他的悲伤。
I bought a gift for him.(宾语,宾格) 我给他买了一件礼物。
We,us three,will finish the task together.(同位语,宾格) 我们三个人将一起完成这项任务。
2)物主代词——表示所有关系的代词,是人称代词的所有格形式。
I一 my / we 一 our / you一 your / he一 his / she一 her / they 一 their / it一 its
This is my seat.(形容词性物主代词) 这是我的座位。
This is not my dictionary. Mine has been lent to Lucy.(名词性物主代词)
这不是我的字典。我的借给了露西。
3)反身代词——用于动作的发出者把动作施加到动作的发出者本人时。
I一 myself / you一 yourself / it一 itself / they一 themselves[ m's lvz]
The little boy can dress himself now.(作宾语) 这个小男孩现在能自己穿衣服了。
The girl in the picture is myself. (作表语) 画中的女孩是我自己。
I myself made the mistake. (作同位语) 我自己也犯了这个错误。
4)指示代词
用来指代或标记人或事物的代词 this(这个) that(那个) these(这些) those(那些)
That was too hard for me.(作主语) 这对我来说太难了。
This house is for rent.(作定语) 这房子是出租的。
What I want to stress is this.(作表语) 我想强调的是这个。
I start to doubt that.(作宾语) 我开始怀疑。
5)不定代词
不明确指代某人/某事/某些人的代词: something, one, some, other 等
One cannot live without money. 人没有钱就不能生活。
I need something to cheer me up. 我需要一些东西让我开心起来。
Some say love is vulnerable while others say love is strong.
有人说爱是脆弱的,有人说爱是坚强的。
6)疑问代词——表达疑问或构成疑问句的代词,
主要有: who (主格), whom (宾格),whose (所有格), which, what等。
Who did this (主格) 这是谁干的
Whom/who do you like better, Mike orJack (口语中 who可替代 whom)
迈克或杰克,你更喜欢谁
With whom did you discuss the question (With后面一定要用宾格)
你和谁讨论了这个问题
Whose side are you on (谁的,作形容词性所有格) 你站在哪一边
Helen has taken her bag. Whose is this (作名词性所有格) 海伦拿了她的包。这是谁的
难点精析:
it的用法:it 是第三人称单数主格/宾格,可当主语/宾语/表语。it指代内容丰富,如:
1)指上文提到的事物/群体/想法等
——Where is my dictionary →I left it right on the desk. (指事物 dictionary)
——我的字典在哪里 →我把它放在桌子上了。
——I've broken a plate.→It doesn't matter. (it 指前面提过的事)
——我打碎了一个盘子。 →没关系。
2)确定身份
—Who is that (电话:你是谁) →It's me. Thomas.(
—Who is at the door 谁在门口 →It's the milkman.这是送奶工。
3)指时间/天气/距离等
It is nine o'clock now. It is raining heavily. It is a long way to go.
现在是九点。 雨下得很大。 这还有很长的路要走。
4)形式主语
It is not easy to learn English well. 学好英语不容易。
5)形式宾语
I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.
我已经说得很清楚了,这里不准吸烟。
6)强调句型
It was he that leaked the news.(在强调句型中 was后面不用宾格,还是用主格。)
是他泄露了这个消息。
7)带 it的习语 Take it easy.放松点 Get it.懂了。
I can't help it.情不自禁/不要告诉我/我没办法
课后作业:
An unsatisfying score doesn't matter.
________is important that you have done your best.
A. One B. What C. It D. AlI
语法之 12 ●介 词●
作业讲解:
An unsatisfying score doesn't matter. 不满意的分数并不重要。
______is important that you have done your best. 重要的是你已经尽力了。
A. One B. What C. It D. AlI
课前练习:
—When will the game begin
—lt will begin ____15 minutes.
→游戏何时开始？→它将在 15分钟后开始。
A. in B. on C. by D. after (after一般表达过去的一个动作)
语法解读:
1.定义
介词是用来表示名词(代词及其他名词性质的结构)和句中其他词关系的词;
介词是虚词,不能单独作句中成分,须要和后面的词共同作成分;
介词后面的名词或动名词构成“介宾短语”。
at home(在家) / for everyone(为了大家) / above the average level(平均水平之上)
语法解读:
2.介词的分类
→→按形式分类
1)简单介词(一个词)
at:在... about:关于 after:在...之后 between:在...之间 against:针对于
2)合成介词(两个介词合在一起)
throughout:遍及/贯穿 inside:在...里面 into:到...里面 without:没有
3)短语介词(和其他词类的组合) in front of:在...前面 on behalf of:代表...
