冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an )和定冠词 (the)
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一、 不定冠词的用法
1)用与可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类:例如:
She is a girl.
Pass me an apple , please.
2)、指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。例如:
A boy is waiting for you
We work six days a week.
3). 表示 “一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one 强烈.例如:
We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow.
I have a mouth , a nose, two eyes and two ears.
4). 用于某些固定的词组中.例如:
a few, a little, a lot of
注: 用a 还是an, 要看后面的词读音以辅音开头还是以元音开头.
二、定冠词的用法
1) 特指某(些)人或某(些)物.例如: the photo of the boy
2) 指双方都知道的人或物.例如:
-Where are the new books, Jim
- They are on the small table.
3) 指上文提过的人或物.例如:
Today he is making a machine.
He wants to ride the machine like a bike and fly it like a plane.
4). 用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如:
The sun is bigger than the moon.
5). 用在序数词或形容词最高级前.例如:
The first truck is carrying a few baskets.
The third one is carrying the fewest of all.
6). 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.例如:
the Great Wall
the North Street Hospital
7). 用在一些习惯用语中.例如:
in the morning (afternoon, evening),
on the left(right)
at the end of
三、不用冠词的情况
1)在专有名词前和不可数名词前。例如:
China, Grade Two, Bill Smith, milk
2)名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词。例如:
The letter is in her pocket.
I think the shop is closed at this time of day.
3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如:
My father and mother are teachers.
I like cakes.
4)在星期、月份、季节、节日前。例如:
It is Sunday (Monday, Tuesday, etc.)
Today is Mid-Autumn Day.
It is cold in winter.
5)在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如:
Uncle Wang likes making things.
What colour are Mrs Green’s shoes
6)在三餐饭和球类运动的名称前。例如:
He went to school after breakfast.
Can you play basketball
注: 在某些固定词组中,如:at home, by bus, go to school 等的名词前不用冠词。
数词
英语数词表示数目或者顺序, 可分为基数词和序数词。基数词表示数量,序数词表示顺序。
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一、基数词的构成
1.1—12的基数词是独立的单词,即: one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight, nine,ten,eleven,twelve。
2.13—19的基数词以-teen结尾。如: fourteen,seventeen等,但13,15,18较特殊, 13—thirteen 15—fifteen 18—eighteen。
3.20—90的整十位均以-ty结尾。如: sixty,ninety,但20,30,40,50,80较特殊, 20—twenty 30—thirty 40—forty 50—fifty 80—eighty。
4.十位数与个位数之间要加连字符号“-”,如:28—twenty-eight,96—ninety-six。
5.百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and,如:148—one hundred and forty-eight 406—four hundred and six。
6.hundred(百),thousand(千),million(百万),billion(十亿)等前面即使有具体的数词,也不能在它们的后面加s。如:600—six hundred,8百万—eight million。
7.1000以上的数字,从后往前数每三位加一个逗号“,”第一个逗号前为千(thousand),第二个逗号前为百万(million),第三个逗号前为billion(十亿)。英语中无“万”这个词,我们可以用“几十个千(thousand)”表示几万,“几百个千(thousand)”表示“几十万”。如:2,510=two thousand five hundred and ten;84,296=eight-four thousand two hundred and ninety-six;274,350=two hundred and seventy-four thousand three hundred and fifty。
二、序数词的构成
序数词一般是以与之相应的基数词尾加-th构成,例如 fourth, tenth,但以下的这些基数词变为序数词时, 有特别之处。
1.one--- first, two --- second, three --- third, five --- fifth, nice --- ninth, twelve --- twelfth
2. 以ty 结尾的单词, 要先变y为I, 在加-eth. 例如:thirty ---thirtieth, fifty ---fiftieth
3. 以one, two, three 等结尾的多位数词, 要将各位数变成序数词。 例如: twenty-one --- twenty-first, one hundred and one --- one hundred and first
注意: 序数词前常用定冠词, 有时还可以用不定冠词 a/an 则表示 “又一 ”的意思。
例如:Mr Brown has a second car. 布朗先生另外还有一辆车。
He has tried a second time. 他又尝试了一次。
三、数词的应用
1.时刻的表示:小时、点钟、分钟、秒钟要用基数词。
①“几点钟”用基数词加o'clock。o'clock可省略。如: 5点钟—five(o'clock).
②“几点过几分 ”,≤30分钟”用介词past。如: 7:05—five past seven;7:15—fifteen (a quarter)past seven;7:30—half past seven。
③“差几分几点”用介词“to”。如:7:40—twenty to eight;7:45—fifteen(a quarter to eight。
④日常生活中的时间读法常常简化,直接按基数词的顺序读。如:7:05—seven o five;7:15— seven fifteen。
2.年月日的表示:
年份用基数词,如:1999年—nineteen ninety-nine; 1900年—nineteen hundred; 2000—two thousand;1905—nineteen o five;
年用基数词,日用序数词。如:1998年6月8日 写作:June 8,1998;读作:June the eighth, nineteen ninety-eight或the eighth of June, nineteen ninety-eight。
3. 世纪、年代表示法:
(在)90年代 (in) the nineties
(在)19世纪 (in) the nineteenth century
(在)18世纪30年代 (in) 1730s或1730’s
4.编号的表示:
Lesson One =the first lesson第一课;
Bus No.3=the No.3bus 3路公共汽车;
表示住所时不用“No.”如:302房间—Room 302(读作:room three o two);
如果编号的数词比较长,一般用基数词。如:Page 457第457页;
电话号码,用基数词,如:3855633—three eight five five(double five) six three three(double three)。
5.分数的表达:
分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于“1”,分母则加“s”。如:1/3 one third,2/3two thirds;
另外:1/2 a(one)half; 1/4one fourth或a(one)quarter;3/4three fourths或three quarters。
half a second; a quarter of a second四分之一秒
6. 表示有小数的词用基数词。
5.5 five point five
12.135 twelve point one three five
7.表示百分数
5℅:five percent (per cent), 0.8℅ zero point eight percent (per cent).
