初中英语知识要点笔记
图片预览
文档简介
初中英语知识要点
1.问职业：
What be + 主语？= What does /do +主语+do
eg. He is a teacher.（提问）
______ _____ he _____
2.It’s nice talking to you.与你谈话真高兴。
△3.表方式的短语
1)on foot
2)by + 交通名词单数（无冠词）
= in / on a (the; 物主代词；名词所有格)
eg. 1) by bike = on a bike by car = in a car
2) He goes to work by a bike every day.(改错) _____________
must: 个人主观上认为“必须”（无时态变化）
4. have to : 有外部条件强加的客观上的“不得不” （存在各种时态）
eg. 1) I _________ stop on the way because of the rain.
2) I ______ stop because I’m a little tired.
△5.提建议
Shall we… 答 肯定：Good idea / OK /
Let’s … All right
Why not… 语 否定：No, let’s…
肯定：Certainly/ Yes, please/
另外还可回答为 Yes, I think so/ I’d love to
否定：No,I don’t think so /
I’m afraid not.
put on强调“穿”的动作：穿上，戴上 后接
△6.. wear是 put on 之后的结果：穿着 “衣服”
= be in 名词
dress sb: 给某人穿衣
eg. 1)You’d better ____ more clothes when you go out. It’s cold outside.
A. wear B. dress C. put on D. take off
2)The boy can ________ himself now.
A. wear B. dress C. put on D. take off
3) Tom is wearing a red shirt today.
A. is on B. is in C. is putting on
△7.在具体的某楼前用 on
eg. He lives on the fifteenth floor.
△8.How do you like… 你觉得……怎么样？
= What do you think of …
eg. How do you like the new film = What do you think of the new film 你觉得这部新电影怎么样？
9.a little = a bit
但注意：1) a little+名词 = a bit of + 名词 )
eg.There is a little( a bit of ) water in the glass.
2) not a little = very
not a bit = not at all
△10. quite : quite a (an) + 形 + 名
very : a very + 形 + 名
eg. This is a very interesting book.
= This is quite an interesting book.
11.in a hurry: 匆忙地
eg.1)He is in a hurry all day.
2)She went to school in a hurry.
另外：hurry to … = go to … in a hurry
12. marry sb = be married to sb.与某人结婚
get married = be married 已婚；结婚
（但get married是“短命”动词，要指“结婚多久”应用be married）
eg. 1)She married with a doctor (找错) ______
2)She has got married for ten years (找错) __________
△13. leave sth + 地点：把某物忘在某地
forget sth : 忘记某事
eg. 1)He ______ the driver’s license yesterday.
2)I ____ my umbrella in the train just now.
△14.感叹句
1）What (a, an) + 形 + 名（+主 + 谓）！
(注：但名词为不可数、复数时，则不用a / an)
2）How + 形 / 副 （ + 主 + 谓）！
eg.1)________ bad weather!
2)______ hard they are working!
3)______ good girl she is!
4)_____ beautiful flowers they are!
“雨大，雪大”heavy---heavily/ hard
△15.“风大” strong ---strongly
“太阳大”bright---brightly
注意以上词的形、副区别
eg. 1)There was a __________ rain yesterday.
2)It blew ________ last night.
3)The sun is shining ___________.
4)Look! It’s raining __________.
5)What a ___________ wind!
how long: 多长时间（问时间段）
△16. how often: 多久一次（问频率）
how soon = when: 何时（问将来时间）
eg.1)--________ does he go home
-- Once a week.
2)--________ were you away from school last year --Less than a week.
3)--________ will he come back
--In two days.
eg. 1)I didn’t go to the cinema. _____ I went to the library yesterday.
2)We would like to stay at school _______ going to the cinema today.
△18.so 句型
so + be(助、情) + 主语：“也如此”
so + 主语 + be(助、情)：“的确如此”
eg.1)I watched TV last night, and so did she.
昨晚我看了电视，她也看了。
2)I watch TV every day, and so does he.
我每天看电视，他也如此。
3)I can swim, so I can.
我会游泳，真的是这样。
注意：表示“也不如此”用neither / nor
eg. I didn’t watch TV last night, neither did she
△19.指路与问路
问路
1)Excuse me. Could you tell me …
how I can get to ….
how to get to …
the way to …
2)Excuse me. Which is the way to…
指路
1)Go down / up / along this road and…
go还可替换为walk
2)Go down / up / along to the end.
3)Go on until you reach the end.
4)Take the … turning on the left.
= Turn left at the … turning.
5)Go across the bridge
△20.
eg.1)He’s sick / ill in hospital.
2)A nurse (A) must take (B) good (C) care of ill (D) men. （选错） _____________
△21.
eg.1)__________ he is a student.
2)He ___________ a student.
△22.
类似结构
△23.到达
但当后不接地点时，只能用arrive
eg.1)She ____ Shanghai last night.
A. reached to B. got C. arrived in D. arrived at
2)They ____ there in time at last.
A. reached to B. arrived C. got to D. arrived at
I’ll ring you up as soon as he_____(到达).
eg.1)She is _____________ girl.
2)Do you feel ______ when you are _____
3)The old man live in a house ________.
eg. I have (A) many (B) work to do (C)______
△
eg.1)He gave us _________ money.
2)She is ___________ young.
△
eg.1)Please ____ your exercise book here tomorrow.
2)Meimei often helps the old man _____ water.
eg. –-I looked for my pen___________, but I couldn’t find it ____________.
---Don’t worry. Sooner or later you’ll find it _________.
30.to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊的是……
类似结构：to one’s joy 使某人高兴的是……
eg. To our great surprise, she could swim in the river. 使我们惊奇的是，他能在河里游泳。
31. agree with : 同意某人（或某人所说的）
agree to : 同意某事
eg. 1)He agree ___ my plan.
2)I agree ____ what you said.
32.be on … team: 参加……队；是……的队员
eg. He is on the city basketball team.
他是市篮球队队员。
△33.teach sb+科目（当sb是人称代词时应用宾格）
eg. He teaches our English(改错) __________
△34.the 100-metre race 100米赛跑
100-metre作定语，修饰race, 注意metre用单数。 类似结构：
①a two-thousand-word letter一封两千字的信
②an 18-year-old girl一位18岁的女孩
另外有时还可用所有格形式来表达：
100-metre race = 100 metres’ race
two-month holiday = two months’ holiday
但当前面有a/ an ; 物主代词；所有格时。则只能用复合形容词来表示：
eg. What did the headmaster say about Jim’s ______.
A. two months holidayB. Two months’ holiday
C. two-month holiday D. two moth’s holiday
35.problem与question
question: 指人们主观上产生而提出等待回答的问题。常与ask , answer连用
problem: 指客观上存在等待解决的问题着重指“难题”。常与solve , work out连用
1) We must find out a good way to solve the ______.
2) You can answer the _____ in your own words.
borrow: 借进 borrow … from从…借
△36. lend: 借出 lend sb sth = lend sth to sb
把某物借给某人
keep: 保存；借（多久）（与时间段连用）
1)Jack ____ me his bike last week.
2)You can _____ the book from me, but you can ____ it for only one week.
△37.It’s +adj + of / for sb to do sth.
当形容词用于修饰人时，介词用of. 常见的此类形容词有：kind ; good ; clever ; careful ; polite ; right ; wrong. 其余情况用for.
1)It’s very clever ____ you to do that.
2)It’s hard ____ me to work out the problem.
△38. more: 另外的；额外的（放在数量词之后）
another: 再一（另一…）（放在数量词之前）
1)May I have two _____ apples
2)May I borrow _______ one book
used to + 动原: 过去常常做…
△39. be used to + 动原: 被用于做…
be / get used to sth : 习惯于某事
1)He used to be late for school.
2)The knife is used to cut things.