I thank you on behalf of the government. 我代表政府感谢你。
4)分词介词(部分动词的分词形式具有介词属性)
including:包括 given:考虑到
Given your age, you have done a great job. 考虑到你的年龄,你做得很好。
regarding:关于
I have nothing to say regarding this matter. 关于这件事我无话可说。
语法解读:
2.介词的分类
→→按意义分类
1)表方位
at:在(某个点)上
on:在....上
under:在...下方
inside:在...里面
through:穿过/通过
2)表时间 at:在...时间点
in:在...时间之后 in three days
since:自从
within:在一段时间内 within three days 在三天内
3)表方式 by, via, through:通过
with, in:用
4)表方向 to:去到...
from:来自...
out of:从...出来
off:从...离开
语法解读:
2.介词的分类→→按意义分类
5)表数量 above=over (超过)
6)表“除...外” except=apart from= but(but作介词时含义:除...以外)
7)表“关于” on=about=of
8)表“原因” because of=due to=owing to=for=as a result of
9)表“代替” instead of
10)表“支持”或“反对” for, against
语法解读:
3.介词短语(介宾短语) ['en nt]古老的
1)介词+名词/代词 a map of ancient China go without you没有你
2)介词+doing by using better methods be fond of dancing喜欢跳舞
3)介词+wh-从句 depend on what you like 这取决于你喜欢什么
according to what l heard last night 根据我昨晚听到的
4)介词+形容词 in particular for free in general
5)介词+不定式/疑问词+不定式
I had no choice but to wait. 我别无选择,只能等待。
about how to carry out the plan 关于如何执行计划
语法解读:
4.介词短语(介宾短语)的功能
1)作状语
I have to wait for another half an hour.(表时间) 我还得再等半个小时。
Thanks to your help, we completed the project earlier.(表原因)
由于你的帮助,我们提前完成了这个项目。
I live near my company.(表地点) 我住在公司附近。
2)作定语
The man next to Bill is from Spain. 比尔旁边的人是西班牙人。
I am a student of the physics department. 我是物理系的学生。
3)作表语
My home is just opposite the university. 我家就在大学对面。
The girl is in tears. 这个女孩在流泪。
4)作补足语
keep the dog out of the house. 把狗赶出家门。
Don't leave the books all over the desk. 不要把书乱扔在桌子上。
难点精析:
1.不定式 to 和介词 to 的区别
1)看是否有含义(介词 to,对于)
2)to后面的成分,动词原形,还是名词/动名词
Confidence is key to success. 自信是成功的关键。
(句中 to 有含义,而且 successs是名词,所以 to是介词)
I need more confidence to succeed. 我需要更多的自信才能成功。
(to succeed 的 to没有含义,是不定式,句中作状语修饰前面的动词 need)
2.双重介词——实质是一个介词连用出现的情况。介词短语跟着另外一个介词
介词短语用作介词的宾语,通常跟在 from, since, until之后
She stared at the street from behindthe window. 她从窗户后面盯着街道看。
(from behindthe window=介词 from+介宾短语 behindthe window)
She has lived there since before the war. 她从战前就住在那里。
The secret was never told until after the old man's death.
这个秘密直到老人去世后才被告知。
(until after the old man's death=until+after the old man's death)
课后作业:
I will go fishing______the lake this Sunday.填 in,on还是 at
这个星期天我将去湖边钓鱼。
语法之 13 ●数 词●
作业讲解: I will go fishing______the lake this Sunday.填 in,on还是 at
解析:用 on,指在湖面上(比如划着小船在湖里钓鱼)。
用 in,也指湖面上,但通常是指在较大的湖面,即人或船与湖面相比,显得很小。
用 at,是把 lake看作一个地点。
课前练习:
There are_______months in a year, and December is the_______month of the year.