8.表示有小数的词用基数词。
5.5 five point five
12.135 twelve point one three five
9.其他用法:
1)基数词+单数名词+形容词构成合成形容词。如:一个五岁的男孩a five-year-old boy;
一座800米长的桥an 800-metre-long bridge;女子400米接力girls'400-metre relay race。
2)具体数词+metre(s)/kilometre(s)/kilo(s)long / high /tall /deep /away等。如:长江长6300公里。The Changjiang River is 6,300 kilometres long.
3)表示"几十岁"用序数词,eg. 在他三十几岁时 in his thirties
4)倍数的表达:(一倍用once,两倍用 twice,两倍以上用基数词+times。如:5倍five times)。
例如:He is as tall a boy as I.
He is a head taller than I .
He is two years older than I
China is four times as large as Europe.
I am twice as old as you. (=I am twice older than you. /I am twice the age of you.)
My books are twice as many as yours.
China is four times larger than Europe.(=China is four times the size of Europe.)
I pay twice as much as it was worth.
I pay twice as much for the house.
代词
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代词的分类英语中常把代词分为人称代词、无主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词和相互代词。
代词的用法
人称代词:人称代词是指人的代词,有性、数、格的区别。表示“我” “你” “他” “我们” “你们” “他们”。请看下表:
数 格 人 称 单 数 复 数
主 格 宾 格 主 格 宾 格
第一人称 we me we us
第二人称 you you you you
第三人称 he him they them
she her
it it
人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如:She is my English teacher.
宾格在句中作宾语。例如:They don’t want me to go there alone. Don’t worry. I can look after her.
宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。例如:--- Who’s that --- It’s me.
注意:①人称代词we, you, they 可以用来表示一般人。例如:
You cannot go into the hall with slippers. 不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。
②人称代的主格作表语,一般都在正中的谈话中, 表示强调。例如:
It was he who took away the necklace. 是他拿走了那条项链。
③人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。 例如:
The ship is leaving. She’s on her first trip to Boston. 轮船要起航了。 这时她第一次去波士顿。
We love our country, we hope she’ll be stronger and stronger. 我们热爱我们的祖国,我们希望她越来越强大。
④It作为人称代词时,可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。 例如:
It is about 10 kilometres from here. 离这儿大约有10公里。
⑤It 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语,来代替由不定式,动词的-ing,形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语, 以避免句子头重脚轻。例如:
It is not easy to learn English well.
It is good for you taking a walk after supper.
I found it difficult to sleep.
⑥英语里当主语是并列的几个人时,人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同,单数时 I 在最后, you 在最前;但是, 当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反,I 在最前, you在最后。
如果有几个人称代词并列充当主语,它们的顺序是:
单数形式 you, he and I
复数形式 we, you and they
例如:
You, he and I are all the winners.
I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.
2.物主代词:表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。
词 义 类 型 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他/她/它们的
形容词性物主代词 my your his her its our your their
名 词性物主代词 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
形容词性物主代词在句中具有形容词的特征。在句中作定语, 后面跟名词。例如:
To our surprise, he has passed the exam.
(2) 名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征, 在句中作主语、表语、宾语。例如:
May I use your bike Mine is at school. (作主语)
Whose glasses are these They are hers. ( 作表语)
My dictionary is lost. Can I use yours (作宾语)
(3) 名词性物主代词可以与of 连用, 作定语。 例如:A friend of ours are waiting for us.
3.反身带词:用来表示“某人自己”的代词称为反身代词。如下表所示:
词 义 数 我(们)自己 你(们)自己 他/ 她/ 它 自 己 / 他 们 自 己
单 数 myself yourself himself herself itself
复 数 ourselves yourselves themselves
(1)反身代词在句中常用宾语,主语或宾语的同位语。例如:
Her sister is too young to dress herself. (作宾语)
He himself is always making such mistakes. (主语同位语)
You’d better ask your wife herself. (宾语同位语)
反身代词可与其他词构成固定搭配,例如:
make oneself at home, teach oneself, learn by oneself, help oneself to…,etc
4.指示代词:表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词。见下表
这,这个 那,那个 这些 那些
this that these those
指示代词可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如:
Those are my parents. ( 作主语)
Throw it like that. (作表语)
The toys little Tom likes are those in the basket. ( 作表语)
These pictures are drawn by an old blind man. ( 作定语)
注意:(1)前面刚刚提到过的东西, 常用that, those 表示。 例如:
I’m sorry to hear that.
( 2 )下文将要提到的事情, 可用these, this 表示, 起启下的作用。 例如:
Tell the children to do like this: knock the stick into the earth first, then tie the tree to it.
5.疑问代词:用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。常用的有:who, what, which, whose, whom, 在句中常作主语、宾语、定语、表语。
作主语: What make you so happy
作宾语: Who / Whom is your manager talking with
在口语中, 作宾语时 who和whom可以通用,但在介词后面只能用whom.例如:
About whom they are talking just now
作定语: Which subject do you like best
作表语: What’s your mother.
6.相互代词:用于表示相互关系的代词。 常用的有:each other, one another. 相互代词可以作宾语、定语。例如:
We should help each other.
The villagers have looked after one another these year.
相互代词后可以加’s,表示所有关系。 例如:
We put the presents in each other’s stocking.