3)He is uesd to hard work.
other: 放在被修饰词之前
△40. else: 放在被修饰词之后，一般修饰不定代词和疑问词
1)other students别的学生
2)anybody else. 其它任何人
what else. 别的什么
△41. so + 形/副
such + 形 + 名
但注意：
1) so +形+a / an + 单名= such a /an +形 +单名
2)so (many / much / few / little) + 名
3)so… that ; such … that如此…以致…
① It was ____ bad weather.
② There are ____ many poor in the country.
③ ____ few animals eat ____ much grass.
④ This city is ____ old, you’d better visit it.
⑤ It’s ______ important party ____ I can’t miss it.
have / has been to: 曾经去过…
△42. have / has gone to: 已经去了…
have / has been in: 已在…(多久)
注意：1)后接地点副词here, there , home时应省介词
2)与时间段连用只用have /has been in
① --Where’s Tom
--He ______________ Beijing.
② I ______ Beijing several times.
③ She ________ Chengdu for two years.
④ He __________ there twice.
△43.“短命”动词 “长命”动词
buy—have ; borrow—keep ; die—be dead ; leave—be away (from); come back—be back; fall asleep—be asleep ; open—be open ;
catch a cold—have a cold; go /get out—be out;
arrive (reach / get to / come to) +地点—be in +地点；join—be in +集体（或be + 成员）；
turn on—be on; turn off—be off ;
get a letter from—have a letter from.
end /finish—be over ; get up—be up ;
1) He has (A) bought (B) the fridge (C) for (D) two years. _________
2)How long (A) may (B) I borrow (C) the (D) book _________
3)The film (A) has begun (B) for five minutes(C). _________
4)Tom has got (A) the letter (B) from (C) Jim for two days (D). __________
5)I have (A) caught (B) a cold since two years ago (C). ____________
6)He has (A) come to (B) Beijing for ten years(C) ___________
7)My brother (A) has joined (B) the army (C) for (D) five years. ___________
44. except: 除…以外（不包括除去的部分）
besides: 除了…，还有…（包括除去的部分）
1) We go to school every day except Sunday.
该句意味着：
We go to school from Monday to Saturday.
2)We all went to the park besides Li Lei.
该句意味着：
We went to the park, and Li Lei went, too.
take: It take sb sometime to do sth.
△45. 主语
pay (money) for sth 是人
buy sth for + money
cost: sth cost sb + money 主语是物
1)I _____ ten yuan on the book.
2)I _____ ten yuan for the book.
3)The book _____ me ten yuan.
4)I _____ the book for ten yuan.
5)It _____ me an hour to do the maths problem
sometime: 某时(与将来时连用)
△46 sometimes: 有时（一般现在时
some time: 一些时候(表时间段)
some times:几次
eg. 1)He _______ (go) to Beijing sometime next week.
2)I _______ (be) to Beijing some times.
47.be to do: 表将来
There is to be a sports meeting next Saturday.
△48.计量：表事物的“长、宽、高、深、远、厚”用 “long ; wide ; high / tall ; deep ; away ; thick.
1)Mr Green is nearly two metres ________
2)The ice is about one metre _________.
3)Our classroom is about twelve metres ______and eight metres __________.
△49.population：不可数名词。指人口的多少用“large / big或small”；询问人口的多少用what.
1)What’s the population of Germany
德国的人口是多少？
2)China has a large population.中国人口众多
3)The population (A) of (B) Japan is less (C) than that (D) of India. ____________
另外注意：
表示“有…人口”用have a population of .
Now China has a population of more than one billion. 现在中国有十亿多人口。
eg. make room for: 为…腾出空间
51.seem的用法：
1)seem + adj = seem to be + adj
He seems very angry = He seems to be angry.
2)seem to do
It seems to rain tomorrow.明天似乎要下雨。
3)It seems + that从句
It seems that you are right.你似乎是对的。
1)He talked as if he knew all about it.
他说话的口气好象已经全知道了此事。
2)He opened his mouth as if to say something.
他开口似乎要说什么。
1)We ____ them 5 to 3.
2)In the end we _____ the match.
interested;excited;surprised主语是人。指某
△53.人对…感兴趣/感到兴奋/感到惊奇（只作表语）
interesting;excited;surprising主语是物。指
某物有趣/令人兴奋/使人惊奇（可作定、表语）
1)It’s an ________football game.
2)I’m ________ in music.
1)作情态动词，用于否、疑句
△54.need 2)作实义动词 need to do(表主动)
need doing(表被动)
1)You needn’t go home now.
2)The bike needs mending.
3)I need to go home now.
△55. alive: 活着的；在世的（常作后置定语）
living: 活着的；没死的（常作前置定语）
1)Both plants and animals are _______ thing.
2)No one ______ will believe it.
△56.否定前移的动词：think , believe , expect , suppose.
1)I didn’t expect their team would win.
我希望他们的对不会赢。
2)I don’t think he will come tomorrow.
我认为明天他不会来。
look at: （有意识地）看…
△57. see: （look at之后的结果）看见
read: 看（书、报等）
watch: 看（电视、比赛等）
另外注意：1)see a film看电影
2)see a doctor看医生
1)I often ______ newspaper after suppe.
2)He _____ the picture, and ____ some trees in it.
△58. listen to :（有意识地）听…
hear: （listen to之后的结果）听见
He was very sorry to ________ the bad news.
look for:（强调“找”的动作）寻找
△59. find: （look for之后的结果）找到
find out: (经过努力、周折)查出，找出（真相等）
They are ___________ their lost horse.
A. finding B. looking for C. finding out
△60. hope: (可能实现的)愿望
wish: (难以实现的)愿望
另外注意：1)wish to do sth = hope to do sth
2)wish sb to do sth ( )
hope sb to do sth( ╳ )
( )I _____ you to come to school earlier next time. A. wish B. hope C. wants
①enough：放在形、副之后. good enough
△61. ②修饰不定代词(something, anything, nothing)的词应后置。
③else修饰不定代词和疑问词应后置）
1)I have something important to tell you.
2)He didn’t run fast enough to catch up with Tom.
had better +动原 否定had better not +动原
△62 Will / Would you please +动原？
Will / Would you please not + 动原？
Will you please not talk in class
△63. What’s the weather like … …的天气
= How’s the weather … 怎么样？
△64. find +宾 +形：觉得…怎么样
find it +形 +to do: 觉得做…怎么样
类似用法还有make , think等
1)I find the question ___________(容易).
2)I think it important to learn Englis.
△65. a number of +复名：许多，一些(作主为复)
the number of: …的数目/号码(作主为三单)
The number of the students in our class is 50.
too: 句末 用于肯定句
△66. also: 句中 “也”
either: 否定句末“也不”
1)I don’t like reading, she doesn’t , ______.
2)Tom is fourteen. Jim is _____fourteen.
△67. already , just : 肯助后
yet: 否、疑末
1)I have already had lunch.
2)I haven’t had lunch yet.
68. live: (长时间的)居住
stay: (短时间的)居住
eg. He lives in Changsha, but he’s going to stay in Shanghai for a few days.
替换练习
解题指导：
该类题常常以以下几种情况进行考察：
1．描述释义，也叫概念释义，即用一种情况来对某词进行解释。
eg. huge= very big glass= cup made of glass
agree = say yes/ have the same idea
2．同义词释义。指用意义相同或相近的词进行替换。
eg. nearly = almost perhaps = maybe
difficult = hard fast = quickly
3．否定释义。即对某些词用相反的意思进行解释。
eg. cheap = no expensive thick = not thin
dirty = not clean low = not high/ tall
4．常识释义。即词义本身属于一种生活常识。
eg. century = 100 years
August = the eighth month
summer = the season between spring and autumn
London = the capital of England
常见的词语解释
almost nearly a little a bit
around all over be like look like
bright clever begin start
beside next to be in be at home
be quick hurry up be out be away
come from be from fail not pass
cross go across hard difficult
last go on hurry walk quickly
hardly almost not hurry up go quickly
expensive dear look out be careful
must have to on about
over more than wear be in
why what … for stop give up
thanks to because of join take part in
as soon as possible as soon as sb can
be weak in be not at good at
catch up with not fall behind
have a good time enjoy oneself
a lot of lots of ; many / much
at last in the end ; finally
at the moment now
hold on wait a moment
just now a moment ago
leave go away (from)
reach arrive in /at ; get to
prefer … to… like … better than …
spend … on pay … for
take a look have a look
walk on go on walking
go to sleep get to sleep / fall asleep
walk to … go to … on foot
take a bus catch a bus
look after take (good) care of
hear from receive / get a letter from
be filled with be full of
fly to… go to … by air
return 1)come back 2) give back
teach oneself learn … by oneself
at once right now(现在) /right away(立刻)
根据汉语完成句子方法指导
根据汉语完成句子特别注意以下内容：
1.宾语从句中的否定前移。
2.宾从的时态、语序以及疑问词+to do
3.被动语态（① 省to不定式还原；② 动词短语中的介词不能遗漏）
4.状语从句中的一般现在时
5.完成时（长、短命动词的区别）
6.It’s + adj + for / of sb to do sth
7.find / think / make it + adj + to do .