一年有十二个月,十二月是一年中的第十二个月。
A.twelve; twelve B.twelve; twelfth C.twelfth; twelve D.twelfth; twelfth
语法解读:
1.定义:数词是表示数目多少,或先后顺序的词。100, 1/3, 3.14, 21st century
2.分类
1)基数词
a.1~12单独记:one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve
b.13~19词尾为后缀 teen:thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, ...,nineteen
c.20~90逢十词尾为后缀 ty:twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty, seventy,eighty,ninety
d.21~99在十位数和个位数之间加连字符:twenty-nine, thirty-eight, ninety-two
e.单位词:百 hundred;千 thousand;百万 million;10亿 billion(1亿 one hundred million)
2)序数词
a.第 1到第 19:除了 1(first), 2(second),3(third);其余都是基数词+th,比如 sixteenth;
有三个拼写特殊: fifth;eighth;twelfth
b.第 20到第 90:基数词词尾 y变 i,再加 eth,比如: twentieth
c. hundred, thousand,million的序数词,后面直接加 th,
即 hundredth, thousandth, millionthn.第一百万
d.几十几及以上的序数词,前面用基数词,个位数用序数词,
如:第 132,one hundred and thirty-second
序数词的用法：
前面加代词或定冠词
This is her second time to visit Shanghai. 这是她第二次来上海。
The first thing to do is to clean the house. 首先要做的是打扫房子。
和基数词连用时,序数词放前面
the first three pages of the book书的前三页
序数词修饰谓语动词时,定冠词 the要省略
The team ranked first in its country. 这个队在本国名列第一。
3.数词的语法功能
1)做主语
Two were late yesterday. 昨天有两个人迟到了。
The second is bigger than the first. 第二个比第一个大。
2)做表语 l'm eighteen.我十八岁。 He was the first to arrive here.他是第一个到这里的。
3)做宾语 Give me four.给我四个。 l like the forth.我喜欢第四个。
4)做定语
We have six subjects this term. 这学期我们有六门课。
The sixth blind man went forward to feel the elephant. 第六个盲人走上前去摸大象。
5)做同位语
We two have been to Beijing. 我们两个去过北京。
l want the big one, the first on the right. 我要那个大的,右边第一个。
语法解读:
4.分数/小数和百分数
1)分数
a.分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子若大于 1,分母用复数
1/5: one fifth 3/5: three fifths 五又五分之三: five and three fifths
b.如果分母是 2或 4,分别用 half和 quarter
1/2: one half 1/4: one quarter 3/4: three quarters
2)小数→小数点读 point;零读 zero或 o;小数点前面的数字按基数词读,
后面的数字按单个数字读
9.65: nine point six five
53.16: fifty-three point one six 0.05: zero point zero five
3)百分数~把基数词放在单词 percent前面即可
20%: twenty percent 53%: ffty-three percent
分数和百分数+of+名词,谓语跟 of后面的名词一致
Two thirds of the money was spent on food. 三分之二的钱花在食物上。
About seventy percent of the earth's surface is covered by water.
大约 70%的地球表面被水覆盖。
难点精析:
1.1000 以上的数字怎么念
先从后向前数,每三位用一个“千分撇”隔开,(右起)第一个千分撇表示 thousand(千);
第二个表示 million(百万);第三个表示 billion(十亿);
然后一节一节地用几百几十几的方式表示:
1,006: one thousand and six
12,345: twelve thousand, three hundred and forty-five
1,234,567:
one million,two hundred and thirty-four thousand,five hundred and sixty-seven
2.序数词前面一般加 the,但加 a/an 时,表示“又一、再一”。
Try a second time and you'll succeed. 再试一次,你就会成功。
Now read it for a third time. 现在再读第三遍。
课后作业:
_________of the land in that district_____covered, with trees and grass.
那个地区五分之二的土地都被树和草覆盖着。
A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths: is D. Two fifths; are
语法之 14 ●并列句和常用连词●
作业讲解:
_________of the land in that district_____covered with trees and grass.
那个地区五分之二的土地都被树和草覆盖着。
A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths: is D. Two fifths; are
课前练习:
It is not easy to change habits,____with a strong will, everything is possible.
