人教版（2019）必修 第一册Unit 4 Natural disasters 4Discovering Useful Structures重点归纳学案（含答案）

Unit 4 NATURAL DISASTERS
4.2 Discovering Useful Structures
关系代词引导的定语从句
一、定语从句的含义
1. 在主从复合句中，对某一名词或代词起修饰作用的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
2. 关系词分为关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose, as等)和关系副词(when, where, why等)两类。
3. 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来，限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，如果省略会影响全句的主要意思，这种定语从句前面不用逗号隔开；而非限制性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明, 通常和主句用逗号隔开。
二、关系代词的基本用法
1．who指人，在定语从句中可以充当主语、宾语或表语。
◆Danny was a man who we rescued from the ruins．
丹尼是我们从废墟中救出来的一个人。(作宾语)
◆He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
不到长城非好汉。（作does not reach的主语）
2．whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略，也可用who代替。
◆This is the famous scientist (whom) we visited last week. （作visited的宾语）
◆The boy (who/whom) the teacher often praises is their monitor．
老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。
3．whose既可以指人，也可以指物，表示“所属”关系，whose在定语从句中作定语。
◆They rushed over to help the man whose car broke down.
他们跑过去帮助那个汽车抛锚的人。（whose car=the man’s car，作定语，修饰car）
◆Any student whose family is too poor to go to school can get help from the government．
任何由于家境贫寒而上不起学的学生都可以得到政府的帮助。(修饰人)
4．which指事物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
◆He finally worked out the problem which puzzled him for a long time.
他最后解出了这个令他困惑很久的问题。（作puzzled的主语）
◆The radio (which) he bought yesterday doesn’t work．
他昨天买的收音机坏了。(作宾语)
◆This is the house in which I once lived．
这是我曾经住过的房子。(作介词in的宾语)
5．that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。习惯上指人多用who，whom，指物多用which。
◆The fish (that/which) we bought yesterday were not fresh.
我们昨天买的鱼不新鲜。（作bought的宾语）
◆This is the novel that interests me．
这就是让我感兴趣的那本小说。(指物，作主语)
◆The number of people that/who come to visit this city each year reaches one million．　每年来参观这座城市的人数达100万。(that指人，作主语)
三、判断定语从句的关系代词的方法
如果名词或代词后有一个句子，并且该名词或代词在句子中充当成分，则该句子就是定语从句。主要按照以下三步来判断：
1.找准先行词（定语从句前的名词或代词）。
2.把先行词还原到定语从句中，看充当什么成分。
3.根据先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分以及句意来选用适当的引导词。
如果先行词在从句中作主语，宾语，定语，表语，则用关系代词，关系代词主要有who, whom ,whose, that, which, as。
四、易混淆的关系代词辨析
（一）that 和 which
1.用that，不用which的情况 ①当先行词为不定代词：everything, anything, nothing, all, any, much, many, some, few, little, none等或当先行词被no, some, any, all, much, little等词修饰时，只能用that。 To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。 Is there anything that I can do for you 有什么要我做的事吗 He answered few questions that were asked by the reporters.他几乎没有回答记者提问的问题。
②当先行词被the only, the very, the same等词修饰时。 That’s the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样了。 This is the very pen that I am looking for. 这正是我找的钢笔。 He still lives in the same house that we visited ten years ago. 他还住在十年前我们参观的同一座房子里。
③当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。 This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。 The first thing that should be done is to get some food.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。
④当先行词中同时包括人和物时。 I’m going to talk about the countries and people that I have visited. 我要谈论一下我所访问的国家和人民。
⑤当要避免与疑问词which重复时。 Which is the T-shirt that fits me most 那件体恤衫最适合我？
2.用which，不用that的情况 ①在非限制性定语从句中 Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world. 全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。
②介词提前时，不用that，而用which，介词不提前时，用that和which都可。 This is the room in which my father lived last year. = This is the room (that/ which) my father lived in last year. 这是我父亲去年居住过的房子。
（二）which和 as（引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句内容）
