中考英语语法之词法考点笔记
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冠词部分
要点： 1. 区分a与an的用法
2. 不定冠词的用法
3. 定冠词的用法
一. a 与 an 用法
an跟元音音标 an hour, an honest boy ， an “s”, an “x”, an island, an umbrella
a跟辅音音标 a university, a “b”, a European country,
附：音标：
单元音：(12) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
元音： [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
双元音：(8) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
清辅音：(11) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
辅音： [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
浊辅音： (17) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
(12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)
[] [] [] [] [] []
二. 不定冠词的用法
种类: An elephant is much bigger than a dog.
She is a singer.
不定指 There is an old man waiting for you at the gate.
数量 “一” There is a book and two pens on the desk.
“每一” We go shopping once a week.
习惯用法 a little, a lot of, a few, a bit, in a word, catch a cold, have a fever, have a headache, have a cough, have a good time, a long time, have a population of, a second time, a third time, live a happy life, on a visit to, go for a walk
三. 定冠词的用法(辅音音标前读[]元音音标前读[])
特指 Beijing is the capital of China. The cup on my desk is Tom’s.
双方皆知 Please open the door.
上文提到 I have bought a TV set. The TV set is very expensive.
独一无二 The earth goes around the sun.(the moon, the sun, the world等)
序数词、形容词最高级、same前。
如：When will the first class begin Tom is the tallest boy in our class.
We study in the same class.
由普通名词变来的专有名词the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the United States,
the United Kingdom
乐器前 play the piano, play the violin, play the guitar
江, 河, 湖, 海, 山脉 the Yellow River, the Changjiang River, the West Lake
姓复前表一家人 the Turners
单数名词前表某一类 The horse is a useful animal.
形容词前表一类 the poor, the dead, the rich, the living
12. 习惯用法 in the morning/afternoon/evening, by the way, in/on/to the east of, for the first time, for the last time, on the left/ right,
四. 不用冠词
国名, 地名, 人名, 不可数名词(特指除外) China, London, Tom, music,
已有 my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their, that, this, these, those, some, any, many, much, 数词等。如：my book, some books
节日, 日期, 月份, 季节，星期
Teachers’ Day, on October 1st, in spring
(注：There are four seasons in a year. They are spring, summer, autumn and winter.
There are twelve months in a year. They are January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December.)
特例：1)中国的传统节日要加the。如：the Spring Festival
2)表示一段特定时间、月份、季节前须加定冠词。如： in the October of 1958, in the spring of 1995
一日三餐, 球类，棋类，学科前 have breakfast/ lunch/ dinner play basketball/football/chess
特例：当表示三餐的名词前有定语修饰时，要加不定冠词。如： They had a good dinner yesterday
复数表种类 Elephants are much heavier than dogs.
称呼、头衔、职务之前 Comrade Lei Feng, Chairman Mao
在“专有名词+普通名词”构成的表示街道、广场、公园、桥梁等名词前。
如：Nanjing Road, Tian’ anmen Square
习惯用法at night, at first, by bus, stay in bed, in time, on time, in fact, in English, at last, at first,
at home
五、冠词差异：
1. in hospital （生病）住院 in a/ the hospital 在医院（工作或看望病人）
2. in front of 在…(外部的)前面 in the front of 在…(内部的)前面
3. at table 进餐 at the table在桌子旁
4. in future 今后 in the future(较为遥远的)未来
5. go to school去上学 go to the school到学校去
8. a number of许多 the number of …的数字(数量)
9. A teacher and writer is coming. 既是老师又是作家的人
A teacher and a writer are coming.一位老师和一位作家
10. I go to school by bike.(注：by bike可改为：on a/ my bike；同理by car---in a car)
11. 一班：Class One = the first class
代词部分
学习点点：记忆人称代词，不定代词等代词的应用
I. Fill in the blanks with proper pronouns to go with their Chinese:
人称格 数 式 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们 功能
一单 二单 三单 三单 三单 一复 二复 三复
主 格 I You He She It We You They 作主语
宾 格 Me You Him Her It Us You Them 作宾语
形 物 My Your His Her Its Our Your Their +名词
名 物 Mine Yours His Hers Its Ours Yours Theirs =形物+名词
反身代词 Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Yourselves Themselves 作宾语、同位语等
I. 1. 先后次序(单数：you , he and I 复数：we, you and they)
2. 形容词性物主代词+名词 = 名词性物主代词，如：
e.g. --I can’t find my scarf. –There’s one here. It might be yours.(句中yours = your scarf)
my friend = a friend of mine
3. 反身代词
The manager himself/ herself will come to solve the problem.
Please help yourselves to some coffee, boys.
by oneself: 独自
短语：help yourself to sth请随便吃/用某物，enjoy oneself(玩得开心),
make yourself/yourselves at home别拘束,就像在家一样
II．指示代词this, that, these, those等
(1)指时间或空间上较近的人或物用this/these，较远的用that/those。
(2)指前面提到的事物用that/those
(3)打电话时，对方用that，自己是this(不用you, I)
II．其它重要代词：
other: 别的 Do you have other books on physics
Many young people have gone to Beijing and other cities.
others: 另一些（没范围限制）/ 别人
Some people like playing football while others like watching football games.
He is always glad to help others.
another: 另一个，再一个（没范围限制）
Would you like another cup of tea This cap is too big. Please show me another.
the other: 剩下这个（有范围限制） I have two brothers. One is a doctor, the other is a teacher.
the others: 剩下这些（有范围限制）
I have three brothers. One is a doctor, the others/ the other two/ the other brothers are teachers.
练：
( )1 Can I have ___bottle of orange, please A. another B. other C. others D. the others
( )41. There are forty-four students in Class One. Nineteen of them are boys, ___ are girls.
A. the other B. the others C. others D. some others
one ：代替上文出现过的名词，以免重复；复数形式为 “ones”。
My pen is broken. Can you lend me one (one = a pen)
(区别：My pen is broken. It is very expense.(it = my pen)
Please pass me the book, the one on your left.
There are two old bikes outside and many new ones inside.
3. some, any 的复合词用法：（有形容词修饰时，放在形容词之前）
something, somebody, someone 用于肯定句
anything, anybody, anyone 用于否定句或疑问句
nothing = not anything, nobody = not anybody 用于肯定句表否定
everything, everybody, everyone 根据实际需要而定
例：Is there anything important （重要的事情）in the meeting.
Someone/ Somebody （有人）wants to see you.
Nobody / No one （没有人）is in the room.
That’s nothing（没什么）.
Is everyone here (每个人都到了吗？)Is anyone here (这儿有人吗？)
(注：+else：别的… e.g. We need one more helper. Can you find anyone else
指人的不定代词可与else’s连用，如：This is not mine. It’s someone else’s (别人的)
each与every用法
共同点：两者意义相同“每一个”，而且都可修饰单数名词。如：Every/ Each student is here.
不同点：every表三者或以上当中每一个； 不单独使用，一定要跟名词。
each 表二者或以上当中每一个； 能单独使用，做主语/同位语/；还可以跟of连用。
例：Each of the students（学生）wants（想要） to go there.
Each has got a pen and a piece of paper.
They each will sing an English song.
There are a lot of trees on each side of the road.
Every/ Each classroom is clean and tidy.
both与all用法
共同点：①用于助/情态动词之后，实义动词之前。
②可单独使用。 如：Both/ All are happy this time.
③可以直接跟名词；加of时要跟代词或带限定词的名词。
e.g Both/ All of them(the students) are from America.
④与not连用表示部分否定。
e.g Both of them are not from America. One of them is from England.⑤
不同点：both二者都；修饰可数名词。
all 三者或以上都；修饰可数复数名词与不可数名词。
例：My parents are both working in the factory.
My parents and my uncle are all working in the factory.
Both Mary and Polly wanted to go there. So the teacher allowed both to go.
6. either与neither用法：either(两者之中)任何一个;neither两者都不。
例：Both English teachers are experienced, so you can send either to teach that new class.
Both Peter and Tom have left, neither has stayed here.
either… or… 要么…要么… (就近原则) 例：Either he or I am (be) right.
neither… nor…既不…也不… (就近原则) 例：Neither I nor he is (be) right.
7. neither + 单数名词+单数动词 Neither student wants (want) to go there.
both +复数名词+复数动词 Both students want (want) to go there.
neither of +复数名词+单数动词 Neither of the students wants (want) to go there.
both of +复数名词+复数动词 Both of the students want (want) to go there.
8. no = not any/ not a 没有e.g ①There is no water in the cup.
②There are no beggars in that street.
none 没人或物, 可加 of, 回答How many疑问句。
no one = nobody 没人，不可加 of, 回答Who疑问句。
e.g None of the problems are/ is easy to solve.
e.g. No one/ None will go there.
e.g. --How many students are there in the classroom -- ____. All are out.
A. No one B. Nobody C. None D. One
9. 疑问代词who, whom, whose, what和which
who“谁”(作主语或宾语)；whom“谁”(只作宾语)；what“什么”；which“哪一个”（通常两个或以上当中先一个）；whose“谁的”
10. it的用法
a. 指除人以外的生物或事物，或指婴儿或指不需言明性别的人。
e.g. -- Who is knocking at the door -- ___ must be Tom.
A. He B. She C. This D. It
b. 指时间、日期、季节、天气、距离，等，在句中作主语。
e.g. What day is it today – It is Saturday today./ Today is Saturday.
What’s the date today –It is July 15th, 2009
What’s the weather like today – It is cloudy today.
It is ten kilometers from my school to my house.
c. 作形式主语或作形式宾语。
e.g. ①To learn English well is very difficult.→ It is very difficult to learn English well.
②I find to learn English well very difficult.→I find It very difficult to learn English well.
d. 用在强调结构中。“It is/ was + 被强调成分＋that/ who…”其中who只用来强调人。
①I met Tom in the street last week. →It was in the street that I met Tom last week.
②I met Tom in the street last week. →It was Tom that/ who I met in the street last week.
③Tom found a wallet on the road yesterday.（强调划线部分）
→It was on the road that Tom found a wallet yesterday.
数 词
学习重点：学习数词，日期表示法，钟点表示法
基数词分段: １. １→１２ one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve
２. １３→１９ (teen)thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen
３. ２０→９０ (ty) ４０: twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety
４. ２１→９９ (twenty-one) 44: forty-four 88: eighty-eight
５. ８,８８８: eight thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight
(注: 千百之间不加 and 十位数之前 and，如十位数空缺则个位数前加and )
6．100，000：a/ one hundred thousand
二. 序数词分段: １. 第１→ ３first, second, third
２. 第４→１９: (注意第9/12) fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth
３. 第２０→９０: 去y为i加eth, twentieth, 第40：fortieth
４. 第２１→９９: 如：第21 twenty-first 第44: forty-fourth
５. 第１００: hundredth
6. 第8888: eight thousand eight hundred and eighty-eighth
(注意: 可怕的四和九: four, fourteen, forty, fourth nine, nineteen, ninety, ninth)
三．年月日表示法:
在 1997年2月1日 写作: on February 1(st), 1997 读作:
on February the first, nineteen ninety-seven/nineteen hundred and ninety-seven
在2000年： in two thousand
在2001年： in twenty and o one
在20世纪90年代 in the1990(’)s = in the nineteen nineties
钟点表示法：
1顺读法：先说点钟，再说分钟。如：在8 :30 at eight thirty
2逆读法：先说分钟，再说点钟：
若分钟不超过30分钟（包括30分钟）要用介词past. 如：
在8:30 at half past eight
在9:15 at a quarter past nine
在8:10 at ten (minutes) past eight
若分钟超过30分钟，要用介词to，表示“差…分几点”。如：
在8:45 at a quarter to nine
在 8:46 at fourteen (minutes) to nine
在6：25 at twenty-five past six
在11：03 at three past eleven
在9：41 at nineteen to ten
在3：30 at half past three
注：1. 整点读法 在8：00读作 at eight (o’clock) = of (the) clock
年龄表达法：
1．岁数：be+基数词+years old 如：He is sixty years old(六十岁) this year.
at the age of+基数词 如：He began to work at the age of fifteen（在十五岁时）.
2．几十多岁：in one’s –ties 如：The old man is in his forties（四十多岁）.
七. 其它:
１. 第一课 Lesson One 或 the first lesson
406路公共汽车： Bus No. (number) 406 (four o [] six)
第一次：for the first time
又一次 a second time
a third time
…
最后一次：for the last time
3. a ten-year-old boy, 100-metre race(后面一定要跟名词)
4. 主语 +be + 数 +单位 + high(高), tall(高), long(长), old(老), deep(深), wide(宽), away(远)
5. in the twentieth century
6. 一两个星期a week or two = one or two weeks
四个半小时 four hours and a half = four and a half hours
7. 每四天：every four days 或every fourth day
8. more可放在数词之后，表示“再/另…”，如：two more cakes = another two cakes
9. . at + 钟点/ noon/ daybreak/ midnight/ night
on + 特定的时、日 on the morning of tenth（读作on the morning of the tenth）/on time
in + 不定的某日白天、上午、下午、晚上 如：in the daytime/ morning/ afternoon/ evening
10. . 分数： 1/2 ----- a/ one half
1/3 ---- one third
2/3 ---- two thirds
1/4 -----one fourth 或a/ one quarter
3/4 ----- three fourths/ three quarters
二又三分之二 ----two and two thirds
百分之三十 thirty percent(注：不用复数)
名词部分
要点： 1、熟记部分可数与不可数
2、可数名词复数构成形式
A. 规则名词 B. 不规则（单复同、变内部元音字母、其它）C. 国人 D. 复合名词、
3、名词所有格
一．给下列名词分类：cake, bread, message, information, newspaper, paper, job, work, pen, pencil, chalk, language, English等各种语言, beef, room(房间) ,room(空间), chicken(鸡), chicken(鸡肉), yuan, dollar, money, idea, fish(鱼) ,fish(鱼肉), knowledge, weather, news, maths等各学科, Christmas, cabbage, pork, advice, glass(玻璃杯), glass(玻璃)
可数名词：(可数名词可以直接放在数词之后，如果是二个以上，则名词要变成复数形式)
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不可数名词：(不可数名词不可以直接放在数词之后，如果要表示数量，则要用相应的量词如： 一张/条/片：a piece of 一袋：a bag of一瓶：a bottle of一杯：a cup of一玻璃杯：a glass of,同时以两个出现的a pair of)
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练习：汉译英
一张纸 ------------------------------- 五张纸 -------------------------------
一张报纸 ------------------------------- 五张报纸 -------------------------------
一篮苹果- ------------------------------ 三篮苹果 -------------------------------
一支铅笔 ------------------------------- 五支铅笔 -------------------------------
多好的天气啊！------------------------------- 替某人腾出地方 -------------------------------
一条裤子 ------------------------------- 两条裤子 -------------------------------
特别注意：1. clothes, trousers, police=policemen, people (人们)----为复数概念
2. family(家人), class(全班同学), team(队员) ----这些名词当成员解时为复数概念
3. 一个人 a person 一个民族 a people 两个人two people 两个民族two peoples
time时间（不可数）如：some time(一些时间);
但其前有形容词时要加a，如：a long/short/good time
4. time次数(可数) 如：once(一次),twice(二次),three times(三次),
some times(一些次数), how many times(多少次)
﹛注：sometimes有时(用于一般现在时)；sometime将来某时(用于一般将来时) ﹜
练习：1. Where________(be) my clothes 2. The police______(be) coming now.
3. My family_______(be) watching TV now. 4. My family_______ (be) a happy one.
5. There are five_______ (人)in my family. 6. There are 56_______ (民族) in China.
二．可数名词复数构成形式：
规则名词 1、一般加s : 如：books, days.