A. and B. but C. or D. so 改变习惯并不容易,只要有坚强的意志,一切都是可能的。
语法解读:
1.定义
连词是连接单词/短语或句子的虚词。大多数有含义,如:and(和),but(但是),or (选择)。
2.分类:并列连词/从属连词(从句)
1)并列连词(并列句的五种类型)
a.表递进/并列或顺承
and: He had a lot of money and he spent it freely.(连接句)
他有很多钱,而且他花钱大手大脚。
not only...but also...: He is not only rich but also kind. (连形容词)
他不仅富有而且善良。
both...and...: Both Tom and Mike are interested in reading. (连名词)
汤姆和迈克都对阅读感兴趣。
b.表转折
but: The car is very old but it runs fast. (连句子) 这辆车很旧,但它跑得很快。
yet: Jane said she was ill, yet I saw her in the street just now. (连句子)
简说她病了,但我刚才在街上看见她了。
c.表选择
or: Hurry up, or you will be late. 快点,否则你会迟到的。
either...or...: Either you or I am right. 不是你对就是我对。
d.表因果
so:The shops were closed, so I didn't get any milk.商店关门了,所以我没有买到牛奶。
for:It must have rained last night, for it is wet all over.(because是从属连词)
昨晚一定下雨了,因为到处都是雨。
e.表对比
while: The boys are active while the girls are quiet. (whereas)然而;鉴于;反之
男孩们很活跃,而女孩们很安静。
语法解读:
2)从属连词
引导名词性从句的连词(主语从句/宾语从句/表语从句/同位语从句)
引导状语从句的连词(引导定语从句的叫关系代词或关系副词,
讲从句的时候专门再讲。以下的知识点在后续“从句”章节还会细讲,先作为预习)
a.引导名词性从句的从属连词
that, which, whether, who, whom,whose, when, where, why等
That the earth goes around the sun is a truth. (引导主语从句,也可以转化成形式主语 it)
地球绕着太阳转是一个真理。
She said that she will not be late for tomorrow's meeting. (引导宾语从句)
她说明天的会议她不会迟到。
That is why I love you.(引导表语从句) 那就是我爱你的原因。
I had a dream that one day l can start up my own business.(引导同位语从句)
我有一个梦想,有一天我也可以创业。
语法解读:
b.引导状语从句的从属连词
状语从句各有各的引导词,有的引导词又可以引导不同种类的状语从句。
Don't get excited when you talk. (时间) 讲话的时候不要太激动。
Please stay where you are. (地点) 请呆在原地。
I have to go home, because it is too late. (原因) 我得回家了,因为太晚了。
If you have any question, please feel free to ask me.(条件)
如果你有任何问题,请随便问我。
I switched off my smartphones so that I can focus on my work. (结果)
我关掉了手机以便可以专心工作。
He continued to teach though he was ill.(让步) 虽然生病了,他还是继续教学。
This car runs faster than that cardoes.(比较) 这个车比那个车跑得快。
Do as Romans do. (方式) 入乡随俗。
难点精析:
while作并列连词:当...的时候;然而
while作从属连词:虽然(引导让步状语从句)
I am working on my homework while my mom is cooking in the kitchen.
我妈妈在厨房做饭的时候,我在做作业。
When the scores are announced, some students are happy while others are sad.
当分数公布的时候,一些学生很开心,另外的却很难过。
While I hate WeChat, I still can't live and work without it.
虽然我讨厌微信,我生活和工作却离不开它。
课后作业:
It was middle of the night____my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game with him.
A. that B. as C. which D. when
语法之 15 ●时态之一般时 ●
作业讲解: lt was middle of the night_____my father woke me up
and told me to watch the football game with him. 这是一个半夜,我父亲把我吵醒了
A. that B. as C. which D.when. 告诉我和他一起看足球赛。
(从句有两种:名词性/状语从句;从属连词可引导从句,这里 It was middle of the night 的主系表很完备,不需后接充当本句
成分的名词性从句,而主句 be 动词 was 是不可能被状语从句所修饰,所以填空不可能是从属连词,那只能是并列连词,据题意应
该是一个表示时间的并列连词,A.B.C.D.中唯有 D.复合)
课前练习:—Is Peter coming —No,he___his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
A. changes B. changed C. was changing D. has changed
语法解读: 他在最后一刻打电话后改变了主意。
1.一般时的分类—— 一般现在时: I am a teacher.
一般将来时: I will be a teacher. 一般过去时: I was a teacher.