1.位置上的区别： as引导的从句可放在主句首、句末或句中。而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。 As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun. The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun. The earth turns around the sun, as /which is known to us all. 众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。
2.语义的区别： as有“正如”之意，因此主句和从句语义一致，而which表示“这一点” 在意义上相当于一个并列句，可以用and this代替，在语义上可以不一致。 Mike won the first prize, as was expected. 正如所料想的, 迈克获得了一等奖。 Mike won the first prize, which was not expected. 迈克获得了一等奖，这一点没被料想到。
五、as引导的定语从句的用法
（一）as引导的定语从句
1. 在限制性定语从句中，先行词有such, so, as, the same修饰时，引导词用as。 比较： I have never read the book that you have talked about. 我从未读过你谈到的这本书。 I have never read such an interesting book as you have talked about. = I have never read so/ as interesting a book as you have talked about. 我从未读过像你谈到的这样有趣的书。
2. 在非限制性定语从句中，指代整个主句内容。 As we know, she is a good teacher. 我们都知道她是一个好老师。 Lily, as we expected, won the first prize in the competition yesterday. 像我们所期望的那样, 莉莉在昨天的比赛中获得了一等奖。
（二）易混句式辨析
1. such/ so…as…和such/ so…that…
①such/so…as…表“像……这样的……”，用来引导定语从句（as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等） ②such/so…that…表示“如此..以致……”，用来引导结果状语从句。 This is such a heavy stone as no one can lift.（作lift的宾语，是定语从句） This is such a heavy stone that no one can lift it. （不缺成分，是结果状语从句） 这是一块如此重的石头，没人能搬得动。
2. the same…as…和the same…that…
①the same…as…表示“类似的一个，而不是同一个”（相似性） ②the same…that…表示“同一个”（同一性） I have bought the same watch as you have. 我买了一块和你的一样的手表。（相似的，非同一个） This is the same watch that I lost. 这就是我丢的那块手表。（同一个）
【巩固训练】
一、名言背诵
1.He who would climb the ladder must begin at the bottom. 千里之行,始于足下。
2.He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑到最后,谁笑得最美。
3.Nothing is too difficult to the man who will try. 世上无难事,只要肯登攀。
4.God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助之。
5.Not all that glitters is gold. 闪光的不都是金子。
二、用正确的关系代词填空
1. The trees ________ stand by the river were planted by us.
2. She never gives in to those ________ have money.
3. This is the best film ________ has been shown so far in the city.
4. February is the only month ________ has fewer than 30 days.
5. My son made notes of everything ________ he read.
6. Yesterday I met the teacher ________ once taught us maths.
7. Will you show me the girl ________ name is Wei Fang
8. The tall girl ________ is standing there is a friend of my elder sister’s.
9.The foreigner _____ visited our class yesterday is from Canada.
10 Please pass me the book _____is lying on the table.
Last weekend my roommates and I talked about the happy days ________ we had in college．
Jake used to be a brave boy ________ his teachers always praised．
Ann’s parents allowed Ann to help John ________family was poor．
I visited the couple last week________ daughter is studying in the United States．
It is the most interesting story ________ I have ever read．
Martin didn’t buy the new cellphone ________ price was too high for him．
Do you like the film Titanic ________ music is very beautiful
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the most wonderful book ________ I have read so far．
When she came near, I found that she was one of my classmates ________ I had not met since graduation．
Johnson is the student ________ his teachers are proud of．
三、单项选择
1. She is the girl ________ brother is studying abroad .
A. that B. who C. whose D. whom
2. Everyone ______ is a server knows that customers always come first.
A. whom B. what C. who D. which
3. —Only You is a TV program __is popular with most young people.
—Yes, it is definitely true.
