中考英语关键考点归纳(第四讲)
91.rain / snow / wind的常见修饰词:a strong wind“一阵强风” a heavy rain
“一场大雨” heavy snow“大雪” (以上修饰词与后面名词组成了名词短语)
blow hard“猛烈地吹” snow heavily“下大雪” rain hard / heavily“下大雨”
(以上修饰词与前面动词组成了动词短语)
92.day的部分用法:in eight days“8天后” (in + 时间段 “….时间后”. )
in the day / daytime“在白天” (前加“in”)
on Teachers’ Day / May Day on Monday(表节日或星期几,前用”on”. 另见110)
(in) those / these days“在过去 / 现在”= in the old days (用”in”)
today, next / last / this / that / every / all day等前面常不加介词。
93.个别名词的部分用法:family“家庭;家庭成员”指整体时,表示单数,谓语动词用单数形式;指成员时,表示复数,谓语用复数形式:
His family is going to move. My family is large. (以上指整体,谓语用单数)
My family are very well.我全家人很健康。 (指成员,谓语用复数)
类似的还有:staff(职员),class, team, public(公众),government等.
有些名词只表复数,谓语只用复数。如people, police, cattle等:
The police are searching for a man with a big nose. The cattle have been killed .
deer, fish,sheep等词的单数和复数形式相同: a deer (一只鹿) / two deer (两只鹿)
a fish (一条鱼) / two fish (两条鱼) a sheep (一只羊) / some sheep (一些羊)
另外fish若表示种类时,复数要在后加es: two fishes(两种鱼)
有些名词单数变复数有特殊形式:
man→men; woman→women; foot→feet; tooth→teeth;
mouse→mice; child→children; ox→oxen (公牛)
有些名词通常只有复数形式 (左右对称的):
scissors (剪刀) clothes(衣服) trousers (裤子) glasses(眼镜)
有些名词只是不可数名词: It’s such great fun. What fun! What good news!
I won’t do anything in such bad weather. Can you tell me some information
I like music which is popular. 类似:a piece of chalk much knowledge
94.leave的用法:leave可指“离开”leave Zhengzhou离开郑州
leave Zhengzhou for Wuhan离开郑州到武汉
leave for Wuhan动身到武汉 (for后接目的地,而不是出发地)
leave留下;忘记 I left my backpack at home.
leave后接地点,而forget后无地点。如:Sorry, I forgot the money.
95. ill与sick的区别:都可译为“生病的”。ill只在系动词后作表语:
Her mother was ill in bed. She feels ill today.
但sick既可作表语: Her mother was sick / ill in bed. (作表语常是美国英语用法)
也可作定语(即后接名词):Jane is taking care of her sick mother.
(此处是定语,不可用ill. 原因见下文ill用法)
若ill作定语,译为“坏的,恶劣的”an ill person一个坏人
sick作表语时也常译为“恶心的,想吐的”。
The boy always feels sick when he travels by car.
96.return用法:“返回”,相当于“go back / get back / come back..
如:Ann will visit you when he returns to London.
(当“返回”时是不及物动词,先加to才可再加地点。另外,return已含有back的意思,后不可再跟back.)
“归还”,相当于“give back”如:I have returned the dictionary.
(当“归还”时是及物动词,后直接加物,不加to. 同样不可再跟back.)
You should return the piano to Dick on time. (后接有人时,方可加to)
97.favourite 与own的类似结构: 形容词性物主代词 + favorite + 名词 “某人最喜欢的...”。同样,形容词性物主代词 + own + 名词“某人自己的...”
如:My favorite animal is dog. He found his own bike.
98.stop / start (begin) / forget (remember) / like / go on等动词:
stop doing sth. 停止正在做的某事。He was tired, so he stopped working.
stop to do sth. 停下来做某事(stop后是将要做的事)。
He was tired, so he stopped to have a rest.
有时两种形式会同时出现:He was tired, so he stopped working to have a rest.
start / begin doing / to do 含义基本相同,但以下情况下start / begin后只接to do:
★若start / begin 已用进行时态时:He is just beginning / starting to write the letter.