2、以s, x , ch, sh, 结尾加es: 如：boxes, buses, brushes, watches.
3、以f(e)结尾去f(e)变v加es: 如：knife-knives, life-lives, leaf-leaves.
4、以辅+y去y变i加es: 如：story-stories.
5、以o结尾除（tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, Negroes）外, 其余加s:如：photos, radios
不规则：1、变内部元音字母：man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, policeman-policemen
2、单复同：sheep-sheep, fish-fish(es),
3、其它形式：child-children, mouse-mice ,
国人： 1、单复同：Chinese, Japanese.
2、man-men: Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen,
3、加s: German-Germans, American-Americans等
复合名词：1、a girl/boy student-two girl/ boy students
2. a man/woman doctor-two men /women doctors
3、a brother-in-law—two brothers-in-law a tooth-brush—two tooth-brushes
三．名词所有格
1. 不以s结尾的名词加[’s]: Tom’s, a minute’s walk, Women’s Day, Children’s Day, Japan’s history, Beijing’s weather, one hour’s bus ride
2. 以s结尾的复数名词加[’] : two minutes’ (分钟的)walk, Teachers’ Day（教师节）
(注：如果以s 结尾的名词不是复数形式, 那么其名词所有格仍加 ’s。
如：琼斯的小汽车 Jones’s car；我老板的家my boss’s home
3. 共同拥有： Lily and Lucy’s 分别拥有： Lily’s and Lucy’s
They are Lily’s and Lucy’s sons. The man is Lily and Lucy’s father.
4. of用法：意为“…的”（注意of前后的关系）
如：a friend of my father’s= my father’s friend我爸爸的朋友
a photo of my father我爸爸的照片 a photo of my father’s我爸爸收藏的照片
the top of the house房子的顶部
(注：表示店铺或某人的家时，可省略所有格后的名词如：the doctor’s 医生的诊所，my uncle’s 我叔叔家
四．名词在句子中的作用：
主语Beijing is the capital of China. 宾语We love our motherland.
表语He became a handsome boy. 宾语补足语They made Tom our monitor.
定语He is standing at the school gate.
状语(限于表示时间和距离等概念的名词 如：The translator radio cost me one hundred yuan.
同位语 He has great concern for us students.
五．主谓一致
(1) 表示“距离、时间、重量、面积、金额”等复数名词通常用单数动词形式。
One hundred dollars is (be) not enough.
Thirty minutes is (be) sufficient for you.
Fifty thousand kilometers is (be) a long way.
(2) 就近原则
either… or… 要么…要么… Either you or I am (be) right.
neither… nor…既不…也不… Neither I nor he is (be) right.
not only… but( also)…不但…而且… Not only I but Tom wants (want) to go there.
There be名型 (某地/时)有… There is _(be) a pen and two books on the desk.
(3)与第一个一致
A as well as/(together)with B Father as well as I likes (like) watching TV.
(4) 两者相加
A and B Tom and Bob are (be) good students.
六．修饰名词的词或短语：
1. a few（有几个）, few（几乎没有） , a little（有一点）, little（几乎没有）
这四个当中 含有 “few”的修饰可数复数名词， 含有 “little”的修饰不可数名词。
这四个当中 含有 “a”的含有肯定， 不含 “a”的含有否定。
例：1. He has ___ friends here, so he has to stay at home alone.
A. a few B. few C. a little D. little
2. There is ___ milk in the bottle, and I can give you some.
A. a few B. few C. a little D. little
2. many跟可数复数, much跟不可数（两者都可单独使用）
lots of = a lot of(跟可数复数或不可数名词)
Much fresh water has been wasted.（可用lots of或a lot of）
Many foreigners have come to China for a visit. （可用lots of或a lot of）
3. some与any 共同点： 二者可以单独使用，也可修饰可数复数名词或不可数名词；
不同点： some 用于肯定句与希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句。
any 用于疑问句与否定句。
如：1. --Are there _________ interesting films on in that cinema
– No, there aren’t _________./ Yes, there are _________.
2. Will you give me _________ paper （希望得到对方肯定回答）
3. Would you like _________ tea （希望得到对方肯定回答）
形容词与副词
一.形容词：good, careful, happy, easy, quick, true, terrible, free, busy, full, cool, hungry, friendly, lonely, lively, lovely
用法：1.名词之前,在句中充当定语。 例： He is a______________boy. 他是好男孩。
2.系动词之后,在句中充当表语。例： He is very______________. 他很好。
I feel______________.我感觉健康。
3. 做宾语补足语。如：keep your eyes______________(闭着的)/ ______________(睁着的)
make our city ______________(漂亮的)
4. 以下为只能作表语的形容词：afraid__________；
alone__________；asleep__________；awake__________；alive__________；well__________；ill__________；frightened__________。
一个睡着的婴儿：a__________baby不能用asleep
一个孤独的老人：a__________old man不能用alone
练：( )1. It is cruel to make a cat ___. A. to die B. dying C. dead D. died
位置：描述－大小－形状－新旧－颜色－来源－材料－动名词
注：1. interested(in) 感兴趣的 interesting 有趣的
surprised(at) 感到惊奇的 surprising 令人惊奇的
amazed(at) 感到惊奇的 amazing 令人惊奇的
excited(at/about) 感到兴奋的 exciting 令人兴奋的
例：①I am__________ (interest) in the __________ (interest)story.
②He is __________ (surprise) at the __________ (surprise) news.
练：( )1. I think doing the dishes ___ .I hate it.
A. is boring B. are boring C. is bored D. is interested
( )2. We are ___ to see the train accident. A. amazing B. amazed C. amaze D. amazes
( )3. The little girl was ___ in playing the piano.
A. interesting B. interested C. interest D. interests
2. 修饰不定代词或副词时要放在它们之后。如：
Is there_______________________ (重要的事)in today’s meeting
注：thing为名词。Are there_______________________ (重要的事)in todays’ meeting
二.副词： well(好), carefully, easily, quickly, truly, terribly, freely, busily, fully, coolly, hungrily, here, there, home
用法： 修饰动词(放动词后) 例：He is looking at the blackboard____________ (仔细地).
修饰形容词(放形容词前) 例：He is____________ (非常)good.
修饰副词(放副词前) 例：He runs____________ (非常)fast.
注：1. a very … = quite a/ an… 例：这是一匹很好的马。This is_______________horse.
=This is _______________horse.
2. here, there, home常用作副词,含有“到/在...”的意思，所以在含to的短语后时要省to。如：
练：在我到这儿/去那儿/回家的路上 ___________________________________
来这儿/去那儿/到家/回家 ___________________________________
3. 以下为中位副词（助之后，实之前）：often, always, already, never
例：I have ___________been to Beijing(从未).
4.某些词既可作形容词又可作副词：late, early, fast, high, straight, far, enough.
例：enough用法：I have _________________ (足够的钱) for the book.
He is _________________ (足够强壮) to carry the heavy box.
5. also, too, either, neither, nor, so区别
also 也 肯定句 句中
too 也 肯定/疑问句 句末
either 也 否定句 句末
neither 也不 否定句 句首倒装(Neither + 助 +主语)
nor 也不 否定句 句首倒装(Nor + 助 +主语)
so 也 肯定句 句首倒装(So + 助 +主语)
(注：固定短语：Me too.我也是。Me neither.我也不。)
练：①She didn’t go to the party last night. Her sister didn’t, ________.
②Can you speak French, _________
③Tom likes playing football. And ________ ________ I.
④I haven’t finished my homework. And ____________________ ________ Mary.
⑤He is a Chinese. And I am ________ a Chinese.
6. too much太多 much too非常
练：It’s bad for your eyes to watch TV _________________.
The shirt is_________________expensive.
三. 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级构成：
规则: ①一般加er, est: tall-taller-tallest
②有e加 r, st: nice-nicer-nicest
③以辅+ y结尾去y变i加er, est: early-earlier-earliest
④重读闭音节结尾双写最后字母加er,est: thin-thinner-thinnest (如hot, wet,等)
⑤多音节及由形容词加ly构成的副词或由名词加ly构成的形容词前加more, most:
beautiful more ～ most ～ （如：delicious, careful, outgoing）
不规则: good/well-better- best bad/ill/badly-worse-worst many/much-more-most little-less- least
far-farther-farthest或further-furthest old-older-oldest (用于比较) elder-eldest 作定语
如: He is my_______________brother. And he is two years _______________than I.
用法: 1. 原级: 两者程度相同: as + 原级 + as :
两者程度不同: not as/so + 原级 + as 前<后
练：He writes _______________ I(一样仔细).
改为否定句：He ____________________________________.
注：“倍数/just/almost/nearly/half＋as+原级+as”表示倍数。
如：这个房间是那一个的四倍大。
This room is___________________________ that one.
2.比较级:两者之间比较: Tom jumps_____________ (high)than I.
两者之间选择: Which do you like ___________ (well) , apples or oranges
注: ①用much, still, even, a little, a bit, far, a lot,倍数等修饰，表示程度。
Mike runs ____________________ (快一点) than I.
He is____________________ (大十岁) than I.
②比较级 + and + 比较级: 越来越…
It’s getting____________________ (越来越热).
③ any other + 单数:其余的任何一个
Tom is taller than ____________________ (其余任一个学生) in his class.
④ the + 比较级, the + 比较级: 越是…就越…
________________ (hard) you study, ________________ (good) you will be.
⑤more可放在表示数量的词后，意为“再…，又…”，如：
I have some/ many/ two more letters to write.
3.最高级用法:三者或以上的比较或选择
练：1. Tom is _____________ (tall) in his class.
2. Which do you like_____________ (well), apples, oranges or pears
①形容词最高级定加 the 副词最高级可省 the
②前加序数词表程度: the + 序 + 最
③The Yellow River is________________ (第二长)river in China.
④最高级前不用the表very+原级。
如：He is________________ (very happy) when he is working.
⑤名词所有格表范围。
如：Mount Everest(珠穆朗玛峰) is the world’s highest peak.
one of + the + 复数名词:
如：China is one of ____________________ (最古老的国家) in the world.
in + 单位, 组织, 时间: He is the youngest_______his family.
of + all: 有所有当中:He is the best_______ (在所有当中).
动 词
一、动词的分类
(一) 连系动词
1、be动词：中文意为“是”。常变为： am/ is/ are(现在时)
was/ were(过去时)
has/ have been(现在完成时)等
①--跟名词。 如：He ______ (be)a soldier last year, but now he ______ (be)a teacher.
（去年他是个士兵, 但是现在他是个教师。）
②--跟介词短语。 如：The book ______ (be)on the desk just now. (书是在桌子上。)
③--跟形容词。 如：My parents ______ (be)angry just now.(我的父母亲刚才很生气。)
④--跟地点副词。 如：Your pen ______ (be)not here.(你的书不是在这儿。)
练习：
( )1. Where ___ your math teacher A. is B. are C. am D. be
( )2. –Hello! ___ you Zhang Ming – Yes, ____.
A. is, I am B. Are, I am C. Am, I is D. Are, he isn’t.
( )3. --Where ___ you last year – I ___ in Beijing.
A. was, was B. are, was C. were, was D. were, is
( )4.—How long ___ you ___ in this school. – For five years.
A. have, be B. has, been C. have, been D. has, be
2、表示“感觉”的词，跟形容词。
①look(看起来)。 如：She looked tired/happy/angry/well.(她看上去很疲劳/高兴/生气/健康。)
②feel(觉得,摸起来)。 如：I feel ill. (我觉得不舒服。)
Ice feels cold. (冰摸起来很冷。）
③smell(闻起来)。 如：The flowers smell sweet. (这些花闻起来很香。)
④sound(听起来)。 如：The story sounds interesting. (这个故事听起来很有趣。)
⑤taste(尝起来)。 如：The soup tastes good. (这汤很好喝。）
3、表示“变”、“变成”的意思的词。
①become 如：She became a college student. = She turned college student.
（她成了一名大学生。）
②get 如： The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.
（春天来了，天气变得暖和些了，白天也变得较长些了。）
③grow 如：He grew old.（他老了。）
④turn 如：He feels sick. His face turns white.
（他感到不舒服，他的脸色变苍白了。）
(二)行为动词(实义动词)：词义完整，可以单独作谓语。例如：
I live in Beijing with my mother. （我和我妈妈住在北京。） live，住
It has a round face. （它有一张圆脸。） has，有
行为动词（即实义动词）按其是否需要宾语，可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。
1. 及物动词：后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整，例如：
Give me some ink, please. （请给我一些墨水。）
If you have any questions, you can raise your hands. （如果你们有问题，你们可以举手。）
2. 不及物动词：后面不能跟宾语(名词、代词等)，意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词，构成短语动词，相当于一个及物动词。例如：
He works hard.（他工作努力。）
Jack runs faster than Mike.（杰克跑步比迈克要快些。）
Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.（请看黑板，听我说。）
[难点解释]
1、许多动词可用作及物动词, 也可用作不及物动词，他阅读中必须仔细体会和区别，例如：
Who is going to speak at the meeting （谁打算在会上发言？） speak, 不及物动词
Few people outside China speak Chinese. （在中国外很少人讲汉语。） speak, 及物动词
2、要特别注意有些动词英汉之间的差异。某些词在英语中是不及物的，而在汉语中却是及物的。有时则相反。如：
He is waiting for you.（他在等你。） 英语wait为不及物动词，汉语“等”为及物动词。
Serve the people.（为人民服务。） 英语serve为及物动词，汉语“服务”为不及物动词。
注意区别以下一些动词的用法，它们既可以作为行为动词，又可以作为连系动词。
1、look看；看起来
①looks beautiful.（它看上去很美丽。） ________
②He is looking at the picture.（他正在看这图片。） ________
2、fell摸；感觉
①I felt someone touch my arm.（我感到有人碰我的手臂。） ________
②Are you feeling better today than before （你今天比以前感到好些了吗？） ________
3、smell嗅；闻起来
①My little brother likes to smell the apple before he eats it. ________
（我的小弟弟喜欢在吃苹果前闻一闻。）
②Great! The flowers smell nice.（这些花闻起来多香啊！） ________
4、taste辨味；尝起来
①The soup tastes terrible.（这汤尝起来味道太差了。） ________
②Please taste the soup.（请尝一口汤。） ________
5、get得到，获得；变
①There are some bananas on the table. Each of you can get one. ________
（桌上有些香蕉，你们每个人可以拿一个。）
6、grow生长，种植；变
①It’s too late. It’s growing dark.（太迟了，天渐渐变暗了。） ________
②Do you grow rice in your country （你们的国家种水稻吗？） ________
7、turn转动，翻动，使变得；变
①The earth turns around the sun.（地球绕着太阳转。） ________
②When spring comes, the trees turn green and the flowers come out. ________
（春天来了，树叶变经绿了，花儿开了。）
辨别它们的方法是用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是行为动词。
练习：
区别下列多组句子中的动作，指出下列划线动词是连系动词还是行为动词，并写出词义：
1、 She looks well. （looks ）
She tried to look at the blackboard but saw nothing. （look ）
2、 The students felt unhappy. （felt ）
I felt someone touch my back. （felt ）
3、 It was snowing hard when he got to the city. （got ）
It’s too late. It’s getting darker and darker. （getting ）
4、 The teacher asked the student to turn it over. （turn ）
The leaves of the trees turn green when spring comes. （turn ）
5、 The young trees grow fast. （grow ）
It began to grow dark. （grow ）
练习：指出下列各句中划线部分是什么动词(及物动词、不及物动词、连系动词)，并说明词义，例如：
All of us study hard. （study vi. 学习）
1、He began to work at seven this morning. （work ）
2、I have left the key at home. （left ）
3、We must take the old woman to the hospital at once. （take ）
4、Billy felt very sad when he heard the bad news.
