(共16张PPT)
定语与定语从句的翻译
1.定语词或者词组翻译
(1)前置定语的翻译
1. 翻译成汉语时把定语前置,译成“……的”结构
A.单一前置定语
英语中,单个定语前置的一般有形容词、数词、代词、动名词、分词和所有格等。这种单一的定语汉译时通常置于中心语之前,译成“……的”结构时,应按照汉语习惯,适时省略“的”。
The present members of the leading group are very young.
领导班子的现有成员很年轻。 (形容词)
China’s first man-made earth satellite weighs 173 kilos.
中国第一颗人造地球卫星重173公斤.(所有格和数词)
When penetrating injury has produced a fracture, an open fracture exists.
当穿透性损伤造成骨折时,则为开放性骨折。(动名词)
Under certain conditions a charged body can make an uncharged one produce charges.
在一定条件下,带电体能使不带电体带电。 (形容词)
B.两个或两个以上前置定语的翻译
英语中两个或两个以上的单词定语放在中心语之前共同修饰一个名词,其基本顺序是由小范围到大范围,由次要意义到主要意义,由程度弱到程度强,由一般到专有,意思越具体,物质性越强,就越靠近中心语,而汉语正好相反
定语全部前置时在英语句子中其词序一般是“非限制性定语+限制性定语+名词中心词”。
当多个前置定语翻译成“……的”意思可以通畅无误时,一般如下翻译:
(1) a very valuable bronze Egyptian cat
译:一只非常珍贵的埃及铜猫
(2) the ancient Chinese history
译:中国古代史
(3) some Western European Countries
译:西欧一些国家
(4) a modern, powerful,socialist country
译:一个社会主义的现代化强国
(5) a powerful industrial socialist country
译:一个强大的社会主义工业国
(6) a great and most glorious cause
译:一个极其光荣伟大的事业
(2)后置定语的翻译
1. 副词作后置定语
(1) People there like singing and dancing.
译:那儿的人们喜欢唱歌跳舞。
(2) Their day together remained vividly in his thoughts.
译:他们在一起度过的日子清晰地留在他脑海中。
2. 介词短语作后置定语
(1) The shortest distance between two points is a straight line.
译:两点之间的最短距离是直线。
(2) Commerce with other countries is very important to us.
译:与其他国家的贸易往来对我们极为重要。
从以上例子可以看出,翻译副词和介词短语做后置定语的时候,只要清楚了中心词和后置定语的关系和位置,翻译就简单多了,只要简单地译成“……的”就可以了。
3. 形容词作后置定语
1.We didn’t meet anybody new at the party.
2.Is there anything important in today’s newspaper
3.They are somewhere alike in their beliefs.
4. He was the happiest man alive.
5.He is a man suitable for the job.
6.The woman kind towards her neighbors is my aunt.
7.A person afraid to overcome the difficulties is a cowardly one.
8.There is an avenue two kilometers long in this city.
在舞会上,我们没有见到新面孔的人。
今天的报纸有什么重要的新闻吗
他们的信仰有些相似。
他是世界上最幸福的人。
他是适合做这项工作的人。
那位对邻居很和善的女人是我的姑母。
一个不敢克服困难的人是个懦夫。
这座城市里有一条两公里长的林荫道。
2、 定语从句的翻译
(1)前置法
英语定语从句的译法主要涉及到限制性定语从句的译法和非限制性定语从句的译法。“限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起限制作用,与先行词关系密切,不用逗号分开,对它所修饰的词的词义加以限制,不能省略。一般多译成定语,放在被修饰词之前,形成‘……的’的结构,从而将复合句译成汉语单句。”
(1) The man who gave us a report yesterday was a model worker.
译:昨天晚上给我们作报告的那个人是劳动模范。
(2) This is a book which tells about rocket technology.
译:这是一本关于火箭技术的书。
(3) A library is a place where books are kept for reading.
译:图书馆是藏书供阅读的地方。
The reason why things don’ t fall off the earth is rather simple.
A man who doesn’t try to learn from others cannot hope to achieve much.
In the old days when I was a child, the city had no industry to speak of.
物体不掉离地球的原因是相当简单的。
一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多少成就的。
在过去,当我还是一个孩子时,这个城市没有工业可言。
(二)后置法
1. 译成并列句,重复先行词
(1) I told the story to John ,who told it to his brother.
译:我把这事告诉了约翰,约翰又告诉了他弟弟。
(2) They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.
译:他们正在为一个理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的。在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
2. 译成并列句,省略先行词
He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.
译文: 他坚持要再建一幛房子, 尽管并无此需要。
3. 译成独立句
(1) He had talked to Vice-President Nixon, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.
译:他和副总统尼克松谈过话。副总统向他保证,凡是能做到的都将全力去做。
(2) One was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective.
译:有一次是暴风雨,猛烈的程度实为生平所仅见。这阵暴风雨遮住了我的目标。
(三)融合法
由于限定性定语从句与主句关系比较紧密,所以汉译时可将主句压缩成汉语词组作主语,而把定语从句翻译成谓语,融合成一个句子。例如:
(1) We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.
译:我们驾驶的飞机几乎每个部件都有国籍的某些标志。
(2) We are a nation that must adhere to the guiding principle of socialism and four modernizations.
译:我们这个国家必须坚持社会主义和四个现代化的基本方针。
(四)拆分法
英语非限定性定语从句对先行词不起限制作用,只对它加以描写、叙述或解释。当主、从句之间关系比较松散时,可以把定语从句拆出来,译成一个单独的句子放在主句前面或后面。例如:
(1) We have six American teachers, who can’t speak Chinese.
译:我们有六位美籍教师。他们都不会说中国话。
(2) Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which showed that the computations were accurate.
译:不过问题总算圆满地解决了。这说明计算很准确。
The police are concerned for the safety of the 12-year-old boy who has been missing for three days.
He was the only one to speak out against the decision.
I admire her coolness under pressure.
He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.
那个12岁的男孩失踪三天了,警方对他的安全感到担忧。
只有他站出来反对那项决定。
我佩服她在压力下能保持冷静。
没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。