8.动词不定式（作定语的不定式要求是及物动词或及物动词短语）
9.被动语态的一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、一般将来时、现在进行时。
10.尽可能考虑短语的固定用法
一、句子成分：句子是有不同的各部分组成的，这些部分就叫做句子成分。句子成分可以是单词、词组或句子（从句）。在句中起主要作用的是主语、谓语，称为主要成分；起次要作用的有宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和表语，称为次要成分。所有的句子都是在简单句的基础上展开的，所以我们首先讨论简单句的五种基本句型。
一、简单句的五种基本句型(Five kinds of simple sentences)
（一） 主语 + 不及物动词（主、谓结构）
eg. 1）He is working.
2）He cooks.
（二） 主语+ 及物动词 + 宾语（主、谓、宾结构）
eg. 1）We study English every day.
2）They are playing football
（三） 主语+ 连系动词 + 表语（主、系、表结构）
eg. 1）Trees turn green.
2）He is happy.
常见的连系动词有：be ; become ; get（“天气”变得）; turn（“颜色”变得）; feel（觉得/摸起来）; look(看起来)；smell(闻起来); sound(听起来)；taste(尝起来)；seem(似乎).
特别注意：
a) 连系动词后常接形容词常作表语；
b) be / become后常接名词或相当于名词的短语（不定式/动名词）做表语。
c) seem + 形容词 = seem to be + 形容词
eg.1)He is a teacher (名词做表语)
2)His job is to feed animals (不定式做表语)
3)His hobby is reading. (动名词做表语)
4)He seems happy = He seems to be happy
（四） 主语 + 及物动词 + 间宾（人）+ 直宾（物）
=主语+ 及物动词 + 直宾（物）+ to / for + 间宾（人）
常用的此类动词有：give ; pass ; show ; lend ; buy. 但buy与for连用
eg.1)I gave him a book.
= I gave a book to him.
2)My mother bought me a pen yesterday.
= My mother bought a pen for me.
（五） 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补
注意作宾补的词：1）名词（指宾语是谁/什么）；2）形容词；3）不定式；4）动词的ing 形式。
eg.1)We call him Jim.（名词做宾补）
2)We must keep the window open.（形容词做宾补）
3)The news makes me happy (同上)
4)I found it hard to get to sleep (同上)
5)I think it useful to learn English well (同上)
6)He told me to wash the plates.（不定式做宾补）
7)I saw a thief going into your room. （动名词做宾补）
特别注意：
1)动词不定式作宾补
A: ask / want / tell sb to do sth.
其否定式为：ask/want/tell sb not to do sth
2)省to不定式作宾补，即：
(l, m, n; 3h; 2看; 1f) sb do sth
l—let, m—make, n—notice; 3h—hear, have , help; 2看—see, watch; 1f—feel.
eg.1)The boss made the workers work 12 hours every day.
2)I often hear him sing.
2)区别省to不定式作宾补与动词ing形式作宾补.
hear / see sb do: 听见/看见某人做了某事
hear / see sb doing: 听见/看见某人在做某事
二、词类和句子成分的关系。
（一）词类相互间的关系。
1．形容词、数词通常修饰名词（有时名词也可以修饰另外一个名词），形容词还可修饰代词。例如：
1)The three tall and strong men are all basket-
(定语) (主) (谓) (定语)
ball players.（“主系表”结构）
(表语)
数词three和形容词tall , strong修饰名词men; 名词basketball修饰名词players.
2)The writer often writes something interesting
(主) (壮) (谓) (宾) (定)
about children. （“主胃宾”结构）
(定)
形容词interesting修饰不定代词something
2．副词常修饰动词、形容词和其他副词。例如：
(副词well修饰plays，副词quite修饰另一副词well.)
(副词very修饰形容词interesting)
以上的名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词、副词称为实词，可以在句中单独做一定的成分。
3．冠词、介词、连词称为虚词，在句中不能单独构成句子成分。冠词只能用于名词前；介词与它后面的名词或代词构成介词短语，才能作一定的成分（定语、状语和表语）。例如：
（介词短语of Class Two作定语，修饰the League members. 介词短语in the school yard作地点状语,修饰are having）
连词只起连接词、词组和句子的作用。
He is so young that he can’t go to school.
（that连接两句子）
（二）词类和句子成分的关系：
1．主语：是句子要说明的人和物，是句子的主体，一般放在句首。名词、代词常在句中作主语。此外，动名词、动词不定式、主语从句也可作主语。例如：
1)Mr. Chen is a greadt scientist. (名词作主语)
2)He reads newspapers every day. (代词作主)
3)Smoking is harmful to the health. (动名词作主语)
4)To swim in Kuming Lake is a great pleasure. (动词不定式作主语)
5)What we shall do next is not yet decided. (主语从句作主语)
2．谓语：说明主语的动作和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。例如：
1)The new term begins on September 1st .(行为动词作谓语)
2)She seems tired. (连系动词作谓语)
3)He has gone to Beijing. (行为动词作谓语)
3．宾语：及物动词涉及的人或物称为动词宾语。宾语一般放在及物动词（或相当于及物动词的短语）后。介词后的名词或代词称为介词宾语。名词、代词在句中常作宾语。此外，动词不定式、动名词和从句也可作宾语。例如：
1)Wang Ling lent me a novel. (代词me作间接宾语；名词a novel作直接宾语)
2)The medicine is good for a cough. ( 名词a cough作介词宾语)
3)My little sister always likes to ask questions. (不定式to ask questions作动词likes 的宾语)
4)His brother is good at playing chess. (动词名词playing chess作介词宾语)
5)Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow (coming作动词宾语)
4．宾语补足语（复合宾语的第二部分）：在宾语后补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分称为宾补。名词、形容词、动词不定式和动名词可作宾补。（见前面简单句的五种基本句型五）
5．表语：在连系动词后用来说明主语的身份、状态或特征的成分是表语。可作表语的有：名词、代词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、动名词以及表语从句。（参见简单句的五种基本句型三）
1)Wang Lin’s father is a doctor. (名词a doctor作表语，说明主语的身份是doctor)
2)He is from America. （介词短语from America作表语，说明主语的特征是“来自美国“）
3)The baby is asleep. (形容词asleep作表语，说明主语的状态是“睡着的”)
4)His work is teaching English. (动名词短语teaching English作表语，说明主语特征是“教英语”)
5)This is why he was late for school(表语从句why he was late for school作表语。)
6．定语：用来修饰名词或代词的成分是定语。单词作定语通常放在它所修饰的词前；但修饰复合不定代词（nothing, anything, everything, something , somebody , anybody, …..）时，则放在这些不定代词之后。短语和从句作定语时，也放在被修饰词之后。形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词和定语从句等都可作定语。
1)He is reading an interesting book. (形容词interesting作定语,修饰名词book)
2)I have something important to tell you. (形容词important以及不定式to tell you作定语，修饰不定代词something)
3)There are few women workers in the factory. (形容词few 以及名词women作定语修饰名词workers)
4)The oil workers here come from Daqing. (名词oil以及副词here作定语修饰名词workers)
5)We have got ten desks in the room. (数词ten修饰名词desks)
6)Yesterday the scientist made a report on modern science. （介词短语on modern science作定语修饰名词report.）
7)The girl playing the piano is my younger sister. (现在分词短语playing the piano作定语修饰名词girl)
8)This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday. (定语从句which I bought yesterday作定语修饰名词dictionary)
7．状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的成分是状语。修饰形容词的状语通常放在它所修饰的词之前，修饰动词的状语通常放在动词后。但有些副词（如：often , always , usually等作状语放在事义动词之前，be /助/情之后）。副词、介词短语、名词词组、动词不定式、分词短语和状语从句都可以作状语。
1)He knows how to learn English well. (副词well作状语，修饰动词learn)
2)My parents often tell us about their hard life in the past. (副词often作状语，修饰动词tell)
3)Her mother usually goes out to do some shopping on Sundays. (副词usually以及介词短语on Sundays作状语，修饰动词goes)
4)He will leave for Shanghai the day after tomorrow. (名词词组the day after tomorrow作状语，修饰动词will leave)
5)He came here to see you. (动词不定式to see you作目的状语，
6)He sat there reading a novel (现在分词短语reading a novel作状语修饰动词sat)
7)If I have some free time, I will study German. (条件状语从句If I have some free time作状语)
三、用分析法确定一个单词在句中的词性和成分。
在英语中，一个单词往往有多种意思，应根据一个词在句中的位置确定它的词性、词义、和在句中的成分。
1)Excuse me. I don’t want to listen to you any more. I don’t think it’s a good excuse for being late for school
第一个excuse是动词“原谅”；第二个excuse有冠词a修饰，它是一个名词“借口”，在此作表语）
2)The scores are hard to believe. Team A has scored eight goals.