（felt ）（heard ）
5、We are college students now, but we were at the factory two years ago. （are ）
6、Mr. Black got angry when he saw Jenny come to school late again.
（got ）(saw ）
7、Please wash your hands before each meal. （wash ）
(三)情态动词：情态动词没有人称和数的变化, 不能单独作谓语, 只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。构成疑问句时，通常放在主语前面；构成否定句时，not放在这些情态动词之后。可用它们的缩写形式（can’t, cannot, mustn’t等）。
can, could 的用法
1. 表示能力，意为“能、会”。
( )1. —_____you speak Japanese —No, I can’t. A. Can B. Must C. May D. Should
( )2. —Have you seen my glasses I _____find them. —Sorry. I haven’t seen them.
A. can’t B. shouldn’t C. won’t D. mustn’t
2.表示推测，意为“可能”，常用在否定句、疑问句中。常见于对can’t be的考查，意为“不可能是”。
( )1. —Is Lucy knocking at the door —No. It _____be Lucy. She is in Japan now.
A. needn’t B. must C. can’t D. mustn’t
3. 以can/could开头的一般疑问句，其肯定回答和否定回答分别用 can和 can’t。
—Could/Can I... 我可以……吗？ —Of course you can. 当然可以。
( )1. —Could I borrow your dictionary —Of course you_____.
A. can B. must C. should D. will
may的用法
1. 表示请求或允许，意为“可以”。 此时可与can换用(可说：Can/Could/May I… 或Can/ Could you… 但不用说：May you… )表示请求时，主语为第一人称的一般疑问句，其否定回答用mustn’t，不用may not，must not意为“不许，禁止”。
( )1. John, you needn’t do your work today, you _____do it tomorrow if you’re tired.
A. must B. may C. can’t
2.表示推测，意为“可能、也许”，用于肯定句。
( )1.—Is Mr. Brown driving here —I’m not sure. He _____come by train.
A. may B. shall C. need D. must
must的用法
1.表示责任、义务或一种强制性规定。意为“必须、应该”。否定形式mustn’t表示禁止，意为“不许”。
( )1.—Mum, can I go to the movies today —Sure, but you _____finish your school work first.
A. can B. can’t C. must D. needn’t
2. 表示推测，用于肯定句中。意为“一定”，可能性大。多见于对must be的考查。
( )1. —Our class won the English speaking contest. —Congratulations! You _____be very proud of it.
A. can B. need C. would D. must
3. 以must开头的疑问句，肯定回答用must，否定回答常用needn’t，表示“不需要、不必”，相当于don’t have to。
—Must I... 我必须……吗？
—No, you needn’t / don’t have to. 不，你不必。—Yes, you must. 是的，你必须。
( )1.—Must I return the magazine right now —No, you _____.You may keep it until next Wednesday.
A. needn’t B. can’t C. must D. may
总 结：
常见问答： 问：-- May I … 答：Yes, you may. 或No, you can’t/ mustn’t.
问：--Could/ Can I … 答：Yes, you can. 或No, you can’t.
--Could/ Can you… 答：Yes, I can. 或No, I can’t.
问：-- Must I… 答：Yes, you must. 或No, you needn’t.
表示猜测用法：
肯定句中： may(可能)； must(必定)
否定句与疑问句中： can’t(不可能)； can(可能)
had better的用法
had better的用法：意为“最好做某事”。结构为had better (not) + 动词原形。
( )1. It seems that it is going to rain. You’d better _____the windows open when you leave the house.
A. not leave B. leave C. not to leave D. to leave
shall, should的用法
1.shall用于第一人称，表示征求意见、询问。
( )1. It’s a lovely day today. Let’s go and have a picnic, _____
A. will you B. shall we C. aren’t you D. don’t we
2. should表示责任、义务，意为“应该”。
( )1. School _____allow students at least one hour a day for sports.
A. would B. might C. should D. could
will, would的用法
1.祈使句的肯定回答用will。否定回答用won’t。
( )1.—Please bring your homework to school tomorrow, Steven.—OK, I_____.
A. will B. won’t C. do D. don’t
2.would用于委婉询问。常考句型为
Would you like to do sth —肯定回答：Yes, I’d like/love to. 否定回答：I’d like/love to, but…
Would you like something —肯定回答：Yes, please. 否定回答：No, thank you.
( )1.—Ben, would you like to play football with us —_____, but I have to wash the dishes first.
A. No, I can’t B. I don’t want to C. Yes, please D. I’d love to
(四)助动词(略)
＜时态＞
一般现在时态：
用法：经常性或习惯性的动作，if引导的条件状语从句，when、as soon as
引导的时间状语从句，真理、感觉、心理如think（认为）,like（喜欢）等,have(有)，以及有以下单词、短语的句子：usually, often, sometimes, seldom, every day/week/month/year, every other day（每隔一天）、every +序+day（每…天）、every+ 基＋days（每…天）, once a week（每周一次）, How often (多常)。
构成： （主语）第三单 （主语）其它人称
肯定句： 动三单 动词原形
否定句： doesn’t +动词原形 don’t +动词原形
疑问句： Does…动词原形 Do…动词原形
动词第三人称单数形式构成：
1、一般加s : talks,
2、以字母s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的动词加es
3、以辅音字母+y结尾的动词去y变i再加es
4、have—has
注：be 动词 am, is, are 否定加not, 疑问主之前
E.g. 1. He____(be) a teacher. (改成疑问句)→
2. I ____ (be) a teacher. (改成否定句)→
3. They ____ (be) a teacher. (改成疑问句)→
练习： 1. He ____________ (work) every day.
2. I ____________ (work) every day.
3. My grandpa ____________ (not work) every day.
4. My grandpa and grandma ____________ (not work) every day.
5. ____________ Lily and Lucy____________ (work)every day
6. ____________ Lily ____________ (work) every day
7. The earth ____________ (go) around the sun.
8. I will go fishing if it ____________ (not rain) tomorrow.
9. I____________ (think) he is a doctor.
10. ____________ you ____________ (like) swimming
一般过去时态：
用法：在过去特定时间内发生的动作或存在的状态、以及有以下单词、短语的句子： yesterday, the day before yesterday (前天), last week/month/year 等, two days ago, a moment ago = just now (刚才）, in 1996, this morning (今天早上), after two days, the other day(过去有一天),
构成： （主语）任何人称
肯定句： 动词过去式
否定句： didn’t + 动词原形
疑问句： did …动词原形
动词过去式构成：
1、一般加ed , worked
2、以字母e结尾的动词加d, lived, liked
3、以辅音字母+y结尾的动词去y变i再加ed
4、重读闭音节结尾的动词双写最后字母再加ed
5、不规则
(注： 原形 过去式 过去分词
lie(说谎) lied lied
lie(躺/位于) lay lain
lay(下(蛋)/放 laid laid
注：be 动词的过去式为 was, were 否定加not, 疑问主之前。
例句： 1. He____________ (work) yesterday. 2. I____________ (work) yesterday.
3. My grandpa____________ (not work) last week.
4. ____________ Lily and Lucy____________ (work)just now
现在进行时态：
用法：现在正在进行的动作或这些天正在进行的动作以及有以下单词或句子 now , Listen! Look!
(通过上下文,如：-- Where is Tom – He is playing (play) basketball on the playground.
构成： 主语 谓语
I am +现在分词
第三单 is + 现在分词
其它人称 are + 现在分词
动词现在分词构成：
1、一般加ing : working, playing, carrying, visiting
2、以不发音字母e结尾的动词去e再加ing: live—living, see—seeing,
3、重读闭音节结尾的动词双写最后字母再加ing: (forgetting, swimming, shopping )
4、以ie结尾的动词去ie变y再加ing: tie –tying, die – dying, lie—lying
注：1、不用进行时：be. have(有) know. like. hate
2、起始动词如：go，come, leave, arrive 可用现在进行时的形式表示将要发生的动作
例句： 1. Listen! The students____________ (sing) in the next room.
2. What____________ your brother____________ (do) now
3. Now I____________ (not do) my homework, I____________ (watch) TV.
过去进行时态：
用法：过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作以及有以下单词或句子如：at nine yesterday evening(在昨天晚上九点钟), this time yesterday (昨天的 这个时候), at that time (在那时)
构成： 主语 谓语
第三单/I was+现在分词
其它人称 were+现在分词
例句： 1. What____________you____________ (do) at eight yesterday evening
I____________________(read) a novel. I__________________ (not watch) TV.
2. It______________________ (rain) hard when I____________ (get) home yesterday.
注：1、两过去动作由when 连接，短用一般过去时，长则过去进行进时；若两者都长则皆用过去进行时；若两者都短则皆用一般过去时。while引导的过去动作只能用过去进行时。
2、一般过去时 ――区别―― 过去进行时
（已完成） （不一定完成）
例句：1. I____________________ (read) a novel yesterday, but I haven’t finished it yet
2. I____________________ (read) a novel yesterday, and I have finished it.
(五)现在完成时态
构成： （主语）第三单 （主语）其它人称
肯定句： has +过去分词 have +过去分词
否定句： have/has后加 not
疑问句： have/has 提前
用法：1．表示动作的完成，并对现在造成影响。用于有以下单词的句子：already (肯、疑), yet (否、疑), just, never, ever, Not yet.
（注：不能与过去特定时间连用，不能用于问过去动作发生的时间与地点）
例句： -______________you______________ (see) the film yet.
-Yes, I have.
-When ______________you______________ (see) it
-Last Sunday.
2．表示动作的延续到现在。常用于for(达到)+一段时间 (如：five minutes)
＝一段时间， since(自从…以来)+ 过去特定时间 (如：last year, 1995, five years ago)＝一段时间， since +一般过去时态＝一段时间，in the last/ past five years (在过去的五年之内), How long (多长时间)。相当于：现在完成进行时：构成have/ has + been + 现在分词
例句： 1. I______________ (teach) here for five years.
2. He______________ (live) here since 1995.
3. I______________ (work) in this school since I______________ (come) here.
特别强调：此用法不适用于瞬间性动词，只适用持续性动词。
附：一、持续性动词：表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, keep等。
二、瞬间性动词：表示一个动作发生在一瞬间，非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。常见的有begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等。
三、二者区别：持续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，而瞬间性动词则不能。瞬性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，要用意思相当的持续性动词来替换。如：
错句：I have borrowed the book for two weeks.
对句：I have kept the book for two weeks.
错句：I have bought the book for a year.
对句：I have had the book for a year.
常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系如下：
1. go→be away 2. come→be here 3. come back→be back 4. leave→be away(be not here）
5. buy→have 6. borrow→keep 7. die→be dead 8. begin→be on
9. finish→be over 10. open→be open 11. close→be closed 12. lose→be lost
13. get to know→know 14. turn on→be on 15. get up→be up 16. sit down→sit/be seated
17. become→be 18. join→be in 或be a…member
练习：选择正确的答案：
1、Alice has (come, been) back for a week.
2、His grandmother has (been dead, died) for ten years.
3、When we got to the cinema, the film had (begun, been on) for a few minutes.
4、The lights have (turned on, been on) for over half a day.
5、Have you (bought, had) the book on grammar for a week Yes, since last Sunday.
注：①have/has been to – 去过(人已回),常与次数连用。
如：once(一次)/twice(二次)/three times(三次)/how many times(多少次)
have/has gone to – 已去某地（人未回，用于第三人称）
have/has been in – 一直在某地（跟一段时间）
②It is /It has been +一段时间+since… 意为：从某事发生以来有一段时间了。
(六)过去完成时态
构成： （主语）任何人称
肯定句： had +过去分词
否定句： had后加 not
疑问句： had 提前
用法：1．表示在过去的过去动作已经完成，常用于有以下短语的句子： by the end of last term (在上学期末之前)，by seven o’clock（在七点钟之前），when ,before 引导的从句或通过上下文得知。
例句： 1. We______________ (see) five English films by the end of last year.
2. The plane______________ (take) off before seven o’clock.
3. The film______________ (begin) when we______________ (get) to the cinema.
区别： It______________ (rain) hard when I______________ (get) home yesterday.
2．表示动作的延续到过去。
例句： 1. He______________ (study) English for two years before he______________ (come) here.
2. She said that she______________ (live) here since 1990.
(七)一般将来时态：
用法：表示在将来时间内发生的动作，常用于有以下单词或短语的句子： tomorrow , the day after tomorrow（后天）, this afternoon （今天下午）,this evening = tonight（今天晚上），in two days（两天之后），how soon（多久以后），next week（下周）
构成：肯定will + 动词原形 / shall +动词原形 /be (am, is, are) +going to +动词原形
否定：shall /will/am/is/are 后加not 疑问：shall/will/am/is/are 提前
注：1、第一人称疑问句通常用：shall +动原：What shall I do
2、对句I will/shall go to school. 错句I am going to go to school. 对句I am going to school.
3、-Shall we… ―--Good idea!/ OK/ ALL right
例句： 1. She_____________/ _____________ (help) me pick the apples next week.
2. _____________ I____________(get) you some chalk
(八)过去将来时态：
用法：表示从过去某一时间看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。
构成：肯定would +动词原形 或was/ were going to +动词原形
否定：would/was/were 后加not 疑问：would/was/were 提前
例句： 1. Betty said she _____________ / _____________ (visit) her uncle the next Sunday.
非谓语动词
用适当的动词形式填空：
1. He ______________(want) ______________ (visit) his uncle last week.
总结：本句属于一般过去时的句子，其中wanted 在句子中作谓语，称之为“谓语动词”，它受主语与时态的限制。而to visit作wanted 的宾语，它不受句子主语和时态限制，只受谓语动词的限制。want to do—想要做…
2. _______ you ______________ (enjoy) ______________ (watch) TV in the evening
用法总结：enjoy doing --喜欢做…
3. The boss ______________ (make) his workers ______________ (work) twelve hours a day.
用法总结：make sb do —使某人做…
4. I ______________ (ask) Tom ______________ (call) you when he comes back next week.
用法总结：ask sb to do --请求某人做…
一、使用动词原形的有(以下用do代替动原)：
1. Will / Would/Could you please + ( not ) +do… 请你(不要)做…好吗？
2. Why not+ do… = Why don’t you+ do… 你为什么不做…呢？
3. had better ( not ) + do… 最好(不)做…
4. 使役动词let/ make / have sb+ do… 让/使某人做…
+ do… 观看/看见/听见/注意到/感觉某人做了
5. 感官动词watch /see / hear / notice / feel sb.
+ doing…观看/看见/听见/注意到/感觉某人正在做
二、以下动词使用不定式做宾语： 例： want to do...想要做…
He wanted_____________(buy) a book yesterday.
want to do 想要做… would like to do想要做… plan to do计划做…
call to do打电话做… hope to do希望做… learn to do学习做… decide to do决定做… seem to do似乎要做… refuse to do拒绝做…
agree to do同意做… expect to do期望做… offer to do主动提出做…
wish to do希望做… be sorry to do遗憾做… be glad to do乐意做… be pleased to do乐意做… be afraid to do不敢做…(另有用法：害怕某物be afraid of sth)
can’t wait to do迫不及待做… (can’t) afford to do (不能)负担得起做…
set one’s mind to do…. 一心想做…
make up one’s mind to do…. 下定决心做…
try to do…努力/尽力做…
以下动词使用不定式做宾语补足语：例：tell sb (not) to do…吩咐某人(不)做…
My teacher told me_____________ (help)Tom with his English.
want sb to do想要某人做… would like sb to do想要 某人做 ask sb to do请求某人做…
tell sb to do吩咐某人做… order sb to do命令某人做… get sb to do使某人做…
teach sb to do教某人做… wish sb to do希望/愿某人做… expect sb to do期望某人做… allow sb to do允许某人做…require sb to do要求某人做… like sb to do喜欢某人做…
encourage sb to do鼓励某人做…
warn sb not to do警告某人不要做…
注：不能用：hope sb to do，若表示希望某人做某事，应该改用：hope (that) sb can/will do…
例：I hope Tom ____ early tomorrow. A. to come B. will come D. comes D. come
其它句式：
①too…to do太…而不能做： The granny is too tired_____________ (walk).