2.一般现在时
1)定义:一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示,主语若为第三人称单数,动词的变化如下:
a.后面加 s,或 es (eat-eats; discuss-discusses)
b.be动词变成 is
c.have的变化: have变成 has
2)用法:
a.表示经常性的动作或状态 I often go to school on foot.我经常步行去学校。
They play football after school every afternoon. Does Molly live here
b.表示现在的特征/状态/能力/性格 She is a tough woman. 她是一个坚强的女人。
This job requires great patience. 这项工作需要极大的耐心。
c.客观事实/普遍真理 Light travels faster than sound. 光比声音传播得快。
Action speaks louder than words. 行动比语言更响亮。
3.一般过去时
1)一般过去时由动词的过去式表示。变化如下:
a.一般情况,加 ed: pack-packed
b.辅音+y结尾,y变 i,加 ed: carry—carried (元音+y,直接加 ed:play-played)
c.一个辅音字母结尾(重读闭音节),双写辅音字母,加 ed: plan-planned
d.不发音的 e结尾,直接加 d: like- -likede.还有些不规则的动词: eat- -ate; hit- -hit
2)用法
a.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态(句中通常有表过去的时间状语)
I received the offer yesterday. 我昨天收到了报价。
The disaster happened two months ago. 灾难发生在两个月前。
China was the most prosperous country in Tang dynasty. 在唐朝中国最繁荣的国家。
b. used to+do,表过去的情况(暗指现在不) We used to go fishing every Sunday.
c. would+do,表过去的某种习惯
My mom would go downtown when she was not busy.我妈妈不忙的时候会去市中心。
d. since后面用一般过去时 You haven' t changed much since we last met.
自从我们上次见面以来,你变化不大。
4.一般将来时
1)一般将来时的构成
a. shall+动词原形(第一人称) I shall go in a few minutes. 我几分钟后就去。
b. will+动词原型(各种人称) We will succeed. 我们将获得成功。
2)用法:
a.表将来的动作或状态:经常搭配的时间状语—— next time (year)
tomorrow (tomorrow evening) before long (不久后) this afternoon
the day after tomorrow in the future in+时间段
I will leave this city in three days. 我将在三天内离开这个城市。
b.不用助动词 will,shall的一般将来时表达法
*be going to do(计划好或迹象表明) It is going to rain.(迹象)
We are going to hold a meeting to discuss that matter.(计划好)
我们要开个会讨论那件事。
*现在进行时表将来
He is leaving school in one year.(计划好) 他一年后就要毕业了。
I'm taking the kids to the zoo this Sunday.(计划好) 这个星期天我要带孩子们去动物园。
*一般现在时表将来
We have no class tomorrow.(时刻表) 我们明天没有课。
The train arrives at 10:00. We still have much time.(时刻表)
火车 10点到达。我们还有很多时间。
*时间/条件状语从句里用一般现在时表将来
When she comes, I'll tell her about it. 她来时,我将告诉她这件事。
If you arrive, please give me a call. 如果你到了,请给我打电话。
*be to do 表将来
She is to be married next month. (计划) 她将于下月结婚。
We are to meet at the gate of the school.(计划) 我们将在学校门口集合。
You plan is to be a failure.(注定) 你的计划是失败。
The show is about to begin.(马上,将要) 演出就要开始了。
难点精析:
1.一般过去时表“现在”——think, know, hope, want等词的一般过去时表现在的行为,但语气比一般现在时更加委婉。
I didn't know you were so busy.(表现在,“你特别忙,这一点我没料到”) 我不知道你这么忙。
I thought you forgave me.(表现在,“你并没有原谅我”) 我以为你原谅了我。
2.be going to do和 will do的区别:
前者强调计划好/考虑好的,后者表示说话的时候才(临时)做的决定
—You've left the light on. 你让灯开着。
—Oh, sorry. I'll go and turn it off. (我这就去关) 哦,抱歉。我去把它关掉。
课后作业: 填上正确的形式
I'm sorry. I____(not realize) I was blocking your way.
语法之 16 ●进行时(现在/过去)●
作业讲解:
I'm sorry. I____(not realize) I was blocking your way.