7.连接代词: 用来连接宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句的代词叫连接代词。常用的有:what, which, who, whom whose, that例如:
I know what he said at the meeting.
The problem is who will mend it.
Could you tell me which is the way to the post office
8. 不定代词:不定代词没有确定的对象, 常用的有:all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some any, no以及由some, no, any, every 构成的复合词。
不定代词通常可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语, 而none及含有some, an every 的合成代词不能做定语,no和every 只能做定语。
代词
many, few, a few修饰可数名词,much, little, a little修饰不可数名词。both, either, neither, each用于指两者,all, any, none, every, another用于指三者或三者以上。
名词:表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。
名词的分类
名词 类 别 意 义 例 词
专有名词 表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称 Jim , China, Qingdao, the UK, the Great Wall
普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 表示单个人的人或事物 girl, student, factory, desk, cat , country
集合 名词 表示一群人或一些事物的总称 people, police, team, clothes, group, crew
不可数名词 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质 water, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, broccoli
抽象名词 表示抽象概念的词 fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care
注:1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。
2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”,但它不大写。
3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时,则变为可数名词,而且以四上也有了变化。eg. beer ----a beer 一杯啤酒, work--- a work 工厂,著作 ,glass---a glass 一个玻璃杯, room空间---a room一个房间
名词的数:表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。
1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式:可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加 “a或an”;复数形式是在名词后加 “-s或-es”。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种,规则变化及其读音可依照下表:
当名词为: 词尾变化 读 音 例 词
一般情况 加s 在清辅音后读/s/ chips, jeeps, pats , clocks
在浊辅音或元音后读/z/ boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的单词 加es /iz/ watches, boxes, classes, brushes
以字母o结尾的单词 加s或es /z/ zoos, photos, bamboos, tomatoes, potatoes, heroes,
以辅音字母+y结尾的单词 去y 变i加es /z/ dictionaries, strawberries,
以f 或fe结尾的单词 去f或fe 变v 加 es /vz/ leaves, wives, halves
以th结尾的词 加s / z/; /θz/ mouths, paths; months, deaths
2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化
①改变单数名词中的元音字母
eg. man--men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, goose—geese, mouse--mice
②单复数同形 eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,…
③由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数
eg. a man doctor— men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachers
注意: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式
eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,scissors, etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数,
实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news
3. 不可数名词:表示不能计算数目的人或物,称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:
同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。eg. food 食物--- foods 各种食物,
time 时间 --- times 时代,green 绿色 ---greens 青菜
有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物
eg. hope ---hopes 希望 hardship --- hardships 艰苦
物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示
eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice, …
三、名词的所有格
名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+’s;另一种是用of, 表示 “……的”。
1. (1) 一般词的所有格, 直接在词尾 +’s。 eg. Mr. Mott’s robot, children’s clothes
(2) 以s结尾的名词所有格只在词尾 +’ eg. teachers’ books
(3) 两人共有的物体, 则在第二个名词后+’s; 如果分别是两人所有, 则在每个名词后面
+’s。 eg. Lucy and Lily’s room. (指两人共住一个房间)
Mrs Green’s and Mrs Brown’s son. (指两人各自的儿子)
(4) 表示某具体场所时, 所有格后面的名词可省略
eg. the doctor’s (office) Mr. White’s
2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。
eg. the wall of the classroom,a picture of the bedroom,
(2) 名词的的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用of短语表示。
eg. a long story of a 50-year-old man
双重所有格 eg. a friend of his, the big nose of Tom’s
有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以加’s来构成所有格。
eg. ten minutes’ walk, today’s newspaper
连 词
连词是连接词、短语、从句语句子的词,它是虚词,所以不能单独担任句子成分。
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连词的分类:
连词主要分为两大类:并列连词和从属连词。
1、并列连词:用来连接并列关系的词、词组或分句。它包括:and,or,but,for,both…and,either…or,neither…nor,not only…but also。
2、从属连词:用来引导从句,它包括:that,when,till,until after,before,since,because,if,whether。though,although,so…that,so that,as soon as, as…as等。
连词用法示例与解析:
“ and”
1. He got up and left the room.
2. He went to Kunming and I went Harbin last year.
特别用法: 句型 “祈使句, and …”= If you…, you will…
3. Work hard, and you will do well in the exam.
“or”
1. Tom or I am right. (or连接两个名词或代词做主语时谓语动词依照后面的词而定)
2. Would you like coffee or tea
特别用法: 句型 “祈使句, or…”= If you don’t …, you will…
3. Hurry up, or you will miss the bus.
“but”
1. She is sixty, but she still looks young.
2. She is tired but happy.
3. I came here not for myself but for my son.
4. Mary likes piano but Tom doesn’t (like可以省略).
“for”
1. I went to sleep soon, for I was very tired.
2. The sun has risen,for the birds are singing.
比较:表示原因,译为”因为”, 表示说明、解释。与because不同,用语解释某事的原因、动机,强调因果关系。用语回答why引导的问句。
“both …and …”
1. Both you and I are Chinese.
2. I like both sports and music.
特别用法: both…and…的否定句表示部分否定。
3. He can’t play both tennis and volleyball. 它并不是既会打网球又会打排球。
either…or…, neither…nor…
1. Either you or she is wrong.
2. Can you speak either French or English
3. Neither the teacher nor the students like this song.
特别提示:
用either…or…, neither…nor…连接两个名词或代词做主语时谓语动词依照后面的词而定。
比较: both…and…, either…or…, neither…nor…的相互关系:
肯定句: 1. I like both A and B.
否定句: 2. I don’t like both A and B.= I like either A or B.
否定句: 3. I don’t like either A or B.= I like neither A nor B.