A. that B. whose C. what D. who
4. You are talented young adults______ full of hope for the future.
A. who; is B. whom; is C. whom; are D. who; are
5. This is a heartwarming story about a boy_____ saved his mother's life.
A. which B. who C. whose D. whom
6. I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school _______ I met in the English speech contest last year.
A. who B. where C. when D. which
7. Many children, parents are working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village．
A. their B. whose C. them D. whom
8. As a child, Jack studied in a village school, ______ is named after his grandfather.
A. which B. where C. what D. that
9. His movie won several awards at the film festival, was beyond his wildest dream.
A. which B. that C. where D. it
10. She is one of the teachers _________ much teaching experience.
A. who; has B. who; have C. whom; has D. whom; have
四、单句语法填空
1.The children had great fun 　　　　　(slide) down the grassy slope last Sunday.
2.Thousands of soldiers and rescue workers were sent there to search for the 　　　　　(survive).
3.It is well known that ancient Greece was a fountain of 　　　　　(wise) and philosophy.
4.When I finally got to the meeting room,the discussion had already come to 　　　　　end.
5.We must take 　　　　　(effect) measures to protect the environment from going bad to worse.
6.The fish can grow to a ____________(long) of four feet.
7.Good teamwork is a ____________(power) tool for effective management.
8.A man in the river was shouting and ____________(wave) his arms around desperately.
答案详解
二、用正确的关系代词填空
1.that/which 2.who 3.that 4.that 5.that
6.who/that 7.whose 8.who/that 9.who /that 10. which/that
11. that/which 12. that/whom/who 13. whose 14. whose 15. that
16 .whose 17. whose 18. that 19. that/whom/who 20. whom/who/that
三、单项选择
1-5 CCADB 6-10 ABAAB
四、单句语法填空
1.sliding 2.survivors 3.wisdom 4.an 5.effective
6.length 7.powerful 8.waving
一、完形填空
The earthquake was over and the city was in ruins.
I had no choice but to walk home as all the 1 had stopped as a result of the quake. On my way home I 2 an old lady at a bakery giving out free bread, which made my heart 3 . A man was holding a sign saying, "Please use our 4 ." He was 5 his house for people to go to the restroom.
My friend, 6 wanted to be of help to others, stood in the cold with a sign "If you don't 7 a motorcycle, I'll be glad to drive you home." And then I saw him pick up an old man and drive him all the way to a faraway place!
Then the next day I drove to have my car 8 . There was not enough 9 now and many gas stations were closed or had very 10 lines. I got worried, since I was 11 fifteen cars. Finally, when my 12 came, the man smiled and said," 13 this situation, we are only giving $ 30 worth of gas per person. Is that alright " 14 . It's nice that we are all able to 15 , " I said. His smile gave me so much comfort.
At the escape center I saw a man 16 when people brought food to him. It was the first time in three days that food had been brought to their center. However, after he cleaned up the tears, his next 17 surprised me. "I am very 18 that we are provided with food. But people in the city next to us haven't 19 any food at all. Please go to that center as well." Hearing that, I realized there was a bright future on the other side of this 20 .
1．A．life B．business C．rescue D．traffic
2．A．noticed B．missed C．ignored D．caught
3．A．kind B．broken C．warm D．empty
4．A．hotel B．toilet C．hospital D．school
5．A．opening B．selling C．repairing D．building
6．A．who B．whom C．which D．he
7．A．buy B．care C．matter D．mind
8．A．used up B．taken up C．filled up D．washed away
9．A．gas B．information C．food D．water
10．A．direct B．fine C．long D．thin
11．A．behind B．between C．among D．beneath
12．A．time B．turn C．duty D．decision
13．A．Except for B．Together with C．Instead of D．Because of
14．A．Not at all B．Of course C．No way D．Never mind
15．A．share B．offer C．learn D．choose
16．A．crying B．eating C．smiling D．singing
17．A．ways B．roles C．words D．promises
18．A．sure B．grateful C．surprised D．proud
19．A．bought B．wasted C．prepared D．received
20．A．disaster B．chance C．city D．center
二、七选五
Would you know what to do if a fire started in your home Take the time now to review the following safety tips, and your family will be prepared in time of a fire in your home:
21．
An escape plan can help every member of a family get out of a burning house. The idea is to get outside quickly and safely. 22． So it is important to learn and remember the different ways out of your home.