第一个score作主语，是一个名词“分数”；第二个score作谓语，是一个动词“进球”
3)The guide pointed to a red point on the map to show us where the tomb is.
第一个point作谓语，是一个动词“指着”；第二个point作动词pointed to 的宾语，在此是一个名词“（红）点”
4)When I felt some rain drops dropping on my face, I put on my raincoat.
第一个drop作动词felt的宾语，是一个名词“（雨）滴”；第二个drop是一个现在分词短语作宾语rain drops的宾语补足语，是一个动词“落下”
5)The sound from the church sounds very beautiful.
第一个sound作主语，是一个名词“声音”；第二个sound作谓语，是一个连系动词“听起来”。
6)She is a quiet girl. He does everything quietly.
第一处的quiet作定语修饰名词girl, 是一个形容词“安静的， 文静的”；第二处的quietly作状语修饰动词does, 是一个副词“安静地”
重 点 短 语
1. a set of (一)套/组/副
2. all over = around / throughout
遍及…的每个部分
as long as 长达
3. as much as 多达
as tall as 高达
4. a doctor for children 儿童医生
5. a number of 许多 (作主为复数)
the number of …的数目/号码 (作主为单数)
6. as soon as possible 尽可能早地，尽快
7. as well = too 也；又；同样地
8. at the beginning of 在…初; 开始
9. at the age of 在…岁时
10. at sea 在大海上
11. at least 至少；起码
at most 最多
12. a place of interest = places of interest 名胜
13. allow sb to do sth 允许某人做某事
14. be abroad 出国
15. be able to = can 能；会
16. be afraid of 害怕
17. be excited about 对…感到兴奋
18. be amazed at 对…感到惊讶
19. be made of 由…组成；由…构成
20. be proud of 以…自豪（高兴）
21. be worth doing …值得做
22. be filled with = be full of 装满；充满
23. be covered with 被…覆盖
24. before long = soon 不久以后
long before 很久以前
25. be to do 打算做；将要做
be used for sth / doing sth 用于…
26. be used as 被当作…来使用
be used by 被…使用
27. break in two 裂成两半
28. be busy doing 忙于做…
be busy with sth 忙于某事
29. 既…又…；两者都
30. beg one’s pardon 请原谅；对不起
31. by the time 在…时候以前
32. come true 实现
e up with 提出；提供
34. cut down 砍倒；砍伐
35. carry on 坚持下去；继续下去
e to one’s ears 传入（某人的）耳朵
37. carry sb to safety 把某人带到安全地
38. can’t wait to do sth 迫不及待做某事
can’t help doing 情不自禁地做某事
39. drop off 放下（某物）；下车
40. deserve to do 做…理所应当
41. even though 即使
42. ever since 从那时起；此后一直
43. encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事
44. escape doing 逃脱做某事
45. far away 很远；遥远
46. from now on 从今以后；今后
47. find sb doing sth 发现某人做某事
48. feed on/ upon 以…为食
49. feel like doing = want to do 想要做某事
= would like to do
give up sth 放弃某事
50. give up doing sth 放弃做某事
= stop doing sth
51. go over 过一遍；复习；仔细检查
52. get an injection 打针；注射
53. get …back 退还…；送回去
54. give birth to 生孩子
55. go straight along 沿着…直接走
56. hand in 交上来
57. have a try 尝试；努力
58. hear of / about 听说
59. human being 人
60. hands up 举手
61. have… off 有…的休息
62. have / has got = have / has 有
63. have nothing to do with 与…无关
have something to do with 与…有关
64. hour after hour 一小时一小时地；连续地
65. have sth done 请人做某事
66. in this way 用这种方法
in different ways 以不同的方法
67. It seems that + 从句：似乎；好象
68. It is said 据说
69. in history 历史上
70. in a few year’s time 几年时间后
= in a few years
71. keep off 避开；防止
72. live on 继续存在，继续活着；靠…为生
73. leave +地点：离开某地
leave for +地点：动身去某地；前往某地
74. make sure 确保；确认；查明
75. more or less 或多或少
76. make a decision 作出决定
77. make a mistake 犯错误
78. make a progress 取得进步
79. make up one’s mind 下决心
80. multiply … by …. 以…乘以…
81. make sb + 形：使某人如何
make me happy 使我愉快
make a contribution to sth 为某事做准备
82. make a contribution to doing sth
为做某事做准备
83. no matter what = whatever 无论什么
84. not only… but also 不但…而且
85. on display 陈列；展览
86. on show 展出
87. on the other hand 另一方面；反过来说
on the other side of 在…的另一面
88. on business 经商
89. once upon a time 从前；很久以前
=long , long ago
90. open up 开放；开业；开设
91. pick up 捡起；拾起
92. point at 指着；指向（近物）
point to 指向…（远物）
93. put off 推迟；拖延
94. put up 挂起；举起
95. prefer to do rather than do 宁愿做…而不愿做…
96. run away 流失；逃跑；逃走
97. rush out 冲出去
98. regard … as 把…当作…；当作
99. receive / get a letter from 收到某人的来信
=hear from
100. send up 发射；把…往上送
101. set one’s mind to do 一心想做…
102. shut down 把…关上
103. slow down 减缓；减速
104. so far 到目前为止
105. so that 以便；以致
some more books 另外的书
106. two more books 另外的两本书
= another two books
107. speak highly of 称赞
108. spill over 溢出
109. thanks to 由于=because of ；幸亏
110. think about 考虑
111. think of 认为；想起
think much/ a lot of 对…评价高；看重
112. turn down 调低；调小
turn up 调高；调大
try out 实验；尝试
used to + 动原：过去常常（做）
114 be used to + 动原：被用来做…
be / get used to sth 习惯于某事
be/ get used to doing sth 习惯于做某事
what do you mean by … …是什么意思
115. = what does … mean
= what’s the meaning of …
116. what’s the population of …的人口是多少
have a population of 有…的人口
117. what … for =why 为什么
118. warn sb about / of sth 警告某人某事
warn sb against doing 警告某人别做某事
119. with one’s help 在某人的帮助下
= with the help of
120. wear out 穿破；穿烂
121. wash away 冲走
1.问职业：
What be + 主语？= What does /do +主语+do
eg. He is a teacher.（提问）
______ _____ he _____
2.It’s nice talking to you.与你谈话真高兴。
△3.表方式的短语
1)on foot
2)by + 交通名词单数（无冠词）
= in / on a (the; 物主代词；名词所有格)
eg. 1) by bike = on a bike by car = in a car
2) He goes to work by a bike every day.(改错) _____________
must: 个人主观上认为“必须”（无时态变化）
4. have to : 有外部条件强加的客观上的“不得不” （存在各种时态）
eg. 1) I _________ stop on the way because of the rain.