“Not only…but also…”
1. Not only you but also your father is coming. (连接两个名词或代词做主语时谓语动词依照后面的词而定)
2. She learns not only English but also Japanese.
说明: 从属连词的用法见各种从句。
介 词
介词是一种虚词,用来表示它后面的名词或代词同句中其他某个成分之间的关系。介词在句中不能单独使用,必须连用它的宾语即后面的名词或代词构成介词词组后才能作句子成分。
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常用介词的主要用法
意义介词 地点、方位 时间 动作方向 其他
about above acrossafteragainst along among aroundat beforebehindbelowbeside between by duringfor from ininsideintolikenearofonlikeoutsideoverpastsince tilltotowardsunderuntilwithwithout 在。。。之上在。。。之后在。。。之中在。。。周围、附近在在。。。前面在。。。后面在。。。以下在。。。旁边在。。。之间在。。。旁边在。。。里面在。。。里面靠近在。。。上面在。。。之外越过在。。。下面 在。。。之后在。。。点钟在。。以前在。。。之间到。。。为止在。。。期间长达从。。。起在。。。(内、后)接近在。。。日过了。。。自从。。。直到。。。之时到直到。。。为止 横过沿着从。。。来进入到。。。对,向,朝 关于、大约反对,对着为了像。。。一样.。。。的像超过,在。。。以上(表示数目、程度)用;有没有
形 容 词 和 副 词
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一、形容词
用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词,叫形容词。
形容词的作用,见下表:
作 用 例 句
定 语 You can see a lot of beautiful flowers in the garden.
表 语 Your coat is too small.
宾语补足语 The old woman keeps everything clean and tidy.
注意:有些形容词只能作表语,如:alone, afraid, asleep 等。例如:
Don’t wake the sleeping baby up. He is asleep.
The old man is alone.
形容词用来修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词,要放在这些词的后面。例如:
You’d better tell us something interesting.
The police found nothing strange in the room.
多个形容词做定语时排列的先后顺序是:1)冠词或人称代词 2)数词 3)性质 4)大小 5)形状
6)表示老少,新旧 7)颜色 8)事务、质地、人的国籍、用途。例如:
His grandpa still lives in this small short house.
他爷爷还住在这个矮小的房子里。
The woman bought two beautiful Chinese plates.
那个妇女买了两个漂亮的中国盘子。
形容词名词化:有些形容词前加定冠词后变成名词,表示一类人,谓语常用复数。这类词有:rich / poor;
good / bad ; young / old ; healthy / ill ; living / dead ; black / white (表示人种等)。例如:
The young should take good care of the old.
年轻人应该好好照顾老人。
The rich never help the poor in this country.
在这个国家,富人从来不帮助穷人。
表示数量的词组。如:
One day, a young man, twenty-five years old, came to visit the professor.
有一天,一位25岁的年轻人来拜访这位教授。
I live in a building about fifty meters high.
我住在一做大约50米高的大楼里。
形容词短语做定语时要后置。如:
They are the students easy to teach.
他们是很容易较的学生。
We live in a house much larger than yours.
我们住的房子比你们的大得多。
else要放在疑问代词或复合不定词之后。如:
Did you see anybody else
你看到别的人了吗?
二、副词
英语中副词的位置和汉语不尽相同,它的位置比较灵活。通常用作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等。下面来介绍一下副词的分类方法:
多数副词都可以放在它所修饰的动词后面。如:
We are living happily.
我们幸福的生活着。
He runs slowly.
他跑的很慢。
时间副词、地点副词和方式副词一般放在句末。如:
They went to the park yesterday morning.
昨天上午他们去公园了。
I heard him sing English songs over there.
我听见他在那边唱英语歌曲。
He drove the jeep carefully.
他小心地开着吉普。
注意: 有时表示时间的副词也可放在句首,起强调作用。如:
Yesterday I got up late.
昨天我起床很晚。
频度副词一般放在be动词、情态动词及第一个助动词之后,实义动词之前
如:He is seldom ill.
他很少生病。
You must always remember this.
你一定要记住这一点。
I often write to my parents.
我经常写信给父母。
Do you usually go to school on foot.
你经常走路去上学?
He has never been to Beijing.
他从来没有去过北京。
注意: 有时为了加强语气,频度副词也可放在句首。如:
Sometimes she goes to school by bus and sometimes she goes to school by bike.
有时她乘公共汽车上学,有时骑自行车去。
程度副词修饰动词时,与频度副词相同,修饰形容词和副词时,放在它所修
饰的词前面。如:
That’s quite early.
那很早。
I nearly missed the bus.
我几乎错过了公交车。
She did rather badly.
她干得相当糟。
否定副词一般放在动词之前、系动词be或助动词之后。如:
She seldom goes out at night.
她晚上很少出门。
I am never late for school.
我上学从不迟到。
We had hardly got to the station when the train left.
火车离开时,我们差不多/几乎到了车站。
疑问副词放在特殊疑问句的句首。如:
When can you come
你什么时候来?
How many days are there in a month
一个月有多少天?
What are you going to do when you grow up
张大以后,你打算干什么?
Where were you born
你是在那里出生的?
Why didn’t he come
他为什么没有来?
关系副词when, where, why 引导定语从句时,位于从句之前、所修饰的词之后。如:
Tell me the reason why you did it.
把你这样做的理由告诉我。
It’s the sort of day when you’d like to stay in bed.
这是个令人恋床不起的日子。
I don’t know the place where we will go.
我不知道我们将要去的地方。
同时存在时间状语和地点状语时,时间状语一般放在后面。如:
The meeting will be held in the classroom tomorrow.
明天会议将在教室里举行。
He watched TV in his room last night.
他作晚在房间里看电视。
They arrived in Beijing at 8 o’clock last evening.
