2023届高考英语：名词性从句和定语从句课件(42张ppt)

(共42张PPT)
Nominal Clause & Attributive Clause
Part One
Nominal Clause
综述
名词性从句
主语从句subject clause


同位语从句appositive clause

宾语从句 object clause

表语从句predicative clause

Exercises

综述
名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组。按其句法功能，名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的有连接词that, whether 和if，关系代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever以及关系副词when, where和how。
主语从句
1.主语从句在句中作主语。如：
　 Which team will win the match is still not certain.
　　 Why he did that wasn’t quite clear.
2．主语从句位于句首时，会使句子显得笨重，因此常以it 作为形式主语，而
将主语从句后置，以保持句子平衡。如：
It is strange that she didn’t come yesterday.　
It’s possible that William will be elected to a new leading post.
3．whether与if引导主语从句的区别：
　 whether引导的主语从句既可放在句首也可放在句尾，if引导的主语从句只能
放在句末。如：
Whether she comes or not makes no difference. (不能用if)　
她来不来都没有关系。
It is doubtful whether/if the President knew the details of the plan.
总统是否知道这个计划的细节这一点颇有疑问。
表语从句
1．表语从句在句中作表语，位于主句中的系动词之后。如：
The question is whether she can speak English.
That is what we need.
2．表语从句可用whether引导，也可用as if 引导，但不能用if 引导。
如：
His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet.
It looked as if it was going to rain.
3．主句的主语是reason时，表语从句要用that，不能用because。
如：
The reason why he was dismissed was that he was careless and
irresponsible. 他被开除的原因是他工作马虎，不负责任。
同位语从句
1．同位语从句在句中作同位语，它一般要放在主句中某些名词的后面，说明这些名词的含义。可跟同位语从句的名词主要有fact, news, promise, reason, idea等。如：
We heard the news that our team had won.
Where did you get the idea that I could not come
同位语从句
2．同位语从句与定语从句的主要区别：
从意义上来说，同位语从句对一个名词加以补充说明，定语从句对一个名词进行修饰或限定。从结构上说，同位语从句由连词引导，连词在句中不作任何成分，只起引导作用；引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中担任一定成分，含有代替所修饰或限制词语的意义。如：
They were all shocked at the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
他们都为德国向俄国宣战而感到震惊。
(同位语从句，that只起引导作用，在句中不作任何成分。)
They were all shocked at the news that was announced on the radio. 他们都为收音机中宣布的消息而震惊。
（定语从句，that在从句中作主语，若省略that，句子成分不全。）
宾语从句
1．宾语从句在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。如：
I wonder who he is.
He is sorry for what he has done.
注：在口语及非正式文体中，that常省略。
2．使用宾语从句时应注意时态呼应。
1) 主句谓语动词是现在时或将来时，从句谓语动词可以用任何所
需要的时态。如：
I think he has prepared well for the coming exam.
He will tell me how he succeeded in this field tomorrow.
2) 主句谓语动词是过去时态，从句谓语动词若与主句谓语动词同时发生须用一般过去时，先于主句谓语动词须用过去完成时，迟于主句谓语动词则须用过去将来时。 如：
I thought he studied hard.
He said he had finished the book the day before.
She said that she wouldn’t come the next day.
宾语从句
3) 从句如果与某一具体的过去时间状语连用，尽管其谓语动 作发生在主句谓语动作之前，仍用一般过去时。如：
She told me that her father died in 1991.
4）从句所说明的是一般真理或客观事实，即使主句用过去
时，从句仍用一般现在时。　
The teacher told the students that the computer is a wonderful
machine.
3．不能省略that 的宾语从句
1）句中的动词后接两个或两个以上的that从句作宾语时，第一个that可省，但后面的that 不可省。如：
He said (that) he couldn’t tell you right away and that you
wouldn’t understand.
宾语从句
2）当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一 般不可省。如：
Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
3）当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。如：
I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth.
4）当that宾语从句前有it作形式宾语时，that 不可省。如：
We think it important that we study hard.
4．whether和if引导的宾语从句可以互换使用,但介词后的宾语从
句只能用whether, 不能用if；宾语从句中含有or not时也只能用whether，不能用if。如：
He asked me if (whether) my brother was at home.
It is a question of whether we should go.
I don’t know whether he will attend tomorrow’s meeting or not.
Sentence Pattern
A is to B what C is to D (A之于B犹如C之于D)
=＝A is to B as C is to D
＝What C is to D, that is A to B.
＝As C is to D, so is A to B.
Air is to human what water is to fish.(空气之于人类犹如水之于鱼。）
Reading is to mind what food is to the body.（读书之于头脑犹如食物之于身体。
这种句子是省略倒装句，完整的句子应该是： What C is to D is what A is to B 两个what都是is的宾语。 C对D是什么，A对B也就是什么。 或 C对D的关系就是A对B的关系。
Sentence Pattern
微笑之於人猶如陽光之於花朵。
Smile is to mankind what/as sunshine is to flowers.
教育之于心灵，犹如雕刻之于大理石。
Education is to the soul what sculpture is to a block of marble.
Practice
1. Memory is to experience as regret is to ________.
(A) sorrow　　　　　　　(B) problem
(C) recollection　　　　　(D) mistake
2. 讀書之於心靈，正如同食物之於身體。
