高中英语语法专题第二十二章 直接引语和间接引语

第二十二章 直接引语和间接引语
直接引语和间接引语(Direct Speech and Indirect Speech)：在英语中,直接引述别人的原话,一字不改地引用,被引用的话在语法上叫做直接引语。直接引语须放在引号之内。例如：
Mary said,"I am fond of music.”玛丽说她喜欢音乐。
用自己的话转述别人的话对原话可以有所变更,叫做间接引语。间接引语一般都构成宾语从句。使用间接引语不用引号。例如：
Mary said that she was fond of music. 玛丽说她喜欢音乐。
从上例看来,直接引语改为间接引语时,除将直接引语改为宾语从句之外,还须对直接引语中的人称和时态进行相应的变化,如上例直接引语中的I改成了she,am则改成了was,现将由直接引语改为间接引语时应注意的问题,分述如下。
1.直接引语是陈述句,改为间接引语时,则将这个陈述句改为间接引语的宾语从句,其连接词要用that(一般可省)。在将直接引语改为间接引语的宾语从句时,要注意下列的几种变化。
(1)人称的相应变化,例如：
直接：He said, “You told me this story.”他说：“你给我讲过这个故事。”
间接：He said that I had told him that story.他说我给他讲过那个故事。(You改为I, me改为him, told改为had told)
教你巧学巧记:
(1) 直接引语为陈述句变间接引语口诀
当直接引语为陈述句，变成间接引语的“顺口溜”是:
去掉引号加that，人称变化要灵活，
时态向后退一步，状语变化按规定。
例如:She said，“My brother doesn’t want to go there.”→She said that her brother didn’t want to go there.
(2)间直引语互变人称变化口诀
一、直接引语变为间接引语的人称变化规律可总结为，
一主、二宾、三不变。
“一主”即把直接引语中的第一人称(如：I，me，my，mine，we，us，our，ours)变为与主句的主语相一致的人称。如:
She said to him, " I can get on well with my friends here." →She told him that she could get on well with her friends there.
“二宾”指把直接引语中的第二人称(you，your，yours)变为和主句的间接宾语(即听话人，如无听话人，可根据上下文的体会人为确定一个人称)相一致的人称。如:
"How did you find your way here "he asked (her).→He asked (her) how she had found her way there.
“三不变”就是直接引语中的第三人称(he，him，his，she，her，hers,it，its,they,their，theirs，them)变为间接引语时，人称不变。如:
You said to me, " He hasn't heard from his son for a long time."→You told me that he hadn't heard from his son for a long time.
二、与上述人称变化相反，间接引语变为直接引语的人称变化可总结为：
同主一 ，同宾二，异不变。
“同主一”是指在间接引语变为直接引语时，当间接引语中的人称与主句主语一致，则变为第一人称。如:
They told you that they were preparing for their English evening then.→They said to you, " We are preparing for our English evening now."
此句中的 we，our也可用 they，their。如果这样 ，则原间接引语中的 they与主句中的they就是指不同的两方。直接引语中用we，our是 指原间接引语中的they,their与主语中的they属于同一方。又如:
She told you that she would fly to London the next week. →She said to you, " I will fly to London next week. "
“同宾二”指间接引语中的人称与主句间接宾语(听话人)一致，变为直接引语时变为第二人称。如:
I told her that she had to (must)stay at home and look after her grandma.→I said to her,"You must stay at home and look after your grandma."
“异不变”就是间接引语中的人称既不与主句主语一致，也不与宾语一致，变为直接引语时则不变。如:
I told him that she hadn't sent for a doctor the day before. →I said to him," She didn't send for a doctor yesterday."
