外研版英语八(下)Module 9 Friendship知识点详解
Unit 2 I believe that the world is what you think it is.
★(A2).【知识点再现】When I was thirteen years old, a girl gave me an important gift. 在我13岁的时候,一个女孩送给我一份重要的礼物。
【知识点1】give sb. sth.=give sth. to sb. 意为“给某人某物”,give可以接双宾语,间接宾语是人,直接宾语是物,间接宾语人在前时用give sb. sth.,直接宾语物在前时用give sth. to sb. ,即在直接宾语前要加to,两者可互相转换。如:
Would you please give me a piece of paper =Would you please give a piece of paper to me 能给我一张纸吗?
【拓展】可以带双宾语的动词有:
●(需借助to的):give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, read, return, send, show, teach, tell, ask, leave, mail, throw, take, write等。用to侧重指动作的方向,表示朝着,向着,对着某人。
●(需借助for 的):build, buy, call, change, cook, choose, do, draw, fetch, find, get, make, order, play(演奏), sing, save, win等。用for 侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人,替某人。
★(A2).【知识点再现】No one knew me. 没有人认识我。
【知识点2】no one=nobody是不定代词,意为“没有人;什么人也没有”,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,只指人,不能与of短语连用,常用来回答以who引导的特殊疑问句。如:
No one (=Nobody) believes him. 没有人相信他。
No one (=Nobody) knows where she is from. 没有人知道他是哪里人。
---- Who was late today 今天谁迟到了? ---- No one. 谁也没有迟到。
★(A2).【知识点再现】I was very lonely, and afraid to make friends with anyone. 我很孤独,不敢与任何人交朋友。
【知识点3】【辨析】(be) afraid to do sth.与(be) afraid of doing doing sth.的用法辨析:
①be afraid to do意为“怕”不敢/胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做。如:
I’m afraid to swim in the river. 我不敢在河里游泳。
The little girl was afraid to ask for help. 那个小姑娘不敢求人帮忙。
②be afraid of doing意为“生怕,恐怕”。担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的。如:
I’m afraid of height. 我恐高。// The boy was afraid of falling off the wall. 这个男孩害怕从墙上摔下来。
She was afraid to walk in grass because she was afraid of a snake. 她不敢在草丛中走,因为她怕蛇。
【知识点4】make friends with sb. 意为“和某人交朋友”。如:
I want to make friends with you. 我想和你交朋友。
★(A2).【知识点再现】Every time I heard the other students talking and laughing, I felt even more lonely.
每次听到其他同学有说有笑,我觉得自己更加孤单了。
【知识点5】every time=each time=whenever, 意为“每次,每当”,在本句中相当于一个连词,引导一个状语从句,可用于一般现在时,也可以用于一般过去时。如:
Every/Each time I met this boy, he was cryong. 我每次见到这个男孩,他都在哭泣。
Every/Each time I ask you to do something, you always say you are too busy. 每次我让你做点儿什么,你总是说太忙。
Don’t stop every time you come to a word or phrase you don’t know. 不要次每碰到一个你不认识的单词或短语就停下来。
【知识点6】the other后接可数名词复数,意为“其余的……”。any other后接可数名词单数为同义表达,意为“其他任何一个……”。如:
Jack studies harder than the other students in our school. =Jack studies harder than any other student in our school. 在我们学校杰克学习最努力。
【知识点7】【辨析】hear sb. do sth.与hear sb. doing sth. 的用法辨析:
①hear sb. do sth. 意为“听见某人做某事”。强调听到的动作经常发生或听到某个动作发生的全过程,是省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。类似用法的有see/watch/hear/notice sb. do sth.等。如:
I heard him turn off the TV. 我听到他关掉电视。