★主语是物而不是人时:The ice began / started to melt. 冰开始融化。
★其后的动词与想法、感情有关时:He began / started to understand it.
forget / remember to do sth. 忘记 / 想起将要做的事。
forget / remember doing sth. 忘记 / 想起已经做过的事。
◆like doing sth. (因爱好而喜欢,表示一种习惯)
Jack likes sleeping in the class. (在班睡觉虽不是好事,杰克却有这个爱好。表习惯。)
Jim doesn’t like helping others. (无助人的习惯或爱好)
◆like to do sth(因明智或正确而喜欢) She likes to help others. (助人正确,所以喜欢。)
I don’t like to play in the street. (在大街上玩不明智,故不喜欢)
大多情况下区别不明显,接两形式都可。He likes watching / to watch TV.
go on doing sth.继续做某事(上文所做的事) go on to do sth接下来做另一件事.
99.人称代词形式:
主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词
作主语 作宾语 后要再接名词 后不再接名词 主宾一致
I me my ( pen / house...) mine myself
you(你) you your (bag / car...) yours yourself
he him his (desk / coat...) his himself
she her her (hair / books...) hers herself
it it its (tail / face...) its itself
we us our (teachers / room...) ours ourselves
you(你们) you your (class / city...) yours yourselves
they them their (school / seats...) theirs themselves
(如果动词的施动者,即主语,和动词或介词后相应的宾格代词是相同的人或物时,
其宾格代词要用反身代词: I teach myself English. We solved the problems ourselves.
Lucy hurt herself by accident. You have to take care of yourself.)
100.基数词和序数词:基数词表示人或物的数量。序数词表示人或物的次序。注意以下几种形式:one→first two→second three→third five→fifth eight→eighth nine→ninth twelve→twelfth twenty→twentieth (thirty, forty, fifty…..都变y为i加 eth.)
另外,“四十”forty; 无字母u. “第九”ninth无字母e.
101.room / space / place: room“房间”(可数)a room / two rooms
“空间”(不可数):指可以容纳东西或为其它目的而使用的空间。
Could you make room for me 你能为我让一下空间吗?
Is there room for me in the car 车里有我的位子吗?
space“空间”普通用语,表示万物存在之处,与“时间”(time)为相对概念。
in the dark space在黑暗的宇宙空间(太空) time and space时间和空间
Is there any space for me in the car 车里有给我留的空间吗?(此处和room的含义相当)
place“地方”(可数),指某一具体地点。
I want to live in a place which is warm in winter. 我想住在冬季温暖的一个地方。
Mount Chaya is a wonderful place. 嵖岈山是一个奇妙之地。
102.常见国籍、人与语言的对应:
China“中国” Chinese(无复数形式)“中国人(的)/ 中文(的)/ 中国的”
a Chinese/ two Chinese“一个 / 两个中国人” Japan, Japanese 和此类似。
England“英国(原义:英格兰)” (= Britain)
English(无复数形式)“英国人(的)/ 英语(的)/ 英国的”
He is English.(前无冠词)= He is an Englishman.(前有冠词)“他是英国人”
注意复数:They are English. = They are Englishmen. (变为men)
France“法国” French(无复数形式)“法国人(的) / 法语(的) / 法国的”
The lady is French. (前无冠词)= The lady is a Frenchwoman.(前有冠词)
注意复数:The ladies are French. = The ladies are Frenchwomen.
Germany“德国” German“德国人(的) / 德语(的) / 德国的”
The boy is a German. (前有冠词) The boys are Germans.(复数加s.)
America“美国” American“美国人(的)/ 美国的”
He is American.(前常无冠词) They are Americans.(复数加s)
103.易写错词形:◆noise(名词)“噪音”; noisy(形容词); noisily(副词)
◆health(名词)“健康”; healthy(形容词); healthily(副词)
◆luck(名词)“运气”; lucky(形容词)“幸运的”; luckily(副词)
◆succeed(动词)“成功”; success(名词); successful(形容词); successfully(副词)
◆save(动)“救”; safe(形)“安全的”; safety(名)“安全,安全场所”safely(副) “安全地”
◆true(形)“真的,对的”; truly(副)“真正地”; truth(名)“真理, 事实”
◆terrible(形容词)“难受的,可怕的”; terribly(副词)“可怕地”
104. job与work: job, 可数:I have a job as a teacher. Jobs are not easy to get.
work, 不可数:I cannot find work in this town. Have you finished your work
105.with和in表示“用”:with用工具:write with a pen / a pencil / a piece of chalk
in用写字材料:write in ink / pen (材料前无冠词)
106.时刻之表达:分钟未过半点 如7:20→seven twenty→twenty past seven;
2:02→two oh two→two past two 以上情况不可用带to的表达,但可用past。
分钟已过半点 如5:45→five forty-five→a quarter to six→fifteen to six
1:58→one fifty-eight→two to two 以上情况不可用past, 但可用to.
