高中英语语法专题讲义和配套练习（含答案）
图片预览
文档简介
一、冠词用法小结
冠词的用法在英语学习中较为复杂，千头万绪，尤其是惯用法，请同学们平时学习时注意积累。以下不过是谈谈冠词的一些常规的用法。
1、 不定冠词的用法：
1、 泛指人或事物的类别，相当于any, 如:
A hammer is tool. A steel worker makes steel.
1、 泛指某人或某物。
A boy is waiting for you. There is a book on your desk.
1、 表one或every。
We work 8 hours a day. I go home twice a month.
1、 表示the same 的意思。
Birds of a (= the same) feather flock together; people of a kind come together.
1、 用在不可数名词前
a)（用在物质名词前）一种，一份
A large coffee for me. It was a wonderful tea.
b)（用在某些表示风、雨等的名词前）
It was clear daylight now and a fine rain was falling. There is a cold wind this morning.
c)（用在抽象名词前）一种
That is a great disappointment. It’s a pleasure to work with you.
1、 （用在某些专有名词前）某个叫…的人，一张…的画，一个象…的人等。
I saw a Mrs. Smith on the 12th at 2:00. He had a Van Gogh in the dining-room.
What a strange London they saw! He’s a living Lei Feng.
1、 用于某些固定词组中。
a few, a little, a good many, a lot of, all of a sudden, as a rule, have a cold等。
1、 在元音音素开头的名词前应用an, 如an apple, an English book。要以发音为准，并非以元音字母而定。如a university, an hour, an “h”, an X-ray examination.
1、 定冠词的用法。
1、 表特定的或上文提到的人或物。
The boy likes the film. Shut the door, please.
The old poor peasant has a son. The son is a model worker.
1、 表示世界上独一无二的东西。
the earth, the moon, the stars, the sun（但space前不用）
1、 用在序数词、形容词或副词最高级前。
the second, the tallest, the last, the first.
1、 用在由普通名词构成的国家、党派或组织机构等的专有名词前。
the United States; the People’s Republic of China; the Communist Party of China; the Chinese People’s Liberation Army; the No. 15 Middle School; the department of Education.
1、 用在某些建筑物名称前。
The Great Hall of the People; the Monument to the People’s Heroes; the Great Wall; the Capital Theatre; the Space Museum; the Peace Hotel。
1、 用在江河海洋，山脉群岛，海峡海湾等专有名词前。
The Changjiang River, the Red Sea, the Dabie Mountains, the English Channel, the Taiwan Straits, the Persian Gulf。
1、 用在报纸、会议、条约等专有名词前。
the People’s Daily（但：China Daily） the New York Times, the 15th Party Congress, the Geneva Agreement
1、 用在方位名词前，某些习惯短语中或结构搭配中。
on the left, in the east, in the morning, on the other hand, in the end, hit sb on the head, catch sb by the arm
1、 用在形容词前表一类人。
the poor, the dead, the young, the rich, the wounded.
1、 用在双方都知，不言而喻的名词前。
Give me the book. Who’s the man
用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妇二人。
the Smiths, the Greens, the Wangs, the Turners
1、 用在单数可数名词前泛指某类人或物(指整个一类)。
The horse is a useful animal.
The computer was invaded not long ago. （但更多时候表特指：The horse is ill. ）
1、 指世纪的年代。
in the 1890’s或in the 1890s
1、 用在表示乐器的名词前。
play the piano (the guitar, the violin, the flute)
1、 用在某国语言前，构成the … language的形式。
The English language is very widely used all over the world.
如果单用国家变来的语言名词形式，则不用the。
Chinese has the largest number of speakers in the world.
1、 用于“论（或按）……计”之类的意思。
He got paid by the hour. They sell the cloth by the meter.
1、 不用冠词的场合。
1、 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名前一般不用冠词。
China, Johnson; Air is matter. Sound is invisible.
1、 当名词已被指示代词、物主代词、名词所有格限制时。
This book is good. I read my English book every day.
1、 注：指示代词和物主代词亦不能并用。＊my that book, 应该说：that book of mine.
街名、广场名、公园名前。
Wall Street. Tian’anmen Square, Hyde Park.
1、 省市、大学名前。
Hubei Province (但the Province of Hubei); Wuhan City(但the City of Wuhan); Qinghua University(但：the University of Qinghua)
1、 湖泊前一般不用冠词。
East Lake, Salt Lake, Dongting Lake
1、 山峰前不用冠词。
Mount Hua, Mount Tai, Mount Everest
1、 月份、星期、节日、三餐饭的名词前。
March, Christmas, Sunday; Have you had lunch Spring is the best season of the years.
(但月份或季节被限定则须冠词。I arrived here in the winter of 1993.)
1、 称呼语，表示头街或职务作宾补或同位语的名词。
What’s this, John We made Li Hai monitor.
1、 学科名、球类、棋类名词六前。
We like maths. They often play football.
1、 泛指的复数名词前。
Students must work hard at their lesson.
1、 与by连用的交通工具或表示方式、手段的名词前。
by bus, by hand, by radio, by air, by water.
冠词用法巩固练习
1. — I’m afraid I dare not speak in ______ public.
— Just have ______ try.
A. a; 不填; B. 不填; a C. the; a D. the; the
1. As you know, _____ man can’t live without ____ water.
A. 不填; 不填; B. a; the C. a; 不填; D. 不填; the
1. The police have ______ power to arrest bad people by _____ law.
A. the; the B. 不填; the C. 不填; 不填; D. the; 不填;
1. Paris is ______ most beautiful city, where you can see _____ famous Eiffel Tower.
A. a; the B. a; 不填; C. the; a D. 不填; the
1. — Do you like the novels
— I don’t like either of them. Please show me _______ third one.
A. a B. the C. X D. an
1. Keep away from the cage. _____ lion is ______ fierce animal.
A. The; the B. A; the C. A; 不填; D. The; a
1. The class named _______ Lei Fang is one of the best classed in this school.
A. in honor of B. in the place of C. in favor of D. in the way of
1. — What about ______ bike
— Do you think it all right to buy him that bike as ____ birthday gift
A. a; a B. the; a C. a; the D. the ; the
1. First aid is _____ science of giving ____ medical care to ______ person.
A. the; 不填; a B. the; the; a C. a; 不填; the D. 不填; a; the
1. Please pay attention to your spelling. You’ve dropped _____ “n” here.
A. an B. the C. 不填; D. a
1. Bill Clinton took _____ office on January 20th, 1993, and became _______ 42nd US President.
A. an; the B. 不填; the C. the; 不填; D. 不填; 不填;
1. — Have you seen _______ pen I left it here this morning
— I think I saw _____ one somewhere. Is it ______ red one
A. a; the; a B. a; a; the C. the; 不填; a D. a; 不填; a
1. — The news is spreading from mouth to mouth.
— Yes, it’s become ______ talk of _____ town.
A. a; a B. the; 不填; C. the; the D. a; 不填;
1. Now the machine runs at double _______.
A. a speed B. speed C. the speed D. for speed
1. — I hope you will be ready to leave on time.
— Don’t worry. I’ll be ready ____ the taxi arrives.
A. by the time B. in time for
C. at the time of D. until the time when
1. If he goes on swimming in that lake for _____ four hours, he _______ in it for twelve hours.
A. another; will have been swimming B. a; will swim
C. other; has swum D. the; will be swimming
1. — Charley Oakley, _______ NBA All-star, hasn’t missed ______ game in past three years.
— I can’t believe it.
A. an; a B. a; the C. the; a D. an; the
1. — What did you think of the place
— I didn’t car for it at ____ first, but after _____ time I got to like it.
A. 不填; the B. the; a C. the; 不填; D. 不填; a
1. — In the past ten years, there have been many changes in family life.
— Are these changes ______
A. better or worse B. for best or for worst
C. for the good or for the bad D. for the better or for the worse
1. The letter _______. I should have received it this morning.
A. is to be mailed B. has been mailed C. had been mailed D. was being mailed
1. Towards ____ morning, _____ heavy snow began to fall.
A. the; a B. an; a C. a; 不填; D不填; the
1. My mother is usually on ________ duty in her office every ______ few days.
A. the; a B. 不填; a C. 不填; 不填; D. a; 不填;
1. He has finished _______.
A. a day work B. day’s working C. a day’s work D. a day-work
1. — May we come in right now
— Certainly, but only two are allowed ______.
A. at a time B. in a while C. at one time D. for a while
1. No wonder _____ failed in the driving test for _____ second time.
A. has she; the B. she has; the C. has she; a D. she has; a
1. — When did you recognize her
— _________ I met her.
A. A moment B. The moment
C. The moment when D. For a moment
1. — Is this radio show still _______
— No. It will be broadcast again next month.
A. by air B. through the air C. on the air D. in the air
1. The evening meal for Americans is usually long and _____ for families to gather together.
A. time B. a date C. a time D. the date
1. Duffield White, who is in _____ charge of the competition, said that the boy was the youngest winner of _______ prize.
A不填; a B. the; the C. 不填; the D. one; the
1. The building was named Ford Hall ________ a man named James Ford.
A. for memory of B. in the memory that C. in memory of D. in a memory for
1. Oh, Mary, _______ you have given us! I _______ so soon.
A. how pleasant surprise; had no idea that you come
A. how pleasant surprise; don’t suppose you will come
A. how pleasant a surprise; didn’t suppose you would come
A. what pleasant surprise; don’t think you have come
1. These two rooms are of _____ size. But another two rooms are three times _____ size of them.
A. the; the B. a; the C. a; a D. the; a
1. It is not rare in _____ that people in _____ fifties are going to university for further education.
A. 90s; the B. the 90s; 不填; C. 90’s; their D. the 90’s; their
1. — What’s your elder sister
— She is ____ teacher and _______ writer.
A. the; the B. a; 不填; C. a; a D. the; a
1. Professor Smith had not given _____ talk on Shakespeare for a long time, so he had to brush up on some of ______ plays.
A. 不填; 不填; B. a; the C. the; 不填; D. the; the
1. ______ played an important roll in field hospitals during the war.
A. A X-ray equipment B. An X-ray equipment
C. X-ray equipments D. X-ray equipment
1. At midnight they reached _____ small village _____ east of _____ Ever-white Mountain.
A. a; 不填; the B. a; 不填; 不填; C. the; the; the D. the; an; an
1. Young as he is, David has gained _______ rich experience in _____ society.
A. 不填; 不填; B. the; the C. a; 不填; D. 不填; the
1. — What do you think of the TV play “Hand in Hand”
— Just so-so. However, I don’t think it is worth watching ________.
A. a second time B. the second time C. for the second time D. secondly
1. The warmth of ______ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _____ wool used.
A. the; the B. the; 不填 C. 不填; the D.不填；不填
Key
1—10. BADAA DABAA 11—20. BDDCA AADAD
21—30. ACCAD BCCCC 31—40. CBDBB DAAAB
二、介词
介词又叫做前置词，是一种虚词，不能单独在句子当中担当成分，它后面必须接名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类搭配（介词＋宾语）构成介词短语；和动词搭配构成短语动词，然后才能够在句子当中充当成分。
介词分为简单介词，如：at, in, on, besides, since, for等；合成介词，如：inside, outside, without, within, into, onto等；短语介词（或成语介词），如：because of, in front of, instead of, in spite of等；二重介词，如：from behind, until after等。
1、 介词短语的句法功能
介词在句子中可以充当定语、状语、表语、以及宾语补足语等。
1. 作定语
介词短语在句中做定语时须位于被修饰词之后。
The key to the door is missing.
The water-tower in front of our school was built in 1988.
2. 作表语（或称为：主语的补足语）
Some students are in the classroom, and some on the playground.
As we know, Japan is to the east of China.
3. 作宾语补足语（或称为：宾语的表语）
Did you see a pen under my desk this morning
They have sent another rocket into the sky.
4. 作状语
1) On Sundays, the family are mostly out. （时间状语）
2) On top of the hill stands a TV tower. （地点状语）
3) He is used to sleeping with all the windows open. （伴随状语）
4) In the search for the lost child, the villagers went all out. （目的状语）
5) All the work must be done by hand. （方式状语）
6) At times, I go to the cinema. （频度状语）
7) She is by far the best student in our class. （程度状语）
8) Because of poverty, he couldn’t go to school. (原因状语)
9) To my surprise, he got the first prize in the contest. （结果状语 / 或评注性状语）
10) Without our Party, we couldn’t live a happy life. （条件状语）
11) In spite of great efforts we failed to carry our plans through. （让步状语）
12) As a matter of fact, nobody agreed to his project. （评注性状语）
In my opinion, you’d better go with us.
2、 介词的复合结构
“介词＋宾语＋补足语”可以构成介词的复合结构，在句子当中可充当表语、定语、状语、补语等。这种结构中的宾语和补足语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，使得句子意义更加丰富。常见的这类介词有with, without, like, of等。
1. 介词＋宾语＋形容词
He is used to sleeping with all the windows open.
2. 介词＋宾语＋分词
Bamboo leaves swing in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.
At the beginning of school, the noise of desks being opened and closed and lessons (of being) repeated at the top of the children’s voices could be heard out in the street.
The wounded boy glared at the nobleman with his teeth clenched.
3. 介词＋宾语＋不定式
The cat humped its back just like a fierce tiger to jump upon me.
4. 介词＋宾语＋副词
The little boy rushed out of the house without anything on.
5. 介词＋宾语＋介词短语
The teacher entered the classroom with a book under his arm.
3、 介词的叠用
在少数介词之后还可接另一个介词短语，也就是我们所称的二重介词。如：
The naughty boy suddenly rushed out from behind the tree to frighten the girl.
In the spring, new bamboo shoots come out from around their own roots.
He kept on working until after lunch.
4、 介词＋and＋介词
有些介词短语用两个意义相反的介词构成从而使句子精简化。
Not knowing what to do, the worried officer walked up and down the room.
There are many trees in and outside the town.
5、 介词与其同形的与副词区别
有些介词可做副词用，但我们知道副词可以单独在句子中担当成分，而介词须加宾语构成短语才可在句子中充当成分。
试比较：
Please come in. (in为副词 = into the room)
We have no car, but we can go there without. (without为副词 = without a car)
Although the exam was difficult, I managed to get through. (through为副词 = through the exam)
6、 常易混用介词的区别
1. 表示“上、下”等方位的介词。见下图：
2. 表示地点的in和at的区别
a) at表示位置，in表示“在…内”如：
— Where is he — He is at the cinema. (问话者想知道的是位置)
— Is he in the cinema — Yes, he is. (问话者可能已经在影院门外)
b) at表示小地点，in表示大地点
They arrived at the village at seven.
They arrived in Beijing at seven.
但若某一个大地点并不是最后的终点，仍然用at。例如：
The train from Beijing to Guangzhou will arrive at Wuhan at twelve o’clock.
(武汉只是从北京开往广州这趟列车途中的一个站，并非目的地。)
3. in, to和on在方位名词前的区别
in表示在某范围之内；to表示某范围之外的地方；on表示“毗邻、接壤”
Taiwan lies in the east of China.
Taiwan lies to the east of the mainland of China.
Mongolia (蒙古) is (lies) on the north of China.
4. 表示时间的in和after
用于将来时态时，in后面接“时段”；after后面接“时点”。试比较：
He will be back in five hours.
He will be back after five o’clock.
after后面也可接“时段”，但应该用在过去时态的句子中。
They came back after five days.
5. 表示时间的at, in和on
1) at表示“钟点时刻、黎明、正午、黄昏、夜晚、午夜、周末、节日期间”
He often gets up at daybreak (dawn).
They will begin their journey at New Year.
2) in表示“上(下)午、晚间、星期、月份、年份、世纪”
He was born in 1988.
3) on表示具体日期或具体的上（下）午，节日的当天，美国英语周末前也用on.
He died on the morning of August 15th, 1985.
但若morning, afternoon, evening等词前面有early或late等修饰语则仍然用in。如：
He died in the early morning of August 15th, 1985.
6. 表时间的since和for
since后接时点；for接时段，均常与完成时态连用。
He has been here since last Friday.
He has been here for five days.
当表示“多少次” 时不能用for; 表示“第几次”位于句首时须加for，而位于句尾时for可以省略也可保留。
He has been to Beijing three times. (不可用for three times)
For the first time, I have come here.
I have come here (for) the first time.
7. 表示位置的between和among
between表示“个与个之间”，并非只能指两者，可用“…and…”也可接复数名词。如：
The teacher sat between Tom, Jack, Kate, Jane and Mary.
You’d better eat nothing between meals.
among则笼统地指“在…之中”，后接复数名词或代词。
The teacher sat among the students.