We often hear him sing this song. 我们经常听到他唱这首歌。
②hear sb. doing sth. 意为“听见某人正在做某事”。强调听到的动作正在进行。此处是现在分词作宾语补足语。类似用法的有see/watch/hear/notice sb. doing sth.等。如:
I heard someone knocking at the door. 我听见有人在敲门。
I heard someone singing in the next room. 我听到有人正在隔壁房间唱歌。
【知识点8】even是副词,意为“更加,甚至”,用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级,表示程度。英语中常见的用于修饰比较级的词有:much,even,a little,a lot,still,far等。如:
Today it is even colder than it was yesterday. 今天比昨天更冷。
This apple is much bigger than that one. 这个苹果比那个大得多。
My bedroom is much bigger than Lily’s. 我的卧室比莉莉大得多。
★(A2).【知识点再现】I could not talk to anyone about my problem, and I did not want my parents to worry about me. 我不能向任何人说起自己的问题,我不想让父母担心。
【知识点9】【辨析】talk to,talk with,talk about 与talk of的用法辨析:
①talk to sb. 意为“与某人交谈,对某人讲话”,侧重于表示一个人对另一个人讲话,但是不表示对方也需要讲话,主要是强调告诉某人什么事,有时指上级对下级,含有“训话”意味,是单向的。如:
Mr. Li is talking to his students. 李老师正在对他的学生谈话。
The teacher is talking to his students. 老师正在对他的同学们讲话。
②talk with sb.“和/与某人一起谈论/交谈”,双方都要发表言论,相互沟通,双方是互动的。如:
I want to talk with you. 我想和你谈谈。
Mr. Li is talking with his students. 李老师正在跟他的学生聊天。
③talk about意为“谈论,讨论”,后接谈论的内容,宾语可以是人,也可以是物。如:
People begin to talk about her. 人们开始谈论她。
I’m busy now. Let’s talk about it later. 我现在忙,让我们以后谈论它吧。
Jim and Tom are talking about how to learn English. 吉姆和汤姆在讨论怎样学好英语。
④talk of“谈及,谈到”与talk about 同义。只是talk of 仅指“浅谈表面现象(如作者、书名等)。”如:
We often talk of you.我们经常谈到你。
【知识点10】want sb. to do sth. 意为“想要某人做某事”。如:
I want my mother to drink some water. 我想让我妈妈喝点水。
I want my teacher to help me with my maths. 我想让我的老师帮助我学数学。
【知识点11】worry about意为“担心”,同义短语为be worried about。其中worry是动词,意为“担心,焦虑,苦恼”,worried是形容词,意为“担心的,焦虑的”。如:
Don’t worry about/be worried about me, mum. 妈妈不要担心我。
They worry about/are worried about the bad weather. 他们担心坏天气。
Every time the exam is over, I’ll be worried about the result. 每次考试结束后,我都担心考试的结果。
★(A2).【知识点再现】One day, my classmates were talking with their friends, but I sat in silence. 一天我的同学正在与他们的朋友聊天,而我默默地坐在那儿。
【知识点12】【辨析】talk with sb.与talk to sb.的用法辨析:
①talk with sb. 意为“和某人一起谈论”,双方都要发表言论,相互沟通,双方是互动的。如:
The teacher is talking with his students. 老师正在和他的同学们聊天。
②talk to sb. 意为“对某人讲话”,侧重于表示一个人对另一个人讲话,但是不表示对方也需要讲话,主要是强调告诉某人什么事,有时指上级对下级,含有“训话”意味,是单向的。如:
The teacher is talking to his students. 老师正在对他的同学们讲话。
【知识点13】in silence意为“安静地,沉默地”。Silence是名词意为“寂静,沉默,无声”。它的形容词形式为silent,意为“沉默的,无声的”。如:
He reads the book in silence. 他在默默地读书。
They finished their meal in silence. 他们安静地吃完了饭。
He is a silent, thoughtful boy. 他是一个沉默、多思的孩子。
【拓展】keep silence意为“保持安静”;keep silent意为“不啃声,默不作声”。如:
I hope you will keep silence when I’m away. 我出去后,我希望你安静些。
Anna was unable to keep silent any longer. 安娜再也不能保持沉默了。
★(A2).【知识点再现】She passed me and then turn back. 她从我身边走过,然后转过身来。