刚好半点,如9:30→nine thirty→half past nine
刚好整点,如11:00→eleven o’clock 15:00→fifteen o’clock
107.be + 形 + of sb 与 for sb的区别:It’s kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真好。
解释:kind, nice, good, clever, foolish,lazy等词表示的是人的特点或性格。此句相当于在说You are kind to help me. 形容词在描述人而不是事,此情况下介词用的是of. 又如:
It’s very clever of you to do it in such a way. 你用那种方法做它可真太聪明了。(指人聪明)
It’s easy for you to do the work. 对你来说做这事是容易的。
解释:easy,difficult, necessary, important, dangerous, interesting等词如果在句中不反映人的特点或性格,如此句中并不是在说You are easy. 而是”To do the work is easy”。不是说人,而是说事。此情况下介词用的是for. 又如:It’s dangerous for us to climb the mountain. 不是说“我们”是危险的,而是说“爬山”这件事是危险的。故用for.
108. take, bring, fetch与carry: 都译为“拿”。
◆take“拿走”,从说话人处带到另一处。 Could you take the rubbish out when you leave
◆bring“带来”,从另一处带到说话人处。 Don’t forget to bring your homework here tomorrow.
◆fetch“去拿来”,先到另一地拿东西,然后再返回到说话人处。
如: When you go back to the classroom, please fetch me my pen.
◆carry“拿、搬、扛”,没有特定方向。 Tim is carrying a box.
109. 条件与祈使: 有时条件句可以与祈使句相互转换。注意以下句子结构有何不同。
If you work hard, you will achieve your dream. 含条件句,相当于:
Work hard, and you will achieve your dream. 含祈使句,根据句意,用and连接后一句子。
If you don’t listen carefully, you won’t understand it. 相当于:
Listen to me carefully, or you won’t understand it. 根据句意,用or (否则)连接后一句子。
110. in / on / at + 时间:in three days (“…时间后”,常用一般将来时。另见92)
in September(in跟“月”) in 1998(in跟“年”) in the 1860s(在十九世纪六十年代)
in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ night (morning / afternoon / evening / night若无前置或后置修饰词时, 用in the …短语。) (in其它用法见58)
on Christmas Eve; on October 1st; (on跟“日”)
on Sunday evenings; on a cold morning; on a windy night.
on the morning / afternoon / evening / night of September 10th.
(morning / afternoon / evening / night若有前置或后置修饰词时,如以上划线词,
前面用的是on. 而若是early / late 修饰时,仍用介词in. 如:in an early morning )
on Fridays; on New Year’s Day; (另见92)
at 6:00; at Christmas; at noon; at night
111. one day与someday / some day的区别:
one day“某一天,有一天” 既可用于一般过去时,也可用于一般将来时。
One day, a stranger came to my house. (指过去的一天,用过去时。)
I will achieve my dream one day. 某天我会实现梦想的。 (指将来,用将来时)
someday = some day“ (将来的)某一天”用一般将来时。可以和one day互换。
We’ll beat them someday. 有朝一日我们会打败他们的。
I’m sure I can win someday. 我确信某天我会嬴。
112. missing与lost: 都可译为“丢失的,失踪的”
但用的分别是动词的现在分词和过去分词形式。
My pen is lost / missing. (表语) I’ve found the missing / lost book. (定语)
113.常见部分名词及其修饰词:price(价格)常用high 与low修饰。
sell sth at a high / low price 以高 / 低价出售. The price of the shoes is high / low.
number(数量)常用big / large和small修饰:The number of the students is big.
quality(质量,品质)常用low / poor和high / good修饰。
eq \o\ac(○,4)population(人口)常用big / large和small修饰:China has a large population.