The book is too difficult for the boy_____________ (read).
②enough to do足够…而能做… He is tall enough_____________ (reach)the apples.
③in order to do为了做 He got up early (in order) _____________ (arrive) there on time.
④It is easy/ hard/ difficult/ interesting/important (for sb) to do…
(对某人来说)做…是容易/困难/困难/有趣/重要的.
例：It is easy _____ Tom_____________ (learn) English.
⑤It is nice/ kind/ polite/ clever/ foolish/ right(of sb) to do…
(对某人来说)做…是好的/善良的/有礼貌的/聪明的/愚蠢的/正确的
例：It’s very kind_____ you_____________ (help) the old man carry water.
⑥It takes sb. some time to do sth. 花某人多长时间做某事
⑦疑问词+to do用法：例：I don’t know _____________.我不知道该做什么。
I don’t know _____________.我不知道该怎么做它。
⑧have sth to do有事要做：例：I have a letter_____________ (write).
⑨It is time (for sb) to do sth (某人)该做某事了。 It’s time for you_____________ (get) up.
另有用法：It is time for sth. 如：It’s time_______ breakfast. = It’s time______ have breakfast.
⑩help (sb)(to)do: 帮助(某人)做某事 如：He often helps me ___________ (clean) the classroom.
prefer to do A rather than do B. 宁愿做A而不做B
prefer doing A to doing B 喜欢做A多于做B
练：I prefer ___________ (stay) at home rather than___________ (go)out.
I prefer___________ (read) to ___________ (write)
三、以下动词使用动名词(即V-ing)形式做宾语：例：enjoy doing喜欢做…
My father enjoyed ___________ (make) kites when he was young.
enjoy doing喜欢做 … finish doing完成做… mind doing介意做…
practice doing练习做… feel like doing想要做 give up doing放弃做…
keep(on) doing坚持做… can’t help doing禁不住做… have fun doing有乐趣做
find sb doing发现某人做… have difficulty/problems (in) doing做…有困难
be busy doing忙于做… (另有用法：be busy with sth)
spend….(in) doing 花时间/钱做… (另有用法：spend…on sth)
succeed (in) doing成功做…
look forward to doing盼望做某事
介词后的动词用V-ing形式：如：
1.be good at (doing) sth…= do well in (doing) sth 擅长于(做)某事 (此处at/ in为介词)
2.what / how about doing sth (做)某事怎么样？ (此处about为介词)
3.thank sb. for (doing) sth. 感谢某人(做)某事 (此处for为介词)
4.make a contribution to (doing) sth 为(做)某事做贡献 (此处to为介词)
5.by doing… 通过做… (此处by为介词)
6.the way of doing…. 做….的方法 (此处of为介词)
7.take part in (doing) sth 参加(做)某事 (此处in为介词)
8.be interested in (doing) sth 有兴趣(做)某事 (此处in为介词)
9.instead of doing….. 代替做某事 (此处of为介词)
10.keep / stop sb. from doing….. 阻止某人做某事 (此处from为介词)
11.keep sb. doing… 让某人一直做…
四、既可加不定式,又可加动名词, 但有区别:
1. like /love/ hate doing… 喜欢/爱/讨厌做 (习惯上)
like /love/ hate to do.. 喜欢/爱/讨厌做 (具体某一次)
练：My mother likes___________ (watch)TV, but she doesn’t like___________ (watch)TV tonight.
2. forget to do… 忘记要做… remember to do…记得要做…
forget doing…. 忘记做过… remember doing…. 记得做过….
练：Tom, here is my letter. Don’t forget___________ (post) it for me on your way to school.
I remember___________ (borrow) ten yuan from you. I will lend it to you next week.
3. stop to do… 停下来去做(另一件事) stop doing… 停止做…
练：The teacher is coming. Let’s stop___________ (make) noises.
Though they were all tired, they didn’t stop ___________ (have) a rest.
Though they were all tired, they didn’t stop___________ (work).
4. go on doing…. 继续做同一件事 go on to do… 接下来去做另一件事
练：Though they were all tired, they went on___________ (work) hard.
After he finished his homework, he went on___________ (watch)TV.
5. need to do….. (某人)需要做….. need doing …… (某物/人) 需要被….
练：The car needs ___________ (repair) right now.
We need___________ (repair) the car right now.
6. used to do… 过去常常做… be / get/ become used to doing … 习惯于做…
be used for doing… 被用于做…. be used to do 被用于做….
练：My father is used___________ (read) a newspaper after supper.
My father used___________ (walk) to school when he was young.
The knife is often used___________ (cut) apples.
7. begin/start to do… 开始做…
doing… 开始做…
练习：Let’s begin/ start___________/___________ (do) our homework.
区别部分动词及短语
1. Do you like… 你喜欢…吗？ (like为动词) 回答：_____________. /_____________
Are you like… 你像…吗？ (like为介词) 回答：_____________. /_____________
Would you like… 你要…吗？ (like为动词) 回答：_____________. /_____________
2.speak: 发言；说(语言)： speak at a meeting 在会议上发言；speak English说英语
say: 说(内容)： say it in English 用英语说它
tell: 告诉(人)： tell sb to do sth 吩咐某人做某事
tell (sb) a story (给某人)讲故事
tell jokes讲笑话
talk: 谈话(不及物,不能直接跟宾语) 短语有：talk on the phone 在电话中交谈
talk to/ with sb 同某人交谈
talk about… 谈论…
3. bring: 带来(从远到近) 常与here, to me, when you come连用
take: 送去(从近到远) 常与there, to him, to the hospital连用)
carry携带,提(水),不强调方向
( )1. Please ___ your homework here next time.
A. bring B. to bring C. take D. to carry
4. read： 读(书/报纸) 短语有：read a book/ newspaper
watch: 观看 短语有：watch TV/video/ a dolphin show/
see: 看见…(强调结果) 另有短语：Nice to see you; see a movie
look at: 看…(强调动作,没宾语时去掉at) 短语有：look at me/ the blackboard
练：Please_____________carefully, can you_____________anything
look out: 向外看；小心,留神。 look up：向上看；查(单词)
look through… 浏览… look after = take care of照顾
look like： 看起来像
look for: 寻找…(强调动作) find: 找到…(强调结果) find out查明,弄清(原因等)
练：( )1. -- I don’t know how to pronounce(发音)the word. – You can ___ in a dictionary.
A. look it up B. look for it C. look up it D. look like
( )2.____. The bus is coming. A. Look at B. Look up C. Look out D. Look for
5. study：学习 如：study English
learn：学习；学会 如：learn English；learn to do sth
learn from向…学习 如：We should learn from Comrade Lei Feng.
6. listen to： 听…(强调动作,没宾语时去掉to)
hear： 听见…(强调结果)
hear of/about… 听说…
hear from sb 收到某人的来信 = receive a letter from sb 反义词为：write to sb
7. there be: 表示“存在”，即“某处有某物”，常与介词短语连用. have: 表示“某人/物有…”。
练：_____________ a bike under the tree. 树下有一辆自行车吗？
The building _____________ (有)five floors.
8. sell：卖 sell _____________
buy：买 buy_____________ = _____________
练：①My father _____________ me a bike last week.
②I have two pens. I can_____________one to you.
9. join 加入(组织/某人) 如：join the League, join us
take part in 参加(活动) 如：take part in an English evening
10. reach = get to = arrive at(小地方)/ in(大地方)
11. take a/the bus： 坐公共汽车(动词短语，做谓语)
by bus = in a/ the bus： 坐公共汽车(介词短语，做状语)
练：I will______________to school tomorrow.
I will go to school _______________ tomorrow.
12. get on_____________ get off_____________ get up_____________ get to_____________
13. be from = come from来自 练：Where_________you from = Where_________you come from
14. work for: 替(公司等)工作 work as 当…(后接职业) work on从事,致力于
练：He works ___ a shop ___ a shop assistant in his spare time.
A. for, as B. in, in C. as, for D. for, for
15. lend: 借给 lend__________________ = lend__________________把某物借给某人
borrow: 借入 borrow __________________ (从某人处)借入某物
练：Can I ___ your bike A. to borrow B. to lend C. lend D. borrow
16. wear: 穿着,戴着(表示状态、动词)
have… on 穿着,戴着(表示状态、动词短语)
put on: 穿上,戴上(表示动作、动词)
dress: 给某人穿衣服(后跟人)
in red/ a black coat 穿着红色衣服的/穿着黑色大衣的 (介词短语)
with glasses 戴着眼镜的(介词短语)
练：①It’s cold outside. You’d better_______________your coat.
②He is_______________a shirt today.
③Can you_______________the baby for me
④Who is the girl _______________ (穿着白色衣服的) and_______________ (戴着眼镜的)
17. 否定前移：I think he is a doctor. 否定：I______________________________.
18. live居住 stay: 逗留,呆
19. think of: 对…的想法; 问：_______________do you think of the movie
= _______________do you like the movie
答：It’s great.
think about: 考虑…
think over: 仔细考虑(代词做宾语,位置放中间) think it over
20. 以介词for, about, at, to, with, of等结尾的及物动词短语，宾语放介词后面，如：
look for think about think of look at
listen to talk about talk with/to leave for
laugh at
以副词on, off, up, down, in, back, away等结尾的及物动词短语,若有代词做宾语,位置放中间。
如：turn on turn off pick up get down
put on take off think over hand/turn in
cut up call up take away put out
21. take, spend, cost, pay区别
It takes sb time to do sth. 花时间 sb为宾语
Sb spends time/ money on sth/(in) doing sth 花时间/钱 sb为主语
Sth costs sb money 花钱 sth为主语 sb为宾语
Sb pays sb money for sth 花钱 某人付给某人钱买某物
练：翻译句子：
1. 我昨天花了两个小时制作一个风筝(make a kite)。
It _______________ me two hours_______________a kite yesterday.
I _______________ two hours _______________ a kite yesterday.
I _______________two hours on a kite yesterday.
2. The book ____ me ten yuan. A. cost B. paid C. spent D. took
3. Tom ___ me two yuan for my book. A. cost B. paid C. spent D. took
22. ask sb to do sth请求某人做某事 ask sb for sth向某人要某物
练：I often ask my teacher ___ help. A. to B. for
I often ask my teacher ___ help me. A. to B. for
23. forget:忘记某物(不知道地点)
leave：把某物留下(知道地点) 如：leave my book in the classroom
离开某地 如：leave Wenzhou_________Shanghai.(离开温州到上海)
练：I ___ my keys at home this morning. A. forgot B. left C. remembered D. leave
24. run out跑出 run out of用完；从…里跑出来
句子的种类
按使用目的分成四种：陈述句、感叹句、祈使句、疑问句
一.陈述句： 1、肯定句 2、否定句
二.感叹句：
What + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + 主 + 谓！What an honest boy he is!
How + 形容词/副词 + 主 + 谓！ How honest the boy is!
(What a pity! How time flies!)
三.祈使句：要求某人做某事或不做某事
肯定：动原 + 其它成份. Come in, please. / Be careful, please.
否定: Don’t + 动原 + 其它成份. Don’t rush. / Don’t be late again.
(注: 区别于Eating too much is bad for your health.)
四.疑问句：一般疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句、特殊疑问句
◆一般疑问句：助/情态动词开头、yes和no回答。
练：( )1. -- Must I hand in my homework now -- ____.You can hand it in tomorrow.
A. Yes, you can. B. No, you needn’t C. Yes, you must. D. You needn’t
◆选择疑问句：or连接、不用yes和no 回答。
( )2. -- Is your father at home or at work -- ____.
A. Yes, he is at work. B. No, he isn’t at home. C. He is at work D. Yes, he is at home
◆反意疑问句：You are…, aren’t you You aren’t…, are you
注： 1、前肯后否、前否后肯、问句中主语用代词
2、前肯后否时，助与not一定缩写
3、含有否定：never, nothing, no, nobody, none, few, little, hardly
4、回答根据事实，肯：Yes,否No,有Yes无not, 有No有not.
5、前否后肯时，回答：Yes 不，No 对。
6、Let’s …, shall we Let us…, will you
Let me…, will you Come in, will you
I’m …, aren’t I Nobody…, …they
There is…, …there
◆特殊疑问句：
What 开头： What’s your name →My name is…
What’s this/ that in English →It’s…
What’s one and two →It’s…
What are these →They are…
What can you see in the picture —I can see…
What time is it / What’s the time →It’ eight.
What’s the population of China
What’s wrong/ the matter with you
What would you like (to do)
What do you do = What are you
What / How about + 名词、代词、动名词？
What class/ grade are you in
What colour is it --- Light/ dark blue.
What size is it --- Size 8.
What day is it today —It is Sunday today.
What’s the date today —It is August 2, 2009 today.
What’s the weather like today =How’s the weather today —It’s cloudy/ sunny/ fine...
What can I do for you = Can I help you
练：( ) 1. Which of the following is right
A. China has a large population. B. China has much population.
C. China has many populations. D. China has a great deal of population.
Who 开头：Who is he
Who is this —This is…(一般不用He/ She is…)
Who is on duty today
Whom 开头：(作宾语) Whom did you help
4. Whose: Whose knife is this
Whose is this knife
5. Which: Which man Which is the way to the cinema
Which bus shall we take
6. Where: Where are you from Where are you going
7. When: 什么时候 (注：与What time区别)
8. Why: 这什么 Why… --- Because….
Why not + 动原 = Why don’t you + 动原
Why … = What …for
9. How 开头： How are you – Fine, thank you. And you
How do you do —How do you do
How do you spell it —B-O-O-K, book.
How do you like… = What do you think of … (你认为…怎么样)
How do you go to school —By bus/ On foot.
How old…
How many + 可数复数名词
How much：多少 + 不可数名词
多少钱 How much do they cost / How much are they
How long: 多长距离 How long is the river
多长时间 How long have you been here – For… / Since….
How often: 多常 用于一般现在时 ---Once a week.
How soon: 多久后 用于一般将来时 --- In a week.
How many times: 多少次 用于现在完成时--- Once/ Twice/ Three times.
How far/ tall/ high/ deep/ wide
注：疑问词作主语不提助动词：Tom has a ruler. →Who has a ruler
疑问词作定语时，划线部分后词提到疑问词后，如：
There are forty students in his class. →How many students are there in his class
疑问词加不定式：I don’t know what to do/ how to do it/ which to choose.
要点： 1. 区分a与an的用法
2. 不定冠词的用法
3. 定冠词的用法
一. a 与 an 用法
an跟元音音标 an hour, an honest boy ， an “s”, an “x”, an island, an umbrella
a跟辅音音标 a university, a “b”, a European country,
附：音标：
单元音：(12) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
元音： [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
双元音：(8) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
清辅音：(11) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
辅音： [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
浊辅音： (17) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
(12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)
[] [] [] [] [] []
二. 不定冠词的用法
种类: An elephant is much bigger than a dog.