【知识点14】turn back意为“返回,折回,往回走,转过身来,回过头”。如:
She turned back towards her home. 她折了回来,往家走去。
You can not turn back the hand of the clock. 时钟难倒转,光阴不可留。
★(A2).【知识点再现】Suddenly, I felt the touch of something bright and friendly. 突然,我感到一种欢快而友好的东西在触动着我。
【知识点15】touch句中用作名词,意为“接触,碰到”。touch用作动词,意为“触摸,碰”。如:
I felt a touch on my back. 我感觉有人碰了我的背一下。(名词)
Don’t touch the machine. It’s dangerous. 不要碰那台机器,很危险。(动词)
【知识点16】something bright and friendly意为“一种欢快而友好的东西”,是不定代词定语后置,bright是形容词,意为“明亮的,欢快的”。如:
The bright lights arrested the boy’s attention. 明亮的灯光吸引了孩子的注意力。
★(A2).【知识点再现】It made me feel happy, lively and warm. 这使我感到很开心,快活和温暖。
【知识点17】make sb. do sth. 意为“使/让某人做某事”,是不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。如:
He made the little boy cry. 他使得那个小男孩哭了起来。
They made me repeat the story. 他们让我又把那故事讲了一遍。
The good news made him feel happy. 这个好消息让他感到很高兴。
【拓展】后可接不带to的动词不定式作宾补的词有感官动词see,hear,look at,watch,feel 和使役动词let,have,make等。除了不带to的不定式作宾补外,形容词和名词也可以用作宾补。
●make sb.+adj. (形容词作宾补) 如:Listening to music can make me happy. 听音乐可以使我快乐。
●make sb.+ n. (名词作宾补) 如:We make him our monitor. 我们选他当班长。
【知识点18】【辨析】lively,alive,living与live的用法辨析:
①lively(读作[laivli]),意为“生动的,活泼的,充满生气的”, 可作定语、表语或宾补,可以用来修饰人或物。如:
Jenny is a lively girl. 詹妮是个活泼的女孩。// Everything is lively here. 这儿一切都生机勃勃。
He had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 他有一种奇特的方法,使他的课生动有趣。
②alive是表语形容词,意为“活着”,侧重说明生与死之间的界限,既修饰指人,也可修饰物;可用来作表语,后置定语或宾补,有时alive可用用作主语的补语,虽有死的可能,但还活着。如:
He is dead, but his dog is still alive. 他死了,但他的狗仍然还活着。
They were alive and as happy as ever. 他们都还活着,并且跟以前一样快活。
He wanted to keep the fish alive. 他想让鱼活着。(宾补)// The fish were caught alive. 这些鱼被活捉。(主补)
All the other comrades were killed in the battle. He was the only man alive. 所有的同志都阵亡了,他是惟一的幸存者。
③living意为“活着”强调说明“尚在人间”,“健在”,可用来指人或物,主要用作定语,常置于名词之前,有时也可置于名词之后。也可用作表语。living 前加上the , 表示类别,the living指“活着的人们”。living 还可用于短语:make a living 谋生。如:
My first teacher is still living. 我的启蒙老师仍健在。
Every living person has a name. 每一个活着的人都有一个名字。
The living must finish the work of those dead . 活着的人必须完成那些死去的人的事业。
The living are more important to us than the dead. 对我们来说活着的人比死了的人更重要。
④live读作[laiv ],意为“活着的”,通常修饰物,放在所修饰的名词之前,一般不用来修饰人。live还可以作“现场播出的,实况转播的”解。live还可用作动词,读作[liv],意为“生活”、“生存”。如:
He said he had seen a live whale. 他说他看见过活鲸鱼。
Do you like a live show or a recorded show 你是喜欢直播还是录音 。
Pandas usually live in the south and the southeast of China. 熊猫通常生活在中国的南部和东南部。
★(A2).【知识点再现】That smile changed my life. 那个微笑改变了我的生活。
【知识点19】change one’s life意为“改变某人的生活”。如:
Books are very important to us. Sometimes, a good book can change one’s life. We can get lots of knowledge from the book. 书籍对我们很重要。有时,一本好书可以改变一个人的一生。我们能从书中学到很多知识。
★(A2).【知识点再现】Day by day, I learnt to trust people, and they include me in their circle of friends. 我逐渐学会了信任他人,而他们也邀请我加入了他们的朋友圈。