8. except, besides, but, except for, but for, except that/ when
1) except用作介词，意为“除了”。整个句子所表达的意思重点在except所构成的介词短语上。例如：
Nobody felt anxious except him. （只有他才焦虑不安）
2) except 和 besides
两者都有“除去”之意，但前者指“但并不包括”，是“排除”之意；后者指“除此之外还有”，有“外加”之意。例如：
There are six of us besides Tom. （除汤姆外，另外我们还有6个人。）
3) except和 but
but用作介词时，意思是“除…外”，“别无…”，“只有…”；but多与no one，nothing，who，all，everyone等连用，它可与except互换。例如：
No one but a fool would believe it.
Who but he would do such a thing？
4) except for 和 except that／when
二者意为“只是”或“除…外”，表示理由或细节，修正前面所说的情况。except for后面接单词，except that／when后面接句子。整个句子所表达的意思重点在主句中，而except所构成的介词短语只是次要的。例如：
Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
（= Your composition is good except that there are a few spelling mistakes.）
比较：All the compositions are good except Li Hua’s.
(大家的作文都好，只有李华的除外。)
5) except for和but for
except for用于陈述语气，but for用于虚拟语气“要不是…”。例如：
Except for its temples，the place is not worth seeing.
But for your help, I couldn’t have finished the work on time.
6) except but十动词不定式（可带to或不带to，当but或except之前没有动词“do”的某种形式时，其后的不定式要带to。）例如：
They did nothing except／but watch TV.
I could not do anything except／bur just wait for him to come round.
巩固训练
1. Do you still remember the film we saw ________the end of last week
A. in B. by C. at D. to
2. That he had a lot of practice ________volleyball was the reason why he defeated all the other players.
A. in B. at C. on D. about
3. ________the sound of the knocking on the door, he rose and went to open it.
A. At B. On C. To D. Heard
4. You can find the store ________No. 19 Beijing Road.
A. on B. at C. near to D. in
5. Please wait for me ________the corner of that street ________three o’clock.
A. in; at B. at; on C. in; for D. at; at
6. I bought these books ________one yuan a copy.
A. at B. by C. on D. in
7. I can’t buy it ________such a price.
A. of B. for C. at D. with
8. The student is sitting ________his desk.
A. over B. around C. at D. for
9. when the spaceship leaves the earth ________very high speed, the astronauts feel as if they are being crushed ________the spaceship.
A. with; in B. at; on C. with; to D. at; against
10. The child hid himself ________the door.
A. after B. behind C. in the front of D. ago
11. She left the party ________her headache.
A. because B. since C. in spite of D. because of
12. You shouldn’t eat so much chocolate ________meals.
A. except B. between C. unless D. through
13. some animals sleep ________day and wake up ________night.
A. by; by B. at; by C. by; on D. on; in
14. —What time is it, please
—It is seven ________my watch.
A. in B. at C. for D. by
15. You’ll be able to speak English ________practicing from time to time.
A. in B. by C. with D. for
16. ________the end of last year we had leaned five English songs.
A. At B. By C. In D. On
17. A man should not be judged always ________what he says.
A. by B. in C. with D. to
18. The guests will be here ________two o’clock.
A. in B. on C. for D. by
19. some people got up and left the hall ________the show.
A. while B. during C. between D. through
20. How much must I pay you ________the tickets ________tonight.
A. of; of B. for; for C. for; about D. for; to
21. I am grateful ________your help ________me.
A. to; for B. for; to C. to; to D. for; for
22. Joan is always praised ________her cleverness.
A. of B. in C. for D. by
23. It’s quite warm today ________January.
A. for B. in C. at D. on
24. I bought this book ________fifty cents.
A. at B. about C. at D. for
25. Chinese is a language ________more native speakers than any of the other languages.
A. with B. spoken C. which D. has
26. Please write ________pencil, not ________ink.
A. in; with B. in a; with C. with a ; in D. with; in
27. ________the development of science and technology, our country has become richer and stronger.
A. In B. By C. At D. With
28. ________the rise in prices, life is getting harder.
A. With B. On C. As D. For
29. He has no good pen ________.
A. to write B. to write with C. to write on D. writing
30. Mary was disappointed when she found but they had gone to the ball ________her.
A. except B. except for C. for D. without
31. Xiao Li masters several other foreign languages ________English. He studies German, Japanese and Russian.
A. beside B. besides C. but D. except
32. The soldier stood quite still, ________his lips moved slightly.
A. except that B. except for C. except D. besides
33. Your composition is good ________a few spelling mistakes.
A. besides B. except C. except for D. except that
34. Peter’s car is excellent ________the color.
A. except B. besides C. except for D. only except
35. Everybody went to the exhibition ________Mary.
A. not B. but C. for D. by
36. We live a long way ________the factory.
A. to B. for C. from D. in
37. The town lies ________the west of the river.
A. at B. in C. from D. to
38. Let’s walk over ________the sun on the other side of the street.
A. in B. to C. under D. by
39. There are a lot of news ________today’s newspaper.
A. in B. on C. at D. with
40. Say something about your school ________English.
A. in B. with C. by D. for
41. The girl ________will give us a report.
A. on blue B. of blue C. in blue D. at blue
42. Please ask him if he will join us ________playing table tennis.
A. on B. at C. in D. with
43. This vegetable is very rich ________iron.
A. of B. in C. with D. for
44. He has been caught ________the rain and is wet through and through.
A. by B. in C. at D. up with
45. Look, there is a hole ________the wall.
A. on B. at C. in D. of
46. What is the difference________ pronunciation ________these two words
A. of; in B. in; between C. in; among D. of; between
47. The doctor will be back ________ten minutes.
A. after B. in C. on D. at
48. The desk stands ________the corner of the room near the window.
A. on B. at C. under D. in
49. Do you like dressing yourself ________new clothes
A. on B. in C. with D. by
50. Please come to see me ________two day’s time.
A. during B. after C. for D. in
KEY: 1—10. CBABD ACCDB 11—20. DBADB BADBB 21—30. BCADA CDABD 31—40. BACCB CDBAA 41—50. CCBBC BBDBD
三、代词和数词
代词
1. 人称代词
1. 主格和宾格
1) 通常，人称代词主格用做主语或表语；宾格用做动词或介词的宾语。句子的结构如有变化，也应能加以分析，确定选用哪种形式。例如：
It was he who told a lie.
It’s not me (who / whom) he wants. (作宾语)
This is a secret；it's between you and me.（作介词宾语）
2) 人称代词宾格可用在比较状语从句一类的结构中代替主格。例如：
He is taller than me / I (am). I don't swim so well as her / she (does).
2. 两种所有格
人称代词所有格称为物主代词。物主代词分为两类：
1 形容词性的，如my, her, your, their等；
2 名词性的，如mine，hers，yours，theirs等。由于受汉语影响，我们常犯以下两种错误：
1) 漏用代词，主要是形容词性的物主代词，因为汉语中常常将它省略。例如：
I have done my homework.（不能说 * I have done homework.）
We clean our classroom every day.（不能说 * We clean classroom every day．）
2) 误用代词，混淆两种类型的物主代词，因为汉语中无此区别。例如：
That dictionary is not mine.（不能说 * That dictionary is not my．）
Mine is here.（不能说 * My is here.）
注意：形容词性的物主代词只能用作定语，必须与名词连用。例如
What's her name？ I am your friend.
名词性的物主代词则可充当名词所能充当的各种句子成分。如：
Your pen is black；mine is blue.（作主语）
You haven't got a bike？You may use mine.（作宾语）
但是its一般不能单独使用。需要时可以用its own。如：
That's the cat's basket. It's its own.
3. 代词做短语动词宾语时的位置
当短语动词由“动词＋副词”构成时，代词作宾语必须放在动词和副词中间，名词则不受此限制。如：
He looked up the word in the dictionary. He looked the word up in the dictionary．
He looked it up in the dictionary.
但如果是由“动词＋介词”构成的介词动词，代词作宾语还是要放在介词之后。例如：
He's been looking for them all this morning.
2. 反身代词
1. “反身”用法
反身代词作句中宾语时，表示动作返回到主语本身。或者说，句子的主语和宾语是同一个人或物。例如：
He hurt himself．（作动词宾语）
Dick bought himself a new coat.（作间接宾语）
I heard Jane talk to herself.（作介词宾语）
2. 强调用法
反身代词用作同位语时，在句中起强调作用，其位置也比较灵活。例如：
I went to see the mayor myself．（强调主语）
We spoke to the mayor himself．（强调宾语）
The mayor himself met us at the door.（紧随主语之后）
The mayor met us at the door himself.（在句末）
3. 使用反身代词时的常见错误
反身代词一般不可用作句子中的主语、表语或定语。如：
* Ourselves can do it.（误作主语）
We can do it ourselves. 我们自己能干。
* I could hardly imagine that the car was himself．（误作表语）
I could hardly imagine that the car was his own. 简直难以想象那汽车是他自己的。
* That's myself problem.（误作定语）
That's a problem of my own.那是我自己的问题。
注意：在少数习惯表达中反身代词可不受语法限制。
I'm not myself today. （我今天不在状态/感觉不好。）
In office myself, I helped her get a job.
（我帮她在我自己的办公室找了一份工作。）
3. 不定代词
1. 用some还是用any
1) 一般说来，some用于肯定；any用于否定，例如：
There are some letters for you. There aren't any letters for me．
2) 疑问句中，一般用any，如问话人心中已经有“数”，或认为对方会做出肯定回答时，用some。试比较：
Have you any apples？ （I can't see any.）
Could I have some of those apples？ （which I can see.）
3) 注意其它方式的否定因素也可决定应该用any，如：
I don't think there are any letters.（主句动词否定转移，从句中用any。）
The boy solved the problem without any difficulty. （介词without含否定意味。）
4) any在表示“任何（人或物）”时，可用于肯定句中：
Oh！ Any book will do；I just want something to read on the train.
5) 当说话人心中有“数”（尽管可能不是具体数字）时，否定句中也用some，如：
Some boys haven't done their homework．（肯定有人没做，尽管不一定知道是多少人。）
6) any可用条件从句中，表示情况不明或未定，如：
Let me know if you need any help．（不知道对方是否需要帮助。）
试比较： Let me know if you need some help.（知道能如何提供帮助。）
2. all和both
1) all和both后面的of可有可无。
All / Both (of) the desks are new.
注：Both the desks... ＝ Both of the desks... ＝ Both desks...（the或of the可有可无）
2) 注意下列两种句子里all／both的位置：
They all / both agree with me. I agree with them all / both.
句中all或both直接跟在代词（主格或宾格）之后作同位语；其它不定代词不能这样用。
3) all／both同频度副词一样，可位于句中（主、谓语之间或谓语动词结构之中），如：
They all / both came. They were all / both waiting.
（注；each也能这样用，其它不定代词都不能。）
3. either与neither
either指“两者之中任何一个”，neither指“两者都不”通常与单数动词连用。但在非正式英语中也可与复数动词连用。例如：
You've got two answers. Either is correct. Neither is wrong．
There are trees on either／each side of the street．
Neither of the books is worth reading.（＝Neither of the books are worth reading）
4. nobody, no one, nothing和none
nobody和no one指人，作单数，后面不能接of 短语,例如：
Nobody／No one knows why she was late again．
Nobody was hurt in the match，were they？（反意疑问句中，可用复数代词they来代替。）
nothing指物，作单数；none指人或物，作单救或复数均可。none既可用于可数名词，也可用于不可数名词, 例如：
None of the money on the table is mine.
None of his reasons was／were true.
There's nothing on the table but a blue cap.
Of all my classmates， none likes dancing．
5. every与each
every强调的是“全体”；each则强调的是具体“每一个”。例如：
On every／each side of the square there were soldiers.
(The square has more than two sides。every side = each side ＝all sides表示“每边、各边”。） 试比较：
On either／each side of the road there were soldiers．
(The road has only two sides. either side＝ each side = both sides，表示二者之中“每一边”。)
此外，each可作名词性代词，如：
Each has two books.（each作主语）
We each are satisfied with our own rooms.
(each作同位语，常位于主语和谓语动词之间，谓语动词及代词等应与主语一致。)
We are satisfied with our own rooms each. (each作同位语时，也可置于句末。)
6. other, the other和another
1) other表示“另外的（人或物）”，“其他的（人或物）”，其复数形式为others。例如：
There are other ways of doing this exercise．
Lei Feng was always ready to he1p others.
2) the other表示两者之中的“另一个（人或物）”，其复数形式为the others，例如：
He has a pen in one hand and a book in the other.。
Only three of the students were in the classroom；the others were all on the playground.
当other泛指“别人”时，前面不加定冠词：
We must always be ready to help others.
3) another表示不定数目中的“另一个或类似的下个（人或物）”，还可与数词连用，表示“再，又”的意思。例如：
How about another cup of tea？
The strike may last another two weeks.
7. one
1) one只可用于指代可数名词，其复数形式是ones。例如：
If you can't find your pen，use the one on the table.
What nice shirts！which one／ones shall we buy？
2) one／ones通常不能直接用在their，my，his等物主代词以及a（n），own，several和名词所有格后面。例如：
His knife seems sharper than mine.（不能用 my one代替mine）
They don't like this town；they want very much to go back to their own.（不能用 * their own one代替their own 或 their own country）
但是，当one／ones前面还带有形容词时，则例外。如：
Have you any knives？I need a sharp one.
My old dictionary isn't as good as John's new one．
3) the／this／that one与that：
that可以指代不可数名词，而one不能。如：
The weather in Wuhan is much warmer than that in Tianjing. （that不能用the one取代） that后面常接of短语，例如：
This dictionary is more expensive than that one.（that one＝that dictionary. one一般不省略）
The window of your room is much bigger than that of mine.（that＝the window，它后面有of短语，一般不用the one替代）
有时候the one和that可以互相取代，如：
The gold ring is in that box --- the one（＝that）with the key in the lock.
4) one可以泛指人，相当于you，we，people，其所有格为one's。例如：
One should do one's／his duty．
数 词
1. 拼法需要当心的序数词
在first，second和third之后的序数词都由基数词加 -th构成，但要注意以下拼法略有变化：
twentieth， thirtieth， fortieth… fifth eighth ninth twelfth..
2. 序号的表示
1) 基数词放在名词之后，通常写作阿拉伯数，如：
page 4（P.4）读作page four Room301读作room three O [ou] one
Tel No.864412读作telephone number eight six double four one two
2) 序数词放在名词之前，通常前面要加定冠词．如：
the Eighth Lesson（＝Lesson Eight） the First Middle School（＝Middle School No. 1）
3. 数词后面的名词用单数还是用复数
表示计量时，基数词后面的名词用复数形式，但是在带有数字的复合名词（常用作定语）里，名词只用单数形式。试比较：
They baby is only six moths old. This is a six-moth-old baby.
I have five pounds. I have a five-pound note.
4. hundreds / thousands / millions of + 名词复数
hundred, thousand和million后加 –s与of连用，表示“数百、数千、数百万”。
He has bought hundreds of books this year.
Thousands of seagulls arrived to help the farmers save their crops.
5. dozen和score
用法与hundred, thousand, million基本相似dozens of和scores of均表示“几十个”。但有以下几点区别：
1) 在接具体名词复数时dozen后不加of，而score常与of连用。如：
two dozen books two score (of)books
2) 若名词被限定词限定，dozen后应加of，接宾格代词亦如此。
three dozen of those (the, my, those) books three dozen of them
6. 表示不定数量的常用单词和词组
这些单词或词组与名词的搭配关系见下表
用于可数名词 用于不可数名词 用于可数名词和不可数名词
a bit of
(a) few (a) little all
fewer less plenty of
(the) fewest (the) least a lot of; lots of
a (great) number of a great deal (amount) of enough
many much more; most
several some; any
hundreds of
dozens of
1) (a) few 和(a) little
a few和a little与some的意思较接近，表示“有几个；有一点”。few和little则表示“几乎没有（＝ almost none）”的意思。试比较：
She doesn’t seem very friendly； she has few friends。 （not many friends）
Although she has been here only a short time, she has made a few friends. (some friends)
I can’t make a pie because there is little sugar. (not much sugar)
There is a little sugar for your coffee. (some sugar)
2) 用fewer还是用less
从理论上讲few的比较级形式fewer用于复数名数前；little的比较级形式less用于不可
数名词前，但是在现代英语中，尤其是在非正式场合下，也常用less代替fewer；例如：
If on1y there were fewer／less holes in the roof？
3) many ＋ a ＋ 名词单数
many a后接可数名词单数形式，表示“好些；许多”，多用于书面语或演讲中。
Many a young man has had such a chance. (动词用has)
many a time则看作是固定词组，表示“多次”。
That’s happened to me many a time.