Stay low
If you can see smoke in the house, stay low to the ground as you make your way to the exit. 23． You will breathe less smoke if you stay to the ground. Smoke naturally rises, so if there is smoke while you are using your escape route，staying low means you can crawl (爬) under most of it.
What if you can’t get out right away
If you can’t get out fast because fire or smoke is stopping an escape route, you will want to yell for help. You can do this from an open window or call 911 if you have a phone with you. 24． Then, firefighters will have a hard time finding you. The sooner they find you, the sooner you both can get out.
If your clothes catch fire, what should you do
Your clothes could catch fire during a fire or by accident if you step too close to a candle. If this happens, don’t run! Instead, stop, drop to the ground, cover your face with your hands, and roll. This will cut off the air and put out the flames. 25．
A．An easy way to remember this is: Stop, Drop, and Roll!
B．Smoke from a fire can make it hard to see where things are.
C．Preventing fires is in the first place!
D．Know your way out
E.They will help prepare you for what you need to do in case of a fire.
F.Even if you are scared, never hide under the bed or in a closet.
G.In a fire, smoke and poisonous (有毒的) air hurt more people, than the actual flames (火焰) do.
三、阅读选择
A
After an earthquake most survivors can be expected to recover over time, particularly with the support of family and friends. Some families will be able to return to their normal life quickly, while others will have to contend with the destruction of their homes, medical problems, and injury to family members. Children especially will need time to recover from the loss of a loved one or a pet or from the closing down of their school.
Children often turn to adults for information, comfort and help. Parents should try to remain calm, answer children’s questions honestly and remain understanding when they see changes in their children’s behavior.
Children react differently to an earthquake depending on their ages, developmental levels and former experiences. Some will respond by withdrawing (不与人交往), while others will have angry outbursts (爆发). Parents should remain sensitive to each child’s reactions. Parents should spend time talking to their children，letting them know that it’s OK to ask questions and to share their worries. Although it may be hard to find time to have these talks, parents can use regular family mealtimes or bedtimes for them. They should answer questions briefly and honestly and be sure to ask their children for their opinions and ideas. Issues may come up more than once and parents should remain patient when you answer the questions again. For young children, parents, after talking about the earthquake, might read a favorite story or have a relaxing family activity to help them calm down. Parents should also tell children they are safe and spend extra time with them. They could play games outside or read together indoors. Most importantly, be sure to tell them you love them.
26．The underlined phrase “contend with” in Paragraph 1 can be replaced by “________”.
A．deal with B．make up C．put off D．turn back
27．When children ask the same question again, parents should ________.
A．read a favorite story to comfort them
B．ask them to help do some housework
C．be patient and answer the question again
D．take them out to play games
28．Which of the following pieces of advice is NOT mentioned in the passage
A．Keep a close watch on children’s behavior.
B．Tell the children they are safe.
C．Tell the children you love them.
D．Ask educational experts for help.
29．What can we know from the passage
A．All people will recover from an earthquake quickly.
B．Children may need a longer time to recover after an earthquake.
C．Children should turn to their classmates for help after an earthquake.
D．Children react in the same way as adults do to an earthquake.
B
A terrible storm destroyed fourteen homes. Seven others were so badly damaged that their owners had to leave them, and fifteen others had broken windows or broken roofs. One person was killed, several were badly hurt and taken to the hospital, and a number of other people received smaller hurt. Altogether over two hundred people were homeless after the storm.
A farmer, Mr Tan, said that the storm began early in the morning and lasted for over an hour.
“I was eating with my wife and children，” he said, “when we heard a loud noise. A few minutes later our house fell down on top of us. We tried our best to climb out but then I saw that one of my children was missing. I went back inside and found him safe but very frightened.”
Mrs Woo said that her husband had just left for work when she felt that her house was moving. She ran outside at once with her children.