She is a singer.
不定指 There is an old man waiting for you at the gate.
数量 “一” There is a book and two pens on the desk.
“每一” We go shopping once a week.
习惯用法 a little, a lot of, a few, a bit, in a word, catch a cold, have a fever, have a headache, have a cough, have a good time, a long time, have a population of, a second time, a third time, live a happy life, on a visit to, go for a walk
三. 定冠词的用法(辅音音标前读[]元音音标前读[])
特指 Beijing is the capital of China. The cup on my desk is Tom’s.
双方皆知 Please open the door.
上文提到 I have bought a TV set. The TV set is very expensive.
独一无二 The earth goes around the sun.(the moon, the sun, the world等)
序数词、形容词最高级、same前。
如：When will the first class begin Tom is the tallest boy in our class.
We study in the same class.
由普通名词变来的专有名词the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the United States,
the United Kingdom
乐器前 play the piano, play the violin, play the guitar
江, 河, 湖, 海, 山脉 the Yellow River, the Changjiang River, the West Lake
姓复前表一家人 the Turners
单数名词前表某一类 The horse is a useful animal.
形容词前表一类 the poor, the dead, the rich, the living
12. 习惯用法 in the morning/afternoon/evening, by the way, in/on/to the east of, for the first time, for the last time, on the left/ right,
四. 不用冠词
国名, 地名, 人名, 不可数名词(特指除外) China, London, Tom, music,
已有 my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their, that, this, these, those, some, any, many, much, 数词等。如：my book, some books
节日, 日期, 月份, 季节，星期
Teachers’ Day, on October 1st, in spring
(注：There are four seasons in a year. They are spring, summer, autumn and winter.
There are twelve months in a year. They are January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December.)
特例：1)中国的传统节日要加the。如：the Spring Festival
2)表示一段特定时间、月份、季节前须加定冠词。如： in the October of 1958, in the spring of 1995
一日三餐, 球类，棋类，学科前 have breakfast/ lunch/ dinner play basketball/football/chess
特例：当表示三餐的名词前有定语修饰时，要加不定冠词。如： They had a good dinner yesterday
复数表种类 Elephants are much heavier than dogs.
称呼、头衔、职务之前 Comrade Lei Feng, Chairman Mao
在“专有名词+普通名词”构成的表示街道、广场、公园、桥梁等名词前。
如：Nanjing Road, Tian’ anmen Square
习惯用法at night, at first, by bus, stay in bed, in time, on time, in fact, in English, at last, at first,
at home
五、冠词差异：
1. in hospital （生病）住院 in a/ the hospital 在医院（工作或看望病人）
2. in front of 在…(外部的)前面 in the front of 在…(内部的)前面
3. at table 进餐 at the table在桌子旁
4. in future 今后 in the future(较为遥远的)未来
5. go to school去上学 go to the school到学校去
8. a number of许多 the number of …的数字(数量)
9. A teacher and writer is coming. 既是老师又是作家的人
A teacher and a writer are coming.一位老师和一位作家
10. I go to school by bike.(注：by bike可改为：on a/ my bike；同理by car---in a car)
11. 一班：Class One = the first class
代词部分
学习点点：记忆人称代词，不定代词等代词的应用
I. Fill in the blanks with proper pronouns to go with their Chinese:
人称格 数 式 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们 功能
一单 二单 三单 三单 三单 一复 二复 三复
主 格 I You He She It We You They 作主语
宾 格 Me You Him Her It Us You Them 作宾语
形 物 My Your His Her Its Our Your Their +名词
名 物 Mine Yours His Hers Its Ours Yours Theirs =形物+名词
反身代词 Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Yourselves Themselves 作宾语、同位语等
I. 1. 先后次序(单数：you , he and I 复数：we, you and they)
2. 形容词性物主代词+名词 = 名词性物主代词，如：
e.g. --I can’t find my scarf. –There’s one here. It might be yours.(句中yours = your scarf)
my friend = a friend of mine
3. 反身代词
The manager himself/ herself will come to solve the problem.
Please help yourselves to some coffee, boys.
by oneself: 独自
短语：help yourself to sth请随便吃/用某物，enjoy oneself(玩得开心),
make yourself/yourselves at home别拘束,就像在家一样
II．指示代词this, that, these, those等
(1)指时间或空间上较近的人或物用this/these，较远的用that/those。
(2)指前面提到的事物用that/those
(3)打电话时，对方用that，自己是this(不用you, I)
II．其它重要代词：
other: 别的 Do you have other books on physics
Many young people have gone to Beijing and other cities.
others: 另一些（没范围限制）/ 别人
Some people like playing football while others like watching football games.
He is always glad to help others.
another: 另一个，再一个（没范围限制）
Would you like another cup of tea This cap is too big. Please show me another.
the other: 剩下这个（有范围限制） I have two brothers. One is a doctor, the other is a teacher.
the others: 剩下这些（有范围限制）
I have three brothers. One is a doctor, the others/ the other two/ the other brothers are teachers.
练：
( )1 Can I have ___bottle of orange, please A. another B. other C. others D. the others
( )41. There are forty-four students in Class One. Nineteen of them are boys, ___ are girls.
A. the other B. the others C. others D. some others
one ：代替上文出现过的名词，以免重复；复数形式为 “ones”。
My pen is broken. Can you lend me one (one = a pen)
(区别：My pen is broken. It is very expense.(it = my pen)
Please pass me the book, the one on your left.
There are two old bikes outside and many new ones inside.
3. some, any 的复合词用法：（有形容词修饰时，放在形容词之前）
something, somebody, someone 用于肯定句
anything, anybody, anyone 用于否定句或疑问句
nothing = not anything, nobody = not anybody 用于肯定句表否定
everything, everybody, everyone 根据实际需要而定
例：Is there anything important （重要的事情）in the meeting.
Someone/ Somebody （有人）wants to see you.
Nobody / No one （没有人）is in the room.
That’s nothing（没什么）.
Is everyone here (每个人都到了吗？)Is anyone here (这儿有人吗？)
(注：+else：别的… e.g. We need one more helper. Can you find anyone else
指人的不定代词可与else’s连用，如：This is not mine. It’s someone else’s (别人的)
each与every用法
共同点：两者意义相同“每一个”，而且都可修饰单数名词。如：Every/ Each student is here.
不同点：every表三者或以上当中每一个； 不单独使用，一定要跟名词。
each 表二者或以上当中每一个； 能单独使用，做主语/同位语/；还可以跟of连用。
例：Each of the students（学生）wants（想要） to go there.
Each has got a pen and a piece of paper.
They each will sing an English song.
There are a lot of trees on each side of the road.
Every/ Each classroom is clean and tidy.
both与all用法
共同点：①用于助/情态动词之后，实义动词之前。
②可单独使用。 如：Both/ All are happy this time.
③可以直接跟名词；加of时要跟代词或带限定词的名词。
e.g Both/ All of them(the students) are from America.
④与not连用表示部分否定。
e.g Both of them are not from America. One of them is from England.⑤
不同点：both二者都；修饰可数名词。
all 三者或以上都；修饰可数复数名词与不可数名词。
例：My parents are both working in the factory.
My parents and my uncle are all working in the factory.
Both Mary and Polly wanted to go there. So the teacher allowed both to go.
6. either与neither用法：either(两者之中)任何一个;neither两者都不。
例：Both English teachers are experienced, so you can send either to teach that new class.
Both Peter and Tom have left, neither has stayed here.
either… or… 要么…要么… (就近原则) 例：Either he or I am (be) right.
neither… nor…既不…也不… (就近原则) 例：Neither I nor he is (be) right.
7. neither + 单数名词+单数动词 Neither student wants (want) to go there.
both +复数名词+复数动词 Both students want (want) to go there.
neither of +复数名词+单数动词 Neither of the students wants (want) to go there.
both of +复数名词+复数动词 Both of the students want (want) to go there.
8. no = not any/ not a 没有e.g ①There is no water in the cup.
②There are no beggars in that street.
none 没人或物, 可加 of, 回答How many疑问句。
no one = nobody 没人，不可加 of, 回答Who疑问句。
e.g None of the problems are/ is easy to solve.
e.g. No one/ None will go there.
e.g. --How many students are there in the classroom -- ____. All are out.
A. No one B. Nobody C. None D. One
9. 疑问代词who, whom, whose, what和which
who“谁”(作主语或宾语)；whom“谁”(只作宾语)；what“什么”；which“哪一个”（通常两个或以上当中先一个）；whose“谁的”
10. it的用法
a. 指除人以外的生物或事物，或指婴儿或指不需言明性别的人。
e.g. -- Who is knocking at the door -- ___ must be Tom.
A. He B. She C. This D. It
b. 指时间、日期、季节、天气、距离，等，在句中作主语。
e.g. What day is it today – It is Saturday today./ Today is Saturday.
What’s the date today –It is July 15th, 2009
What’s the weather like today – It is cloudy today.
It is ten kilometers from my school to my house.
c. 作形式主语或作形式宾语。
e.g. ①To learn English well is very difficult.→ It is very difficult to learn English well.
②I find to learn English well very difficult.→I find It very difficult to learn English well.
d. 用在强调结构中。“It is/ was + 被强调成分＋that/ who…”其中who只用来强调人。
①I met Tom in the street last week. →It was in the street that I met Tom last week.
②I met Tom in the street last week. →It was Tom that/ who I met in the street last week.
③Tom found a wallet on the road yesterday.（强调划线部分）
→It was on the road that Tom found a wallet yesterday.
数 词
学习重点：学习数词，日期表示法，钟点表示法
基数词分段: １. １→１２ one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve
２. １３→１９ (teen)thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen
３. ２０→９０ (ty) ４０: twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety
４. ２１→９９ (twenty-one) 44: forty-four 88: eighty-eight
５. ８,８８８: eight thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight
(注: 千百之间不加 and 十位数之前 and，如十位数空缺则个位数前加and )
6．100，000：a/ one hundred thousand
二. 序数词分段: １. 第１→ ３first, second, third
２. 第４→１９: (注意第9/12) fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth
３. 第２０→９０: 去y为i加eth, twentieth, 第40：fortieth
４. 第２１→９９: 如：第21 twenty-first 第44: forty-fourth
５. 第１００: hundredth
6. 第8888: eight thousand eight hundred and eighty-eighth
(注意: 可怕的四和九: four, fourteen, forty, fourth nine, nineteen, ninety, ninth)
三．年月日表示法:
在 1997年2月1日 写作: on February 1(st), 1997 读作:
on February the first, nineteen ninety-seven/nineteen hundred and ninety-seven
在2000年： in two thousand
在2001年： in twenty and o one
在20世纪90年代 in the1990(’)s = in the nineteen nineties
钟点表示法：
1顺读法：先说点钟，再说分钟。如：在8 :30 at eight thirty
2逆读法：先说分钟，再说点钟：
若分钟不超过30分钟（包括30分钟）要用介词past. 如：
在8:30 at half past eight
在9:15 at a quarter past nine
在8:10 at ten (minutes) past eight
若分钟超过30分钟，要用介词to，表示“差…分几点”。如：
在8:45 at a quarter to nine
在 8:46 at fourteen (minutes) to nine
在6：25 at twenty-five past six
在11：03 at three past eleven
在9：41 at nineteen to ten
在3：30 at half past three
注：1. 整点读法 在8：00读作 at eight (o’clock) = of (the) clock
年龄表达法：
1．岁数：be+基数词+years old 如：He is sixty years old(六十岁) this year.
at the age of+基数词 如：He began to work at the age of fifteen（在十五岁时）.
2．几十多岁：in one’s –ties 如：The old man is in his forties（四十多岁）.
七. 其它:
１. 第一课 Lesson One 或 the first lesson
406路公共汽车： Bus No. (number) 406 (four o [] six)
第一次：for the first time
又一次 a second time
a third time
…
最后一次：for the last time
3. a ten-year-old boy, 100-metre race(后面一定要跟名词)
4. 主语 +be + 数 +单位 + high(高), tall(高), long(长), old(老), deep(深), wide(宽), away(远)
5. in the twentieth century
6. 一两个星期a week or two = one or two weeks
四个半小时 four hours and a half = four and a half hours
7. 每四天：every four days 或every fourth day
8. more可放在数词之后，表示“再/另…”，如：two more cakes = another two cakes
9. . at + 钟点/ noon/ daybreak/ midnight/ night
on + 特定的时、日 on the morning of tenth（读作on the morning of the tenth）/on time
in + 不定的某日白天、上午、下午、晚上 如：in the daytime/ morning/ afternoon/ evening
10. . 分数： 1/2 ----- a/ one half
1/3 ---- one third
2/3 ---- two thirds
1/4 -----one fourth 或a/ one quarter
3/4 ----- three fourths/ three quarters
二又三分之二 ----two and two thirds
百分之三十 thirty percent(注：不用复数)
名词部分
要点： 1、熟记部分可数与不可数
2、可数名词复数构成形式
A. 规则名词 B. 不规则（单复同、变内部元音字母、其它）C. 国人 D. 复合名词、
3、名词所有格
一．给下列名词分类：cake, bread, message, information, newspaper, paper, job, work, pen, pencil, chalk, language, English等各种语言, beef, room(房间) ,room(空间), chicken(鸡), chicken(鸡肉), yuan, dollar, money, idea, fish(鱼) ,fish(鱼肉), knowledge, weather, news, maths等各学科, Christmas, cabbage, pork, advice, glass(玻璃杯), glass(玻璃)
可数名词：(可数名词可以直接放在数词之后，如果是二个以上，则名词要变成复数形式)
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不可数名词：(不可数名词不可以直接放在数词之后，如果要表示数量，则要用相应的量词如： 一张/条/片：a piece of 一袋：a bag of一瓶：a bottle of一杯：a cup of一玻璃杯：a glass of,同时以两个出现的a pair of)
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练习：汉译英
一张纸 ------------------------------- 五张纸 -------------------------------
一张报纸 ------------------------------- 五张报纸 -------------------------------
一篮苹果- ------------------------------ 三篮苹果 -------------------------------
一支铅笔 ------------------------------- 五支铅笔 -------------------------------
多好的天气啊！------------------------------- 替某人腾出地方 -------------------------------
一条裤子 ------------------------------- 两条裤子 -------------------------------
特别注意：1. clothes, trousers, police=policemen, people (人们)----为复数概念
2. family(家人), class(全班同学), team(队员) ----这些名词当成员解时为复数概念
3. 一个人 a person 一个民族 a people 两个人two people 两个民族two peoples
time时间（不可数）如：some time(一些时间);
但其前有形容词时要加a，如：a long/short/good time
4. time次数(可数) 如：once(一次),twice(二次),three times(三次),
some times(一些次数), how many times(多少次)
﹛注：sometimes有时(用于一般现在时)；sometime将来某时(用于一般将来时) ﹜
练习：1. Where________(be) my clothes 2. The police______(be) coming now.
3. My family_______(be) watching TV now. 4. My family_______ (be) a happy one.
5. There are five_______ (人)in my family. 6. There are 56_______ (民族) in China.
二．可数名词复数构成形式：
规则名词 1、一般加s : 如：books, days.
2、以s, x , ch, sh, 结尾加es: 如：boxes, buses, brushes, watches.
3、以f(e)结尾去f(e)变v加es: 如：knife-knives, life-lives, leaf-leaves.
4、以辅+y去y变i加es: 如：story-stories.
5、以o结尾除（tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, Negroes）外, 其余加s:如：photos, radios
不规则：1、变内部元音字母：man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, policeman-policemen
2、单复同：sheep-sheep, fish-fish(es),
3、其它形式：child-children, mouse-mice ,
国人： 1、单复同：Chinese, Japanese.