巩固训练
1. The coat is not mine. It must be ________.
A. someone else’s B. someone’s else C. someone else D. someone’s else’s
2. The question is whether ________ will volunteer (自愿) to do the work unpaid.
A. one B. anyone C. someone D. none
3. He lives in that ________ house.
A. green big wooden B. big green wooden C. wooden big green D. wooden green big
4. We should point out ________ shortcomings.
A. each other B. each others C. each other’s D. each’s other
5. Don’t leave ________ to tomorrow.
A. today’s work B. today work C. work of today D. todays’ work
6. The teacher asked ________ to have a dialogue in English.
A. she and I B. her and I C. her and me D. she and me
7. The Parkers brought a new house but ________ will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it C. one D. which
8. I think ________ important to learn English well.
A. it B. this C. that D. one
9. He is a friend of ________.
A. me B. my C. I D. mine
10. One should support ________ family.
A. one B. one’s C. their D. her
11. — Which do you like to have, fish or chicken
— I’m afraid ________ will do.
A. either B. neither C. none D. both
12. The two shirts are nice. I will take ________ for a change.
A. both of them B. either of them C. all of them D. they all
13. The home improvements have taken what little my spare time.
A. from B. of C. in D. at
14. They all don’t like being treated like that. The sentence means ________.
A. All of them like being treated like that. B. None of them like being treated like that.
C. Not all of them like being treated like that. D. No one likes being treated like that.
15. These two pairs of shoes don’t fit me. I’d like to see ________ pair.
A. one B. the other C. either D. another
16. He went there to see what was the matter for ________.
A. he B. him D. much D. himself
17. He told me he couldn’t walk ________ far.
A. it B. that C. more D. any
18. Are you feeling ________ better
A. some B. no C. more D. any
19. My old TV set broke down. I have to buy a new ________.
A. it B. that C. one D. this
20. The climate here is hotter than ________ of Beijing.
A. one B. it C. that D. those
21. We need ________ five people to finish the work in time.
A. other B. another C. some D. any
22. — Can I have the other egg
— I’m afraid not. Tom has had ________.
A. it B. one C. that D. this
23. Was ________ in the First World War that he was killed
A. it B. one C. some D. that
24. I asked all my classmates the same question, and they ________ gave me a different answer.
A. each B. all C. every D. both
25. ________ of the students passed the exam.
A. Two-thirds B. Two-third C. Second-three D. Second-threes
26. My father began to learn Russian, when he was already in ________.
A. the 1920, the sixties B. 1920s, his sixty C. the 1920s, his sixties D. the 1920’s, his sixty
27. Although he has failed six times, he will try ________ time.
A. a seventh B. the seventh C. seventh D. seven
28. Shortly after the accident, two ________ police were sent to the spot to keep order.
A. dozen of B. dozens C. dozen D. dozens of
29. The hero of the story is an artist in his ________.
A. thirtieth B. thiety C. thirty’s C. thirties
30. $2.95 may be read as ________ or two ninety five.
A. two dollar ad ninety five cents B. two dollars and ninety five cent
C. two dollars and ninety five cents D. two dollar and ninety five cent
1—10. ABBCA CBADB 11—20. BABCD DBDCC 21—30. BAAAA CACCC
四、关于倍数表达的一个问题
在英语学习中涉及到倍数问题时, 常见以下三种倍数表达的基本句型:
(1) This street is four times the 1ength of that one.
这条街是那条街的四馆长。(这条街比那条街长三倍。)
(2) This box is three times as heavy as that one.
这个箱子是那个箱子的三倍重。 (这个箱子比那个箱子重两倍。)
(3)The meeting room is three times bigger than our office.
会议室比我们的办公室大三倍。(会议室是我们办公桌的四倍大。)
句型(1)和句型(2)人们并不难以理解; 同学们也很容易接受,因为它们很符合汉语的翻译习惯。但是, 句型(3)笔者却认为汉语译文是错误的。
句型(3)的译法在我国英语界的一些书刊杂志上说法都不一致,似乎没有定论。有的译为 "是...的三倍大";有的译为"比...大三倍"。甚至一些语法书、工具书和词典都相互矛盾,举几例如下:
A pen is three times more expensive than a pencil.
"钢笔比铅笔贵三倍"详见陈胥华的《英汉对译指导》P.366,湖北教育出版社1981年6月1版。
Output of chemical fertilizer was more than 2.5 times greater. "化肥产量增长了
1.5倍(以上)" 详见张道真《实用英语语法》P.102, 1979年8月修订2版。
Our county's agricultural output is 11 per cent higher than that of last year.
"我县农业总产值比去年增长百分之十一。" 详见薄冰、赵德鑫合编的《英语语法手册》1978年6月修订2版(商务印书馆)。
其实,句型(1)、(2)、(3)的三种表达法都属同一种译法,没有任何区别。在使用句型(3)时, 产生翻译错误的原因不外乎人们认为句中含有 "more than", 而根据汉语习惯去翻译, 但在英语国家里绝不会出现这种混淆现象。
费致德先生在《现代英语惯用法词典》(1981年7月1版,商务印书馆)中也强调句型(1)、(2)、(3)所表达的是相同的数量概念.。详见该词典第795页:
1. A比B差不多大三倍的表达方式有下列三种, 其中C项有些语法学家认为不对, 但现已广泛使用。
a. A is about three times as large/big as B.
b. A is about three times the size of B.
c. A is about three times larger than B.
费致德先生肯定了这三种句型是同一种意思。但遗憾的是他将 "A是B的三倍"也误写为 "比...大三倍"; 如果据此对照去译,便与句型 (1) 和 (2) 相矛盾。
为了进一步证明这一问题, 笔者又写信给上海外国语学院, 向《新编英语语法》主编章振邦教授请教了这一问题，章教授在回信中说：
按照英语国家的表达习惯，five times as... as/five times more /five times greater than所表达的是相同的数量概念,就拿你讨论的句子为例:
This street is four times the length of that one.
= This street is four times as long as that one.
= This street is four times longer than that one.
= This street is four-fold longer than that one.
= This street is 300%longer than that one.
(这条街比那条街长三倍/百分之三百。)
这就是说, 表达倍数若用...times或fold则不论何种句型中都表示包括基数100%在内, 所以"four times longer than/as long as/the length of" 都只表示"长三倍"; 但若在"more/greater than"结构中用百分比则表示净增数(见上例中最后一句)。所以: "A is three times bigger than B" 译成汉语时应该是"A是B的三倍大" 或者 "A比B大两倍"。
据以上种种例证和专家详细的解释, 我们可以得出结论, 本文开头的例句 (3) 的汉语译句是错误的, 应该改为: "会议室比我们的办公室大两倍。" 或者, "会议室是我们办公室的三倍大。" 同学们在学习这种句型时尤其要注意这一点。
五、形容词和副词
形容词可用于作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等；副词也可以作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等。
1、 形容词作定语时的位置
大部分形容词作定语时放在所修饰的名词前面, 如a red bus, a beautiful park, cold weather等,但实际运用时须注意以下情况。
1. 当多个的形容词修饰一个名词时应该注意形容词的一般排列顺序。
“限定词 ＋ 一般描绘性形容词 ＋ 表示大小、长短、高低的形容词 ＋ 表示形状的形容词 ＋ 表示年龄、新旧的形容词 ＋ 表示颜色的形容词 ＋ 表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词 ＋ 表示物质、材料的形容词 ＋ 表示用途、类别的形容词 ＋ 被修饰的名词”例如：
his beautiful small round old brown French wooden writing table
当然，在实际运用中用如此多的形容词修饰一个名词并不多见。
2. 形容词修饰everything, something, anything, nothing时, 只能放在其后面。如:
Some farmers saw something strange in the sky.
I’ve got something important to say.
There is nothing interesting at all.
3. else只能修饰疑问代词who, whom, whose, what和不定代词something, anything, nothing, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone和nobody, no one.而且只能放在其后。如:
Is there anything else you want to say
What else do you want
else与上述疑问代词和不定代词构成所有格时, 只能在else后加's, 而不能在疑问代词或不定代词后加's. 如说someone else's, 而不能说 * someone’s else。 who else的所有格有两种形式who else's或whose else例如:
— Is this hat yours
— Whose else ( =Who else's) could it be
4. enough和nearby作形容词时可放在所修饰的名词前,也可放在其后。如:
a nearby building =a building nearby
We have enough food(=food enough)to last us for a week.(food enough…是旧用法,现在已不常用了。)
2、 貌似副词的形容词
在英语构词法中, 以-ly结尾的词并不是副词,而是形容词。常见的有:e1derly (渐老的, 年龄相当大的), friendly (朋友似的, 友好的), lively (活泼的, 生动的), lonely (孤独的, 寂寞的), lovely (可爱的, 美丽的), orderly (有秩序的,整齐的)等。如:
She gave us a lively lesson yesterday. 她昨天给我们上了一节生动的课。
*She gave us a lesson lively. (误将lively用作副词, 是错句)
应该说: She gave us a lesson in a lively way. 她生动地给我们上一节课。
3、 表语形容词
形容词在句子中的主要作用是作定语、表语和宾语补足语。英语中大部分形容词都具有这些功能。但也有少数形容词通常只作表语。常见的有afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake, glad, scarce, sorry, sure, worth, unable等。例如:
The child is asleep/sleeping. (作表语)
但是:the sleeping child,不能说*the asleep child(作定语) 注意:
1) 只能作表语的形容词常可作后置定语（相当省略关系代词和系动词的定语从句）如:
Who's the greatest man (that is) alive
The people (who are) present at the meeting are famous scientists.
The boy (who is) afraid of exams is my brother.
2) 若这些形容词前有修饰语时, 也可放在名词前面作定语, 如:
a fast asleep man, the wide awake child.
它们还可作宾语补足语和主语补足语,如:
People who find hibernating animals asleep often think they are dead. (作宾语补足语)
An enemy officer was caught alive. (作主语补足语)
4、 系表结构中形容词后的宾语
afraid, glad, sorry, sure, worth等形容词与系动词 be, seem等一起构成的系表结构后可以带一个宾语。现分叙如下:
1. be afraid to do sth.表示“不敢干某事”, 而be afraid of sth. (doing sth.) 则表示“害怕 (干)某事”，如:
She is afraid to go out alone at night. (她不敢夜晚独自出门.)
Are you afraid of snakes (你害怕蛇吗 )
试比较下列两个句子:
She was afraid to wake her husband.
She was afraid of waking her husband.
第一句意思是“她不敢吵醒她的丈夫.”怕她丈夫可能由此而生气。第二句的意思是“她怕吵醒了她的丈夫。”可能因为她丈夫生病了或需要睡眠。
be afraid + that-clause表示一种委婉的客套话, that可以省略。如:
I am afraid (that) I can’t go with you.
2. be glad后可接of, 不定式或that-clause. 如:
I am glad of your success.
I am glad to meet you.
I am glad that you have passed the examination.
3. be sorry可接about或for, 也可按不定式或that-clause. 如:
Aren't you sorry about (for) what you've done
I’m sorry for you.
We're sorry to hear that.
4. be sure可接of或about,也可接不定式或that-clause。如:
We're sure of a warm welcome.
I was not sure about two things — the grammar and some of the idioms.
Are you sure that he is honest
5. worth, worth while和worthy
be worth表示“价值”时, 可直接接名词。如:
The used car is worth ＄300 at most.
还可接动名词的一般式, 主语为动名词的逻辑宾语。如:
This book is worth reading.
在It is worth while这一结构中, it为形式主语,后面可用动名词, 也可用动词不定式:
It is worth while visiting the place.
It is worth while to visit the place. (= The place is worth visiting.)
形容词worthy可作定语, 修饰名词。 如a worthy team 1eader. 它与of连用可作后置定语。如:
an enemy worthy of his sword (剑); a cause worthy of support
作表语时, of后可接名词。如:
This place is worthy of a visit. 也可接动名词, 常用其被动式。如:
This place is worthy of being visited. (=This place is worth visiting.)
如不与of连用, 则可接动词不定式的被动式。如:
This book is worthy to be read. ( = The book is worth reading.)
5、 形容词、副词前定冠词的用法
说明：在形容词、副词的比较级和最高级中，我们所谈到的所谓的冠词 “the” 严格地说, 应该是副词，但出于习惯或者是为了使语法术语简单化，这里我们姑且仍将其称为冠词。
1. 形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词, 副词最高级前可加可不加定冠词。
2. 形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词或不加冠词, 表示“非常”。如:
This is a most interesting story.
但如果这个名词短语后面带有一个表示范围的短语或从句, 则要用定冠词。即:
This is the most interesting story in this book (I've ever heard).
3. 表示两者间“较…的一个”时, 形容比较级前需加定冠词。如:
Which is the better of the two pianos
Who is the elder of the two brothers
4. 一般说来, 在same之前要加定冠词。如:
They are exactly the same.
We are of the same age.
又如在短语中: all the same, at the same time等。
5. 在the + 比较级…the + 比较级…表示“越…就越…”这个结构中, 不管是形容词还是副词都必须加定冠词。如:
The nearer an object is to us, the bigger it looks.
The more they talked, the more excited they were.
6. 在某些形容词前加上定冠词, 则表示同类人。如: the rich(富人),the poor (穷人), the young (年轻人), the blind (盲人), the wounded (伤员), the dead (死去的人)，当它们作句子的主语时谓语动词通常用单数形式；但若是指一个人或抽象事物的形容词则常用单数形式。
Generally, the rich is cruel to the poor.
The dead is his father.
The new is sure to take the place of the old.
6、 某些常见副词的区别
1. sometimes, sometime, some time, some times
Sometimes是副词, 意思是“有时”。如:
My father usually goes to work by bike, but sometimes on foot.
sometime也是副词, 意思是“某个时候”。如:
I saw him sometime in October.
用在将来时的句子里表示“某日”、“某时”。如:
He will go to call on his uncle sometime next week.
some tome作为副词词组意为“某时候”,通常用于将来时;作为名词词组则是“一些时间”的意思。some times的意思是“数次”。如:
Let's have dinner some time next week.
He has waited for some time.
2. fairly和rather
fairly和rather都可以作为程度副词，都可以修饰形容词和副词；在翻译上都可以译成“挺…地，相当…地”的意思。区别如下：
1) rather一般用来表示消极的含义，如否定的、坏的、不理想的概念。而fairly一般用来表示积极的、好的、合理想的概念。
Let’s go by bus. It’s rather cold outside. Her English is fairly good.
2) rather可与比较级（形容词或副词）连用，也可与too连用，表示a little（有点）、slightly （稍微）的意思，fairly则不能这样用。
a) 与比较级连用，“……多了”
My brother is rather better today.
This dictionary is rather more expensive than that one.
b) 与too连用“有点…；稍微…”
This book is rather too difficult for the juniors and rather too easy for the seniors.
We had a fairly nice dinner, but the price is rather too high.
c) 当修饰名词且有不定冠词时，冠词应该放在fairly前，rather之后。
如：a fairly pretty girl / rather a bad boy
3. 即可作形容词又能作副词的 “-ly”副词的用法
1) 抽象与具体
a) deep和deeply一般说来，用于具体的情况时deep和deeply 均可（但deep更常用）； deeply用于抽象的情况。
He dived deep /deeply into the water. (具体)
I was deeply moved by his heroic deeds. (抽象)
b) high和highly
The bird is flying high in the sky. (具体)
He was highly thought of by the students. (抽象)
c) wide和widely
He opened his eyes wide. (具体)
English is widely used in the world. (抽象)
2) 习惯用法
a) easy与easily
副词easy常用于习语中
go easy (宽容)；go easy on (节省)；take it easy (放松)；easy does it (不着忙)；get off easy (不受严厉惩罚)；stand easy (休息)；Easy come, easy go. (来的易去的快)
除习语外的情况，多用easily。例如：
This TV set can be easily moved about.
b) aloud, loud, loudly
aloud “大声地”，常与cry, shout连用；表示“出声地”与silently相对。
The boy in the water is crying aloud for help. Please read the text aloud.
loud主要说明人的谈笑声音，常与speak, talk, laugh, say, shout连用。但如果说的是消极行为，则用loudly。loudly常含有“喧闹、嘈杂、吵闹”之意。
He was about to speak loud when the naughty boy began to cry loudly.
另外，loudly还可以表示“引人注目地、花哨地”如：
Today she is very loudly dressed.
c) slow与slowly
在walk, run, climb, go, speak, read, burn以及how之后常用slow, 如：
How slow he climbs up the hill!
其他场合一般用slowly
She eats more slowly of all the family.
d) quick与quickly
两者意思均为“快地；迅速地”但在“as…as”结构中，quick较为多用。
He ran as quick as I did at the sports meeting.
另外，在口语中， quick通常在词组中作副词，如在 Come quick（快点来）这样的词组中，但在正式写作中，要求使用 quickly
3) 意义相似，常可互换。
这样的词常见的有：clear / clearly; direct / directly; free / freely; bad / badly; quiet / quietly 等等。但值得注意的是，有些场合带-ly的副词通常表示方式，不带-y的副词通常表示结果。例如：
The door is closed tight. Please tightly close the door.