“There was no time to take anything，” she said. “A few minutes later, the roof came down.”
Soldiers helped to take people out of the flooded area and the welfare department brought them food, clothes and shelters.
30．How many homes altogether were damaged in the storm
A．Fourteen. B．Twenty one. C．Twenty nine. D．Thirty six.
31．Where was Mr Tan when the storm first began
A．He was in bed. B．He was inside the house.
C．He was outside the house. D．He was on the roof.
32．Mrs Woo and her children didn't get hurt because ________.
A．her husband knew there would be a storm
B．they were all outside the house when the storm came
C．she felt the house was moving and ran outside at once with her children
D．the welfare department helped heA．Keep a close watch on children’s behavior.
B．Tell the children they are safe.
C．Tell the children you love them.
D．Ask educational experts for help.
29．What can we know from the passage
A．All people will recover from an earthquake quickly.
B．Children may need a longer time to recover after an earthquake.
C．Children should turn to their classmates for help after an earthquake.
D．Children react in the same way as adults do to an earthquake.
答案详解
一、完形填空
1-5 DACBA
6-10 ADCAC
11-15 ABDBA
16-20 ACBDC
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者所生活的城市遭受了地震。很多人的无私援助让作者感到温暖，而一些难民的举动也让作者感到这个城市会有光明的未来。
1．考查名词词义辨析。A. life生活；B. business生意；C. rescue援救；D. traffic交通。根据“I had no choice but to walk home ”可知，地震使得交通瘫痪，作者只能步行回家。故选D。
2．考查动词词义辨析。A. noticed注意；B. missed错过；C. ignored忽略；D. caught抓住。根据“an old lady at a bakery shop giving out free bread，”可知，作者在回家的路上应该是注意到一位老太太在给大家分发免费的面包。故选A。
3．考查形容词词义辨析。一位老太太在给大家分发免费面包，这个场景使作者内心感到温暖。故选C。
4．考查名词词义辨析。根据后面的“his house for people to go to the restroom”可知，这个人让大家使用自己家的卫生间，给大家提供方便。故选B。
5．考查动词词义辨析。根据“his house for people to go to the restroom.”可知，此处指那个人打开自己的房屋给人们提供方便。故选A。
6．考查关系代词辨析。本句是非限制性定语从句，先行词是my friend，关系词在定语从句中作主语，指人，用who引导该定语从句。故选A。
7．考查动词词义辨析。在寒冷的天气里乘坐摩托车是很冷的，所以此句句意为“如果您不介意乘坐摩托车的话，我会非常乐意把您送回家”。故选D。
8．考查动词词组辨析。A. used up用完，耗尽；B. taken up占据，从事；C. filled up充满；D. washed away冲走，忘却。根据下文“ gas stations ”可知，作者去加油站给汽车加油。故选C。
9．考查名词词义辨析。根据后面的“many gas stations were either closed...I got worried”可知，很多加油站没有足够的汽油了。故选A。
10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. direct直接的；B. fine美好的；C. long长的；D. thin瘦的。根据上下文可知，等待给车加油的人很多，排着长长的队。故选C。
11．考查介词词义辨析。根据“ I got worried”可知此处指作者排在15辆汽车之后，所以担心会没有汽油。故选A。
12．考查名词词义辨析。前文提到排队加油，此处指轮到作者的车加油了。故选B。
13．考查介词短语辨析。A. Except for除了；B. Together with和……一起；C. Instead of代替；D. Because of因为。根据上文的汽油不够了，可知这里是因为这种情况，每个人只提供30美元的汽油。故选D。
14．考查交际用语辨析。根据作者说的话“It’s nice that we are all able to 15　，” I said. ”可知，作者同意加油站人员的做法。故选B。
15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：很高兴我们都能分享到。A. share分享；B. offer提供；C. learn学习；D. choose选择。根据上文“we are only giving $30 worth gas per person.”每个人只可以加30美元的汽油，所以大家都可以分享一些，而不至于有些司机加不到油。故选A。