2) I ______ stop because I’m a little tired.
△5.提建议
Shall we… 答 肯定：Good idea / OK /
Let’s … All right
Why not… 语 否定：No, let’s…
肯定：Certainly/ Yes, please/
另外还可回答为 Yes, I think so/ I’d love to
否定：No,I don’t think so /
I’m afraid not.
put on强调“穿”的动作：穿上，戴上 后接
△6.. wear是 put on 之后的结果：穿着 “衣服”
= be in 名词
dress sb: 给某人穿衣
eg. 1)You’d better ____ more clothes when you go out. It’s cold outside.
A. wear B. dress C. put on D. take off
2)The boy can ________ himself now.
A. wear B. dress C. put on D. take off
3) Tom is wearing a red shirt today.
A. is on B. is in C. is putting on
△7.在具体的某楼前用 on
eg. He lives on the fifteenth floor.
△8.How do you like… 你觉得……怎么样？
= What do you think of …
eg. How do you like the new film = What do you think of the new film 你觉得这部新电影怎么样？
9.a little = a bit
但注意：1) a little+名词 = a bit of + 名词 )
eg.There is a little( a bit of ) water in the glass.
2) not a little = very
not a bit = not at all
△10. quite : quite a (an) + 形 + 名
very : a very + 形 + 名
eg. This is a very interesting book.
= This is quite an interesting book.
11.in a hurry: 匆忙地
eg.1)He is in a hurry all day.
2)She went to school in a hurry.
另外：hurry to … = go to … in a hurry
12. marry sb = be married to sb.与某人结婚
get married = be married 已婚；结婚
（但get married是“短命”动词，要指“结婚多久”应用be married）
eg. 1)She married with a doctor (找错) ______
2)She has got married for ten years (找错) __________
△13. leave sth + 地点：把某物忘在某地
forget sth : 忘记某事
eg. 1)He ______ the driver’s license yesterday.
2)I ____ my umbrella in the train just now.
△14.感叹句
1）What (a, an) + 形 + 名（+主 + 谓）！
(注：但名词为不可数、复数时，则不用a / an)
2）How + 形 / 副 （ + 主 + 谓）！
eg.1)________ bad weather!
2)______ hard they are working!
3)______ good girl she is!
4)_____ beautiful flowers they are!
“雨大，雪大”heavy---heavily/ hard
△15.“风大” strong ---strongly
“太阳大”bright---brightly
注意以上词的形、副区别
eg. 1)There was a __________ rain yesterday.
2)It blew ________ last night.
3)The sun is shining ___________.
4)Look! It’s raining __________.
5)What a ___________ wind!
how long: 多长时间（问时间段）
△16. how often: 多久一次（问频率）
how soon = when: 何时（问将来时间）
eg.1)--________ does he go home
-- Once a week.
2)--________ were you away from school last year --Less than a week.
3)--________ will he come back
--In two days.
eg. 1)I didn’t go to the cinema. _____ I went to the library yesterday.
2)We would like to stay at school _______ going to the cinema today.
△18.so 句型
so + be(助、情) + 主语：“也如此”
so + 主语 + be(助、情)：“的确如此”
eg.1)I watched TV last night, and so did she.
昨晚我看了电视，她也看了。
2)I watch TV every day, and so does he.
我每天看电视，他也如此。
3)I can swim, so I can.
我会游泳，真的是这样。
注意：表示“也不如此”用neither / nor
eg. I didn’t watch TV last night, neither did she
△19.指路与问路
问路
1)Excuse me. Could you tell me …
how I can get to ….
how to get to …
the way to …
2)Excuse me. Which is the way to…
指路
1)Go down / up / along this road and…
go还可替换为walk
2)Go down / up / along to the end.
3)Go on until you reach the end.
4)Take the … turning on the left.
= Turn left at the … turning.
5)Go across the bridge
△20.
eg.1)He’s sick / ill in hospital.
2)A nurse (A) must take (B) good (C) care of ill (D) men. （选错） _____________
△21.
eg.1)__________ he is a student.
2)He ___________ a student.
△22.
类似结构
△23.到达
但当后不接地点时，只能用arrive
eg.1)She ____ Shanghai last night.
A. reached to B. got C. arrived in D. arrived at
2)They ____ there in time at last.
A. reached to B. arrived C. got to D. arrived at
I’ll ring you up as soon as he_____(到达).
eg.1)She is _____________ girl.
2)Do you feel ______ when you are _____
3)The old man live in a house ________.
eg. I have (A) many (B) work to do (C)______
△
eg.1)He gave us _________ money.
2)She is ___________ young.
△
eg.1)Please ____ your exercise book here tomorrow.
2)Meimei often helps the old man _____ water.
eg. –-I looked for my pen___________, but I couldn’t find it ____________.
---Don’t worry. Sooner or later you’ll find it _________.
30.to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊的是……
类似结构：to one’s joy 使某人高兴的是……
eg. To our great surprise, she could swim in the river. 使我们惊奇的是，他能在河里游泳。
31. agree with : 同意某人（或某人所说的）
agree to : 同意某事
eg. 1)He agree ___ my plan.
2)I agree ____ what you said.
32.be on … team: 参加……队；是……的队员
eg. He is on the city basketball team.
他是市篮球队队员。
△33.teach sb+科目（当sb是人称代词时应用宾格）
eg. He teaches our English(改错) __________
△34.the 100-metre race 100米赛跑
100-metre作定语，修饰race, 注意metre用单数。 类似结构：
①a two-thousand-word letter一封两千字的信
②an 18-year-old girl一位18岁的女孩
另外有时还可用所有格形式来表达：
100-metre race = 100 metres’ race
two-month holiday = two months’ holiday
但当前面有a/ an ; 物主代词；所有格时。则只能用复合形容词来表示：
eg. What did the headmaster say about Jim’s ______.
A. two months holidayB. Two months’ holiday
C. two-month holiday D. two moth’s holiday
35.problem与question
question: 指人们主观上产生而提出等待回答的问题。常与ask , answer连用
problem: 指客观上存在等待解决的问题着重指“难题”。常与solve , work out连用
1) We must find out a good way to solve the ______.
2) You can answer the _____ in your own words.
borrow: 借进 borrow … from从…借
△36. lend: 借出 lend sb sth = lend sth to sb
把某物借给某人
keep: 保存；借（多久）（与时间段连用）
1)Jack ____ me his bike last week.
2)You can _____ the book from me, but you can ____ it for only one week.
△37.It’s +adj + of / for sb to do sth.
当形容词用于修饰人时，介词用of. 常见的此类形容词有：kind ; good ; clever ; careful ; polite ; right ; wrong. 其余情况用for.
1)It’s very clever ____ you to do that.
2)It’s hard ____ me to work out the problem.
△38. more: 另外的；额外的（放在数量词之后）
another: 再一（另一…）（放在数量词之前）
1)May I have two _____ apples
2)May I borrow _______ one book
used to + 动原: 过去常常做…
△39. be used to + 动原: 被用于做…
be / get used to sth : 习惯于某事
1)He used to be late for school.
2)The knife is used to cut things.
3)He is uesd to hard work.
other: 放在被修饰词之前
△40. else: 放在被修饰词之后，一般修饰不定代词和疑问词
1)other students别的学生
2)anybody else. 其它任何人
what else. 别的什么
△41. so + 形/副
such + 形 + 名
但注意：
1) so +形+a / an + 单名= such a /an +形 +单名
2)so (many / much / few / little) + 名
3)so… that ; such … that如此…以致…
① It was ____ bad weather.