The photo has not come out clear. He remembers the photo clearly.
7、 频率副词
常见的频率副词有always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, hardly, never等。
1. 频率副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、情态动词或助动词之后。如:
I usually get up at six in the morning.
Li Ming is often late for school.
We could hardy understand him.
在简略答语和省略句中，则常放在系动词、情态动词或助动词之前。如：
Can they usually find time for amusements
Yes, they always can.
为了加强语气,也可放在句首。其中often, seldom, hardly, barely, never在句首时，句子要倒装。如：
Sometimes we play basketball, sometimes we play table tennis.
Often did we warn them not to do so.
2. 其中seldom, hardly, 和never常看作否定词，因此在构成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句部分常用肯定式。如：
You seldom go to your uncle’s, do you
She can hardly read and write, can she
8、 older和elder; farther和further
1. old的比较级和最高级有两种形式，即older, elder和oldest, eldest。在就年龄作比较时和修饰物时要用older, oldest。如：
I am one year older than you.
Mr. Smith is the oldest in the office.
My coat is older than yours.
elder和e1dest主要用来表示兄弟姊妹之间的长幼关系,不能修饰物。如:
My elder sister is at college.
He is my eldest daughter.
Who is the eldest of the three (sisters或brothers)
下面一句最能说明两者之间的区别:
My elder brother is one year older than I.
2. far的比较级和最高级也分别有两种形式，即farther和further; farthest和furthest。对距离进行比较，即表示“更远”、“较远”时，美国英语常用farther, farthest, 英国英语中further较farther更常用。如：
He is too tired to go any further (farther).
The school is on the further (farther) side of the mountain.
further的主要意思是“进一步”(此时不能用farther代替)。如:
Don’t make any change till further notice.
Please wait for further information.
furthest现在已很少使用了，对距离或者是程度比较都常用farthest。如:
Who ran (the ) farthest She is the farthest advanced of all my students.
9、 形容词、副词比较级前的程度状语
形容词、副词的比较级前可有一个状语，表示比较的程度，常见的有：
1. many, much, a lot, a good (great) dea1, far (by far) 等表示“…得多”,如:
We are making far greater progress now than we did last year.
She looks much younger than she actually is.
Joan made a lot more paper flowers than Mary.
2. some, any表示“一些”。some用于肯定句，any用于否定句或疑问句。如:
I have got some more books, but not enough. Have you got any more money from him
3. a little, a bit表示“稍许”,“一点儿”。如:
May I stay here a little longer This lesson is a bit more difficult than that one.
4. still, even等表示“甚至更”、“还要”。如:
Tom studies harder than Jack. Peter studies even (still) harder.
5. 当副词all修饰比较级时，前面应加定冠词the，意思是“越发地…”
When I learned that he was a boy of not more than ten, my wonder was all the greater.
6. 在比较句型more than的结构中应注意以下几点
1) 表示“弱化比较”意义的形容词无论是多音节还是单音节，一概用less。例如：
My father is less angry than yesterday. (我爸爸的气较昨天消了一些。)
2) no + 比较级 + than表示“只有”“仅”“就那么……”或“一样”。如:
My whole school education added up to no more than one year.
I could see no more than you.
3) not + 比较级 + than表示“不比”,“不足”。如:
That boy is not more than fifteen, I think..
请注意下面的句子
They designed a device (装置) no bigger / not bigger than a match box.
用no bigger than表示这一装置“仅一个火柴盒那么大”;用not bigger 表示这一装置“还没有一个火柴盒大”。
4) no more…than或not…any more than“和…一样地不…”，意味着两者都否定，但往往着重说明前面的一个分句，其作用相当于“neither…nor”。例如：
Mary is no more diligent than Tom. = Neither Mary nor Tom is diligent.
“玛丽和汤姆俩人都不勤奋。”
5) not more… than“不如…；不及于…”，语气常着重于后面的一个分句，常可与“not so / as … as”互换使用。例如：
This story is not more interesting than that one.
= This story is not so/as interesting than that one.
7. 用数字表示确切的量或倍数关系。如:
There are 10 more students in our class than in Class 2.
Mr. Johnson is three years older than his wife.
10、 倍数表示法
英语中表示倍数的方法大致有三种,即:
1. A + be (或谓语动词) + 数词 + times + as + 形容词原级 + as B.
This playground is three times as large as that one.
2. A + be (或谓语动词) + 数词 + times + the + (size, weight, length, width, depth, height, number…) + of + B.
This playground is three times the size of that one.
3. A + be (或谓语动词) + 数词 + times + 形容词比较级 + than B.
This playground is twice larger than that one.
以下句子的意思是相同的。
This street is four times the length of that one.
= This street is four times as long as that one.
= This street is four times longer than that one.
= This street is four-fold longer than that one.
注意：但若表示“比…大 （长、宽、重、高、深…等）多少”，须用“数字％＋比较级＋than”来表达。上句还可转换为：
This street is 300% longer than that one.
(这条街比那条街长三倍/百分之三百。或：这条街是那条街四倍长)
巩固训练
1. There is ________ place than home.
A. no better B. no best C. no a better D. no good
2. The Yellow River is ________ river in China.
A. second longest B. second longer C. the second longest D. the second longer
3. Which is ________ book, the new one or the old one
A. better B. the better C. best D. the best
4. There are ________ students in our school than in your school.
A. much more B. much many C. many more D. more much
5. The picture is ________ beautiful than that one.
A. much more B. very more C. quite more D. fairly more
6. He works ________, if not harder than his brother.
A. no harder B. as hard as C. hard as D. as hard
7. The world cup in Paris was the biggest ________ football match in the world.
A. alive B. lively C. living D. live
8. ________ you learn, ________ it will become.
A. The more; the more B. The more; the easier C. More; easier D. More; easiest
9. They live in a ________ village far away from the town, but they don’t feel ________.
A. alone; alone B. alone; lonely C. lonely; lonely D. lonely; alone
10. I’m two years ________ than my sister.
A. older B. elder C. oldest D. eldest
11. Your brother is ________ Wang Lin.
A. as a good boy as B. as good a boy as C. as better a boy than D. as better a boy as
12. Which of the following is wrong
A. The house is twice larger than that one. B. The house is twice as large as that one.
C. The house is twice the size of that one. D. The house is as twice large as that one.
13. He drives as ________ as he can.
A. carefully B. careful C. much careful D. more carefully
14. The harder you study, __________ progress you’ll make.
A. greater B. the greater C. the greatest D. the more great
15. He made the __________ mistakes in the dictation exercises.
A. less B. least C. fewer D. fewest
16. Which do you think tastes __________, the chicken or the fish
A. well B. good C. better D. best
17. The horse is getting old and cannot run __________ it did.
A. as faster as B. so fast than C. so faster as D. as fast as
18. John has three sisters; Mary is __________ of the three.
A. more cleverest B. most clever C. the cleverest D. clever
19. He had never spent a __________ day.
A. more worry B. most worrying C. more worrying D. most worried
20. If we followed his plan, we could have done the job better with __________ money and __________ people.
A. less; less B. fewer; fewer C. less; fewer D. fewer; less
21. — Can I help you
— Well, I’m afraid the box is __________ heavy for you, but thank you all the same.
A. much B. very C. so D. too
22. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced ________ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as
23. — Excuse me, is this Mr. Brown’s office
— I’m sorry, but Mr. Brown ________ works here. He left about three weeks ago.
A. not now B. no more C. not still D. no longer
24. The piano in the other shop will be ________, but ________.
A. cheaper; not as better B. more cheap; not as better
C. cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good
25. His dictionary is ________ expensive but ________practical (实用的) than mine.
A. more; more B. less; less C. very; more D. more; less
26. — Shall I sit at this end of the boat or the other end
— If you keep still, you can sit at ________ end.
A. neither B. each C. either D. any
27. People say that the new film is ________.
A. worth to watch B. well worthy to watch C. worthy of watching D. worth watching
28. — How did you find your visit to the museum
— I thoroughly enjoyed it. It was ________ interesting than I expected.
A. far more B. even much C. so more D. a lot much
29. My brother has just bought ________ car.
A. fairly a good B. a fairly good C. rather a good D. a rather good
30. I don’t speak ________ you.
A. as half as B. so half well as C. well as half as D. half so well as
KEY: 1—10. ACBCA BDBCA 11—20. BDABD CDCCC 21—30. DCDCD CDABD
六、作后置定语用的形容词短语
许多形容词可以与某些词(组)或结构搭配构成形容词短语。当这些短语在句子中作名词的修饰语时, 应该后置, 其语法功能相当于一个省略形式的定语从句 (限制性或非限制性均可), 也就是说后置的形容词短语相当于省去 "which/who/that + be" 之后保留下来的表语。这种形容词短语的构成方式大致可以分为以下几种:
1、 两个或两个以上的形容词可以在一起由and或but连接而构成形容词短语。这种短语作后置定语时, 一般修饰具有泛指意义的名词。如:
He is a man rude but henpecked.他是一个粗暴而惧内的男人。
children innocent, lively and lovely天真而又活泼可爱的孩子
(注: 此类形容词短语亦可作前置定语)
2、 有些形容词常与某些介词短语搭配, 作后置定语。如:
The leaders present at the meeting tota11ed eight.出席会议的领导共有八人。
This is a subject worthy of careful study.这是一个值得仔细研究的问题。
另外, 有些形容词 (表语形容词除外) 与介词搭配时, 我们还可以把它和其后的介词拆开, 即将形容词置于名词之前, 将介词短语置于名词之后。如:
a question different from this one = a different question from this one 一个与此不同的问题
3、 少数形容词后面可以直接跟逻辑宾语, 用以构成后置定语来修饰名词。如:
She owns a diamond worth four thousand francs 她有一颗价值四千法郎的钻石。
a boy afraid (that) he can’t pass the exam 一个怕这次考试不能及格的男孩
a student confident (that) he will be able to pass the exam一个对通过考试很有自信心的学生
*有的语法书上认为形容词后面的that从句是状语从句, 有的认为是宾语从句。笔者认为这两种说法均有道理, 但总归是形容词和从句构成了形容词短语。如:
We are afraid that you'll not get here on time.
4、 有些形容词可以与后面的动词不定式一起构成可以置于名词之后的短语。如:
Lei Feng was a good comrade, always ready to help others.
雷锋是个好同志, 他总是乐于助人。
so...to do, too...to do和...enough to do等不定式惯用结构也可以用于修饰前面的名词。如:
questions so easy to answer容易回答的问题
problems too difficult to solve难以解决的问题
若被修饰的名词前面有不定冠词, 我们还可以用分隔形式。也就是将形容词放在不定冠词前面, 将不定式放在名词后面。
She is a nurse careful enough to tend patients. = She is careful enough a nurse to tend patients.
她是一位照料病人足够细心的护士。
5、 少量形容词后面可以加-ing分词构成可以后置的短语。如:
peasants busy getting in crops 忙于收割庄稼的农夫们
a student long understanding the problem好不容易才弄懂这个问题的学生
6、 表示距离和时间的名词词组常与后面的形容词一起构成可以后置的形容词短语。如:
a 1eaning tower about 180 feet high 一座约一百八十英尺高的斜塔
a poor little boy, not over 12 years old 一个不超过十二岁的贫苦小男孩
7、 后置的形容词短语还可常由 more...than, no more...than 和 not more...than 等比较级结构或 as...as 结构组成。如:
a student no more diligent than Tom一个和汤姆一样不勤奋的学生
a book as interesting as this one一本与此书同样有趣的书
这种结构同样可以采取分隔形式:
She is a girl as clever as Mary. = She is as clever a girl as Mary.
她是一个象玛丽一样聪明的姑娘。
8、 有些表语形容词(一般多为a-开头)也可以置于名词之后,其功能相当于定语从句。如:
the baby asleep那个熟睡的婴儿
the boy afraid of exams那个怕考试的男孩
9、 单个的分词修饰名词时,可以前置,也可以后置。如:
a stolen car = a car stolen被盗的轿车
若用分词短语修饰名词, 则应后置。如:
a girl interested in maths一位对数学感兴趣的姑娘
the man married to Helen那位与海伦结了婚的男人
七、“It”的用法
“It”在英语中用法非常广泛，但也容易被人误用。笔者现将其常见用法做一简要介绍。
1、 作为代词的it
1． 用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物。
The frog is not a warm-blooded animal.
It’s a cold-blooded one.
2． 用以代替提示代词this, that。
— What’s this —It’s a flag.
— Whose exercise book is that — It’s here.
3． 起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物。
— Who is knocking at the door — It’s me.
— Who is making such a noise — It must be the children.
4． 指环境情况等。
It was very quiet (noisy) at the moment.
5． 指时间，季节等。
— What time is it — It is eight o’clock.
6． 指天气或气候。
It often rains in summer.
It’s very cold today, isn’t it
7． 指距离。
It is five kilometers from the office to my home.
It is a long way to the factory.
2、 作为引导词的it
1. 作形式主语。
当动词不定式（或不定式的复合结构）、动名词或从句作主语时，通常把它们放在谓语之后，而用it作句子的形式主语。例如：
It is not easy to finish the work in two days.
It is not a good habit to stay up late.
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
It is a pity that you didn’t read the book.
2. 作形式宾语。
当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句时， 往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面，而用it作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前。例如：
I think it no use arguing with him.
I found it very interesting to study English.
He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.
3. 用于强调结构。
要强调句子的某一部分（通常是主语、状语、宾语），可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是 “It is (was)＋被强调部分＋that (who) +句子的其余部分.” 如果被强调的部分是人， 可用who, whom代替that, 例如：
It is Prof. Lin who / that teaches us English.（强调主语）
It is English that Prof. Lin teaches us.（强调宾语）
It was in Shanghai that I saw the film.（强调状语）
It was in 1975 that I worked in a factory.（强调状语）
巩固训练
1. There is a photo on the wall. ________a photo of Lei Feng.
A. it B. It’s C. Its D. He’s
2. The people there felt ________not so difficult to work with him.
A. it B. its C. it’s D. this
3. He felt ________to work for human rights and progress.
A. it his duty B. his duty C. that is a duty D. that is his duty
4. People in the west make ________a rule to buy Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.
A. that B. it C. this D. as
5. ________needs further discussion whether we’ll build a library or not.
A. We B. He C. It D. The thing
6. We found ________impossible to take the defeat ________down.
A. that; lying B. this; laid C. it; to lie D. it; lying
7. I think ________right that you didn’t go there.
A. you B. that C. it D. its
8. ________is no good ________without doing anything.
A. This; talking B. It; to talk C. It; talking D. That; to talk
9. It ________Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago.
A. was B. are C. were D. had been
10. ________four years since I left the Lao Shan front.
A. It was B. There was C. There is D. It is
11. How long ________to finish the work
A. you’ll take B. will take you C. you’ll take it D. will it take you
12. It was through Jack ________Mary got to know Bob.
A. who B. whom C. how D. that
13. It was simply for that reason ________I wouldn’t tell him the truth.
A. why B. that C. which D. so
14. It was ________I went there ________I began to know something about the matter.
A. until; when `B. until; that C. not until; that D. not when; that
15. It was on October 1st ________new China was founded.
A. which B. when C. as D. that
16. It’s the third time ________I have been here.
A. that B. after C. when D. who
17. It was ten years later ________Mathilde knew that the lost necklace was not a real diamond necklace.
A. which B. that C. what D. but
18. It was in the rice fields ________we had our League meeting.
A. where B. that C. in which D. on which
19. It was at the gate ________he told me the news.
A. that B. what C. which D. when
20. Was it because he was very ill ________he asked for leave
A. that’s B. so C. that D. and
21. ________will take you a lot of time to find him in the crowd.
A. It B. I C. We D. They
22. It was not until last night________ he finally made up his mind.
A. which B. when C. that D. had
23. ________is different between A and B.
A. There B. Where C. It D. What
24. ________is no difference between A and B.
A. There B Where C. It D. What
25. He said “________a long way to school. ________a long way to go yet before we arrive.”
A. It is; There is B. There is; it is C. It is; It is D. There is; There is
KEY: 1—10. BAABC DCCAD 11—20. DDBCD ABBAC 21—25. ACCAA
八、情态动词
情态动词顾名思义就是表示情感和态度的词，常见的有：can (could); may (might); must; have to; shall (should); will (would); need; dare (dared); ought to; 情态动词没有人称和数的变化，不能单独使用，它与其后的动词原形合成谓语结构。它们的用法如下：
1. can和could 的用法
1. 表示能力或客观的可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。如：
Can you finish this work tonight Man cannot live without air.
— Can I go now — Yes, you can.