(2)时态、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语的相应变化。见下面A、B表格：
A.直接引语改为间接引语时,动词时态相应变化表
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时(不变)
一般将来时 过去将来时
B.直接引语改为间接引语时,指示代词、时间状语和地点状语的相应变化表。
直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this/these that/those
时间状语 now then
today that day
tonight that night
this week (month…) that week (month…)
yesterday the day before
last week (month…) the week (month…)before
two weeks (month)ago two weeks (months)before
tomorrow the next day
next week (month…) the next week (month…)
地点状语 here there
动 词 come go
bring take
例如：
①Father said,“I am free. ”父亲说：“我有空。”→Father said that he was free. 父亲说他有空。
②He said, “We went to the cinema yesterday.” 他说：“我们昨天去电影院了。” →He said they had gone to the cinema the day before. 他说前一天他们去电影院了。
③Lily said, “I will come back next month.” 莉莉说：“我下个月回来。” →Lily said that she would go back the next month. 莉莉说她下一个月就回去。
注意 ① 直接引语的谓语动词是过去完成时,间接引语的时态不再变化。例如：
They said,“We had finished the work before five o'clock.” 他们说：“我们在5点之前已经干完了这个活。” →They said that they had finished the work before five o'clock.他们说他们在5点之前已经干完了这个活。
② 以上这些变化,要根据说话的具体时间和具体地点的情况而定,不可机械照搬。如果就在当地转述,here就不必改为there,come也不必改为go,如果就在当天转述,yesterday或tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。直接引语中的一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间状语连用,间接引语的一般过去时时态不变。例如：
He said, “Columbus discovered America in 1492.”他说：“哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。” →He said Columbus discovered America in 1492.他说哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。
③如果直接引语讲述的是客观真理现象,改为间接引语时,其一般现在时不变。例如：
The teacher said, “The earth is round. ”老师说：“地球是圆的。” →The teacher said that the earth is round.老师说地球是圆的。
(3)如果直接引语所在的句中的谓语动词是现在时或将来时态,改为间接引语时,时态不变。 例如：
①She says,“I didn't do it.” 她说：“我没做这件事。” →She says that she didn't do it.她说她没做这件事。
②He will say, “I have done it. ” 他会说：“我已经做了。” →He will say he has done it.他会说他已经做了。
2.直接引语如为疑问句,改为间接引语时,须将疑问句的语序改为陈述句的语序。其人称、时态等相应的变化同上。
(1)直接引语如为一般问句,变为间接引语时,须用连接词whether或if将其引出,使其成为间接引语的宾语从句。如果主句中的谓语动词为said,则将其改为asked。如果谓语动词后没有间接宾语,可以加上一个间接宾语me,him,her,us等。例如：
①She said, “Is your father an engineer ” 她说：“你父亲是工程师吗 ”→She asked me whether my father was an engineer.她问我说我父亲是否是工程师。
②The teacher said to Li Ming, “Have you finished your homework ”老师对李明说：“你做完作业了吗 ” →The teacher asked Li Ming whether he had finished his homework.老师问李明是否已做完作业了。
(2)如果直接引语为特殊疑问句, 仍用特殊疑问句中的疑问词what,where,when,who,how many作为连接词将其引出,构成间接引语中的宾语从句,但须将疑问式的动词改为陈述式。
①“What do you do every Sunday morning ”my friend asked me.我的朋友问我说, 每星期天上午你做什么 →My friend asked me what I did every Sunday morning. 我的朋友问我每星期天上午我做什么。
②“Where have you been,Li Ming ”the teacher asked. 老师问道：“你上哪里去了,李明 ” →The teacher asked Li Ming where he had been. 老师问李明曾去过哪儿。
③I asked her, “How many English books will you read next term ” 我问她说：“下学期你将读多少本英语书 ” →I asked her how many English books she would read the next term.我问她下学期将读多少本英文书。
教你巧学巧记:
疑问句变间接引语有妙法
1．一变 二换 三变化 四连词
一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为间接引语时要注意:
(1)改为陈述句语序。(2)人称代词、时态等也要变化。(3)主句谓语动词为said时，换为asked。
“一变”即改变语序；“二换”即换said为asked；“三变化”即人称、时态要变化；“四连词”即原来为一般问句时，间接引语中用whether或if，原来为特殊问句时，间接引语中仍用原来的疑问词。如:
He asked,“Is it raining now ”→He asked whether/if it was raining then.