他们昨天晚上8:00到达北京。
注:有些词既可用做形容词也可副词。如:
late, wide, well, fast, easy, early 等
The road is so wide that 8 buses can go throw it at a time.
Open your mouth wide.
三、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化方法如下:
1) 符合规则的:
情 况 加 法 例 词
一 般 情 况 直接加 -er ; -est tall-taller-tallest
以e结尾的词 加 –r ; -st nice-nicer-nicest
以“辅音+y”结尾的词 变y为i再加-er ; -est dry-drier-driestheavy-heavier-heaviest
以一个辅音字母结尾的词 辅音字母双写,再加-er ; -est thin-thinner-thinnest
多音节和部分双音节单词 在词前加 more ; most more deliciousmost delicious
2)几个不规则的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级如下表:
原 级 比较级 最高级
good , well better best
bad , ill worse worst
many , much more most
little less least
far farther / further farthest / furthest
形容词和副词比较级的用法
级别 比较程度 表达方式和意义 例 句 备 注
原级 同等程度 肯定形式 As+原级+as(像……一样) Art is as interesting as music.Play as well as you can.
否定形式 not + so (as) +原级+as(不如……那样) English is not so difficult as science.She does not study so well as I do.
比较级 不同程度(用于两者比较) 比较级+than(比……) Jim is older than Luky.I like pork better than beef. 比较级前面可以加much, far, even, still,a lot, a little, a bit等
程度加深 比较级+and+比较级(越来越……)The + 比较级,the + 比较级(越……, 越……) He is growing taller and taller.He studies better and better.The more books she reads, the better she understand.
最高级 最高程度(用于三者或三者以上) The +最高级+of (in)(最……) Spring is the best season of the year.Lin Tao jumped (the) farthest of all. 副词最高级前面的the 往往省略
注意:有些形容词,如 dead, empty, round, sure, woolen 等受本身含义的限制,没有比较级。
动 词
动词是表示动作(study, find, swim 等)或状态(be, like, feel 等)的词。动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态和语态变化。
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动词分类:动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词四类。
一)助动词
助动词没有任何含义,不能单独做谓语,只能和行为动词一起构成谓语,帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有be, do, does, did, have, will, shall等。具体用法如下:
1、助动词be的用法如下:
1)构成各种进行时态。如:
It was raining all day yesterday.
昨天整天下雨。
2)构成被动语态。如:
The meeting was held yesterday afternoon.
会议是昨天下午举行的。
3)与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如:
They are to see an English film this evening.
他们今天晚上看英语电影。
2、助动词do的用法如下:
1)构成疑问式或否定式。如:
Does he think so
I didn’t say anything about the result.
2)在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调,意为“的确,确实”。如:
They do study hard.
She does love him.
He did want to help the old man.
3、have: 助动词have 的过去式是had。have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如:
He has lived here for three years.
As soon as the sun had set they returned.
4、shall, should: 助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态;助动词should 是shall的过去式,构成过去将来时。如:I shall send ten letters to my good friend.
She wanted to know if I should go to the palace.
二)情态动词
情态动词本身有一定含义,但不能单独作谓语,要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有:can, may, must, need, should等。
表示能力
表示能力一般用can, could。如:Rose can speak now, but she couldn’t a week ago.
be able to 也表示能力,它和can 的区别如下:
1)表示做事的能力,两者可通用。但can 只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时。be able to 可用于任何时态。如:
She could / was able to eat four pieces of bread when she was young.
They will be able to finish the drawing soon.
2) 表示过去经过努力而成功的某一次动作,只能用was/were able to, 但在否定句中可互换。如:
She was weak, but was able to finish the task last night.
can (could) 在疑问句中与第二人称连用时,表示征求对方意见或提出请求,表示委婉语气。虽然could是can的过去式,但是could 只是表示比can语气更加委婉客气,没有时间上的差别。如:
-Could you lend me your pen
-Yes, I can.
表示许可
表示许可一般用may/might, can/could, 而且常可互换。Might, could语气比较委婉。要特别注意:回答以might, could开头的疑问句只能用may, can 给予直截了当的回答。
-Might/Could I borrow your book
-Yes, you may/can.
表示必需、必要
must和have to都有“必须” ,一般情况下可互换。如:You must / have to finish the work..
但他们有如下区别:
1)must 表示说话人的主观看法;have to 表示客观需要。如:
I must have a talk with him.
He has to give up smoking because of badly cough.
2) 否定式mustn’t 表示禁止,意为“不准,不可以做”;don’t have to 意为“不必”。如:
You mustn’t hit her.
You don’t have to explain it to me if you dislike the job.
注:表示推测的情态动词有表示“一定”的must, 表示“很有可能”的should, ought to 和表示“可能”的can, could, may, might。具体用法如下:
must 表示较有把握的推测,只用于肯定句,不能用语否定句或疑问句。用法如下:
1)对目前动作的推测,用must+动词原形。如:
You must lose in the mountain.
2) 对目前状态的推测,用must + be + 表语。如:You speak for 4 hours, you must be thirsty.
在肯定句中,表示对现在或将来把握不大的推测用may (might) +动词原形,might 比 may 的可能性更小;对过去把握不大的推测用may (might) have+ 过去分词。如:
The package might come tomorrow.
They may have killed the enemies.
3、在疑问句中,对现在表示推测用can (could) …+动词原形,对过去表示怀疑则用can (could) …have+过去分词;在否定句中,对现在表示推测用can’t+动词原形,对过去表示推测用can’t (couldn’t) have+过去分词。如:
It can’t be John. He has gone to UK.