注意：
1) could表示语气较委婉的请求，主要用语疑问句，（用于此意义时不用在肯定
冠词的用法在英语学习中较为复杂，千头万绪，尤其是惯用法，请同学们平时学习时注意积累。以下不过是谈谈冠词的一些常规的用法。
1、 不定冠词的用法：
1、 泛指人或事物的类别，相当于any, 如:
A hammer is tool. A steel worker makes steel.
1、 泛指某人或某物。
A boy is waiting for you. There is a book on your desk.
1、 表one或every。
We work 8 hours a day. I go home twice a month.
1、 表示the same 的意思。
Birds of a (= the same) feather flock together; people of a kind come together.
1、 用在不可数名词前
a)（用在物质名词前）一种，一份
A large coffee for me. It was a wonderful tea.
b)（用在某些表示风、雨等的名词前）
It was clear daylight now and a fine rain was falling. There is a cold wind this morning.
c)（用在抽象名词前）一种
That is a great disappointment. It’s a pleasure to work with you.
1、 （用在某些专有名词前）某个叫…的人，一张…的画，一个象…的人等。
I saw a Mrs. Smith on the 12th at 2:00. He had a Van Gogh in the dining-room.
What a strange London they saw! He’s a living Lei Feng.
1、 用于某些固定词组中。
a few, a little, a good many, a lot of, all of a sudden, as a rule, have a cold等。
1、 在元音音素开头的名词前应用an, 如an apple, an English book。要以发音为准，并非以元音字母而定。如a university, an hour, an “h”, an X-ray examination.
1、 定冠词的用法。
1、 表特定的或上文提到的人或物。
The boy likes the film. Shut the door, please.
The old poor peasant has a son. The son is a model worker.
1、 表示世界上独一无二的东西。
the earth, the moon, the stars, the sun（但space前不用）
1、 用在序数词、形容词或副词最高级前。
the second, the tallest, the last, the first.
1、 用在由普通名词构成的国家、党派或组织机构等的专有名词前。
the United States; the People’s Republic of China; the Communist Party of China; the Chinese People’s Liberation Army; the No. 15 Middle School; the department of Education.
1、 用在某些建筑物名称前。
The Great Hall of the People; the Monument to the People’s Heroes; the Great Wall; the Capital Theatre; the Space Museum; the Peace Hotel。
1、 用在江河海洋，山脉群岛，海峡海湾等专有名词前。
The Changjiang River, the Red Sea, the Dabie Mountains, the English Channel, the Taiwan Straits, the Persian Gulf。
1、 用在报纸、会议、条约等专有名词前。
the People’s Daily（但：China Daily） the New York Times, the 15th Party Congress, the Geneva Agreement
1、 用在方位名词前，某些习惯短语中或结构搭配中。
on the left, in the east, in the morning, on the other hand, in the end, hit sb on the head, catch sb by the arm
1、 用在形容词前表一类人。
the poor, the dead, the young, the rich, the wounded.
1、 用在双方都知，不言而喻的名词前。
Give me the book. Who’s the man
用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妇二人。
the Smiths, the Greens, the Wangs, the Turners
1、 用在单数可数名词前泛指某类人或物(指整个一类)。
The horse is a useful animal.
The computer was invaded not long ago. （但更多时候表特指：The horse is ill. ）
1、 指世纪的年代。
in the 1890’s或in the 1890s
1、 用在表示乐器的名词前。
play the piano (the guitar, the violin, the flute)
1、 用在某国语言前，构成the … language的形式。
The English language is very widely used all over the world.
如果单用国家变来的语言名词形式，则不用the。
Chinese has the largest number of speakers in the world.
1、 用于“论（或按）……计”之类的意思。
He got paid by the hour. They sell the cloth by the meter.
1、 不用冠词的场合。
1、 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名前一般不用冠词。
China, Johnson; Air is matter. Sound is invisible.
1、 当名词已被指示代词、物主代词、名词所有格限制时。
This book is good. I read my English book every day.
1、 注：指示代词和物主代词亦不能并用。＊my that book, 应该说：that book of mine.
街名、广场名、公园名前。
Wall Street. Tian’anmen Square, Hyde Park.
1、 省市、大学名前。
Hubei Province (但the Province of Hubei); Wuhan City(但the City of Wuhan); Qinghua University(但：the University of Qinghua)
1、 湖泊前一般不用冠词。
East Lake, Salt Lake, Dongting Lake
1、 山峰前不用冠词。
Mount Hua, Mount Tai, Mount Everest
1、 月份、星期、节日、三餐饭的名词前。
March, Christmas, Sunday; Have you had lunch Spring is the best season of the years.
(但月份或季节被限定则须冠词。I arrived here in the winter of 1993.)
1、 称呼语，表示头街或职务作宾补或同位语的名词。
What’s this, John We made Li Hai monitor.
1、 学科名、球类、棋类名词六前。
We like maths. They often play football.
1、 泛指的复数名词前。
Students must work hard at their lesson.
1、 与by连用的交通工具或表示方式、手段的名词前。
by bus, by hand, by radio, by air, by water.
冠词用法巩固练习
1. — I’m afraid I dare not speak in ______ public.
— Just have ______ try.
A. a; 不填; B. 不填; a C. the; a D. the; the
1. As you know, _____ man can’t live without ____ water.
A. 不填; 不填; B. a; the C. a; 不填; D. 不填; the
1. The police have ______ power to arrest bad people by _____ law.
A. the; the B. 不填; the C. 不填; 不填; D. the; 不填;
1. Paris is ______ most beautiful city, where you can see _____ famous Eiffel Tower.
A. a; the B. a; 不填; C. the; a D. 不填; the
1. — Do you like the novels
— I don’t like either of them. Please show me _______ third one.
A. a B. the C. X D. an
1. Keep away from the cage. _____ lion is ______ fierce animal.
A. The; the B. A; the C. A; 不填; D. The; a
1. The class named _______ Lei Fang is one of the best classed in this school.
A. in honor of B. in the place of C. in favor of D. in the way of
1. — What about ______ bike
— Do you think it all right to buy him that bike as ____ birthday gift
A. a; a B. the; a C. a; the D. the ; the
1. First aid is _____ science of giving ____ medical care to ______ person.
A. the; 不填; a B. the; the; a C. a; 不填; the D. 不填; a; the
1. Please pay attention to your spelling. You’ve dropped _____ “n” here.
A. an B. the C. 不填; D. a
1. Bill Clinton took _____ office on January 20th, 1993, and became _______ 42nd US President.
A. an; the B. 不填; the C. the; 不填; D. 不填; 不填;
1. — Have you seen _______ pen I left it here this morning
— I think I saw _____ one somewhere. Is it ______ red one
A. a; the; a B. a; a; the C. the; 不填; a D. a; 不填; a
1. — The news is spreading from mouth to mouth.
— Yes, it’s become ______ talk of _____ town.
A. a; a B. the; 不填; C. the; the D. a; 不填;
1. Now the machine runs at double _______.
A. a speed B. speed C. the speed D. for speed
1. — I hope you will be ready to leave on time.
— Don’t worry. I’ll be ready ____ the taxi arrives.
A. by the time B. in time for
C. at the time of D. until the time when
1. If he goes on swimming in that lake for _____ four hours, he _______ in it for twelve hours.
A. another; will have been swimming B. a; will swim
C. other; has swum D. the; will be swimming
1. — Charley Oakley, _______ NBA All-star, hasn’t missed ______ game in past three years.
— I can’t believe it.
A. an; a B. a; the C. the; a D. an; the
1. — What did you think of the place
— I didn’t car for it at ____ first, but after _____ time I got to like it.
A. 不填; the B. the; a C. the; 不填; D. 不填; a
1. — In the past ten years, there have been many changes in family life.
— Are these changes ______
A. better or worse B. for best or for worst
C. for the good or for the bad D. for the better or for the worse
1. The letter _______. I should have received it this morning.
A. is to be mailed B. has been mailed C. had been mailed D. was being mailed
1. Towards ____ morning, _____ heavy snow began to fall.
A. the; a B. an; a C. a; 不填; D不填; the
1. My mother is usually on ________ duty in her office every ______ few days.
A. the; a B. 不填; a C. 不填; 不填; D. a; 不填;
1. He has finished _______.
A. a day work B. day’s working C. a day’s work D. a day-work
1. — May we come in right now
— Certainly, but only two are allowed ______.
A. at a time B. in a while C. at one time D. for a while
1. No wonder _____ failed in the driving test for _____ second time.
A. has she; the B. she has; the C. has she; a D. she has; a
1. — When did you recognize her
— _________ I met her.
A. A moment B. The moment
C. The moment when D. For a moment
1. — Is this radio show still _______
— No. It will be broadcast again next month.
A. by air B. through the air C. on the air D. in the air
1. The evening meal for Americans is usually long and _____ for families to gather together.
A. time B. a date C. a time D. the date
1. Duffield White, who is in _____ charge of the competition, said that the boy was the youngest winner of _______ prize.
A不填; a B. the; the C. 不填; the D. one; the
1. The building was named Ford Hall ________ a man named James Ford.
A. for memory of B. in the memory that C. in memory of D. in a memory for
1. Oh, Mary, _______ you have given us! I _______ so soon.
A. how pleasant surprise; had no idea that you come
A. how pleasant surprise; don’t suppose you will come
A. how pleasant a surprise; didn’t suppose you would come
A. what pleasant surprise; don’t think you have come
1. These two rooms are of _____ size. But another two rooms are three times _____ size of them.
A. the; the B. a; the C. a; a D. the; a
1. It is not rare in _____ that people in _____ fifties are going to university for further education.
A. 90s; the B. the 90s; 不填; C. 90’s; their D. the 90’s; their
1. — What’s your elder sister
— She is ____ teacher and _______ writer.
A. the; the B. a; 不填; C. a; a D. the; a
1. Professor Smith had not given _____ talk on Shakespeare for a long time, so he had to brush up on some of ______ plays.
A. 不填; 不填; B. a; the C. the; 不填; D. the; the
1. ______ played an important roll in field hospitals during the war.
A. A X-ray equipment B. An X-ray equipment
C. X-ray equipments D. X-ray equipment
1. At midnight they reached _____ small village _____ east of _____ Ever-white Mountain.
A. a; 不填; the B. a; 不填; 不填; C. the; the; the D. the; an; an
1. Young as he is, David has gained _______ rich experience in _____ society.
A. 不填; 不填; B. the; the C. a; 不填; D. 不填; the
1. — What do you think of the TV play “Hand in Hand”
— Just so-so. However, I don’t think it is worth watching ________.
A. a second time B. the second time C. for the second time D. secondly
1. The warmth of ______ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _____ wool used.
A. the; the B. the; 不填 C. 不填; the D.不填；不填
Key
1—10. BADAA DABAA 11—20. BDDCA AADAD
21—30. ACCAD BCCCC 31—40. CBDBB DAAAB
二、介词
介词又叫做前置词，是一种虚词，不能单独在句子当中担当成分，它后面必须接名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类搭配（介词＋宾语）构成介词短语；和动词搭配构成短语动词，然后才能够在句子当中充当成分。
介词分为简单介词，如：at, in, on, besides, since, for等；合成介词，如：inside, outside, without, within, into, onto等；短语介词（或成语介词），如：because of, in front of, instead of, in spite of等；二重介词，如：from behind, until after等。
1、 介词短语的句法功能
介词在句子中可以充当定语、状语、表语、以及宾语补足语等。
1. 作定语
介词短语在句中做定语时须位于被修饰词之后。
The key to the door is missing.
The water-tower in front of our school was built in 1988.
2. 作表语（或称为：主语的补足语）
Some students are in the classroom, and some on the playground.
As we know, Japan is to the east of China.
3. 作宾语补足语（或称为：宾语的表语）
Did you see a pen under my desk this morning
They have sent another rocket into the sky.
4. 作状语
1) On Sundays, the family are mostly out. （时间状语）
2) On top of the hill stands a TV tower. （地点状语）
3) He is used to sleeping with all the windows open. （伴随状语）
4) In the search for the lost child, the villagers went all out. （目的状语）
5) All the work must be done by hand. （方式状语）
6) At times, I go to the cinema. （频度状语）
7) She is by far the best student in our class. （程度状语）
8) Because of poverty, he couldn’t go to school. (原因状语)
9) To my surprise, he got the first prize in the contest. （结果状语 / 或评注性状语）
10) Without our Party, we couldn’t live a happy life. （条件状语）
11) In spite of great efforts we failed to carry our plans through. （让步状语）
12) As a matter of fact, nobody agreed to his project. （评注性状语）
In my opinion, you’d better go with us.
2、 介词的复合结构
“介词＋宾语＋补足语”可以构成介词的复合结构，在句子当中可充当表语、定语、状语、补语等。这种结构中的宾语和补足语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，使得句子意义更加丰富。常见的这类介词有with, without, like, of等。
1. 介词＋宾语＋形容词
He is used to sleeping with all the windows open.
2. 介词＋宾语＋分词
Bamboo leaves swing in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.
At the beginning of school, the noise of desks being opened and closed and lessons (of being) repeated at the top of the children’s voices could be heard out in the street.
The wounded boy glared at the nobleman with his teeth clenched.
3. 介词＋宾语＋不定式
The cat humped its back just like a fierce tiger to jump upon me.
4. 介词＋宾语＋副词
The little boy rushed out of the house without anything on.
5. 介词＋宾语＋介词短语
The teacher entered the classroom with a book under his arm.
3、 介词的叠用
在少数介词之后还可接另一个介词短语，也就是我们所称的二重介词。如：
The naughty boy suddenly rushed out from behind the tree to frighten the girl.
In the spring, new bamboo shoots come out from around their own roots.
He kept on working until after lunch.
4、 介词＋and＋介词
有些介词短语用两个意义相反的介词构成从而使句子精简化。
Not knowing what to do, the worried officer walked up and down the room.
There are many trees in and outside the town.
5、 介词与其同形的与副词区别
有些介词可做副词用，但我们知道副词可以单独在句子中担当成分，而介词须加宾语构成短语才可在句子中充当成分。
试比较：
Please come in. (in为副词 = into the room)
We have no car, but we can go there without. (without为副词 = without a car)
Although the exam was difficult, I managed to get through. (through为副词 = through the exam)
6、 常易混用介词的区别
1. 表示“上、下”等方位的介词。见下图：
2. 表示地点的in和at的区别
a) at表示位置，in表示“在…内”如：
— Where is he — He is at the cinema. (问话者想知道的是位置)
— Is he in the cinema — Yes, he is. (问话者可能已经在影院门外)
b) at表示小地点，in表示大地点
They arrived at the village at seven.
They arrived in Beijing at seven.
但若某一个大地点并不是最后的终点，仍然用at。例如：
The train from Beijing to Guangzhou will arrive at Wuhan at twelve o’clock.
(武汉只是从北京开往广州这趟列车途中的一个站，并非目的地。)
3. in, to和on在方位名词前的区别
in表示在某范围之内；to表示某范围之外的地方；on表示“毗邻、接壤”
Taiwan lies in the east of China.
Taiwan lies to the east of the mainland of China.
Mongolia (蒙古) is (lies) on the north of China.
4. 表示时间的in和after
用于将来时态时，in后面接“时段”；after后面接“时点”。试比较：
He will be back in five hours.
He will be back after five o’clock.
after后面也可接“时段”，但应该用在过去时态的句子中。
They came back after five days.
5. 表示时间的at, in和on
1) at表示“钟点时刻、黎明、正午、黄昏、夜晚、午夜、周末、节日期间”
He often gets up at daybreak (dawn).
They will begin their journey at New Year.
2) in表示“上(下)午、晚间、星期、月份、年份、世纪”
He was born in 1988.
3) on表示具体日期或具体的上（下）午，节日的当天，美国英语周末前也用on.
He died on the morning of August 15th, 1985.
但若morning, afternoon, evening等词前面有early或late等修饰语则仍然用in。如：
He died in the early morning of August 15th, 1985.
6. 表时间的since和for
since后接时点；for接时段，均常与完成时态连用。
He has been here since last Friday.
He has been here for five days.
当表示“多少次” 时不能用for; 表示“第几次”位于句首时须加for，而位于句尾时for可以省略也可保留。
He has been to Beijing three times. (不可用for three times)
For the first time, I have come here.
I have come here (for) the first time.
7. 表示位置的between和among
between表示“个与个之间”，并非只能指两者，可用“…and…”也可接复数名词。如：
The teacher sat between Tom, Jack, Kate, Jane and Mary.
You’d better eat nothing between meals.
among则笼统地指“在…之中”，后接复数名词或代词。
The teacher sat among the students.