2、man-men: Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen,
3、加s: German-Germans, American-Americans等
复合名词：1、a girl/boy student-two girl/ boy students
2. a man/woman doctor-two men /women doctors
3、a brother-in-law—two brothers-in-law a tooth-brush—two tooth-brushes
三．名词所有格
1. 不以s结尾的名词加[’s]: Tom’s, a minute’s walk, Women’s Day, Children’s Day, Japan’s history, Beijing’s weather, one hour’s bus ride
2. 以s结尾的复数名词加[’] : two minutes’ (分钟的)walk, Teachers’ Day（教师节）
(注：如果以s 结尾的名词不是复数形式, 那么其名词所有格仍加 ’s。
如：琼斯的小汽车 Jones’s car；我老板的家my boss’s home
3. 共同拥有： Lily and Lucy’s 分别拥有： Lily’s and Lucy’s
They are Lily’s and Lucy’s sons. The man is Lily and Lucy’s father.
4. of用法：意为“…的”（注意of前后的关系）
如：a friend of my father’s= my father’s friend我爸爸的朋友
a photo of my father我爸爸的照片 a photo of my father’s我爸爸收藏的照片
the top of the house房子的顶部
(注：表示店铺或某人的家时，可省略所有格后的名词如：the doctor’s 医生的诊所，my uncle’s 我叔叔家
四．名词在句子中的作用：
主语Beijing is the capital of China. 宾语We love our motherland.
表语He became a handsome boy. 宾语补足语They made Tom our monitor.
定语He is standing at the school gate.
状语(限于表示时间和距离等概念的名词 如：The translator radio cost me one hundred yuan.
同位语 He has great concern for us students.
五．主谓一致
(1) 表示“距离、时间、重量、面积、金额”等复数名词通常用单数动词形式。
One hundred dollars is (be) not enough.
Thirty minutes is (be) sufficient for you.
Fifty thousand kilometers is (be) a long way.
(2) 就近原则
either… or… 要么…要么… Either you or I am (be) right.
neither… nor…既不…也不… Neither I nor he is (be) right.
not only… but( also)…不但…而且… Not only I but Tom wants (want) to go there.
There be名型 (某地/时)有… There is _(be) a pen and two books on the desk.
(3)与第一个一致
A as well as/(together)with B Father as well as I likes (like) watching TV.
(4) 两者相加
A and B Tom and Bob are (be) good students.
六．修饰名词的词或短语：
1. a few（有几个）, few（几乎没有） , a little（有一点）, little（几乎没有）
这四个当中 含有 “few”的修饰可数复数名词， 含有 “little”的修饰不可数名词。
这四个当中 含有 “a”的含有肯定， 不含 “a”的含有否定。
例：1. He has ___ friends here, so he has to stay at home alone.
A. a few B. few C. a little D. little
2. There is ___ milk in the bottle, and I can give you some.
A. a few B. few C. a little D. little
2. many跟可数复数, much跟不可数（两者都可单独使用）
lots of = a lot of(跟可数复数或不可数名词)
Much fresh water has been wasted.（可用lots of或a lot of）
Many foreigners have come to China for a visit. （可用lots of或a lot of）
3. some与any 共同点： 二者可以单独使用，也可修饰可数复数名词或不可数名词；
不同点： some 用于肯定句与希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句。
any 用于疑问句与否定句。
如：1. --Are there _________ interesting films on in that cinema
– No, there aren’t _________./ Yes, there are _________.
2. Will you give me _________ paper （希望得到对方肯定回答）
3. Would you like _________ tea （希望得到对方肯定回答）
形容词与副词
一.形容词：good, careful, happy, easy, quick, true, terrible, free, busy, full, cool, hungry, friendly, lonely, lively, lovely
用法：1.名词之前,在句中充当定语。 例： He is a______________boy. 他是好男孩。
2.系动词之后,在句中充当表语。例： He is very______________. 他很好。
I feel______________.我感觉健康。
3. 做宾语补足语。如：keep your eyes______________(闭着的)/ ______________(睁着的)
make our city ______________(漂亮的)
4. 以下为只能作表语的形容词：afraid__________；
alone__________；asleep__________；awake__________；alive__________；well__________；ill__________；frightened__________。
一个睡着的婴儿：a__________baby不能用asleep
一个孤独的老人：a__________old man不能用alone
练：( )1. It is cruel to make a cat ___. A. to die B. dying C. dead D. died
位置：描述－大小－形状－新旧－颜色－来源－材料－动名词
注：1. interested(in) 感兴趣的 interesting 有趣的
surprised(at) 感到惊奇的 surprising 令人惊奇的
amazed(at) 感到惊奇的 amazing 令人惊奇的
excited(at/about) 感到兴奋的 exciting 令人兴奋的
例：①I am__________ (interest) in the __________ (interest)story.
②He is __________ (surprise) at the __________ (surprise) news.
练：( )1. I think doing the dishes ___ .I hate it.
A. is boring B. are boring C. is bored D. is interested
( )2. We are ___ to see the train accident. A. amazing B. amazed C. amaze D. amazes
( )3. The little girl was ___ in playing the piano.
A. interesting B. interested C. interest D. interests
2. 修饰不定代词或副词时要放在它们之后。如：
Is there_______________________ (重要的事)in today’s meeting
注：thing为名词。Are there_______________________ (重要的事)in todays’ meeting
二.副词： well(好), carefully, easily, quickly, truly, terribly, freely, busily, fully, coolly, hungrily, here, there, home
用法： 修饰动词(放动词后) 例：He is looking at the blackboard____________ (仔细地).
修饰形容词(放形容词前) 例：He is____________ (非常)good.
修饰副词(放副词前) 例：He runs____________ (非常)fast.
注：1. a very … = quite a/ an… 例：这是一匹很好的马。This is_______________horse.
=This is _______________horse.
2. here, there, home常用作副词,含有“到/在...”的意思，所以在含to的短语后时要省to。如：
练：在我到这儿/去那儿/回家的路上 ___________________________________
来这儿/去那儿/到家/回家 ___________________________________
3. 以下为中位副词（助之后，实之前）：often, always, already, never
例：I have ___________been to Beijing(从未).
4.某些词既可作形容词又可作副词：late, early, fast, high, straight, far, enough.
例：enough用法：I have _________________ (足够的钱) for the book.
He is _________________ (足够强壮) to carry the heavy box.
5. also, too, either, neither, nor, so区别
also 也 肯定句 句中
too 也 肯定/疑问句 句末
either 也 否定句 句末
neither 也不 否定句 句首倒装(Neither + 助 +主语)
nor 也不 否定句 句首倒装(Nor + 助 +主语)
so 也 肯定句 句首倒装(So + 助 +主语)
(注：固定短语：Me too.我也是。Me neither.我也不。)
练：①She didn’t go to the party last night. Her sister didn’t, ________.
②Can you speak French, _________
③Tom likes playing football. And ________ ________ I.
④I haven’t finished my homework. And ____________________ ________ Mary.
⑤He is a Chinese. And I am ________ a Chinese.
6. too much太多 much too非常
练：It’s bad for your eyes to watch TV _________________.
The shirt is_________________expensive.
三. 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级构成：
规则: ①一般加er, est: tall-taller-tallest
②有e加 r, st: nice-nicer-nicest
③以辅+ y结尾去y变i加er, est: early-earlier-earliest
④重读闭音节结尾双写最后字母加er,est: thin-thinner-thinnest (如hot, wet,等)
⑤多音节及由形容词加ly构成的副词或由名词加ly构成的形容词前加more, most:
beautiful more ～ most ～ （如：delicious, careful, outgoing）
不规则: good/well-better- best bad/ill/badly-worse-worst many/much-more-most little-less- least
far-farther-farthest或further-furthest old-older-oldest (用于比较) elder-eldest 作定语
如: He is my_______________brother. And he is two years _______________than I.
用法: 1. 原级: 两者程度相同: as + 原级 + as :
两者程度不同: not as/so + 原级 + as 前<后
练：He writes _______________ I(一样仔细).
改为否定句：He ____________________________________.
注：“倍数/just/almost/nearly/half＋as+原级+as”表示倍数。
如：这个房间是那一个的四倍大。
This room is___________________________ that one.
2.比较级:两者之间比较: Tom jumps_____________ (high)than I.
两者之间选择: Which do you like ___________ (well) , apples or oranges
注: ①用much, still, even, a little, a bit, far, a lot,倍数等修饰，表示程度。
Mike runs ____________________ (快一点) than I.
He is____________________ (大十岁) than I.
②比较级 + and + 比较级: 越来越…
It’s getting____________________ (越来越热).
③ any other + 单数:其余的任何一个
Tom is taller than ____________________ (其余任一个学生) in his class.
④ the + 比较级, the + 比较级: 越是…就越…
________________ (hard) you study, ________________ (good) you will be.
⑤more可放在表示数量的词后，意为“再…，又…”，如：
I have some/ many/ two more letters to write.
3.最高级用法:三者或以上的比较或选择
练：1. Tom is _____________ (tall) in his class.
2. Which do you like_____________ (well), apples, oranges or pears
①形容词最高级定加 the 副词最高级可省 the
②前加序数词表程度: the + 序 + 最
③The Yellow River is________________ (第二长)river in China.
④最高级前不用the表very+原级。
如：He is________________ (very happy) when he is working.
⑤名词所有格表范围。
如：Mount Everest(珠穆朗玛峰) is the world’s highest peak.
one of + the + 复数名词:
如：China is one of ____________________ (最古老的国家) in the world.
in + 单位, 组织, 时间: He is the youngest_______his family.
of + all: 有所有当中:He is the best_______ (在所有当中).
动 词
一、动词的分类
(一) 连系动词
1、be动词：中文意为“是”。常变为： am/ is/ are(现在时)
was/ were(过去时)
has/ have been(现在完成时)等
①--跟名词。 如：He ______ (be)a soldier last year, but now he ______ (be)a teacher.
（去年他是个士兵, 但是现在他是个教师。）
②--跟介词短语。 如：The book ______ (be)on the desk just now. (书是在桌子上。)
③--跟形容词。 如：My parents ______ (be)angry just now.(我的父母亲刚才很生气。)
④--跟地点副词。 如：Your pen ______ (be)not here.(你的书不是在这儿。)
练习：
( )1. Where ___ your math teacher A. is B. are C. am D. be
( )2. –Hello! ___ you Zhang Ming – Yes, ____.
A. is, I am B. Are, I am C. Am, I is D. Are, he isn’t.
( )3. --Where ___ you last year – I ___ in Beijing.
A. was, was B. are, was C. were, was D. were, is
( )4.—How long ___ you ___ in this school. – For five years.
A. have, be B. has, been C. have, been D. has, be
2、表示“感觉”的词，跟形容词。
①look(看起来)。 如：She looked tired/happy/angry/well.(她看上去很疲劳/高兴/生气/健康。)
②feel(觉得,摸起来)。 如：I feel ill. (我觉得不舒服。)
Ice feels cold. (冰摸起来很冷。）
③smell(闻起来)。 如：The flowers smell sweet. (这些花闻起来很香。)
④sound(听起来)。 如：The story sounds interesting. (这个故事听起来很有趣。)
⑤taste(尝起来)。 如：The soup tastes good. (这汤很好喝。）
3、表示“变”、“变成”的意思的词。
①become 如：She became a college student. = She turned college student.
（她成了一名大学生。）
②get 如： The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.
（春天来了，天气变得暖和些了，白天也变得较长些了。）
③grow 如：He grew old.（他老了。）
④turn 如：He feels sick. His face turns white.
（他感到不舒服，他的脸色变苍白了。）
(二)行为动词(实义动词)：词义完整，可以单独作谓语。例如：
I live in Beijing with my mother. （我和我妈妈住在北京。） live，住
It has a round face. （它有一张圆脸。） has，有
行为动词（即实义动词）按其是否需要宾语，可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。
1. 及物动词：后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整，例如：
Give me some ink, please. （请给我一些墨水。）
If you have any questions, you can raise your hands. （如果你们有问题，你们可以举手。）
2. 不及物动词：后面不能跟宾语(名词、代词等)，意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词，构成短语动词，相当于一个及物动词。例如：
He works hard.（他工作努力。）
Jack runs faster than Mike.（杰克跑步比迈克要快些。）
Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.（请看黑板，听我说。）
[难点解释]
1、许多动词可用作及物动词, 也可用作不及物动词，他阅读中必须仔细体会和区别，例如：
Who is going to speak at the meeting （谁打算在会上发言？） speak, 不及物动词
Few people outside China speak Chinese. （在中国外很少人讲汉语。） speak, 及物动词
2、要特别注意有些动词英汉之间的差异。某些词在英语中是不及物的，而在汉语中却是及物的。有时则相反。如：
He is waiting for you.（他在等你。） 英语wait为不及物动词，汉语“等”为及物动词。
Serve the people.（为人民服务。） 英语serve为及物动词，汉语“服务”为不及物动词。
注意区别以下一些动词的用法，它们既可以作为行为动词，又可以作为连系动词。
1、look看；看起来
①looks beautiful.（它看上去很美丽。） ________
②He is looking at the picture.（他正在看这图片。） ________
2、fell摸；感觉
①I felt someone touch my arm.（我感到有人碰我的手臂。） ________
②Are you feeling better today than before （你今天比以前感到好些了吗？） ________
3、smell嗅；闻起来
①My little brother likes to smell the apple before he eats it. ________
（我的小弟弟喜欢在吃苹果前闻一闻。）
②Great! The flowers smell nice.（这些花闻起来多香啊！） ________
4、taste辨味；尝起来
①The soup tastes terrible.（这汤尝起来味道太差了。） ________
②Please taste the soup.（请尝一口汤。） ________
5、get得到，获得；变
①There are some bananas on the table. Each of you can get one. ________
（桌上有些香蕉，你们每个人可以拿一个。）
6、grow生长，种植；变
①It’s too late. It’s growing dark.（太迟了，天渐渐变暗了。） ________
②Do you grow rice in your country （你们的国家种水稻吗？） ________
7、turn转动，翻动，使变得；变
①The earth turns around the sun.（地球绕着太阳转。） ________
②When spring comes, the trees turn green and the flowers come out. ________
（春天来了，树叶变经绿了，花儿开了。）
辨别它们的方法是用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是行为动词。
练习：
区别下列多组句子中的动作，指出下列划线动词是连系动词还是行为动词，并写出词义：
1、 She looks well. （looks ）
She tried to look at the blackboard but saw nothing. （look ）
2、 The students felt unhappy. （felt ）
I felt someone touch my back. （felt ）
3、 It was snowing hard when he got to the city. （got ）
It’s too late. It’s getting darker and darker. （getting ）
4、 The teacher asked the student to turn it over. （turn ）
The leaves of the trees turn green when spring comes. （turn ）
5、 The young trees grow fast. （grow ）
It began to grow dark. （grow ）
练习：指出下列各句中划线部分是什么动词(及物动词、不及物动词、连系动词)，并说明词义，例如：
All of us study hard. （study vi. 学习）
1、He began to work at seven this morning. （work ）
2、I have left the key at home. （left ）
3、We must take the old woman to the hospital at once. （take ）
4、Billy felt very sad when he heard the bad news.
（felt ）（heard ）
5、We are college students now, but we were at the factory two years ago. （are ）
6、Mr. Black got angry when he saw Jenny come to school late again.