He asked, “How can I go to the museum ” →He asked how he could go to the museum.
2．口诀记忆
(1)直接引语为一般疑问句，变间接引语的口诀是:
去掉引号加if(或whether)，陈述语序要记住。
时态、人称和状语，小心变化别马虎。
(2)直接引语是特殊疑问句，变间接引语的口诀是:
直接去引号，陈述莫忘掉。
助动do(does)、did，一定要去掉。
【注意】
直接引语里是：What's wrong with…… /What's the matter /What's the trouble /What has happened /等特殊疑问句时,间接引语的语序不变。
④“When did you get up this morning ”asked my father.我父亲问道：“今天早晨你什么时候起床的 ” →My father asked me when I had got up that morning. 我父亲问我那天早晨我是什么时候起床的。
⑤He asked, “Who will do this next year ” 他问：“明年谁做这件事 ” →He asked who would do that the next year. 他问第二年谁做那件事。
3.直接引语如果是祈使句,变为间接引语时,和上面的情况有所不同,要用tell(ask,order)someone to do something这个句型,就是把祈使句中的动词原形改为动词不定式。如果该祈使句的动词为said,就将其改为told,asked或ordered,warned等。如果祈使句中有please一词,改为间接引语时,就将please去掉。例如：
(1)He said,“Sit down,please.” 他说：“请坐。” →He asked me to sit down. 他让我坐下。
(2)The teacher said, “Don’t talk! ” 老师说：“不要讲话! ” →The teacher told us not to talk.老师要我们不要讲话。
(3)I said to my own son,“Go home! ”我对自己的儿子说：“回家去!” →I ordered my own son to go home.我叫我自己的儿子回家去。
(4)The policeman said to the children, “Don't play football in the middle of the street.”警察对孩子们说：“别在马路中间踢足球。” →The policeman warned the children not to play football in the middle of the street.警察警告孩子们不要在马路中间踢足球。
教你巧学巧记:
祈使句变间接引语有方法
当直接引语是祈使句，变成间接引语的“顺口溜”是:
去掉引号要加to；ask，order须记住，
直引若是否定式，not加在to前部。
例如:The teacher said to her mother，“Please give me the book.”→The teacher told her mother to give her the book.
巩固性练习：
一、改错：
1.He said that he is going to London.
2.Tom said they had finished the job yesterday.
3.She asked me don’t smoke in the room.
4.They asked that he was there.
5.I asked you where was he going.
6.The teacher told us not talk any more.
7.The doctor said to his wife, Not wait for me.
8.He asked me who I am.
9.Mary said that she would see you tomorrow.
10.Mother asked what the matter was.
二、将下列句子改为间接引语
1.Where will you go tomorrow Mother asked me.
2.The old woman said to me, Please lock the door for me.
3.The boy told his teacher, We went to an exhibition yesterday.
4.He said, I'll go to the station to see off a friend of mine this afternoon.
5. Hello,how are you he said to me.
6.Tom said to me angrily, Why don’t you tell me you have been here for two weeks
7.John said to Mary, Do you remember I borrowed a diamond necklace from you
8.The teacher said to Li Ming, Don’t make the same mistake again.
9. Are you leaving today or tomorrow I asked her.
10.The nurse said to the children, The sun rises in the east.
参考答案:一、1.is→was 2.yesterday→the day before
3.don’t→not to 4.that→if
5.was he→he was 6.not 后面加to
7.Not→Don't 8.am→was
9.tomorrow→the next day 10.was the matter
二、1.Mother asked me where I would go the next day.
2.The old woman asked me to lock the door for her.
3.The boy told his teacher that they had gone to an exhibition the day before.
4.He said that he would go to the station to see off a friend of his that afternoon.
5.He asked me how I was.
6.Tom asked me angrily why I didn't tell him I had been there for two weeks.
7.John asked Mary if she remembered he had borrowed a diamond necklace from her.
8.The teacher told Li Ming not to make the same mistake again.
9.I asked her whether she was leaving that day or the next day.
10.The nurse told the children that the sun rises in the east.