4、need的双重身份
need 既可作情态动词又可作实意动词,它们的用法不同,如不注意区分,就容易用错。
三)系动词
连词动词的种类
联系动词含有一定意义,它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词(短语)一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类,而且有自己的特定用法。
1、按意义联系动词有:be, appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove 等,如:Jim appears very old.
2、表示感觉的联系动词有look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。如:It smells bad.
3、表示转变的联系动词有become, fall, get, go, grow, turn等。如:
She becomes more beautiful than three years ago.
四)行为动词
行为动词又称实义动词,它们都含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。
1、及物动词
及物动词后一定要跟宾语,意思才能完整。如:
My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me.
2、不及物动词
不及物动词意义完整,不需带宾语,但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时,必须先加介词后加宾语。如:
He only worried about his daughter.
二、动词的时态
动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种:一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。
1.一般现在时
1)一般现在时态的构成:主语是I, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时,作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下:
一般情况 +s
以s, x, ch, sh 或 o结尾 +es
以辅音+y结尾 去y变i+es
2)一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以be和like为例):
主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I am a student.We/You/ They are students.He/ She is a student.I / We/ You/ They/ like music.Many people like music. I am not a student.We/You/ They are not students.He/ She is not a student.I / We/ You/ They/ don’t like music.Many people don’t like music. Are you a student.Are you/ they students Is he/ she a student Do you/ they like music Do many people like music
3)一般现在时态的用法:
现阶段经常性,习惯性的动作 。例如:
I get up at six every morning.
He plays tennis once a week.
现在的状态 例如:
My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school.
客观真理 例如:
The earth goes around the sun.
4)常用于一般现在时态的时间状语:
often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。
2. 现在进行时
1)现在进行时的构成:Am/is/ are+ v-ing是现在进行时的构成形式
v-ing现在分词的构成:
一般情况 +ing
以不发音字母e结尾的单词。去e,加ing +ing
以辅音字母+y结尾的单词 去e+ing
以重读闭音节结尾的单词,末尾只有一个辅音字母时. 双写词尾字母+ing
2) 现在进行时的肯定肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式:
主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I am driving.He/She/It is working.We/You/They are doing something. I am not driving.He/She/It is not working.We/You/They are not doing anything. Are you driving Is he/she/it working Are you/they doing something
3)现在进行时的用法:
1. 说话时正在进行或发生的动作(动作是在说话时正在进行)。例如:
She is having a bath now.
2. 现阶段正在进行或发生的动作(但是动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行)。例如:
You are working hard today.
Kate wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian.
The population of the world is growing very fast.
频度副词always, forever等词连用时, 表示某种强烈的感情。如:
He is always trying out new ideas. (表示欣赏,表扬)
表示按计划即将发生的动作(仅限于go, come, arrive, leave, start, fly, begin, stay 等动词)。如:
The party is beginning at 8:00 o’clock.
6) 常用于现在进行时态的时间状语: now 等。
often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。
3.一般将来时
1)一般将来时的构成:
1. 助动词will(shall)+动词原形
2. am / is / are +going to +动词原形
2)一般将来时的用法:
1.将要发生的动作。例如:
I will leave for Beijing tomorrow.
2.将要存在的状态。例如:
This time next year I will be in Japan. Where will you be
3.打算要做的事。 例如:
Are you going to watch the film on television tonight
3) 常用于一般将来时的时间状语:
tomorrow next week in 2008 等。
故应选D.
4.一般过去时
1)一般过去时的构成:
用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下:
一般情况 +ed
以e字母结尾的辅音 +d
以辅音字母+y结尾 去y变i+ed
重读闭音节结尾的单词,末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写词尾字母+ed
2)一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以be和like为例):
主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I was a student.We/You/ They were students.He/ She was a student.I / We/ You/ They/ liked music.Many people liked music. I was not a student.We/You/ They were not students.He/ She was not a student.I / We/ You/ They/ didn’t like music.Many people didn’t like music. Were you a student.Were you/ they students Was he/ she a student Did you/ they like music Did many people like music
3)一般过去时的用法:
过去发生的动作。例如:
The police stopped me on my way home last night.
过去存在的状态。例如:
They weren't able to come because they were so busy.
3. 常用于一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday,three months ago,last year,in 1979,often,always等。5.现在完成时
现在完成时的构成:have / has + v-ing
2)现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以be和see为例):
主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I /We/You/ They have been here before.He/ She has been here before..I / We/ You/ They/ Many people have seen the film. I /We/You/ They haven’t been here before.He/ She hasn’t been here before ..I / We/ You/ They/ Many people haven’t seen the film. Have you/ they been here before Has he/ she been here before Have you/ they/ many people seen the film
在完成时的用法:
1、表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与already, just, ever, never, before等词连用. 如:
She has never read this novel.他从未读过这本小说.(他对小说的内容不了解)
2、表示 “过去的动作”一直延续到现在并有可能继续延续下去. 常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如:
I have been a member of the Party for 10 years.
I have been a member of the Party since 10 years ago.
注:在有for 和since 引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词,应用与之相应的表示状态的词。如:
He has died for 3 years.(F)
He has been dead for 3 years.(T)
注意:①现在完成时不能和表示明确的过去时间连用。如:in 1998, last morning等
②have/has been to 表示“去过”(去了又回来了)
have/has gone to 表示“去过”(去了没回来了)
如:Where has she gone (句中所指的人不在)
Where has she been (句中作指的人在)
6、过去进行时
1)过去进行时的构成: was / were +v-ing
2) 过去进行时的用法:
过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。 例如:
This time last year I was living in Brazil.