【知识点20】day by day 意为“一天天地,渐渐地”,常用来说明一个逐渐变化的过程,含有“越来越……”之意。如:
His English gets better day by day. 他的英语一天天变好了。
It is getting warmer day by day. 天气一天天地变得暖和起来。
Day by day she learnt more about her job. 她渐渐地了解自己的工作了。
【拓展】day after day意为“日复一日的”,用于形容动作的重复,不含变化的意思。如:
He goes to look after his grandfather day after day. 他天天都去照顾他的爷爷。
Day after day he waited for that letter and it never came. 一天又一天,他等待着这封信——但它没有来。
【知识点21】trust意为“信任,相信”,既可以用作动词,也可以用作名词。如:
A good marriage is based on trust. 美满的婚姻是建立在互相信任的基础上的。(名词)
If you break your word, he will never trust you again. 如果你不守信,他决不会再相信你。(动词)
【知识点22】include是动词,“包括,包含”,其宾语经常是构成主语的一部分,有时也可以指构成主语的全部。后接名词、代词或动名词。include不能用于进行时态。短语:include sth. in/on...意为“把某物加入……”。如:
The grammar lessons include 80 sentence patterns. 语法部分的课文包括80个句型。
Our textbook includes eight stories and two short plays. 我们的课本包括8个故事和两篇短剧。
Would you include a Walkman on/in your list 你会把随声听加入到你的清单上吗?
【拓展】including是介词,意为“包括,包含”,用于列举事物,被包括之人或物要放在其后;included是include的过去分词,被包括之人或物要放在其前。如:
The band played many songs, including some of my favourites. 这个乐队演奏了很多的歌,包括我最喜欢的一些歌。
There are many kinds of fruits, including apples, bananas, oranges and peaches. 有许多种水果,包括苹果、香蕉、橙子和桃。
There are 50 people in the classroom, the teacher included. 教室里有50个人,包括老师。
★(A2).【知识点再现】And we stick together like glue. 我们像胶水一样粘在一起。
【知识点23】stick together 意为“团结一致,在一起”。stick是动词,意为“粘,粘贴”。如:
What’s wrong with this stamp It won’t stick. 这邮票怎么回事?粘不住。
Whatever happens, we must stick together. 无论发生什么事,我们都要团结一致。
★(A2).【知识点再现】My suggestion is: Smile at the world and it will smile back. 我的建议是:你向世界微笑,它会向你回以微笑。
【知识点24】suggestion是可数名词,意为“建议”。suggestion的动词形式为suggest,意为“建议,提议”,常用短语为suggest doing sth. 表示“建议做某事”。如:
Someone came up with a most useful suggestion. 有人提出了一个非常有益的建议。
Mr. Li gave me some suggestions about learning English. 李老师给我提了一些关于学英语的建议。
Mary suggested asking her father for his opinion。玛丽建议询问她父亲的观点。
【拓展】advice是不可数名词,意为“建议”。与suggestion同意。它的动词形式为advise。如:
Let’s give you a piece of advice. 让我们给你提个建议。
My best friend Jenny gave me a piece of advice yesterday. 昨天我最好的朋友詹妮给我提了一条建议。
Unit 3 Language in use
★(A4).【知识点再现】Just hold the line, please. 请稍等。
【知识点1】hold the line意为“等一下,不挂断电话”,也可说hold on,是打电话的交际用语,表示让对方不挂断电话。如:
---- Hello! May I speak to Tom, please 你好!我可以和汤姆说话吗?
---- Hold the line/Hold on, please. I’ll go and get him. 请不要挂断,我去找他。
Can you hold on I’ll see if he’s here. 你能等一下吗?我去看看他在不在。
Please hold the line. I’m opening the door. Someone is knocking at it. 请别挂断电话,我去开门,有人在敲门。
★(A5).【知识点再现】My suggestion is: keep trying to make friends. 我的建议是:一直努力去交朋友吧。
【知识点2】keep doing sth. 意为“坚持/不断/反复/继续/一直做某事”,强调动作的连续不断,不与表示瞬间动作的动词连用,动作本身是主语发出来的。如:
Why do the dogs keep barking 这些狗为什么不停地叫?