8. except, besides, but, except for, but for, except that/ when
1) except用作介词，意为“除了”。整个句子所表达的意思重点在except所构成的介词短语上。例如：
Nobody felt anxious except him. （只有他才焦虑不安）
2) except 和 besides
两者都有“除去”之意，但前者指“但并不包括”，是“排除”之意；后者指“除此之外还有”，有“外加”之意。例如：
There are six of us besides Tom. （除汤姆外，另外我们还有6个人。）
3) except和 but
but用作介词时，意思是“除…外”，“别无…”，“只有…”；but多与no one，nothing，who，all，everyone等连用，它可与except互换。例如：
No one but a fool would believe it.
Who but he would do such a thing？
4) except for 和 except that／when
二者意为“只是”或“除…外”，表示理由或细节，修正前面所说的情况。except for后面接单词，except that／when后面接句子。整个句子所表达的意思重点在主句中，而except所构成的介词短语只是次要的。例如：
Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
（= Your composition is good except that there are a few spelling mistakes.）
比较：All the compositions are good except Li Hua’s.
(大家的作文都好，只有李华的除外。)
5) except for和but for
except for用于陈述语气，but for用于虚拟语气“要不是…”。例如：
Except for its temples，the place is not worth seeing.
But for your help, I couldn’t have finished the work on time.
6) except but十动词不定式（可带to或不带to，当but或except之前没有动词“do”的某种形式时，其后的不定式要带to。）例如：
They did nothing except／but watch TV.
I could not do anything except／bur just wait for him to come round.
巩固训练
1. Do you still remember the film we saw ________the end of last week
A. in B. by C. at D. to
2. That he had a lot of practice ________volleyball was the reason why he defeated all the other players.
A. in B. at C. on D. about
3. ________the sound of the knocking on the door, he rose and went to open it.
A. At B. On C. To D. Heard
4. You can find the store ________No. 19 Beijing Road.
A. on B. at C. near to D. in
5. Please wait for me ________the corner of that street ________three o’clock.
A. in; at B. at; on C. in; for D. at; at
6. I bought these books ________one yuan a copy.
A. at B. by C. on D. in
7. I can’t buy it ________such a price.
A. of B. for C. at D. with
8. The student is sitting ________his desk.
A. over B. around C. at D. for
9. when the spaceship leaves the earth ________very high speed, the astronauts feel as if they are being crushed ________the spaceship.
A. with; in B. at; on C. with; to D. at; against
10. The child hid himself ________the door.
A. after B. behind C. in the front of D. ago
11. She left the party ________her headache.
A. because B. since C. in spite of D. because of
12. You shouldn’t eat so much chocolate ________meals.
A. except B. between C. unless D. through
13. some animals sleep ________day and wake up ________night.
A. by; by B. at; by C. by; on D. on; in
14. —What time is it, please
—It is seven ________my watch.
A. in B. at C. for D. by
15. You’ll be able to speak English ________practicing from time to time.
A. in B. by C. with D. for
16. ________the end of last year we had leaned five English songs.
A. At B. By C. In D. On
17. A man should not be judged always ________what he says.
A. by B. in C. with D. to
18. The guests will be here ________two o’clock.
A. in B. on C. for D. by
19. some people got up and left the hall ________the show.
A. while B. during C. between D. through
20. How much must I pay you ________the tickets ________tonight.
A. of; of B. for; for C. for; about D. for; to
21. I am grateful ________your help ________me.
A. to; for B. for; to C. to; to D. for; for
22. Joan is always praised ________her cleverness.
A. of B. in C. for D. by
23. It’s quite warm today ________January.
A. for B. in C. at D. on
24. I bought this book ________fifty cents.
A. at B. about C. at D. for
25. Chinese is a language ________more native speakers than any of the other languages.
A. with B. spoken C. which D. has
26. Please write ________pencil, not ________ink.
A. in; with B. in a; with C. with a ; in D. with; in
27. ________the development of science and technology, our country has become richer and stronger.
A. In B. By C. At D. With
28. ________the rise in prices, life is getting harder.
A. With B. On C. As D. For
29. He has no good pen ________.
A. to write B. to write with C. to write on D. writing
30. Mary was disappointed when she found but they had gone to the ball ________her.
A. except B. except for C. for D. without
31. Xiao Li masters several other foreign languages ________English. He studies German, Japanese and Russian.
A. beside B. besides C. but D. except
32. The soldier stood quite still, ________his lips moved slightly.
A. except that B. except for C. except D. besides
33. Your composition is good ________a few spelling mistakes.
A. besides B. except C. except for D. except that
34. Peter’s car is excellent ________the color.
A. except B. besides C. except for D. only except
35. Everybody went to the exhibition ________Mary.
A. not B. but C. for D. by
36. We live a long way ________the factory.
A. to B. for C. from D. in
37. The town lies ________the west of the river.
A. at B. in C. from D. to
38. Let’s walk over ________the sun on the other side of the street.
A. in B. to C. under D. by
39. There are a lot of news ________today’s newspaper.
A. in B. on C. at D. with
40. Say something about your school ________English.
A. in B. with C. by D. for
41. The girl ________will give us a report.
A. on blue B. of blue C. in blue D. at blue
42. Please ask him if he will join us ________playing table tennis.
A. on B. at C. in D. with
43. This vegetable is very rich ________iron.
A. of B. in C. with D. for
44. He has been caught ________the rain and is wet through and through.
A. by B. in C. at D. up with
45. Look, there is a hole ________the wall.
A. on B. at C. in D. of
46. What is the difference________ pronunciation ________these two words
A. of; in B. in; between C. in; among D. of; between
47. The doctor will be back ________ten minutes.
A. after B. in C. on D. at
48. The desk stands ________the corner of the room near the window.
A. on B. at C. under D. in
49. Do you like dressing yourself ________new clothes
A. on B. in C. with D. by
50. Please come to see me ________two day’s time.
A. during B. after C. for D. in
KEY: 1—10. CBABD ACCDB 11—20. DBADB BADBB 21—30. BCADA CDABD 31—40. BACCB CDBAA 41—50. CCBBC BBDBD
三、代词和数词
代词
1. 人称代词
1. 主格和宾格
1) 通常，人称代词主格用做主语或表语；宾格用做动词或介词的宾语。句子的结构如有变化，也应能加以分析，确定选用哪种形式。例如：
It was he who told a lie.
It’s not me (who / whom) he wants. (作宾语)
This is a secret；it's between you and me.（作介词宾语）
2) 人称代词宾格可用在比较状语从句一类的结构中代替主格。例如：
He is taller than me / I (am). I don't swim so well as her / she (does).
2. 两种所有格
人称代词所有格称为物主代词。物主代词分为两类：
1 形容词性的，如my, her, your, their等；
2 名词性的，如mine，hers，yours，theirs等。由于受汉语影响，我们常犯以下两种错误：
1) 漏用代词，主要是形容词性的物主代词，因为汉语中常常将它省略。例如：
I have done my homework.（不能说 * I have done homework.）
We clean our classroom every day.（不能说 * We clean classroom every day．）
2) 误用代词，混淆两种类型的物主代词，因为汉语中无此区别。例如：
That dictionary is not mine.（不能说 * That dictionary is not my．）
Mine is here.（不能说 * My is here.）
注意：形容词性的物主代词只能用作定语，必须与名词连用。例如
What's her name？ I am your friend.
名词性的物主代词则可充当名词所能充当的各种句子成分。如：
Your pen is black；mine is blue.（作主语）
You haven't got a bike？You may use mine.（作宾语）
但是its一般不能单独使用。需要时可以用its own。如：
That's the cat's basket. It's its own.
3. 代词做短语动词宾语时的位置
当短语动词由“动词＋副词”构成时，代词作宾语必须放在动词和副词中间，名词则不受此限制。如：
He looked up the word in the dictionary. He looked the word up in the dictionary．
He looked it up in the dictionary.
但如果是由“动词＋介词”构成的介词动词，代词作宾语还是要放在介词之后。例如：
He's been looking for them all this morning.
2. 反身代词
1. “反身”用法
反身代词作句中宾语时，表示动作返回到主语本身。或者说，句子的主语和宾语是同一个人或物。例如：
He hurt himself．（作动词宾语）
Dick bought himself a new coat.（作间接宾语）
I heard Jane talk to herself.（作介词宾语）
2. 强调用法
反身代词用作同位语时，在句中起强调作用，其位置也比较灵活。例如：
I went to see the mayor myself．（强调主语）
We spoke to the mayor himself．（强调宾语）
The mayor himself met us at the door.（紧随主语之后）
The mayor met us at the door himself.（在句末）
3. 使用反身代词时的常见错误
反身代词一般不可用作句子中的主语、表语或定语。如：
* Ourselves can do it.（误作主语）
We can do it ourselves. 我们自己能干。
* I could hardly imagine that the car was himself．（误作表语）
I could hardly imagine that the car was his own. 简直难以想象那汽车是他自己的。
* That's myself problem.（误作定语）
That's a problem of my own.那是我自己的问题。
注意：在少数习惯表达中反身代词可不受语法限制。
I'm not myself today. （我今天不在状态/感觉不好。）
In office myself, I helped her get a job.
（我帮她在我自己的办公室找了一份工作。）
3. 不定代词
1. 用some还是用any
1) 一般说来，some用于肯定；any用于否定，例如：
There are some letters for you. There aren't any letters for me．
2) 疑问句中，一般用any，如问话人心中已经有“数”，或认为对方会做出肯定回答时，用some。试比较：
Have you any apples？ （I can't see any.）
Could I have some of those apples？ （which I can see.）
3) 注意其它方式的否定因素也可决定应该用any，如：
I don't think there are any letters.（主句动词否定转移，从句中用any。）
The boy solved the problem without any difficulty. （介词without含否定意味。）
4) any在表示“任何（人或物）”时，可用于肯定句中：
Oh！ Any book will do；I just want something to read on the train.
5) 当说话人心中有“数”（尽管可能不是具体数字）时，否定句中也用some，如：
Some boys haven't done their homework．（肯定有人没做，尽管不一定知道是多少人。）
6) any可用条件从句中，表示情况不明或未定，如：
Let me know if you need any help．（不知道对方是否需要帮助。）
试比较： Let me know if you need some help.（知道能如何提供帮助。）
2. all和both
1) all和both后面的of可有可无。
All / Both (of) the desks are new.
注：Both the desks... ＝ Both of the desks... ＝ Both desks...（the或of the可有可无）
2) 注意下列两种句子里all／both的位置：
They all / both agree with me. I agree with them all / both.
句中all或both直接跟在代词（主格或宾格）之后作同位语；其它不定代词不能这样用。
3) all／both同频度副词一样，可位于句中（主、谓语之间或谓语动词结构之中），如：
They all / both came. They were all / both waiting.
（注；each也能这样用，其它不定代词都不能。）
3. either与neither
either指“两者之中任何一个”，neither指“两者都不”通常与单数动词连用。但在非正式英语中也可与复数动词连用。例如：
You've got two answers. Either is correct. Neither is wrong．
There are trees on either／each side of the street．
Neither of the books is worth reading.（＝Neither of the books are worth reading）
4. nobody, no one, nothing和none
nobody和no one指人，作单数，后面不能接of 短语,例如：
Nobody／No one knows why she was late again．
Nobody was hurt in the match，were they？（反意疑问句中，可用复数代词they来代替。）
nothing指物，作单数；none指人或物，作单救或复数均可。none既可用于可数名词，也可用于不可数名词, 例如：
None of the money on the table is mine.
None of his reasons was／were true.
There's nothing on the table but a blue cap.
Of all my classmates， none likes dancing．
5. every与each
every强调的是“全体”；each则强调的是具体“每一个”。例如：
On every／each side of the square there were soldiers.
(The square has more than two sides。every side = each side ＝all sides表示“每边、各边”。） 试比较：
On either／each side of the road there were soldiers．
(The road has only two sides. either side＝ each side = both sides，表示二者之中“每一边”。)
此外，each可作名词性代词，如：
Each has two books.（each作主语）
We each are satisfied with our own rooms.
(each作同位语，常位于主语和谓语动词之间，谓语动词及代词等应与主语一致。)
We are satisfied with our own rooms each. (each作同位语时，也可置于句末。)
6. other, the other和another
1) other表示“另外的（人或物）”，“其他的（人或物）”，其复数形式为others。例如：
There are other ways of doing this exercise．
Lei Feng was always ready to he1p others.
2) the other表示两者之中的“另一个（人或物）”，其复数形式为the others，例如：
He has a pen in one hand and a book in the other.。
Only three of the students were in the classroom；the others were all on the playground.
当other泛指“别人”时，前面不加定冠词：
We must always be ready to help others.
3) another表示不定数目中的“另一个或类似的下个（人或物）”，还可与数词连用，表示“再，又”的意思。例如：
How about another cup of tea？
The strike may last another two weeks.
7. one
1) one只可用于指代可数名词，其复数形式是ones。例如：
If you can't find your pen，use the one on the table.
What nice shirts！which one／ones shall we buy？
2) one／ones通常不能直接用在their，my，his等物主代词以及a（n），own，several和名词所有格后面。例如：
His knife seems sharper than mine.（不能用 my one代替mine）
They don't like this town；they want very much to go back to their own.（不能用 * their own one代替their own 或 their own country）
但是，当one／ones前面还带有形容词时，则例外。如：
Have you any knives？I need a sharp one.
My old dictionary isn't as good as John's new one．
3) the／this／that one与that：
that可以指代不可数名词，而one不能。如：
The weather in Wuhan is much warmer than that in Tianjing. （that不能用the one取代） that后面常接of短语，例如：
This dictionary is more expensive than that one.（that one＝that dictionary. one一般不省略）
The window of your room is much bigger than that of mine.（that＝the window，它后面有of短语，一般不用the one替代）
有时候the one和that可以互相取代，如：
The gold ring is in that box --- the one（＝that）with the key in the lock.
4) one可以泛指人，相当于you，we，people，其所有格为one's。例如：
One should do one's／his duty．
数 词
1. 拼法需要当心的序数词
在first，second和third之后的序数词都由基数词加 -th构成，但要注意以下拼法略有变化：
twentieth， thirtieth， fortieth… fifth eighth ninth twelfth..
2. 序号的表示
1) 基数词放在名词之后，通常写作阿拉伯数，如：
page 4（P.4）读作page four Room301读作room three O [ou] one
Tel No.864412读作telephone number eight six double four one two
2) 序数词放在名词之前，通常前面要加定冠词．如：
the Eighth Lesson（＝Lesson Eight） the First Middle School（＝Middle School No. 1）
3. 数词后面的名词用单数还是用复数
表示计量时，基数词后面的名词用复数形式，但是在带有数字的复合名词（常用作定语）里，名词只用单数形式。试比较：
They baby is only six moths old. This is a six-moth-old baby.
I have five pounds. I have a five-pound note.
4. hundreds / thousands / millions of + 名词复数
hundred, thousand和million后加 –s与of连用，表示“数百、数千、数百万”。
He has bought hundreds of books this year.
Thousands of seagulls arrived to help the farmers save their crops.
5. dozen和score
用法与hundred, thousand, million基本相似dozens of和scores of均表示“几十个”。但有以下几点区别：
1) 在接具体名词复数时dozen后不加of，而score常与of连用。如：
two dozen books two score (of)books
2) 若名词被限定词限定，dozen后应加of，接宾格代词亦如此。
three dozen of those (the, my, those) books three dozen of them
6. 表示不定数量的常用单词和词组
这些单词或词组与名词的搭配关系见下表
用于可数名词 用于不可数名词 用于可数名词和不可数名词
a bit of
(a) few (a) little all
fewer less plenty of
(the) fewest (the) least a lot of; lots of
a (great) number of a great deal (amount) of enough
many much more; most
several some; any
hundreds of
dozens of
1) (a) few 和(a) little
a few和a little与some的意思较接近，表示“有几个；有一点”。few和little则表示“几乎没有（＝ almost none）”的意思。试比较：
She doesn’t seem very friendly； she has few friends。 （not many friends）
Although she has been here only a short time, she has made a few friends. (some friends)
I can’t make a pie because there is little sugar. (not much sugar)
There is a little sugar for your coffee. (some sugar)
2) 用fewer还是用less
从理论上讲few的比较级形式fewer用于复数名数前；little的比较级形式less用于不可
数名词前，但是在现代英语中，尤其是在非正式场合下，也常用less代替fewer；例如：
If on1y there were fewer／less holes in the roof？
3) many ＋ a ＋ 名词单数
many a后接可数名词单数形式，表示“好些；许多”，多用于书面语或演讲中。
Many a young man has had such a chance. (动词用has)
many a time则看作是固定词组，表示“多次”。
That’s happened to me many a time.