What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night
3)常用于过去进行时的时间状语:
at four yesterday afternoon,then,at that time/moment 等。
7、过去完成时态
1)过去完成时态的构成:
肯定式:had + 动词的过去分词
否定式:hadn’t + 动词的过去分词
疑问式:Had … + 动词的过去分词
简略回答: Yes, 主 + have/has had.
No, 主 + had现在完成时的用法
过去完成时的用法:
1、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。 他表示的时间是“过去 的过去 ”常与by last year, by the time of yesterday,等连用。如:
She said she had seen the film 4 times.
When Mr Li got to the classroom, all the students had begun reading.
By the time they arrived, the bus had left.
2、表示 从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如:
She had worked in this school since it opened 25 years ago.
8.过去将来时
1)构成
过去将来时由助动词should或would加动词原形构成。第一人称用should,其他人称用would。但目前在美、英等国也有第一人称用would的情况。
2)用法
a.过去将来时是个相对的时态,主要用于从过去某一时间来看将要发生的事情。常用在宾语从句中表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之后。
They said they would go to visit the second factory.
他们说他们将要去参观第二个工厂。
The teacher told us that there would be a concert the next Tuesday.
老师告诉我们下周二将要有场音乐会。
b.过去将来时也可由“was / were going to + 动词原形”来表示。
She said she was going to see her uncle.
她说她要去看望她的叔叔。
c.有些动词的过去进行时也可表示过去将来时。这一用法与某些动词的现在进行时表示一般将来时的用法相同。
I didn't have much time to talk with you became I was leaving for Shanghai in two hours.
我没有多少时间跟你谈话了,因为再过两个小时我就要动身去上海。
注意:
“would+动词原形”有时并不表示过去将来时,而表示一种客气的请求。
例如:
Would you please open the window 请把窗子打开好吗?
动 词 的 语 态
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
英语动词有两种语态,即主动语态(The Active Voice)和被动语态(The Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,例如:
Many people speak English . (主动语态)
English is spoken by many people. (被动语态)
1、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be +及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。被动语态的肯定式、否定式及疑问式列表如下:
肯 定 句: 主语+ be+ 过去分词 +(by…) eg. He is often asked to do this work (by his boss).
否 定 句:主语+ be not +过去分词 +(by…) eg. I am not invited to the party (by him).
一般疑问句:Be + 主语+过去分词+ (by…)? eg. Are your clothes washed by yourself
特殊疑问句:疑问词+ be+主语 +过去分词+ (by…)? eg. What is this sweater made of
现以动词give为例,其被动语态的各种时态如下:
式 时 一 般 进 行 完 成
现在 Am / is /are + given Am/is/are +being + given Have / has +been +given
过去 Was / were + given Was / were + being + given Had +been + given
将来 Shall/ will + given Shall / will +be + given Should /would + be + given
含情态词的 Can / may /must +be +given
3、被动语态的用法:
1)当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时,或者只需强调动作的承受者时,要用被动语态。 例如:
This jacket is made of cotton.
English is spoken in many countries in the world.
强调动作的承受者时。如:The boy was saved at last.这个男孩最后得救了。
主动语态变被动语态的步骤:
主动句: The boy broke the window yesterday.
被动句: The window was broken by the boy yesterday.
步骤一:原句中的宾语the window变成主语。
步骤二:谓语动词broke改为被动形式:was broken
步骤三:原句中的主语The boy放在介词by的后面。
步骤四:其他成分如:yesterday不变。
5) 有两个宾语的句子的被动语态:
A. 可有两种被动语态的常用动词有:buy,give,leave,lend,offer,pay,teach,tell,show,等。
1. He gave me the book just now.
The book was given to me( by him) just now. = I was given the book (by him) just now.
2. They show the guard their passports at the entrance to the building.
The passports were shown to the guard by them at the entrance to the building.
= The guard was shown the passports by them at the entrance to the building.
B. 通常用直接宾语作被动语态主语的一些动词有: bring,do,make,pass,sell,send,sing,write,等。
1. He wrote her a letter.
A letter was written to her.
My mother made me a skirt.
A skirt was made (for me) by my mother.
动 词 不 定 式
不定式:to + 动词原形
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动词不定式的基本形式是“to + 动词原形”,有时可以不带to。动词不定式(或不定式短语)没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍可保留动词的特点,即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。如:to read the newspaper, to speak at the meeting 等
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,因此在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语:
句法作用 例 句
作宾语 She wanted to borrowed my radio.They began to read and write.
作状语 She went to see her grandma last Sunday .He came to give us a talk yesterday.
作宾语补足语 Lucy asked him to turn off the radio.She asked me to speak more loudlyJim told Ling Feng to go home at once .The father made his son study hard.
作定语 Have you got anything to say I had something to eat this morning .
作主语 To learn a foreign language is not easy.
注:作主语用的动词不定式常常为it替代,动词不定式(或短语)放在后面。例如:
It is not easy to learn a foreign language.
It took us three days to do the work.
动词不定式的否定形式由“not+动词不定式”构成. 如:
Tell him not to be late.
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.
4) 不定式省去to的情况: 在感官动词see,watch,look at,hear, listen to,feel和使役动词make,have,let等所接的宾语中(不定式做宾语不足语),不定式应省去to。但是在被动语态中不能省。如:
Let me listen to you sing the song.
He watched his son play computer games.
I saw him run away.------He was seen to run away.
The boss make the workers work the whole night.----The workers were made to work the whole night.
5) 动词不定式和疑问词连用
动词不定式可以和疑问词what ,which, how, where, when 等连用,构成不定式短语。如:
The question is when to start.
I don’t know where to go .
He showed me how to use a computer.
What to do is a big problem.