We must keep learning English every day. 我们必须坚持每天学英语。
We kept working in the fields in spite of the rain. 尽管下雨,我们还是坚持在地里干活。
【拓展】keep+宾语+形容词/副词/现在分词(作宾补)。如:Don’t keep your mother waiting. 不要让你妈妈等了。
I must keep my bedroom clean and tidy. 我一定要让我的 卧室保持干净整洁。
★(A6).【知识点再现】When my grandmother died, I felt my heart break. 当我祖母去世的时候,我感觉我的心都碎了。
【知识点3】【辨析】feel sb. do sth.与feel sb. doing sth.的用法辨析:
①feel sb. do sth. 意为“感觉某人做过(或经常做)某事”。如:
I felt the building shake just now. 刚才我感觉大楼动了一下。
The woman felt the wounded soldier move. 那个妇女感觉受伤的战士动了一下。
②feel sb. doing sth. 意为“感觉某人正在做某事”。如:
I felt my both legs shaking. 我感觉双腿在发抖。// I felt something crawling up my arm 我感到有东西在我臂上向上爬。
★(A6).【知识点再现】She was full of love for everyone in the family and every piece of advice she gave me was a treasure. 她对所有的家人充满了爱,而且她给我的每个忠告都是一笔财富。
【知识点4】be full of...,be filled with...与fill...with...的用法辨析:
①be full of...意为“充满……的,装满……的”(表状态);full是形容词,of后多跟名词。如:
The classroom was full of students. 教室里挤满了学生。// The bottle is full of water. 瓶里装满了水。
②be filled with...意为“被……装满,装满……的”(既可表状态又可表动作);filled是fill被动形式,在词组中当形容词来用。表示状态时be full of...可与be filled with...换用。如:
The bottle is filled with water. 瓶子里装满了水。
The basket is filled with apples by the old man. 老人把篮子装满了苹果。
The bottle is full of water.=The bottle is filled with water. 瓶里装满了水。
③fill...with... 意为“把……装满……;用……装满……”(表动作)。如:
Fill the bottle with sand. 把瓶子装满沙子。// I fill my schoolbag with books. 我用书装满我的书包。
★(A6).【知识点再现】She stayed in touch with them until her last days. 在最后的那些日子里,她仍然与他们保持联系。
【知识点5】until作连词或介词,意为“到……时,直到……为止”。作连词时,其后跟句子;作介词时,其后跟名词(短语)。如:I’ll wait until you come back. 我会一直等到你回来。
They are going to stay until next Sunday. 他们打算一直待到下周日。
【拓展】①until用于肯定句中时,主句的谓语动词通常是延续性动词,表示该动作一直持续到until所表示的时间。②until用于否定句中时,主句的谓语动词通常是非延续性动词,表示直到until所表示的时间才做某事,构成句型“not…until知道……才”。如:
She worked until 11:30 pm. 她一直工作到晚上11:30。// She did not go to bed until 11:30 pm. 她直到晚上11:30才去睡觉。
★(Around the world).【知识点再现】Many people make friends by writing letters. 许多人通过写信交朋友。
【知识点6】by 是介词,意为“通过;以”,后接名词、代词或动名词,表示通过某种方式、手段等。by doing sth. 意为“通过某种方式做某事”,对其提问用特殊疑问句how。如:
He learns English by taking notes. 他通过记笔记学习英语。
---- How do you learn English 你怎样学英语的? ---- I learn English by listening to radio. 我通过听收音机学英语。
★(Around the world).【知识点再现】One way to find a friend is to join a club. 找笔友的一种方式就是加入俱乐部。
【知识点7】本句中的to find a friend是动词不定式作后置定语,修饰way;to join a club是动词不定式作表语。如:
I have some important things to do. 我有一些重要的事情要做。
His duty is to prevent the forest fire. 他的职责就是预防森林大火。
【拓展】动词不定式除了作定语和表语之外,还可以作主语、宾语、状语或宾语补足语。如:
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。(作主语)// We want to visit the Great Wall. 我们想去游览长城。(作宾语)
The boy got up early to catch the early bus. 为了赶上早班车,那个男孩早期。(作状语)
The college’s aim is to help students to achieve their aspirations. 大学的目标是帮助学生实现他们的抱负。(宾语补足语)