巩固训练
1. The coat is not mine. It must be ________.
A. someone else’s B. someone’s else C. someone else D. someone’s else’s
2. The question is whether ________ will volunteer (自愿) to do the work unpaid.
A. one B. anyone C. someone D. none
3. He lives in that ________ house.
A. green big wooden B. big green wooden C. wooden big green D. wooden green big
4. We should point out ________ shortcomings.
A. each other B. each others C. each other’s D. each’s other
5. Don’t leave ________ to tomorrow.
A. today’s work B. today work C. work of today D. todays’ work
6. The teacher asked ________ to have a dialogue in English.
A. she and I B. her and I C. her and me D. she and me
7. The Parkers brought a new house but ________ will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it C. one D. which
8. I think ________ important to learn English well.
A. it B. this C. that D. one
9. He is a friend of ________.
A. me B. my C. I D. mine
10. One should support ________ family.
A. one B. one’s C. their D. her
11. — Which do you like to have, fish or chicken
— I’m afraid ________ will do.
A. either B. neither C. none D. both
12. The two shirts are nice. I will take ________ for a change.
A. both of them B. either of them C. all of them D. they all
13. The home improvements have taken what little my spare time.
A. from B. of C. in D. at
14. They all don’t like being treated like that. The sentence means ________.
A. All of them like being treated like that. B. None of them like being treated like that.
C. Not all of them like being treated like that. D. No one likes being treated like that.
15. These two pairs of shoes don’t fit me. I’d like to see ________ pair.
A. one B. the other C. either D. another
16. He went there to see what was the matter for ________.
A. he B. him D. much D. himself
17. He told me he couldn’t walk ________ far.
A. it B. that C. more D. any
18. Are you feeling ________ better
A. some B. no C. more D. any
19. My old TV set broke down. I have to buy a new ________.
A. it B. that C. one D. this
20. The climate here is hotter than ________ of Beijing.
A. one B. it C. that D. those
21. We need ________ five people to finish the work in time.
A. other B. another C. some D. any
22. — Can I have the other egg
— I’m afraid not. Tom has had ________.
A. it B. one C. that D. this
23. Was ________ in the First World War that he was killed
A. it B. one C. some D. that
24. I asked all my classmates the same question, and they ________ gave me a different answer.
A. each B. all C. every D. both
25. ________ of the students passed the exam.
A. Two-thirds B. Two-third C. Second-three D. Second-threes
26. My father began to learn Russian, when he was already in ________.
A. the 1920, the sixties B. 1920s, his sixty C. the 1920s, his sixties D. the 1920’s, his sixty
27. Although he has failed six times, he will try ________ time.
A. a seventh B. the seventh C. seventh D. seven
28. Shortly after the accident, two ________ police were sent to the spot to keep order.
A. dozen of B. dozens C. dozen D. dozens of
29. The hero of the story is an artist in his ________.
A. thirtieth B. thiety C. thirty’s C. thirties
30. $2.95 may be read as ________ or two ninety five.
A. two dollar ad ninety five cents B. two dollars and ninety five cent
C. two dollars and ninety five cents D. two dollar and ninety five cent
1—10. ABBCA CBADB 11—20. BABCD DBDCC 21—30. BAAAA CACCC
四、关于倍数表达的一个问题
在英语学习中涉及到倍数问题时, 常见以下三种倍数表达的基本句型:
(1) This street is four times the 1ength of that one.
这条街是那条街的四馆长。(这条街比那条街长三倍。)
(2) This box is three times as heavy as that one.
这个箱子是那个箱子的三倍重。 (这个箱子比那个箱子重两倍。)
(3)The meeting room is three times bigger than our office.
会议室比我们的办公室大三倍。(会议室是我们办公桌的四倍大。)
句型(1)和句型(2)人们并不难以理解; 同学们也很容易接受,因为它们很符合汉语的翻译习惯。但是, 句型(3)笔者却认为汉语译文是错误的。
句型(3)的译法在我国英语界的一些书刊杂志上说法都不一致,似乎没有定论。有的译为 "是...的三倍大";有的译为"比...大三倍"。甚至一些语法书、工具书和词典都相互矛盾,举几例如下:
A pen is three times more expensive than a pencil.
"钢笔比铅笔贵三倍"详见陈胥华的《英汉对译指导》P.366,湖北教育出版社1981年6月1版。
Output of chemical fertilizer was more than 2.5 times greater. "化肥产量增长了
1.5倍(以上)" 详见张道真《实用英语语法》P.102, 1979年8月修订2版。
Our county's agricultural output is 11 per cent higher than that of last year.
"我县农业总产值比去年增长百分之十一。" 详见薄冰、赵德鑫合编的《英语语法手册》1978年6月修订2版(商务印书馆)。
其实,句型(1)、(2)、(3)的三种表达法都属同一种译法,没有任何区别。在使用句型(3)时, 产生翻译错误的原因不外乎人们认为句中含有 "more than", 而根据汉语习惯去翻译, 但在英语国家里绝不会出现这种混淆现象。
费致德先生在《现代英语惯用法词典》(1981年7月1版,商务印书馆)中也强调句型(1)、(2)、(3)所表达的是相同的数量概念.。详见该词典第795页:
1. A比B差不多大三倍的表达方式有下列三种, 其中C项有些语法学家认为不对, 但现已广泛使用。
a. A is about three times as large/big as B.
b. A is about three times the size of B.
c. A is about three times larger than B.
费致德先生肯定了这三种句型是同一种意思。但遗憾的是他将 "A是B的三倍"也误写为 "比...大三倍"; 如果据此对照去译,便与句型 (1) 和 (2) 相矛盾。
为了进一步证明这一问题, 笔者又写信给上海外国语学院, 向《新编英语语法》主编章振邦教授请教了这一问题，章教授在回信中说：
按照英语国家的表达习惯，five times as... as/five times more /five times greater than所表达的是相同的数量概念,就拿你讨论的句子为例:
This street is four times the length of that one.
= This street is four times as long as that one.
= This street is four times longer than that one.
= This street is four-fold longer than that one.
= This street is 300%longer than that one.
(这条街比那条街长三倍/百分之三百。)
这就是说, 表达倍数若用...times或fold则不论何种句型中都表示包括基数100%在内, 所以"four times longer than/as long as/the length of" 都只表示"长三倍"; 但若在"more/greater than"结构中用百分比则表示净增数(见上例中最后一句)。所以: "A is three times bigger than B" 译成汉语时应该是"A是B的三倍大" 或者 "A比B大两倍"。
据以上种种例证和专家详细的解释, 我们可以得出结论, 本文开头的例句 (3) 的汉语译句是错误的, 应该改为: "会议室比我们的办公室大两倍。" 或者, "会议室是我们办公室的三倍大。" 同学们在学习这种句型时尤其要注意这一点。
五、形容词和副词
形容词可用于作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等；副词也可以作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等。
1、 形容词作定语时的位置
大部分形容词作定语时放在所修饰的名词前面, 如a red bus, a beautiful park, cold weather等,但实际运用时须注意以下情况。
1. 当多个的形容词修饰一个名词时应该注意形容词的一般排列顺序。
“限定词 ＋ 一般描绘性形容词 ＋ 表示大小、长短、高低的形容词 ＋ 表示形状的形容词 ＋ 表示年龄、新旧的形容词 ＋ 表示颜色的形容词 ＋ 表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词 ＋ 表示物质、材料的形容词 ＋ 表示用途、类别的形容词 ＋ 被修饰的名词”例如：
his beautiful small round old brown French wooden writing table
当然，在实际运用中用如此多的形容词修饰一个名词并不多见。
2. 形容词修饰everything, something, anything, nothing时, 只能放在其后面。如:
Some farmers saw something strange in the sky.
I’ve got something important to say.
There is nothing interesting at all.
3. else只能修饰疑问代词who, whom, whose, what和不定代词something, anything, nothing, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone和nobody, no one.而且只能放在其后。如:
Is there anything else you want to say
What else do you want
else与上述疑问代词和不定代词构成所有格时, 只能在else后加's, 而不能在疑问代词或不定代词后加's. 如说someone else's, 而不能说 * someone’s else。 who else的所有格有两种形式who else's或whose else例如:
— Is this hat yours
— Whose else ( =Who else's) could it be
4. enough和nearby作形容词时可放在所修饰的名词前,也可放在其后。如:
a nearby building =a building nearby
We have enough food(=food enough)to last us for a week.(food enough…是旧用法,现在已不常用了。)
2、 貌似副词的形容词
在英语构词法中, 以-ly结尾的词并不是副词,而是形容词。常见的有:e1derly (渐老的, 年龄相当大的), friendly (朋友似的, 友好的), lively (活泼的, 生动的), lonely (孤独的, 寂寞的), lovely (可爱的, 美丽的), orderly (有秩序的,整齐的)等。如:
She gave us a lively lesson yesterday. 她昨天给我们上了一节生动的课。
*She gave us a lesson lively. (误将lively用作副词, 是错句)
应该说: She gave us a lesson in a lively way. 她生动地给我们上一节课。
3、 表语形容词
形容词在句子中的主要作用是作定语、表语和宾语补足语。英语中大部分形容词都具有这些功能。但也有少数形容词通常只作表语。常见的有afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake, glad, scarce, sorry, sure, worth, unable等。例如:
The child is asleep/sleeping. (作表语)
但是:the sleeping child,不能说*the asleep child(作定语) 注意:
1) 只能作表语的形容词常可作后置定语（相当省略关系代词和系动词的定语从句）如:
Who's the greatest man (that is) alive
The people (who are) present at the meeting are famous scientists.
The boy (who is) afraid of exams is my brother.
2) 若这些形容词前有修饰语时, 也可放在名词前面作定语, 如:
a fast asleep man, the wide awake child.
它们还可作宾语补足语和主语补足语,如:
People who find hibernating animals asleep often think they are dead. (作宾语补足语)
An enemy officer was caught alive. (作主语补足语)
4、 系表结构中形容词后的宾语
afraid, glad, sorry, sure, worth等形容词与系动词 be, seem等一起构成的系表结构后可以带一个宾语。现分叙如下:
1. be afraid to do sth.表示“不敢干某事”, 而be afraid of sth. (doing sth.) 则表示“害怕 (干)某事”，如:
She is afraid to go out alone at night. (她不敢夜晚独自出门.)
Are you afraid of snakes (你害怕蛇吗 )
试比较下列两个句子:
She was afraid to wake her husband.
She was afraid of waking her husband.
第一句意思是“她不敢吵醒她的丈夫.”怕她丈夫可能由此而生气。第二句的意思是“她怕吵醒了她的丈夫。”可能因为她丈夫生病了或需要睡眠。
be afraid + that-clause表示一种委婉的客套话, that可以省略。如:
I am afraid (that) I can’t go with you.
2. be glad后可接of, 不定式或that-clause. 如:
I am glad of your success.
I am glad to meet you.
I am glad that you have passed the examination.
3. be sorry可接about或for, 也可按不定式或that-clause. 如:
Aren't you sorry about (for) what you've done
I’m sorry for you.
We're sorry to hear that.
4. be sure可接of或about,也可接不定式或that-clause。如:
We're sure of a warm welcome.
I was not sure about two things — the grammar and some of the idioms.
Are you sure that he is honest
5. worth, worth while和worthy
be worth表示“价值”时, 可直接接名词。如:
The used car is worth ＄300 at most.
还可接动名词的一般式, 主语为动名词的逻辑宾语。如:
This book is worth reading.
在It is worth while这一结构中, it为形式主语,后面可用动名词, 也可用动词不定式:
It is worth while visiting the place.
It is worth while to visit the place. (= The place is worth visiting.)
形容词worthy可作定语, 修饰名词。 如a worthy team 1eader. 它与of连用可作后置定语。如:
an enemy worthy of his sword (剑); a cause worthy of support
作表语时, of后可接名词。如:
This place is worthy of a visit. 也可接动名词, 常用其被动式。如:
This place is worthy of being visited. (=This place is worth visiting.)
如不与of连用, 则可接动词不定式的被动式。如:
This book is worthy to be read. ( = The book is worth reading.)
5、 形容词、副词前定冠词的用法
说明：在形容词、副词的比较级和最高级中，我们所谈到的所谓的冠词 “the” 严格地说, 应该是副词，但出于习惯或者是为了使语法术语简单化，这里我们姑且仍将其称为冠词。
1. 形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词, 副词最高级前可加可不加定冠词。
2. 形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词或不加冠词, 表示“非常”。如:
This is a most interesting story.
但如果这个名词短语后面带有一个表示范围的短语或从句, 则要用定冠词。即:
This is the most interesting story in this book (I've ever heard).
3. 表示两者间“较…的一个”时, 形容比较级前需加定冠词。如:
Which is the better of the two pianos
Who is the elder of the two brothers
4. 一般说来, 在same之前要加定冠词。如:
They are exactly the same.
We are of the same age.
又如在短语中: all the same, at the same time等。
5. 在the + 比较级…the + 比较级…表示“越…就越…”这个结构中, 不管是形容词还是副词都必须加定冠词。如:
The nearer an object is to us, the bigger it looks.
The more they talked, the more excited they were.
6. 在某些形容词前加上定冠词, 则表示同类人。如: the rich(富人),the poor (穷人), the young (年轻人), the blind (盲人), the wounded (伤员), the dead (死去的人)，当它们作句子的主语时谓语动词通常用单数形式；但若是指一个人或抽象事物的形容词则常用单数形式。
Generally, the rich is cruel to the poor.
The dead is his father.
The new is sure to take the place of the old.
6、 某些常见副词的区别
1. sometimes, sometime, some time, some times
Sometimes是副词, 意思是“有时”。如:
My father usually goes to work by bike, but sometimes on foot.
sometime也是副词, 意思是“某个时候”。如:
I saw him sometime in October.
用在将来时的句子里表示“某日”、“某时”。如:
He will go to call on his uncle sometime next week.
some tome作为副词词组意为“某时候”,通常用于将来时;作为名词词组则是“一些时间”的意思。some times的意思是“数次”。如:
Let's have dinner some time next week.
He has waited for some time.
2. fairly和rather
fairly和rather都可以作为程度副词，都可以修饰形容词和副词；在翻译上都可以译成“挺…地，相当…地”的意思。区别如下：
1) rather一般用来表示消极的含义，如否定的、坏的、不理想的概念。而fairly一般用来表示积极的、好的、合理想的概念。
Let’s go by bus. It’s rather cold outside. Her English is fairly good.
2) rather可与比较级（形容词或副词）连用，也可与too连用，表示a little（有点）、slightly （稍微）的意思，fairly则不能这样用。
a) 与比较级连用，“……多了”
My brother is rather better today.
This dictionary is rather more expensive than that one.
b) 与too连用“有点…；稍微…”
This book is rather too difficult for the juniors and rather too easy for the seniors.
We had a fairly nice dinner, but the price is rather too high.
c) 当修饰名词且有不定冠词时，冠词应该放在fairly前，rather之后。
如：a fairly pretty girl / rather a bad boy
3. 即可作形容词又能作副词的 “-ly”副词的用法
1) 抽象与具体
a) deep和deeply一般说来，用于具体的情况时deep和deeply 均可（但deep更常用）； deeply用于抽象的情况。
He dived deep /deeply into the water. (具体)
I was deeply moved by his heroic deeds. (抽象)
b) high和highly
The bird is flying high in the sky. (具体)
He was highly thought of by the students. (抽象)
c) wide和widely
He opened his eyes wide. (具体)
English is widely used in the world. (抽象)
2) 习惯用法
a) easy与easily
副词easy常用于习语中
go easy (宽容)；go easy on (节省)；take it easy (放松)；easy does it (不着忙)；get off easy (不受严厉惩罚)；stand easy (休息)；Easy come, easy go. (来的易去的快)
除习语外的情况，多用easily。例如：
This TV set can be easily moved about.
b) aloud, loud, loudly
aloud “大声地”，常与cry, shout连用；表示“出声地”与silently相对。
The boy in the water is crying aloud for help. Please read the text aloud.
loud主要说明人的谈笑声音，常与speak, talk, laugh, say, shout连用。但如果说的是消极行为，则用loudly。loudly常含有“喧闹、嘈杂、吵闹”之意。
He was about to speak loud when the naughty boy began to cry loudly.
另外，loudly还可以表示“引人注目地、花哨地”如：
Today she is very loudly dressed.
c) slow与slowly
在walk, run, climb, go, speak, read, burn以及how之后常用slow, 如：
How slow he climbs up the hill!
其他场合一般用slowly
She eats more slowly of all the family.
d) quick与quickly
两者意思均为“快地；迅速地”但在“as…as”结构中，quick较为多用。
He ran as quick as I did at the sports meeting.
另外，在口语中， quick通常在词组中作副词，如在 Come quick（快点来）这样的词组中，但在正式写作中，要求使用 quickly
3) 意义相似，常可互换。
这样的词常见的有：clear / clearly; direct / directly; free / freely; bad / badly; quiet / quietly 等等。但值得注意的是，有些场合带-ly的副词通常表示方式，不带-y的副词通常表示结果。例如：
The door is closed tight. Please tightly close the door.