（got ）(saw ）
7、Please wash your hands before each meal. （wash ）
(三)情态动词：情态动词没有人称和数的变化, 不能单独作谓语, 只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。构成疑问句时，通常放在主语前面；构成否定句时，not放在这些情态动词之后。可用它们的缩写形式（can’t, cannot, mustn’t等）。
can, could 的用法
1. 表示能力，意为“能、会”。
( )1. —_____you speak Japanese —No, I can’t. A. Can B. Must C. May D. Should
( )2. —Have you seen my glasses I _____find them. —Sorry. I haven’t seen them.
A. can’t B. shouldn’t C. won’t D. mustn’t
2.表示推测，意为“可能”，常用在否定句、疑问句中。常见于对can’t be的考查，意为“不可能是”。
( )1. —Is Lucy knocking at the door —No. It _____be Lucy. She is in Japan now.
A. needn’t B. must C. can’t D. mustn’t
3. 以can/could开头的一般疑问句，其肯定回答和否定回答分别用 can和 can’t。
—Could/Can I... 我可以……吗？ —Of course you can. 当然可以。
( )1. —Could I borrow your dictionary —Of course you_____.
A. can B. must C. should D. will
may的用法
1. 表示请求或允许，意为“可以”。 此时可与can换用(可说：Can/Could/May I… 或Can/ Could you… 但不用说：May you… )表示请求时，主语为第一人称的一般疑问句，其否定回答用mustn’t，不用may not，must not意为“不许，禁止”。
( )1. John, you needn’t do your work today, you _____do it tomorrow if you’re tired.
A. must B. may C. can’t
2.表示推测，意为“可能、也许”，用于肯定句。
( )1.—Is Mr. Brown driving here —I’m not sure. He _____come by train.
A. may B. shall C. need D. must
must的用法
1.表示责任、义务或一种强制性规定。意为“必须、应该”。否定形式mustn’t表示禁止，意为“不许”。
( )1.—Mum, can I go to the movies today —Sure, but you _____finish your school work first.
A. can B. can’t C. must D. needn’t
2. 表示推测，用于肯定句中。意为“一定”，可能性大。多见于对must be的考查。
( )1. —Our class won the English speaking contest. —Congratulations! You _____be very proud of it.
A. can B. need C. would D. must
3. 以must开头的疑问句，肯定回答用must，否定回答常用needn’t，表示“不需要、不必”，相当于don’t have to。
—Must I... 我必须……吗？
—No, you needn’t / don’t have to. 不，你不必。—Yes, you must. 是的，你必须。
( )1.—Must I return the magazine right now —No, you _____.You may keep it until next Wednesday.
A. needn’t B. can’t C. must D. may
总 结：
常见问答： 问：-- May I … 答：Yes, you may. 或No, you can’t/ mustn’t.
问：--Could/ Can I … 答：Yes, you can. 或No, you can’t.
--Could/ Can you… 答：Yes, I can. 或No, I can’t.
问：-- Must I… 答：Yes, you must. 或No, you needn’t.
表示猜测用法：
肯定句中： may(可能)； must(必定)
否定句与疑问句中： can’t(不可能)； can(可能)
had better的用法
had better的用法：意为“最好做某事”。结构为had better (not) + 动词原形。
( )1. It seems that it is going to rain. You’d better _____the windows open when you leave the house.
A. not leave B. leave C. not to leave D. to leave
shall, should的用法
1.shall用于第一人称，表示征求意见、询问。
( )1. It’s a lovely day today. Let’s go and have a picnic, _____
A. will you B. shall we C. aren’t you D. don’t we
2. should表示责任、义务，意为“应该”。
( )1. School _____allow students at least one hour a day for sports.
A. would B. might C. should D. could
will, would的用法
1.祈使句的肯定回答用will。否定回答用won’t。
( )1.—Please bring your homework to school tomorrow, Steven.—OK, I_____.
A. will B. won’t C. do D. don’t
2.would用于委婉询问。常考句型为
Would you like to do sth —肯定回答：Yes, I’d like/love to. 否定回答：I’d like/love to, but…
Would you like something —肯定回答：Yes, please. 否定回答：No, thank you.
( )1.—Ben, would you like to play football with us —_____, but I have to wash the dishes first.
A. No, I can’t B. I don’t want to C. Yes, please D. I’d love to
(四)助动词(略)
＜时态＞
一般现在时态：
用法：经常性或习惯性的动作，if引导的条件状语从句，when、as soon as
引导的时间状语从句，真理、感觉、心理如think（认为）,like（喜欢）等,have(有)，以及有以下单词、短语的句子：usually, often, sometimes, seldom, every day/week/month/year, every other day（每隔一天）、every +序+day（每…天）、every+ 基＋days（每…天）, once a week（每周一次）, How often (多常)。
构成： （主语）第三单 （主语）其它人称
肯定句： 动三单 动词原形
否定句： doesn’t +动词原形 don’t +动词原形
疑问句： Does…动词原形 Do…动词原形
动词第三人称单数形式构成：
1、一般加s : talks,
2、以字母s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的动词加es
3、以辅音字母+y结尾的动词去y变i再加es
4、have—has
注：be 动词 am, is, are 否定加not, 疑问主之前
E.g. 1. He____(be) a teacher. (改成疑问句)→
2. I ____ (be) a teacher. (改成否定句)→
3. They ____ (be) a teacher. (改成疑问句)→
练习： 1. He ____________ (work) every day.
2. I ____________ (work) every day.
3. My grandpa ____________ (not work) every day.
4. My grandpa and grandma ____________ (not work) every day.
5. ____________ Lily and Lucy____________ (work)every day
6. ____________ Lily ____________ (work) every day
7. The earth ____________ (go) around the sun.
8. I will go fishing if it ____________ (not rain) tomorrow.
9. I____________ (think) he is a doctor.
10. ____________ you ____________ (like) swimming
一般过去时态：
用法：在过去特定时间内发生的动作或存在的状态、以及有以下单词、短语的句子： yesterday, the day before yesterday (前天), last week/month/year 等, two days ago, a moment ago = just now (刚才）, in 1996, this morning (今天早上), after two days, the other day(过去有一天),
构成： （主语）任何人称
肯定句： 动词过去式
否定句： didn’t + 动词原形
疑问句： did …动词原形
动词过去式构成：
1、一般加ed , worked
2、以字母e结尾的动词加d, lived, liked
3、以辅音字母+y结尾的动词去y变i再加ed
4、重读闭音节结尾的动词双写最后字母再加ed
5、不规则
(注： 原形 过去式 过去分词
lie(说谎) lied lied
lie(躺/位于) lay lain
lay(下(蛋)/放 laid laid
注：be 动词的过去式为 was, were 否定加not, 疑问主之前。
例句： 1. He____________ (work) yesterday. 2. I____________ (work) yesterday.
3. My grandpa____________ (not work) last week.
4. ____________ Lily and Lucy____________ (work)just now
现在进行时态：
用法：现在正在进行的动作或这些天正在进行的动作以及有以下单词或句子 now , Listen! Look!
(通过上下文,如：-- Where is Tom – He is playing (play) basketball on the playground.
构成： 主语 谓语
I am +现在分词
第三单 is + 现在分词
其它人称 are + 现在分词
动词现在分词构成：
1、一般加ing : working, playing, carrying, visiting
2、以不发音字母e结尾的动词去e再加ing: live—living, see—seeing,
3、重读闭音节结尾的动词双写最后字母再加ing: (forgetting, swimming, shopping )
4、以ie结尾的动词去ie变y再加ing: tie –tying, die – dying, lie—lying
注：1、不用进行时：be. have(有) know. like. hate
2、起始动词如：go，come, leave, arrive 可用现在进行时的形式表示将要发生的动作
例句： 1. Listen! The students____________ (sing) in the next room.
2. What____________ your brother____________ (do) now
3. Now I____________ (not do) my homework, I____________ (watch) TV.
过去进行时态：
用法：过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作以及有以下单词或句子如：at nine yesterday evening(在昨天晚上九点钟), this time yesterday (昨天的 这个时候), at that time (在那时)
构成： 主语 谓语
第三单/I was+现在分词
其它人称 were+现在分词
例句： 1. What____________you____________ (do) at eight yesterday evening
I____________________(read) a novel. I__________________ (not watch) TV.
2. It______________________ (rain) hard when I____________ (get) home yesterday.
注：1、两过去动作由when 连接，短用一般过去时，长则过去进行进时；若两者都长则皆用过去进行时；若两者都短则皆用一般过去时。while引导的过去动作只能用过去进行时。
2、一般过去时 ――区别―― 过去进行时
（已完成） （不一定完成）
例句：1. I____________________ (read) a novel yesterday, but I haven’t finished it yet
2. I____________________ (read) a novel yesterday, and I have finished it.
(五)现在完成时态
构成： （主语）第三单 （主语）其它人称
肯定句： has +过去分词 have +过去分词
否定句： have/has后加 not
疑问句： have/has 提前
用法：1．表示动作的完成，并对现在造成影响。用于有以下单词的句子：already (肯、疑), yet (否、疑), just, never, ever, Not yet.
（注：不能与过去特定时间连用，不能用于问过去动作发生的时间与地点）
例句： -______________you______________ (see) the film yet.
-Yes, I have.
-When ______________you______________ (see) it
-Last Sunday.
2．表示动作的延续到现在。常用于for(达到)+一段时间 (如：five minutes)
＝一段时间， since(自从…以来)+ 过去特定时间 (如：last year, 1995, five years ago)＝一段时间， since +一般过去时态＝一段时间，in the last/ past five years (在过去的五年之内), How long (多长时间)。相当于：现在完成进行时：构成have/ has + been + 现在分词
例句： 1. I______________ (teach) here for five years.
2. He______________ (live) here since 1995.
3. I______________ (work) in this school since I______________ (come) here.
特别强调：此用法不适用于瞬间性动词，只适用持续性动词。
附：一、持续性动词：表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, keep等。
二、瞬间性动词：表示一个动作发生在一瞬间，非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。常见的有begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等。
三、二者区别：持续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，而瞬间性动词则不能。瞬性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，要用意思相当的持续性动词来替换。如：
错句：I have borrowed the book for two weeks.
对句：I have kept the book for two weeks.
错句：I have bought the book for a year.
对句：I have had the book for a year.
常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系如下：
1. go→be away 2. come→be here 3. come back→be back 4. leave→be away(be not here）
5. buy→have 6. borrow→keep 7. die→be dead 8. begin→be on
9. finish→be over 10. open→be open 11. close→be closed 12. lose→be lost
13. get to know→know 14. turn on→be on 15. get up→be up 16. sit down→sit/be seated
17. become→be 18. join→be in 或be a…member
练习：选择正确的答案：
1、Alice has (come, been) back for a week.
2、His grandmother has (been dead, died) for ten years.
3、When we got to the cinema, the film had (begun, been on) for a few minutes.
4、The lights have (turned on, been on) for over half a day.
5、Have you (bought, had) the book on grammar for a week Yes, since last Sunday.
注：①have/has been to – 去过(人已回),常与次数连用。
如：once(一次)/twice(二次)/three times(三次)/how many times(多少次)
have/has gone to – 已去某地（人未回，用于第三人称）
have/has been in – 一直在某地（跟一段时间）
②It is /It has been +一段时间+since… 意为：从某事发生以来有一段时间了。
(六)过去完成时态
构成： （主语）任何人称
肯定句： had +过去分词
否定句： had后加 not
疑问句： had 提前
用法：1．表示在过去的过去动作已经完成，常用于有以下短语的句子： by the end of last term (在上学期末之前)，by seven o’clock（在七点钟之前），when ,before 引导的从句或通过上下文得知。
例句： 1. We______________ (see) five English films by the end of last year.
2. The plane______________ (take) off before seven o’clock.
3. The film______________ (begin) when we______________ (get) to the cinema.
区别： It______________ (rain) hard when I______________ (get) home yesterday.
2．表示动作的延续到过去。
例句： 1. He______________ (study) English for two years before he______________ (come) here.
2. She said that she______________ (live) here since 1990.
(七)一般将来时态：
用法：表示在将来时间内发生的动作，常用于有以下单词或短语的句子： tomorrow , the day after tomorrow（后天）, this afternoon （今天下午）,this evening = tonight（今天晚上），in two days（两天之后），how soon（多久以后），next week（下周）
构成：肯定will + 动词原形 / shall +动词原形 /be (am, is, are) +going to +动词原形
否定：shall /will/am/is/are 后加not 疑问：shall/will/am/is/are 提前
注：1、第一人称疑问句通常用：shall +动原：What shall I do
2、对句I will/shall go to school. 错句I am going to go to school. 对句I am going to school.
3、-Shall we… ―--Good idea!/ OK/ ALL right
例句： 1. She_____________/ _____________ (help) me pick the apples next week.
2. _____________ I____________(get) you some chalk
(八)过去将来时态：
用法：表示从过去某一时间看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。
构成：肯定would +动词原形 或was/ were going to +动词原形
否定：would/was/were 后加not 疑问：would/was/were 提前
例句： 1. Betty said she _____________ / _____________ (visit) her uncle the next Sunday.
非谓语动词
用适当的动词形式填空：
1. He ______________(want) ______________ (visit) his uncle last week.
总结：本句属于一般过去时的句子，其中wanted 在句子中作谓语，称之为“谓语动词”，它受主语与时态的限制。而to visit作wanted 的宾语，它不受句子主语和时态限制，只受谓语动词的限制。want to do—想要做…
2. _______ you ______________ (enjoy) ______________ (watch) TV in the evening
用法总结：enjoy doing --喜欢做…
3. The boss ______________ (make) his workers ______________ (work) twelve hours a day.
用法总结：make sb do —使某人做…
4. I ______________ (ask) Tom ______________ (call) you when he comes back next week.
用法总结：ask sb to do --请求某人做…
一、使用动词原形的有(以下用do代替动原)：
1. Will / Would/Could you please + ( not ) +do… 请你(不要)做…好吗？
2. Why not+ do… = Why don’t you+ do… 你为什么不做…呢？
3. had better ( not ) + do… 最好(不)做…
4. 使役动词let/ make / have sb+ do… 让/使某人做…
+ do… 观看/看见/听见/注意到/感觉某人做了
5. 感官动词watch /see / hear / notice / feel sb.
+ doing…观看/看见/听见/注意到/感觉某人正在做
二、以下动词使用不定式做宾语： 例： want to do...想要做…
He wanted_____________(buy) a book yesterday.
want to do 想要做… would like to do想要做… plan to do计划做…
call to do打电话做… hope to do希望做… learn to do学习做… decide to do决定做… seem to do似乎要做… refuse to do拒绝做…
agree to do同意做… expect to do期望做… offer to do主动提出做…
wish to do希望做… be sorry to do遗憾做… be glad to do乐意做… be pleased to do乐意做… be afraid to do不敢做…(另有用法：害怕某物be afraid of sth)
can’t wait to do迫不及待做… (can’t) afford to do (不能)负担得起做…
set one’s mind to do…. 一心想做…
make up one’s mind to do…. 下定决心做…
try to do…努力/尽力做…
以下动词使用不定式做宾语补足语：例：tell sb (not) to do…吩咐某人(不)做…
My teacher told me_____________ (help)Tom with his English.
want sb to do想要某人做… would like sb to do想要 某人做 ask sb to do请求某人做…
tell sb to do吩咐某人做… order sb to do命令某人做… get sb to do使某人做…
teach sb to do教某人做… wish sb to do希望/愿某人做… expect sb to do期望某人做… allow sb to do允许某人做…require sb to do要求某人做… like sb to do喜欢某人做…
encourage sb to do鼓励某人做…
warn sb not to do警告某人不要做…
注：不能用：hope sb to do，若表示希望某人做某事，应该改用：hope (that) sb can/will do…
例：I hope Tom ____ early tomorrow. A. to come B. will come D. comes D. come
其它句式：
①too…to do太…而不能做： The granny is too tired_____________ (walk).