宾 语 从 句
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
1.在句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句,宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语,也可做介词的宾语。eg, He said he was good at drawing. (动词宾语)
He asks him how long Mike has been down . (动词宾语)
Miss Zhang is angry at what you said. (介词宾语)
2. 宾语从句的引导词有三类:
以that 引导的宾语从句,主要用来引导句形式的宾语从句, that可以省略。eg, The radio says (that) the clouds will lift later on.
She told me (that) she would like to go with us.
以连接代词which, what, who等或连接副词how, where, why 等引导的宾语从句,从句是陈述语序
eg, Could you tell me what’s the matter with u
I want to know how soon it will begin.
以 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句, 主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句,从句同样是陈述语序
eg, I wonder if /whether u have told the new to Li Lei .
3.宾语从句的时态
当主句为一般现在时态、现在进行时态、或一般将来时态时,从句可用所需要的任何时态。 eg, I want to know what time he got up this morning.
You are telling me that you won’t stop until tomorrow
当主句为一般过去时态时, 从句要用于过去有关的时态。
eg,They asked what Jean was doing now .
Linda said that the train had left.
当从句表述的是客观真理或自然现象时,宾语从句要使用一般现在时。
eg, Lisa asked whether light travels faster than sound.
Polly said no news is a good news
注意:一般情况下,whether 和if 可以互用, 但有些情况例外。
当从句做介词的宾于是只用whether 不用if
eg, We are talking about whether we’ll go on the pinic.
引导词与动词不定式或 not 连用时, 只用whether.
eg, Please let me know what to do next.
Could you tell me whether u go or not
if当如果讲时, 引导的是条件状语从句, 这时不能用whether.
eg, You can’t work the plan out if you don’t have the meeting .
状 语 从 句
状语从句在复合句中作状语,修饰动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句可以表示时间、条件、原因、地点、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较等意义。
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
各类状语从句连接词(短语)一览表:
时间 when, while, as, as soon as, since, until, after, before
条件 If, unless
原因 As, because, since
地点 Where
目的 So that, in order that
结果 So that, so…that, such…that
让步 though, although, even if, however
方式 As
比较 than, (not)as…as,
时间状语从句:
Whenever he comes, he brings a friend. 他每次来都带个朋友。
条件状语从句:
As long as I am alive, I will go on studying. 只要我活着, 我就要学习。
原因状语从句:
Since we live near the sea, we enjoy nice weather.由于我们住在海边,能享受到好的天气。
地点状语从句:
Put it where we can all see it.把它放在我们都能看到的位置。
目的状语从句:
Finish this so that you can start another.把这个做完,你可以开始另一个。
结果状语从句:
He was so angry that he couldn’t say a word. 他气得说不出话了。
让步状语从句:
Though he is in poor health, he works hard.虽然他身体不好,但是他工作很努力。
方式状语从句:
Students do as the teachers say.学生们按照老师说的去做。
比较状语从句:
The work isn’t as easy as I thought.这项工作比我想象得难。
例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!
易混引导词while, when, as的区别:
when既可以指“时间点”,与瞬间动词连用,也可以指“时间段”,与延续性动词连用(=while)。如:
When he came in, his mother was cooking.
When (While) we were at school, we went to the library every day.
While表示时间段,因此,while 从句的谓语动词要用延续性动词。如:
Please don’t talk so loud while others are working.
As与when用法相似,但着重强调主句动作与从句动作同时发生,有“随着……”或“一边……一边……”之意。如:
As you get older, you get more knowledge.随着年龄的增长,你获得的知识就越多。
2.Because,as,since 的区别:
Because用于表示直接原因,回答why提出的问题,语气最强;As用于说明原因, 着重点在主句,常译成“由于”;since表示显然的或已知的理由或事实,常译成“既然”。如:
Water is very important because we can’t live without it.
He didn’t come yesterday as his mother was ill.
I’ll do it for you since you are busy.
3.such…that, so…that, so that 引导结果状语从句的区别:
such是形容词,修饰名词; so 是副词,修饰形容词或副词。其结构如下:
1) such + a (n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词+that……
2) such+形容词+复数可数名词+that ……
3) such +形容词+不可数名词+that……。如:
This was such a good film that I went to see it several times.
It was such good books that they sell well.
It was such bad weather that I had to stay at home.
He spoke so fast that I couldn’t follow him.
He is such a lovely boy that we all like him.
=He is so lovely a boy that we all like him.
注:在“形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词”结构中,当名词前有many, much, few, little表示数量的多少时,名词前用so。如:
She made so many mistakes that she didn’t pass the exam.
定 语 从 句
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
定语从句所修饰的词 叫先行词。 定语从句放在先行词后面。定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。本章只介绍限定性定语从句。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that、which、who、 which、 whose和关系副词where 、when,why关系代词和关系副词是引导词, 在定语从句中担当某一成份。
关系代词和关系副词的作用:
先行词指物时, 关系代词用that 或which(在句中作主语或宾语)。
如:China is a country which / that has a large population.
The computer game which/ that he is playing is his favorite.
先行词指人时, 关系代词用(who)作主语或宾语,whom (作宾语),whose (作定语),that (作主语或宾语)。 如:
The man who is mending the machine has been retired.
This is the policeman who/ whom they were talking about yesterday.
I like the girl whose mother is an actor.
注意:下列情况下关系代词只用that 而不用which 或 who。
先行词是指物的不代词,如:all, little, few, much, none, anything, nothing, everything等时。如:I didn’t understand the words all that he said.
2.先行词由最高级、序数词以及any, very, only, all, no, just 等所修饰。如:This is the most beautiful place that I have been to .
行词既包括人,也包括物。如:They always like to talk about the man and the things that they see on the road.
当主句是以which 或who 开头的特殊疑问句时。如:who is the man that opened up the lab.