(以上词都不用many, much修饰。)
114.个别疑问句的常见否定回答:
What is on the desk →Nothing. (不用none)
Who is in the classroom → Nobody. (不用none)
How much water is in the bottle → None. (不用nothing)
How many people are in the room →None. (不用nobody)
(how many / much都是对数量提问,所以用相应表数量的词none回答,
而what / who不表数量,故不用none回答)
115.fun的用法:fun虽然有时有形容词的含义,但大多情况下仍然是不可数名词。
所以大多仍具备名词的用法。识记以下句型或短语,也基本掌握了其用法。
What fun! 多么有趣啊!(what 跟名词) It’s such great fun. 这可真有趣。(such加名词)
Skating is great fun. 滑冰太有意思了。(be good / great fun)
have fun (in) doing sth 做某事很快乐 make fun of 取笑
It sounds like fun. 这听起来有趣。(like,“像”,加名词)
116.except / except for / besides: 都译为“除了…之外”
except后面的人或物不包括在前面对象当中。 We all failed except him.
“我们都失败了,除了他。” 此话意味着他没有失败。“我们”不包括“他”。
except for 说明整个基本情况后,对细节加以纠正。
The book is good except for its price. 书很好,就是太贵。
He is an able man except for bad memory. 他是个有才能的人,就是记忆力差了点。
(这一短语有时也可等同于except以及besides.但暂不要求掌握。)
besides和except正好相反,后面的人或物包含在前面对象当中。
We all succeeded besides him. 除了他成功外,我们也都成功了。“我们”当中包括“他”。
117.常见带to为介词而不是不定式的短语:
prefer…to…(见27); look forward to …(期待;渴望); pay attention to…(注意);
be used to …(习惯于,见37); (以上短语可接名词或代词,若接动词,需用ing形式)
the key to…(…的钥匙, …的答案, 后者等于the answer to); the ticket to…(…的票);
the solution to …(…的解决办法) reply to (….的答复); lead to …(引起…)
118.because与why的部分用法:若分别引导从句,即在It’s / That’s 等之后,则because后表原因,why后表结果。如: I came late today. It’s because the bus broke down on the way.
和下文比较:The bus broke down on the way. That’s why I came late.
又如:He broke my window, that’s why I was angry. 和下文比较:
I was angry with him, that’s because he broke my window.
119.no与not的区别:
◇no表“无,没有”接名词,等于not one, not a, not any:
There is no water in the river. (=not any water)
I have no book to read. (=I don’t have a book to read.)
◇no表“不许”,不可用not. 如: No parking. 禁止停车 No photos. 不许拍照
◇no表“不”,后接形容词或副词,相当于not (any).
He feels no worse.他不再感觉难受了。 =He doesn’t feel any worse.
类似,no more = not any more.
◇在对问题的否定回答时,要用no,与yes对应。不用not. 见122.
120. That’s all right / All right / That’s right. 的区别:
That’s all right. = That’s OK. “没什么,别客气”,是对对方道谢或道歉时的回答。
All right. = OK. “行,好,可以”,表示同意。
That’s right. = You are right. “你说的对;对”,表示认同对方的观点。
121.on表方式的用法(常译为“靠,借助”):I hear music on the radio.
He learns English on TV. He found out the information on the Internet.
Tom learned the news on the newspaper. John saw Effel Tower on the film.
He told me the news on the phone. (注意:TV前无the.)
122.用yes与no回答时要注意的问题:说话人用yes或no回答对方时,并不表示对对方的观点的赞同或反对,而是在表达自己的看法。如下文几种情况:
He isn’t Tom. / He is Tom. Is he Tom / Isn’t he Tom
He is Tom, isn’t he / He isn’t Tom, is he
对以上各句的回答,若是:Yes, he is.则都指“他是Tom.”
而若用No, he isn’t.回答,则都指“他不是Tom.” 同样,以下所有句子:
Lucy likes music, doesn’t she / Lucy doesn’t like music, does she
Lucy likes music. / Lucy doesn’t like music.
Does Lucy like music / Doesn’t Lucy like music
回答人若用yes,都表示Lucy喜欢音乐; 若用no, 都表示Lucy 不喜欢音乐。
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