16．考查动词词义辨析。根据后面的“However，after he cleaned up the tears”可知，那个人感动得哭了。故选A。
17．考查名词词义辨析。后面引号中的内容是那个人说的话。故选C。
18．考查形容词词义辨析。根据下文“we are provided with food.”可知，非常感激提供给我们食物。故选B。
19．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，我们隔壁城市的人们还没有收到任何食物。A. bought买；B. wasted浪费；C. prepared准备；D. received接收，收到。根据下文“Please go to that center as well”可知，隔壁城市的人们还没有收到任何食物。故选D。
20．考查名词词义辨析。据上文“the city was in ruins.”可知作者感到这个城市会有光明的未来。故选C。
二、七选五
21-25 DBGFA
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是在家里发生火灾时应做好哪些准备。
21．此空是一个小标题，根据下文小标题，可知应该用短小精悍的祈使句，在B/D中选择。再根据下文提示“一个逃生计划可以帮助每个家庭成员从着火的房子里出来。”由此推知，D项切题。故选D。
22．下文提示“所以了解和记住走出家门的不同方式是很重要的。”承接下文，B项切题。故选B。
23．上文提示“如果你能看到房子里有烟，在你往出口走的时候，离地面低一点。”承接上文，G项切题。前后是一种因果关系，故选G。
24．根据下文提示“那么，消防员将很难找到你。”承接下文，F项 切题。故选F。
25．上文提示“如果发生这种情况，不要跑!相反，停下来，倒在地上，用手捂住脸，然后滚。这将切断空气，扑灭火焰。”承接上文，A项切题。故选A。
三、阅读选择
A
26-29 ACDB
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章就震后如何帮助孩子恢复身心健康向家长提供了有关的建议。
26．词句猜测题。根据划线词句“Some families will be able to return to their normal life quickly, while others will have to contend with the destruction of their homes, medical problems, and injury to family members”可知，一些家庭还好，而另一些家庭就不得不应对许多震后带来的问题，进而推断出，contend with为“应对”的意思。选项A“处理”与之意义最为接近，故选A项。
27．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Issues may come up more than once and parents should remain patient when you answer the questions again.”可知，当孩子再问同样的问题时，父母要再次耐心回答。故选C项。
28．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中“Parents should remain sensitive to each child’s reactions.”、“Parents should also tell children they are safe and spend extra time with them. ”以及“Most importantly, be sure to tell them you love them.”可知，ABC三项课文中都提到了，D项没有被提到。故选D项。
29．推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“Children especially will need time to recover from the loss of a loved one or a pet or from the closing down of their school.”可知，孩子们可能需要更长的时间在地震后恢复。故选B项。
B
30-32 DBC
【分析】这是一篇新闻。文章讲述了一场暴风雨给若干个家庭带来的影响，以及士兵和福利部门给受灾人们的帮助。
30．细节理解题。根据第一段“A terrible storm destroyed fourteen homes. Seven others were so badly damaged that their owners had to leave them, and fifteen others had broken windows or broken roofs.”（一场可怕的暴风雨摧毁了十四所房子。另外有七座房屋受损严重，主人不得不离开，另有十五座房屋的窗户和屋顶被打破了。）可知，共有三十六个房屋在暴风雨中被毁。故选D项。
31．细节理解题。根据第三段谭先生所说的“ ‘I was eating with my wife and children,’ he said, ‘when we heard a loud noise. A few minutes later our house fell down on top of us.’ ”（ 他说：“当时我正和妻子和孩子吃饭，突然听到一声巨响。几分钟后，房子倒在了我们身上。”）可知，暴风雨发生的时候谭先生正在室内。故选B项。
32．细节理解题。根据第四段“Mrs Woo said that her husband had just left for work when she felt that her house was moving. She ran outside at once with her children.”（吴太太说，丈夫刚出门上班，她就觉得房子在动，立刻带着孩子们跑到外面。）可知，吴太太和孩子们没有受伤的原因是感觉房子在动时立刻带孩子跑到了外面。故选C项。