填上正确的形式(didn't realize) 我很抱歉。我没有意识到我挡住了你的路。
(用一般过去时,表现在的行为,可体现自己的语气更加委婉;需要注意的是,后面的be动词相应的改动为was;过去确实没有意识
到挡住 your way,但说话时意识到了)
课前练习:
—Lets discuss the question raised last night,shall we 让我们讨论昨晚提出的问题,好吗
—There is no hurry for that. Besides, 不要着急。
I____for a conference. 此外,我还想参加一个会议。
A. headed B. was heading C. have headed D. am heading
语法解读:
1.现在进行时的构成——助动词 be(is, am, are)+现在分词(doing)
*动词的变化规律
1)一般:加 ing (try-trying)
2)辅音字母结尾,重读闭音节:双写辅音字母,加 ing (ban- banning)
3)不发音的 e结尾:去掉 e,加 ing(date-dating)
2.现在进行时的基本含义
1)表达当下正在进行的动作
2)表达目前一段时间内在做的事情,说话时未必在做
It is snowing hard outside.(1) 外面正在下大雪。
I am reading a new book by J.K.Rowling.(1) 我正在看 j.k.罗琳的新书。
I am teaching part-time in a middle school.(2) 我在一所中学教兼职。
Alisa is writing a book about herself.(2) 艾丽萨正在写一本关于她自己的书。
语法解读:
3.特殊用法
1)表达计划好的将来时
I am taking kids to the zoo this Sunday. 这个星期天我要带孩子们去动物园。
The plane is arriving soon. 飞机马上就到。
2)现在进行时与 always, constantly,continually,forever等副词连用,
表达说话者的感情(生气/赞扬/同情/不满/好奇等)
I'm always losing keys.(生气) 我总是丢钥匙。
She's constantly disturbing me.(厌烦) 她老是打扰我。
Maria is always thinking of others instead of herself.(赞扬)
玛丽亚总是想到别人而不是自己。
3)get,become,turn表“变化”动词的进行时可表示“逐渐/越来越”
The leaves are turning yellow. 树叶正在变黄。
The environment is getting worse. 环境越来越糟。
4)系动词和表示性质/品质的形容词连用,其进行时态表示与平时不一样
*此类形容词:foolish(傻的),nice,kind(好的), careful(细致的),patient(耐心的),lazy(懒的),
rude(粗鲁的),polite(有礼貌的),impolite(无理的),energetic(有活力的),lively(生动的)......
You're being rude.(暗含:你平时可不这样) 你怎么这么粗鲁
Why are you being so stupid. (暗含:你平时不这样) 你为什么这会儿这么笨
语法解读:
过去进行时
1.过去进行时的构成:助动词 be(was/were)+现在分词
2.过去进行时的基本含义
表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作,句子中可能搭配的时间状语
(at that moment/ time, this time yesterday,all the day yesterday)
What were you doing this time last night 昨晚这个时候你在做什么
He was doing his homework from 7 to 9 last night. 昨天晚上 7 点到 9点他在做作业。
They were cleaning the house all the day yesterday. 他们昨天一整天都在打扫房子。
3.特殊用法
1)一个延续动作被一个短暂动作打断,前者用过去进行时,后者用一般过去时
2)was/were always/forever/constantly doing 表示对某一过去事情的厌烦或褒奖 3)hope,wonder,think,expect 用过去式表
示现在的客气/礼貌或不确定
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle.(1) 我哥哥
同课章节目录
- 词法
- 名词
- 动词和动词短语
- 动词语态
- 动词时态
- 助动词和情态动词
- 非谓语动词
- 冠词
- 代词
- 数词和量词
- 形容词副词及其比较等级
- 介词和介词短语
- 连词和感叹词
- 构词法
- 相似、相近词比较
- 句法
- 陈述句
- 一般疑问句和否定疑问句
- 特殊疑问句及选择疑问句
- 反意疑问句
- 存在句(There be句型)
- 宾语从句
- 定语从句
- 状语从句
- 主谓一致问题
- 简单句
- 并列句
- 复合句
- 主谓一致
- 主、表语从句
- 名词性从句
- 直接引语和间接引语
- 虚拟语气
- 感叹句
- 强调句
- 倒装句
- 祈使句
- 句子的成分
- 句子的分类
- 题型专区
- 单项选择部分
- 易错题
- 完形填空
- 阅读理解
- 词汇练习
- 听说训练
- 句型转换
- 补全对话
- 短文改错
- 翻译
- 书面表达
- 任务型阅读
- 语法填空
- 其他资料