The photo has not come out clear. He remembers the photo clearly.
7、 频率副词
常见的频率副词有always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, hardly, never等。
1. 频率副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、情态动词或助动词之后。如:
I usually get up at six in the morning.
Li Ming is often late for school.
We could hardy understand him.
在简略答语和省略句中，则常放在系动词、情态动词或助动词之前。如：
Can they usually find time for amusements
Yes, they always can.
为了加强语气,也可放在句首。其中often, seldom, hardly, barely, never在句首时，句子要倒装。如：
Sometimes we play basketball, sometimes we play table tennis.
Often did we warn them not to do so.
2. 其中seldom, hardly, 和never常看作否定词，因此在构成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句部分常用肯定式。如：
You seldom go to your uncle’s, do you
She can hardly read and write, can she
8、 older和elder; farther和further
1. old的比较级和最高级有两种形式，即older, elder和oldest, eldest。在就年龄作比较时和修饰物时要用older, oldest。如：
I am one year older than you.
Mr. Smith is the oldest in the office.
My coat is older than yours.
elder和e1dest主要用来表示兄弟姊妹之间的长幼关系,不能修饰物。如:
My elder sister is at college.
He is my eldest daughter.
Who is the eldest of the three (sisters或brothers)
下面一句最能说明两者之间的区别:
My elder brother is one year older than I.
2. far的比较级和最高级也分别有两种形式，即farther和further; farthest和furthest。对距离进行比较，即表示“更远”、“较远”时，美国英语常用farther, farthest, 英国英语中further较farther更常用。如：
He is too tired to go any further (farther).
The school is on the further (farther) side of the mountain.
further的主要意思是“进一步”(此时不能用farther代替)。如:
Don’t make any change till further notice.
Please wait for further information.
furthest现在已很少使用了，对距离或者是程度比较都常用farthest。如:
Who ran (the ) farthest She is the farthest advanced of all my students.
9、 形容词、副词比较级前的程度状语
形容词、副词的比较级前可有一个状语，表示比较的程度，常见的有：
1. many, much, a lot, a good (great) dea1, far (by far) 等表示“…得多”,如:
We are making far greater progress now than we did last year.
She looks much younger than she actually is.
Joan made a lot more paper flowers than Mary.
2. some, any表示“一些”。some用于肯定句，any用于否定句或疑问句。如:
I have got some more books, but not enough. Have you got any more money from him
3. a little, a bit表示“稍许”,“一点儿”。如:
May I stay here a little longer This lesson is a bit more difficult than that one.
4. still, even等表示“甚至更”、“还要”。如:
Tom studies harder than Jack. Peter studies even (still) harder.
5. 当副词all修饰比较级时，前面应加定冠词the，意思是“越发地…”
When I learned that he was a boy of not more than ten, my wonder was all the greater.
6. 在比较句型more than的结构中应注意以下几点
1) 表示“弱化比较”意义的形容词无论是多音节还是单音节，一概用less。例如：
My father is less angry than yesterday. (我爸爸的气较昨天消了一些。)
2) no + 比较级 + than表示“只有”“仅”“就那么……”或“一样”。如:
My whole school education added up to no more than one year.
I could see no more than you.
3) not + 比较级 + than表示“不比”,“不足”。如:
That boy is not more than fifteen, I think..
请注意下面的句子
They designed a device (装置) no bigger / not bigger than a match box.
用no bigger than表示这一装置“仅一个火柴盒那么大”;用not bigger 表示这一装置“还没有一个火柴盒大”。
4) no more…than或not…any more than“和…一样地不…”，意味着两者都否定，但往往着重说明前面的一个分句，其作用相当于“neither…nor”。例如：
Mary is no more diligent than Tom. = Neither Mary nor Tom is diligent.
“玛丽和汤姆俩人都不勤奋。”
5) not more… than“不如…；不及于…”，语气常着重于后面的一个分句，常可与“not so / as … as”互换使用。例如：
This story is not more interesting than that one.
= This story is not so/as interesting than that one.
7. 用数字表示确切的量或倍数关系。如:
There are 10 more students in our class than in Class 2.
Mr. Johnson is three years older than his wife.
10、 倍数表示法
英语中表示倍数的方法大致有三种,即:
1. A + be (或谓语动词) + 数词 + times + as + 形容词原级 + as B.
This playground is three times as large as that one.
2. A + be (或谓语动词) + 数词 + times + the + (size, weight, length, width, depth, height, number…) + of + B.
This playground is three times the size of that one.
3. A + be (或谓语动词) + 数词 + times + 形容词比较级 + than B.
This playground is twice larger than that one.
以下句子的意思是相同的。
This street is four times the length of that one.
= This street is four times as long as that one.
= This street is four times longer than that one.
= This street is four-fold longer than that one.
注意：但若表示“比…大 （长、宽、重、高、深…等）多少”，须用“数字％＋比较级＋than”来表达。上句还可转换为：
This street is 300% longer than that one.
(这条街比那条街长三倍/百分之三百。或：这条街是那条街四倍长)
巩固训练
1. There is ________ place than home.
A. no better B. no best C. no a better D. no good
2. The Yellow River is ________ river in China.
A. second longest B. second longer C. the second longest D. the second longer
3. Which is ________ book, the new one or the old one
A. better B. the better C. best D. the best
4. There are ________ students in our school than in your school.
A. much more B. much many C. many more D. more much
5. The picture is ________ beautiful than that one.
A. much more B. very more C. quite more D. fairly more
6. He works ________, if not harder than his brother.
A. no harder B. as hard as C. hard as D. as hard
7. The world cup in Paris was the biggest ________ football match in the world.
A. alive B. lively C. living D. live
8. ________ you learn, ________ it will become.
A. The more; the more B. The more; the easier C. More; easier D. More; easiest
9. They live in a ________ village far away from the town, but they don’t feel ________.
A. alone; alone B. alone; lonely C. lonely; lonely D. lonely; alone
10. I’m two years ________ than my sister.
A. older B. elder C. oldest D. eldest
11. Your brother is ________ Wang Lin.
A. as a good boy as B. as good a boy as C. as better a boy than D. as better a boy as
12. Which of the following is wrong
A. The house is twice larger than that one. B. The house is twice as large as that one.
C. The house is twice the size of that one. D. The house is as twice large as that one.
13. He drives as ________ as he can.
A. carefully B. careful C. much careful D. more carefully
14. The harder you study, __________ progress you’ll make.
A. greater B. the greater C. the greatest D. the more great
15. He made the __________ mistakes in the dictation exercises.
A. less B. least C. fewer D. fewest
16. Which do you think tastes __________, the chicken or the fish
A. well B. good C. better D. best
17. The horse is getting old and cannot run __________ it did.
A. as faster as B. so fast than C. so faster as D. as fast as
18. John has three sisters; Mary is __________ of the three.
A. more cleverest B. most clever C. the cleverest D. clever
19. He had never spent a __________ day.
A. more worry B. most worrying C. more worrying D. most worried
20. If we followed his plan, we could have done the job better with __________ money and __________ people.
A. less; less B. fewer; fewer C. less; fewer D. fewer; less
21. — Can I help you
— Well, I’m afraid the box is __________ heavy for you, but thank you all the same.
A. much B. very C. so D. too
22. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced ________ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as
23. — Excuse me, is this Mr. Brown’s office
— I’m sorry, but Mr. Brown ________ works here. He left about three weeks ago.
A. not now B. no more C. not still D. no longer
24. The piano in the other shop will be ________, but ________.
A. cheaper; not as better B. more cheap; not as better
C. cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good
25. His dictionary is ________ expensive but ________practical (实用的) than mine.
A. more; more B. less; less C. very; more D. more; less
26. — Shall I sit at this end of the boat or the other end
— If you keep still, you can sit at ________ end.
A. neither B. each C. either D. any
27. People say that the new film is ________.
A. worth to watch B. well worthy to watch C. worthy of watching D. worth watching
28. — How did you find your visit to the museum
— I thoroughly enjoyed it. It was ________ interesting than I expected.
A. far more B. even much C. so more D. a lot much
29. My brother has just bought ________ car.
A. fairly a good B. a fairly good C. rather a good D. a rather good
30. I don’t speak ________ you.
A. as half as B. so half well as C. well as half as D. half so well as
KEY: 1—10. ACBCA BDBCA 11—20. BDABD CDCCC 21—30. DCDCD CDABD
六、作后置定语用的形容词短语
许多形容词可以与某些词(组)或结构搭配构成形容词短语。当这些短语在句子中作名词的修饰语时, 应该后置, 其语法功能相当于一个省略形式的定语从句 (限制性或非限制性均可), 也就是说后置的形容词短语相当于省去 "which/who/that + be" 之后保留下来的表语。这种形容词短语的构成方式大致可以分为以下几种:
1、 两个或两个以上的形容词可以在一起由and或but连接而构成形容词短语。这种短语作后置定语时, 一般修饰具有泛指意义的名词。如:
He is a man rude but henpecked.他是一个粗暴而惧内的男人。
children innocent, lively and lovely天真而又活泼可爱的孩子
(注: 此类形容词短语亦可作前置定语)
2、 有些形容词常与某些介词短语搭配, 作后置定语。如:
The leaders present at the meeting tota11ed eight.出席会议的领导共有八人。
This is a subject worthy of careful study.这是一个值得仔细研究的问题。
另外, 有些形容词 (表语形容词除外) 与介词搭配时, 我们还可以把它和其后的介词拆开, 即将形容词置于名词之前, 将介词短语置于名词之后。如:
a question different from this one = a different question from this one 一个与此不同的问题
3、 少数形容词后面可以直接跟逻辑宾语, 用以构成后置定语来修饰名词。如:
She owns a diamond worth four thousand francs 她有一颗价值四千法郎的钻石。
a boy afraid (that) he can’t pass the exam 一个怕这次考试不能及格的男孩
a student confident (that) he will be able to pass the exam一个对通过考试很有自信心的学生
*有的语法书上认为形容词后面的that从句是状语从句, 有的认为是宾语从句。笔者认为这两种说法均有道理, 但总归是形容词和从句构成了形容词短语。如:
We are afraid that you'll not get here on time.
4、 有些形容词可以与后面的动词不定式一起构成可以置于名词之后的短语。如:
Lei Feng was a good comrade, always ready to help others.
雷锋是个好同志, 他总是乐于助人。
so...to do, too...to do和...enough to do等不定式惯用结构也可以用于修饰前面的名词。如:
questions so easy to answer容易回答的问题
problems too difficult to solve难以解决的问题
若被修饰的名词前面有不定冠词, 我们还可以用分隔形式。也就是将形容词放在不定冠词前面, 将不定式放在名词后面。
She is a nurse careful enough to tend patients. = She is careful enough a nurse to tend patients.
她是一位照料病人足够细心的护士。
5、 少量形容词后面可以加-ing分词构成可以后置的短语。如:
peasants busy getting in crops 忙于收割庄稼的农夫们
a student long understanding the problem好不容易才弄懂这个问题的学生
6、 表示距离和时间的名词词组常与后面的形容词一起构成可以后置的形容词短语。如:
a 1eaning tower about 180 feet high 一座约一百八十英尺高的斜塔
a poor little boy, not over 12 years old 一个不超过十二岁的贫苦小男孩
7、 后置的形容词短语还可常由 more...than, no more...than 和 not more...than 等比较级结构或 as...as 结构组成。如:
a student no more diligent than Tom一个和汤姆一样不勤奋的学生
a book as interesting as this one一本与此书同样有趣的书
这种结构同样可以采取分隔形式:
She is a girl as clever as Mary. = She is as clever a girl as Mary.
她是一个象玛丽一样聪明的姑娘。
8、 有些表语形容词(一般多为a-开头)也可以置于名词之后,其功能相当于定语从句。如:
the baby asleep那个熟睡的婴儿
the boy afraid of exams那个怕考试的男孩
9、 单个的分词修饰名词时,可以前置,也可以后置。如:
a stolen car = a car stolen被盗的轿车
若用分词短语修饰名词, 则应后置。如:
a girl interested in maths一位对数学感兴趣的姑娘
the man married to Helen那位与海伦结了婚的男人
七、“It”的用法
“It”在英语中用法非常广泛，但也容易被人误用。笔者现将其常见用法做一简要介绍。
1、 作为代词的it
1． 用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物。
The frog is not a warm-blooded animal.
It’s a cold-blooded one.
2． 用以代替提示代词this, that。
— What’s this —It’s a flag.
— Whose exercise book is that — It’s here.
3． 起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物。
— Who is knocking at the door — It’s me.
— Who is making such a noise — It must be the children.
4． 指环境情况等。
It was very quiet (noisy) at the moment.
5． 指时间，季节等。
— What time is it — It is eight o’clock.
6． 指天气或气候。
It often rains in summer.
It’s very cold today, isn’t it
7． 指距离。
It is five kilometers from the office to my home.
It is a long way to the factory.
2、 作为引导词的it
1. 作形式主语。
当动词不定式（或不定式的复合结构）、动名词或从句作主语时，通常把它们放在谓语之后，而用it作句子的形式主语。例如：
It is not easy to finish the work in two days.
It is not a good habit to stay up late.
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
It is a pity that you didn’t read the book.
2. 作形式宾语。
当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句时， 往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面，而用it作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前。例如：
I think it no use arguing with him.
I found it very interesting to study English.
He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.
3. 用于强调结构。
要强调句子的某一部分（通常是主语、状语、宾语），可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是 “It is (was)＋被强调部分＋that (who) +句子的其余部分.” 如果被强调的部分是人， 可用who, whom代替that, 例如：
It is Prof. Lin who / that teaches us English.（强调主语）
It is English that Prof. Lin teaches us.（强调宾语）
It was in Shanghai that I saw the film.（强调状语）
It was in 1975 that I worked in a factory.（强调状语）
巩固训练
1. There is a photo on the wall. ________a photo of Lei Feng.
A. it B. It’s C. Its D. He’s
2. The people there felt ________not so difficult to work with him.
A. it B. its C. it’s D. this
3. He felt ________to work for human rights and progress.
A. it his duty B. his duty C. that is a duty D. that is his duty
4. People in the west make ________a rule to buy Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.
A. that B. it C. this D. as
5. ________needs further discussion whether we’ll build a library or not.
A. We B. He C. It D. The thing
6. We found ________impossible to take the defeat ________down.
A. that; lying B. this; laid C. it; to lie D. it; lying
7. I think ________right that you didn’t go there.
A. you B. that C. it D. its
8. ________is no good ________without doing anything.
A. This; talking B. It; to talk C. It; talking D. That; to talk
9. It ________Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago.
A. was B. are C. were D. had been
10. ________four years since I left the Lao Shan front.
A. It was B. There was C. There is D. It is
11. How long ________to finish the work
A. you’ll take B. will take you C. you’ll take it D. will it take you
12. It was through Jack ________Mary got to know Bob.
A. who B. whom C. how D. that
13. It was simply for that reason ________I wouldn’t tell him the truth.
A. why B. that C. which D. so
14. It was ________I went there ________I began to know something about the matter.
A. until; when `B. until; that C. not until; that D. not when; that
15. It was on October 1st ________new China was founded.
A. which B. when C. as D. that
16. It’s the third time ________I have been here.
A. that B. after C. when D. who
17. It was ten years later ________Mathilde knew that the lost necklace was not a real diamond necklace.
A. which B. that C. what D. but
18. It was in the rice fields ________we had our League meeting.
A. where B. that C. in which D. on which
19. It was at the gate ________he told me the news.
A. that B. what C. which D. when
20. Was it because he was very ill ________he asked for leave
A. that’s B. so C. that D. and
21. ________will take you a lot of time to find him in the crowd.
A. It B. I C. We D. They
22. It was not until last night________ he finally made up his mind.
A. which B. when C. that D. had
23. ________is different between A and B.
A. There B. Where C. It D. What
24. ________is no difference between A and B.
A. There B Where C. It D. What
25. He said “________a long way to school. ________a long way to go yet before we arrive.”
A. It is; There is B. There is; it is C. It is; It is D. There is; There is
KEY: 1—10. BAABC DCCAD 11—20. DDBCD ABBAC 21—25. ACCAA
八、情态动词
情态动词顾名思义就是表示情感和态度的词，常见的有：can (could); may (might); must; have to; shall (should); will (would); need; dare (dared); ought to; 情态动词没有人称和数的变化，不能单独使用，它与其后的动词原形合成谓语结构。它们的用法如下：
1. can和could 的用法
1. 表示能力或客观的可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。如：
Can you finish this work tonight Man cannot live without air.
— Can I go now — Yes, you can.
注意：
1) could表示语气较委婉的请求，主要用语疑问句，（用于此意义时不用在肯定