② There are ____ many poor in the country.
③ ____ few animals eat ____ much grass.
④ This city is ____ old, you’d better visit it.
⑤ It’s ______ important party ____ I can’t miss it.
have / has been to: 曾经去过…
△42. have / has gone to: 已经去了…
have / has been in: 已在…(多久)
注意：1)后接地点副词here, there , home时应省介词
2)与时间段连用只用have /has been in
① --Where’s Tom
--He ______________ Beijing.
② I ______ Beijing several times.
③ She ________ Chengdu for two years.
④ He __________ there twice.
△43.“短命”动词 “长命”动词
buy—have ; borrow—keep ; die—be dead ; leave—be away (from); come back—be back; fall asleep—be asleep ; open—be open ;
catch a cold—have a cold; go /get out—be out;
arrive (reach / get to / come to) +地点—be in +地点；join—be in +集体（或be + 成员）；
turn on—be on; turn off—be off ;
get a letter from—have a letter from.
end /finish—be over ; get up—be up ;
1) He has (A) bought (B) the fridge (C) for (D) two years. _________
2)How long (A) may (B) I borrow (C) the (D) book _________
3)The film (A) has begun (B) for five minutes(C). _________
4)Tom has got (A) the letter (B) from (C) Jim for two days (D). __________
5)I have (A) caught (B) a cold since two years ago (C). ____________
6)He has (A) come to (B) Beijing for ten years(C) ___________
7)My brother (A) has joined (B) the army (C) for (D) five years. ___________
44. except: 除…以外（不包括除去的部分）
besides: 除了…，还有…（包括除去的部分）
1) We go to school every day except Sunday.
该句意味着：
We go to school from Monday to Saturday.
2)We all went to the park besides Li Lei.
该句意味着：
We went to the park, and Li Lei went, too.
take: It take sb sometime to do sth.
△45. 主语
pay (money) for sth 是人
buy sth for + money
cost: sth cost sb + money 主语是物
1)I _____ ten yuan on the book.
2)I _____ ten yuan for the book.
3)The book _____ me ten yuan.
4)I _____ the book for ten yuan.
5)It _____ me an hour to do the maths problem
sometime: 某时(与将来时连用)
△46 sometimes: 有时（一般现在时
some time: 一些时候(表时间段)
some times:几次
eg. 1)He _______ (go) to Beijing sometime next week.
2)I _______ (be) to Beijing some times.
47.be to do: 表将来
There is to be a sports meeting next Saturday.
△48.计量：表事物的“长、宽、高、深、远、厚”用 “long ; wide ; high / tall ; deep ; away ; thick.
1)Mr Green is nearly two metres ________
2)The ice is about one metre _________.
3)Our classroom is about twelve metres ______and eight metres __________.
△49.population：不可数名词。指人口的多少用“large / big或small”；询问人口的多少用what.
1)What’s the population of Germany
德国的人口是多少？
2)China has a large population.中国人口众多
3)The population (A) of (B) Japan is less (C) than that (D) of India. ____________
另外注意：
表示“有…人口”用have a population of .
Now China has a population of more than one billion. 现在中国有十亿多人口。
eg. make room for: 为…腾出空间
51.seem的用法：
1)seem + adj = seem to be + adj
He seems very angry = He seems to be angry.
2)seem to do
It seems to rain tomorrow.明天似乎要下雨。
3)It seems + that从句
It seems that you are right.你似乎是对的。
1)He talked as if he knew all about it.
他说话的口气好象已经全知道了此事。
2)He opened his mouth as if to say something.
他开口似乎要说什么。
1)We ____ them 5 to 3.
2)In the end we _____ the match.
interested;excited;surprised主语是人。指某
△53.人对…感兴趣/感到兴奋/感到惊奇（只作表语）
interesting;excited;surprising主语是物。指
某物有趣/令人兴奋/使人惊奇（可作定、表语）
1)It’s an ________football game.
2)I’m ________ in music.
1)作情态动词，用于否、疑句
△54.need 2)作实义动词 need to do(表主动)
need doing(表被动)
1)You needn’t go home now.
2)The bike needs mending.
3)I need to go home now.
△55. alive: 活着的；在世的（常作后置定语）
living: 活着的；没死的（常作前置定语）
1)Both plants and animals are _______ thing.
2)No one ______ will believe it.
△56.否定前移的动词：think , believe , expect , suppose.
1)I didn’t expect their team would win.
我希望他们的对不会赢。
2)I don’t think he will come tomorrow.
我认为明天他不会来。
look at: （有意识地）看…
△57. see: （look at之后的结果）看见
read: 看（书、报等）
watch: 看（电视、比赛等）
另外注意：1)see a film看电影
2)see a doctor看医生
1)I often ______ newspaper after suppe.
2)He _____ the picture, and ____ some trees in it.
△58. listen to :（有意识地）听…
hear: （listen to之后的结果）听见
He was very sorry to ________ the bad news.
look for:（强调“找”的动作）寻找
△59. find: （look for之后的结果）找到
find out: (经过努力、周折)查出，找出（真相等）
They are ___________ their lost horse.
A. finding B. looking for C. finding out
△60. hope: (可能实现的)愿望
wish: (难以实现的)愿望
另外注意：1)wish to do sth = hope to do sth
2)wish sb to do sth ( )
hope sb to do sth( ╳ )
( )I _____ you to come to school earlier next time. A. wish B. hope C. wants
①enough：放在形、副之后. good enough
△61. ②修饰不定代词(something, anything, nothing)的词应后置。
③else修饰不定代词和疑问词应后置）
1)I have something important to tell you.
2)He didn’t run fast enough to catch up with Tom.
had better +动原 否定had better not +动原
△62 Will / Would you please +动原？
Will / Would you please not + 动原？
Will you please not talk in class
△63. What’s the weather like … …的天气
= How’s the weather … 怎么样？
△64. find +宾 +形：觉得…怎么样
find it +形 +to do: 觉得做…怎么样
类似用法还有make , think等
1)I find the question ___________(容易).
2)I think it important to learn Englis.
△65. a number of +复名：许多，一些(作主为复)
the number of: …的数目/号码(作主为三单)
The number of the students in our class is 50.
too: 句末 用于肯定句
△66. also: 句中 “也”
either: 否定句末“也不”
1)I don’t like reading, she doesn’t , ______.
2)Tom is fourteen. Jim is _____fourteen.
△67. already , just : 肯助后
yet: 否、疑末
1)I have already had lunch.
2)I haven’t had lunch yet.
68. live: (长时间的)居住
stay: (短时间的)居住
eg. He lives in Changsha, but he’s going to stay in Shanghai for a few days.
替换练习
解题指导：
该类题常常以以下几种情况进行考察：
1．描述释义，也叫概念释义，即用一种情况来对某词进行解释。
eg. huge= very big glass= cup made of glass
agree = say yes/ have the same idea
2．同义词释义。指用意义相同或相近的词进行替换。
eg. nearly = almost perhaps = maybe
difficult = hard fast = quickly
3．否定释义。即对某些词用相反的意思进行解释。
eg. cheap = no expensive thick = not thin
dirty = not clean low = not high/ tall
4．常识释义。即词义本身属于一种生活常识。
eg. century = 100 years
August = the eighth month
summer = the season between spring and autumn
London = the capital of England
常见的词语解释
almost nearly a little a bit
around all over be like look like
bright clever begin start
beside next to be in be at home
be quick hurry up be out be away
come from be from fail not pass
cross go across hard difficult
last go on hurry walk quickly
hardly almost not hurry up go quickly
expensive dear look out be careful
must have to on about
over more than wear be in
why what … for stop give up
thanks to because of join take part in
as soon as possible as soon as sb can
be weak in be not at good at
catch up with not fall behind
have a good time enjoy oneself
a lot of lots of ; many / much
at last in the end ; finally
at the moment now
hold on wait a moment
just now a moment ago
leave go away (from)
reach arrive in /at ; get to
prefer … to… like … better than …
spend … on pay … for
take a look have a look
walk on go on walking
go to sleep get to sleep / fall asleep
walk to … go to … on foot
take a bus catch a bus
look after take (good) care of
hear from receive / get a letter from
be filled with be full of
fly to… go to … by air
return 1)come back 2) give back
teach oneself learn … by oneself
at once right now(现在) /right away(立刻)
根据汉语完成句子方法指导
根据汉语完成句子特别注意以下内容：
1.宾语从句中的否定前移。
2.宾从的时态、语序以及疑问词+to do
3.被动语态（① 省to不定式还原；② 动词短语中的介词不能遗漏）
4.状语从句中的一般现在时
5.完成时（长、短命动词的区别）
6.It’s + adj + for / of sb to do sth
7.find / think / make it + adj + to do .