The book is too difficult for the boy_____________ (read).
②enough to do足够…而能做… He is tall enough_____________ (reach)the apples.
③in order to do为了做 He got up early (in order) _____________ (arrive) there on time.
④It is easy/ hard/ difficult/ interesting/important (for sb) to do…
(对某人来说)做…是容易/困难/困难/有趣/重要的.
例：It is easy _____ Tom_____________ (learn) English.
⑤It is nice/ kind/ polite/ clever/ foolish/ right(of sb) to do…
(对某人来说)做…是好的/善良的/有礼貌的/聪明的/愚蠢的/正确的
例：It’s very kind_____ you_____________ (help) the old man carry water.
⑥It takes sb. some time to do sth. 花某人多长时间做某事
⑦疑问词+to do用法：例：I don’t know _____________.我不知道该做什么。
I don’t know _____________.我不知道该怎么做它。
⑧have sth to do有事要做：例：I have a letter_____________ (write).
⑨It is time (for sb) to do sth (某人)该做某事了。 It’s time for you_____________ (get) up.
另有用法：It is time for sth. 如：It’s time_______ breakfast. = It’s time______ have breakfast.
⑩help (sb)(to)do: 帮助(某人)做某事 如：He often helps me ___________ (clean) the classroom.
prefer to do A rather than do B. 宁愿做A而不做B
prefer doing A to doing B 喜欢做A多于做B
练：I prefer ___________ (stay) at home rather than___________ (go)out.
I prefer___________ (read) to ___________ (write)
三、以下动词使用动名词(即V-ing)形式做宾语：例：enjoy doing喜欢做…
My father enjoyed ___________ (make) kites when he was young.
enjoy doing喜欢做 … finish doing完成做… mind doing介意做…
practice doing练习做… feel like doing想要做 give up doing放弃做…
keep(on) doing坚持做… can’t help doing禁不住做… have fun doing有乐趣做
find sb doing发现某人做… have difficulty/problems (in) doing做…有困难
be busy doing忙于做… (另有用法：be busy with sth)
spend….(in) doing 花时间/钱做… (另有用法：spend…on sth)
succeed (in) doing成功做…
look forward to doing盼望做某事
介词后的动词用V-ing形式：如：
1.be good at (doing) sth…= do well in (doing) sth 擅长于(做)某事 (此处at/ in为介词)
2.what / how about doing sth (做)某事怎么样？ (此处about为介词)
3.thank sb. for (doing) sth. 感谢某人(做)某事 (此处for为介词)
4.make a contribution to (doing) sth 为(做)某事做贡献 (此处to为介词)
5.by doing… 通过做… (此处by为介词)
6.the way of doing…. 做….的方法 (此处of为介词)
7.take part in (doing) sth 参加(做)某事 (此处in为介词)
8.be interested in (doing) sth 有兴趣(做)某事 (此处in为介词)
9.instead of doing….. 代替做某事 (此处of为介词)
10.keep / stop sb. from doing….. 阻止某人做某事 (此处from为介词)
11.keep sb. doing… 让某人一直做…
四、既可加不定式,又可加动名词, 但有区别:
1. like /love/ hate doing… 喜欢/爱/讨厌做 (习惯上)
like /love/ hate to do.. 喜欢/爱/讨厌做 (具体某一次)
练：My mother likes___________ (watch)TV, but she doesn’t like___________ (watch)TV tonight.
2. forget to do… 忘记要做… remember to do…记得要做…
forget doing…. 忘记做过… remember doing…. 记得做过….
练：Tom, here is my letter. Don’t forget___________ (post) it for me on your way to school.
I remember___________ (borrow) ten yuan from you. I will lend it to you next week.
3. stop to do… 停下来去做(另一件事) stop doing… 停止做…
练：The teacher is coming. Let’s stop___________ (make) noises.
Though they were all tired, they didn’t stop ___________ (have) a rest.
Though they were all tired, they didn’t stop___________ (work).
4. go on doing…. 继续做同一件事 go on to do… 接下来去做另一件事
练：Though they were all tired, they went on___________ (work) hard.
After he finished his homework, he went on___________ (watch)TV.
5. need to do….. (某人)需要做….. need doing …… (某物/人) 需要被….
练：The car needs ___________ (repair) right now.
We need___________ (repair) the car right now.
6. used to do… 过去常常做… be / get/ become used to doing … 习惯于做…
be used for doing… 被用于做…. be used to do 被用于做….
练：My father is used___________ (read) a newspaper after supper.
My father used___________ (walk) to school when he was young.
The knife is often used___________ (cut) apples.
7. begin/start to do… 开始做…
doing… 开始做…
练习：Let’s begin/ start___________/___________ (do) our homework.
区别部分动词及短语
1. Do you like… 你喜欢…吗？ (like为动词) 回答：_____________. /_____________
Are you like… 你像…吗？ (like为介词) 回答：_____________. /_____________
Would you like… 你要…吗？ (like为动词) 回答：_____________. /_____________
2.speak: 发言；说(语言)： speak at a meeting 在会议上发言；speak English说英语
say: 说(内容)： say it in English 用英语说它
tell: 告诉(人)： tell sb to do sth 吩咐某人做某事
tell (sb) a story (给某人)讲故事
tell jokes讲笑话
talk: 谈话(不及物,不能直接跟宾语) 短语有：talk on the phone 在电话中交谈
talk to/ with sb 同某人交谈
talk about… 谈论…
3. bring: 带来(从远到近) 常与here, to me, when you come连用
take: 送去(从近到远) 常与there, to him, to the hospital连用)
carry携带,提(水),不强调方向
( )1. Please ___ your homework here next time.
A. bring B. to bring C. take D. to carry
4. read： 读(书/报纸) 短语有：read a book/ newspaper
watch: 观看 短语有：watch TV/video/ a dolphin show/
see: 看见…(强调结果) 另有短语：Nice to see you; see a movie
look at: 看…(强调动作,没宾语时去掉at) 短语有：look at me/ the blackboard
练：Please_____________carefully, can you_____________anything
look out: 向外看；小心,留神。 look up：向上看；查(单词)
look through… 浏览… look after = take care of照顾
look like： 看起来像
look for: 寻找…(强调动作) find: 找到…(强调结果) find out查明,弄清(原因等)
练：( )1. -- I don’t know how to pronounce(发音)the word. – You can ___ in a dictionary.
A. look it up B. look for it C. look up it D. look like
( )2.____. The bus is coming. A. Look at B. Look up C. Look out D. Look for
5. study：学习 如：study English
learn：学习；学会 如：learn English；learn to do sth
learn from向…学习 如：We should learn from Comrade Lei Feng.
6. listen to： 听…(强调动作,没宾语时去掉to)
hear： 听见…(强调结果)
hear of/about… 听说…
hear from sb 收到某人的来信 = receive a letter from sb 反义词为：write to sb
7. there be: 表示“存在”，即“某处有某物”，常与介词短语连用. have: 表示“某人/物有…”。
练：_____________ a bike under the tree. 树下有一辆自行车吗？
The building _____________ (有)five floors.
8. sell：卖 sell _____________
buy：买 buy_____________ = _____________
练：①My father _____________ me a bike last week.
②I have two pens. I can_____________one to you.
9. join 加入(组织/某人) 如：join the League, join us
take part in 参加(活动) 如：take part in an English evening
10. reach = get to = arrive at(小地方)/ in(大地方)
11. take a/the bus： 坐公共汽车(动词短语，做谓语)
by bus = in a/ the bus： 坐公共汽车(介词短语，做状语)
练：I will______________to school tomorrow.
I will go to school _______________ tomorrow.
12. get on_____________ get off_____________ get up_____________ get to_____________
13. be from = come from来自 练：Where_________you from = Where_________you come from
14. work for: 替(公司等)工作 work as 当…(后接职业) work on从事,致力于
练：He works ___ a shop ___ a shop assistant in his spare time.
A. for, as B. in, in C. as, for D. for, for
15. lend: 借给 lend__________________ = lend__________________把某物借给某人
borrow: 借入 borrow __________________ (从某人处)借入某物
练：Can I ___ your bike A. to borrow B. to lend C. lend D. borrow
16. wear: 穿着,戴着(表示状态、动词)
have… on 穿着,戴着(表示状态、动词短语)
put on: 穿上,戴上(表示动作、动词)
dress: 给某人穿衣服(后跟人)
in red/ a black coat 穿着红色衣服的/穿着黑色大衣的 (介词短语)
with glasses 戴着眼镜的(介词短语)
练：①It’s cold outside. You’d better_______________your coat.
②He is_______________a shirt today.
③Can you_______________the baby for me
④Who is the girl _______________ (穿着白色衣服的) and_______________ (戴着眼镜的)
17. 否定前移：I think he is a doctor. 否定：I______________________________.
18. live居住 stay: 逗留,呆
19. think of: 对…的想法; 问：_______________do you think of the movie
= _______________do you like the movie
答：It’s great.
think about: 考虑…
think over: 仔细考虑(代词做宾语,位置放中间) think it over
20. 以介词for, about, at, to, with, of等结尾的及物动词短语，宾语放介词后面，如：
look for think about think of look at
listen to talk about talk with/to leave for
laugh at
以副词on, off, up, down, in, back, away等结尾的及物动词短语,若有代词做宾语,位置放中间。
如：turn on turn off pick up get down
put on take off think over hand/turn in
cut up call up take away put out
21. take, spend, cost, pay区别
It takes sb time to do sth. 花时间 sb为宾语
Sb spends time/ money on sth/(in) doing sth 花时间/钱 sb为主语
Sth costs sb money 花钱 sth为主语 sb为宾语
Sb pays sb money for sth 花钱 某人付给某人钱买某物
练：翻译句子：
1. 我昨天花了两个小时制作一个风筝(make a kite)。
It _______________ me two hours_______________a kite yesterday.
I _______________ two hours _______________ a kite yesterday.
I _______________two hours on a kite yesterday.
2. The book ____ me ten yuan. A. cost B. paid C. spent D. took
3. Tom ___ me two yuan for my book. A. cost B. paid C. spent D. took
22. ask sb to do sth请求某人做某事 ask sb for sth向某人要某物
练：I often ask my teacher ___ help. A. to B. for
I often ask my teacher ___ help me. A. to B. for
23. forget:忘记某物(不知道地点)
leave：把某物留下(知道地点) 如：leave my book in the classroom
离开某地 如：leave Wenzhou_________Shanghai.(离开温州到上海)
练：I ___ my keys at home this morning. A. forgot B. left C. remembered D. leave
24. run out跑出 run out of用完；从…里跑出来
句子的种类
按使用目的分成四种：陈述句、感叹句、祈使句、疑问句
一.陈述句： 1、肯定句 2、否定句
二.感叹句：
What + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + 主 + 谓！What an honest boy he is!
How + 形容词/副词 + 主 + 谓！ How honest the boy is!
(What a pity! How time flies!)
三.祈使句：要求某人做某事或不做某事
肯定：动原 + 其它成份. Come in, please. / Be careful, please.
否定: Don’t + 动原 + 其它成份. Don’t rush. / Don’t be late again.
(注: 区别于Eating too much is bad for your health.)
四.疑问句：一般疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句、特殊疑问句
◆一般疑问句：助/情态动词开头、yes和no回答。
练：( )1. -- Must I hand in my homework now -- ____.You can hand it in tomorrow.
A. Yes, you can. B. No, you needn’t C. Yes, you must. D. You needn’t
◆选择疑问句：or连接、不用yes和no 回答。
( )2. -- Is your father at home or at work -- ____.
A. Yes, he is at work. B. No, he isn’t at home. C. He is at work D. Yes, he is at home
◆反意疑问句：You are…, aren’t you You aren’t…, are you
注： 1、前肯后否、前否后肯、问句中主语用代词
2、前肯后否时，助与not一定缩写
3、含有否定：never, nothing, no, nobody, none, few, little, hardly
4、回答根据事实，肯：Yes,否No,有Yes无not, 有No有not.
5、前否后肯时，回答：Yes 不，No 对。
6、Let’s …, shall we Let us…, will you
Let me…, will you Come in, will you
I’m …, aren’t I Nobody…, …they
There is…, …there
◆特殊疑问句：
What 开头： What’s your name →My name is…
What’s this/ that in English →It’s…
What’s one and two →It’s…
What are these →They are…
What can you see in the picture —I can see…
What time is it / What’s the time →It’ eight.
What’s the population of China
What’s wrong/ the matter with you
What would you like (to do)
What do you do = What are you
What / How about + 名词、代词、动名词？
What class/ grade are you in
What colour is it --- Light/ dark blue.
What size is it --- Size 8.
What day is it today —It is Sunday today.
What’s the date today —It is August 2, 2009 today.
What’s the weather like today =How’s the weather today —It’s cloudy/ sunny/ fine...
What can I do for you = Can I help you
练：( ) 1. Which of the following is right
A. China has a large population. B. China has much population.
C. China has many populations. D. China has a great deal of population.
Who 开头：Who is he
Who is this —This is…(一般不用He/ She is…)
Who is on duty today
Whom 开头：(作宾语) Whom did you help
4. Whose: Whose knife is this
Whose is this knife
5. Which: Which man Which is the way to the cinema
Which bus shall we take
6. Where: Where are you from Where are you going
7. When: 什么时候 (注：与What time区别)
8. Why: 这什么 Why… --- Because….
Why not + 动原 = Why don’t you + 动原
Why … = What …for
9. How 开头： How are you – Fine, thank you. And you
How do you do —How do you do
How do you spell it —B-O-O-K, book.
How do you like… = What do you think of … (你认为…怎么样)
How do you go to school —By bus/ On foot.
How old…
How many + 可数复数名词
How much：多少 + 不可数名词
多少钱 How much do they cost / How much are they
How long: 多长距离 How long is the river
多长时间 How long have you been here – For… / Since….
How often: 多常 用于一般现在时 ---Once a week.
How soon: 多久后 用于一般将来时 --- In a week.
How many times: 多少次 用于现在完成时--- Once/ Twice/ Three times.
How far/ tall/ high/ deep/ wide
注：疑问词作主语不提助动词：Tom has a ruler. →Who has a ruler
疑问词作定语时，划线部分后词提到疑问词后，如：
There are forty students in his class. →How many students are there in his class
疑问词加不定式：I don’t know what to do/ how to do it/ which to choose.
同课章节目录
- 词法
- 名词
- 动词和动词短语
- 动词语态
- 动词时态
- 助动词和情态动词
- 非谓语动词
- 冠词
- 代词
- 数词和量词
- 形容词副词及其比较等级
- 介词和介词短语
- 连词和感叹词
- 构词法
- 相似、相近词比较
- 句法
- 陈述句
- 一般疑问句和否定疑问句
- 特殊疑问句及选择疑问句
- 反意疑问句
- 存在句(There be句型)
- 宾语从句
- 定语从句
- 状语从句
- 主谓一致问题
- 简单句
- 并列句
- 复合句
- 主谓一致
- 主、表语从句
- 名词性从句
- 直接引语和间接引语
- 虚拟语气
- 感叹句
- 强调句
- 倒装句
- 祈使句
- 句子的成分
- 句子的分类
- 题型专区
- 单项选择部分
- 易错题
- 完形填空
- 阅读理解
- 词汇练习
- 听说训练
- 句型转换
- 补全对话
- 短文改错
- 翻译
- 书面表达
- 任务型阅读
- 语法填空
- 其他资料