8.动词不定式（作定语的不定式要求是及物动词或及物动词短语）
9.被动语态的一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、一般将来时、现在进行时。
10.尽可能考虑短语的固定用法
一、句子成分：句子是有不同的各部分组成的，这些部分就叫做句子成分。句子成分可以是单词、词组或句子（从句）。在句中起主要作用的是主语、谓语，称为主要成分；起次要作用的有宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和表语，称为次要成分。所有的句子都是在简单句的基础上展开的，所以我们首先讨论简单句的五种基本句型。
一、简单句的五种基本句型(Five kinds of simple sentences)
（一） 主语 + 不及物动词（主、谓结构）
eg. 1）He is working.
2）He cooks.
（二） 主语+ 及物动词 + 宾语（主、谓、宾结构）
eg. 1）We study English every day.
2）They are playing football
（三） 主语+ 连系动词 + 表语（主、系、表结构）
eg. 1）Trees turn green.
2）He is happy.
常见的连系动词有：be ; become ; get（“天气”变得）; turn（“颜色”变得）; feel（觉得/摸起来）; look(看起来)；smell(闻起来); sound(听起来)；taste(尝起来)；seem(似乎).
特别注意：
a) 连系动词后常接形容词常作表语；
b) be / become后常接名词或相当于名词的短语（不定式/动名词）做表语。
c) seem + 形容词 = seem to be + 形容词
eg.1)He is a teacher (名词做表语)
2)His job is to feed animals (不定式做表语)
3)His hobby is reading. (动名词做表语)
4)He seems happy = He seems to be happy
（四） 主语 + 及物动词 + 间宾（人）+ 直宾（物）
=主语+ 及物动词 + 直宾（物）+ to / for + 间宾（人）
常用的此类动词有：give ; pass ; show ; lend ; buy. 但buy与for连用
eg.1)I gave him a book.
= I gave a book to him.
2)My mother bought me a pen yesterday.
= My mother bought a pen for me.
（五） 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补
注意作宾补的词：1）名词（指宾语是谁/什么）；2）形容词；3）不定式；4）动词的ing 形式。
eg.1)We call him Jim.（名词做宾补）
2)We must keep the window open.（形容词做宾补）
3)The news makes me happy (同上)
4)I found it hard to get to sleep (同上)
5)I think it useful to learn English well (同上)
6)He told me to wash the plates.（不定式做宾补）
7)I saw a thief going into your room. （动名词做宾补）
特别注意：
1)动词不定式作宾补
A: ask / want / tell sb to do sth.
其否定式为：ask/want/tell sb not to do sth
2)省to不定式作宾补，即：
(l, m, n; 3h; 2看; 1f) sb do sth
l—let, m—make, n—notice; 3h—hear, have , help; 2看—see, watch; 1f—feel.
eg.1)The boss made the workers work 12 hours every day.
2)I often hear him sing.
2)区别省to不定式作宾补与动词ing形式作宾补.
hear / see sb do: 听见/看见某人做了某事
hear / see sb doing: 听见/看见某人在做某事
二、词类和句子成分的关系。
（一）词类相互间的关系。
1．形容词、数词通常修饰名词（有时名词也可以修饰另外一个名词），形容词还可修饰代词。例如：
1)The three tall and strong men are all basket-
(定语) (主) (谓) (定语)
ball players.（“主系表”结构）
(表语)
数词three和形容词tall , strong修饰名词men; 名词basketball修饰名词players.
2)The writer often writes something interesting
(主) (壮) (谓) (宾) (定)
about children. （“主胃宾”结构）
(定)
形容词interesting修饰不定代词something
2．副词常修饰动词、形容词和其他副词。例如：
(副词well修饰plays，副词quite修饰另一副词well.)
(副词very修饰形容词interesting)
以上的名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词、副词称为实词，可以在句中单独做一定的成分。
3．冠词、介词、连词称为虚词，在句中不能单独构成句子成分。冠词只能用于名词前；介词与它后面的名词或代词构成介词短语，才能作一定的成分（定语、状语和表语）。例如：
（介词短语of Class Two作定语，修饰the League members. 介词短语in the school yard作地点状语,修饰are having）
连词只起连接词、词组和句子的作用。
He is so young that he can’t go to school.
（that连接两句子）
（二）词类和句子成分的关系：
1．主语：是句子要说明的人和物，是句子的主体，一般放在句首。名词、代词常在句中作主语。此外，动名词、动词不定式、主语从句也可作主语。例如：
1)Mr. Chen is a greadt scientist. (名词作主语)
2)He reads newspapers every day. (代词作主)
3)Smoking is harmful to the health. (动名词作主语)
4)To swim in Kuming Lake is a great pleasure. (动词不定式作主语)
5)What we shall do next is not yet decided. (主语从句作主语)
2．谓语：说明主语的动作和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。例如：
1)The new term begins on September 1st .(行为动词作谓语)
2)She seems tired. (连系动词作谓语)
3)He has gone to Beijing. (行为动词作谓语)
3．宾语：及物动词涉及的人或物称为动词宾语。宾语一般放在及物动词（或相当于及物动词的短语）后。介词后的名词或代词称为介词宾语。名词、代词在句中常作宾语。此外，动词不定式、动名词和从句也可作宾语。例如：
1)Wang Ling lent me a novel. (代词me作间接宾语；名词a novel作直接宾语)
2)The medicine is good for a cough. ( 名词a cough作介词宾语)
3)My little sister always likes to ask questions. (不定式to ask questions作动词likes 的宾语)
4)His brother is good at playing chess. (动词名词playing chess作介词宾语)
5)Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow (coming作动词宾语)
4．宾语补足语（复合宾语的第二部分）：在宾语后补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分称为宾补。名词、形容词、动词不定式和动名词可作宾补。（见前面简单句的五种基本句型五）
5．表语：在连系动词后用来说明主语的身份、状态或特征的成分是表语。可作表语的有：名词、代词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、动名词以及表语从句。（参见简单句的五种基本句型三）
1)Wang Lin’s father is a doctor. (名词a doctor作表语，说明主语的身份是doctor)
2)He is from America. （介词短语from America作表语，说明主语的特征是“来自美国“）
3)The baby is asleep. (形容词asleep作表语，说明主语的状态是“睡着的”)
4)His work is teaching English. (动名词短语teaching English作表语，说明主语特征是“教英语”)
5)This is why he was late for school(表语从句why he was late for school作表语。)
6．定语：用来修饰名词或代词的成分是定语。单词作定语通常放在它所修饰的词前；但修饰复合不定代词（nothing, anything, everything, something , somebody , anybody, …..）时，则放在这些不定代词之后。短语和从句作定语时，也放在被修饰词之后。形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词和定语从句等都可作定语。
1)He is reading an interesting book. (形容词interesting作定语,修饰名词book)
2)I have something important to tell you. (形容词important以及不定式to tell you作定语，修饰不定代词something)
3)There are few women workers in the factory. (形容词few 以及名词women作定语修饰名词workers)
4)The oil workers here come from Daqing. (名词oil以及副词here作定语修饰名词workers)
5)We have got ten desks in the room. (数词ten修饰名词desks)
6)Yesterday the scientist made a report on modern science. （介词短语on modern science作定语修饰名词report.）
7)The girl playing the piano is my younger sister. (现在分词短语playing the piano作定语修饰名词girl)
8)This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday. (定语从句which I bought yesterday作定语修饰名词dictionary)
7．状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的成分是状语。修饰形容词的状语通常放在它所修饰的词之前，修饰动词的状语通常放在动词后。但有些副词（如：often , always , usually等作状语放在事义动词之前，be /助/情之后）。副词、介词短语、名词词组、动词不定式、分词短语和状语从句都可以作状语。
1)He knows how to learn English well. (副词well作状语，修饰动词learn)
2)My parents often tell us about their hard life in the past. (副词often作状语，修饰动词tell)
3)Her mother usually goes out to do some shopping on Sundays. (副词usually以及介词短语on Sundays作状语，修饰动词goes)
4)He will leave for Shanghai the day after tomorrow. (名词词组the day after tomorrow作状语，修饰动词will leave)
5)He came here to see you. (动词不定式to see you作目的状语，
6)He sat there reading a novel (现在分词短语reading a novel作状语修饰动词sat)
7)If I have some free time, I will study German. (条件状语从句If I have some free time作状语)
三、用分析法确定一个单词在句中的词性和成分。
在英语中，一个单词往往有多种意思，应根据一个词在句中的位置确定它的词性、词义、和在句中的成分。
1)Excuse me. I don’t want to listen to you any more. I don’t think it’s a good excuse for being late for school
第一个excuse是动词“原谅”；第二个excuse有冠词a修饰，它是一个名词“借口”，在此作表语）
2)The scores are hard to believe. Team A has scored eight goals.
第一个score作主语，是一个名词“分数”；第二个score作谓语，是一个动词“进球”
3)The guide pointed to a red point on the map to show us where the tomb is.
第一个point作谓语，是一个动词“指着”；第二个point作动词pointed to 的宾语，在此是一个名词“（红）点”
4)When I felt some rain drops dropping on my face, I put on my raincoat.
第一个drop作动词felt的宾语，是一个名词“（雨）滴”；第二个drop是一个现在分词短语作宾语rain drops的宾语补足语，是一个动词“落下”
5)The sound from the church sounds very beautiful.
第一个sound作主语，是一个名词“声音”；第二个sound作谓语，是一个连系动词“听起来”。
6)She is a quiet girl. He does everything quietly.
第一处的quiet作定语修饰名词girl, 是一个形容词“安静的， 文静的”；第二处的quietly作状语修饰动词does, 是一个副词“安静地”
重 点 短 语
1. a set of (一)套/组/副
2. all over = around / throughout
遍及…的每个部分
as long as 长达
3. as much as 多达
as tall as 高达
4. a doctor for children 儿童医生
5. a number of 许多 (作主为复数)
the number of …的数目/号码 (作主为单数)
6. as soon as possible 尽可能早地，尽快
7. as well = too 也；又；同样地
8. at the beginning of 在…初; 开始
9. at the age of 在…岁时
10. at sea 在大海上
11. at least 至少；起码
at most 最多
12. a place of interest = places of interest 名胜
13. allow sb to do sth 允许某人做某事
14. be abroad 出国
15. be able to = can 能；会
16. be afraid of 害怕
17. be excited about 对…感到兴奋
18. be amazed at 对…感到惊讶
19. be made of 由…组成；由…构成
20. be proud of 以…自豪（高兴）
21. be worth doing …值得做
22. be filled with = be full of 装满；充满
23. be covered with 被…覆盖
24. before long = soon 不久以后
long before 很久以前
25. be to do 打算做；将要做
be used for sth / doing sth 用于…
26. be used as 被当作…来使用
be used by 被…使用
27. break in two 裂成两半
28. be busy doing 忙于做…
be busy with sth 忙于某事
29. 既…又…；两者都
30. beg one’s pardon 请原谅；对不起
31. by the time 在…时候以前
32. come true 实现
e up with 提出；提供
34. cut down 砍倒；砍伐
35. carry on 坚持下去；继续下去
e to one’s ears 传入（某人的）耳朵
37. carry sb to safety 把某人带到安全地
38. can’t wait to do sth 迫不及待做某事
can’t help doing 情不自禁地做某事
39. drop off 放下（某物）；下车
40. deserve to do 做…理所应当
41. even though 即使
42. ever since 从那时起；此后一直
43. encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事
44. escape doing 逃脱做某事
45. far away 很远；遥远
46. from now on 从今以后；今后
47. find sb doing sth 发现某人做某事
48. feed on/ upon 以…为食
49. feel like doing = want to do 想要做某事
= would like to do
give up sth 放弃某事
50. give up doing sth 放弃做某事
= stop doing sth
51. go over 过一遍；复习；仔细检查
52. get an injection 打针；注射
53. get …back 退还…；送回去
54. give birth to 生孩子
55. go straight along 沿着…直接走
56. hand in 交上来
57. have a try 尝试；努力
58. hear of / about 听说
59. human being 人
60. hands up 举手
61. have… off 有…的休息
62. have / has got = have / has 有
63. have nothing to do with 与…无关
have something to do with 与…有关
64. hour after hour 一小时一小时地；连续地
65. have sth done 请人做某事
66. in this way 用这种方法
in different ways 以不同的方法
67. It seems that + 从句：似乎；好象
68. It is said 据说
69. in history 历史上
70. in a few year’s time 几年时间后
= in a few years
71. keep off 避开；防止
72. live on 继续存在，继续活着；靠…为生
73. leave +地点：离开某地
leave for +地点：动身去某地；前往某地
74. make sure 确保；确认；查明
75. more or less 或多或少
76. make a decision 作出决定
77. make a mistake 犯错误
78. make a progress 取得进步
79. make up one’s mind 下决心
80. multiply … by …. 以…乘以…
81. make sb + 形：使某人如何
make me happy 使我愉快
make a contribution to sth 为某事做准备
82. make a contribution to doing sth
为做某事做准备
83. no matter what = whatever 无论什么
84. not only… but also 不但…而且
85. on display 陈列；展览
86. on show 展出
87. on the other hand 另一方面；反过来说
on the other side of 在…的另一面
88. on business 经商
89. once upon a time 从前；很久以前
=long , long ago
90. open up 开放；开业；开设
91. pick up 捡起；拾起
92. point at 指着；指向（近物）
point to 指向…（远物）
93. put off 推迟；拖延
94. put up 挂起；举起
95. prefer to do rather than do 宁愿做…而不愿做…
96. run away 流失；逃跑；逃走
97. rush out 冲出去
98. regard … as 把…当作…；当作
99. receive / get a letter from 收到某人的来信
=hear from
100. send up 发射；把…往上送
101. set one’s mind to do 一心想做…
102. shut down 把…关上
103. slow down 减缓；减速
104. so far 到目前为止
105. so that 以便；以致
some more books 另外的书
106. two more books 另外的两本书
= another two books
107. speak highly of 称赞
108. spill over 溢出
109. thanks to 由于=because of ；幸亏
110. think about 考虑
111. think of 认为；想起
think much/ a lot of 对…评价高；看重
112. turn down 调低；调小
turn up 调高；调大
try out 实验；尝试
used to + 动原：过去常常（做）
114 be used to + 动原：被用来做…
be / get used to sth 习惯于某事
be/ get used to doing sth 习惯于做某事
what do you mean by … …是什么意思
115. = what does … mean
= what’s the meaning of …
116. what’s the population of …的人口是多少
have a population of 有…的人口
117. what … for =why 为什么
118. warn sb about / of sth 警告某人某事
warn sb against doing 警告某人别做某事
119. with one’s help 在某人的帮助下
= with the help of
120. wear out 穿破；穿烂
121. wash away 冲走