_____________________________________________________________________
3. 學問之於智慧，猶如種子之於果實。
____________________________________________________
4. 宗教之於人就像舵之於船。
____________________________________________________
5. 書本之於人類猶如記憶之於個人。
____________________________________________________
Key to practice
1. D
2. As food is to the body, so is reading to the mind.
3. Knowledge is to wisdom as/what seed is to fruit.
4. What a rudder is to a ship, that is religion to a man.
5. Books are to mankind what/as memory is to the individual.
Exercises
1. Directions: In this exercise, there are 20 sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.
A
B
B
1) _______ we can’t get seems better than _______we have.
A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what
2) _______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
3) You can’t imagine ________ when they received these nice Christmas presents.
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
Exercises
4) It worried her a bit ________her hair was turning gray.
A. while B. that C. if D. which
5) It was a matter of _______ would take the position.
A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever
6) It is generally considered unwise to give a child ________ he or she wants.
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
7) ________you don’t like him is none of my business.
A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether
8) With the development of computers, it is ________ man has suddenly become a millionaire of the mind.
A. that B. as if C. why D. as
B
B
A
C
B
Exercises
9) The output of our factory is now three times _________ it was three years ago.
A. what B. that C. as D. which
10) What surprised me was _________ so well.
A. what he spoke English B. that he spoke English
C. which did he speak English D. what did he speak English
11) We asked him the question __________.
A. that the trouble is B. which the trouble is
C. where is the trouble D. where the trouble is
12) She told him she would come and see him often, ___________.
A) and she would never forget him
B) and that she would never forget him
C) she would never forget him D) she never forgets him
D
A
B
B
Exercises
13) They are faced with the problem _________ they should continue the work.
A. if B. that C. which D. whether
14) The reason why he didn’t come was __________ he was ill.
A. because B. which C. that D. when
15) The question is ___________ to land men there.
A. if it was safe B. if was it safe
C. whether it was safe D. whether safe it was
16) Three days later, word came ________our country had sent up another man-made satellite.
A. which B. when C. that D. where
C
D
C
C
Exercises
17) _______makes mistakes must correct them.
A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. Anybody
18) What I’m considering now _________ the money we need.
A. is B. are C. were D. was
19) The fact _______ she had not said anything surprised all of us.
A. which B. what C. that D. how
20) We thought _______ strange that Tom did not come yesterday.
A. that B. it C. this D. what
A
C
C
B
Exercises
2. Directions: Identify the error in each of the following sentences correct it.
I hear that he has done his best and his father is satisfied with him.
A B C D
2) A man cannot be really happy if that he enjoys doing is ignored by
A B C
society as of no value or importance.
D
3) The news which our team has won the match is true.
A B C D
C
and that
B
what
B
that
Exercises
4）You must be aware of that what you are doing is quite illegal.
A B C D
5) I don’t know that you can recognize her from here, since you
A B C
haven’t seen each other for many years.
D
A
that
B
whether
Part Two
Attributive Clause
2.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
定语从句
3.只用关系代词that，不用 which，who
或whom的几种情况


4. as 与其他词连用引导的定语从句

5. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

1.综述

6. 定语从句和同位语从句的区别

1.综述
定语从句也称为关系从句或形容词性从句，由关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, that, as ）或关系副词（when, where, why）等引导。关系词除了起引导作用外，还在从句中指代前面的先行词，并在从句中担任一定的成分。如：
The car which was stolen has been found.（which 指代先行词car，在从句中作主语）
The house whose windows are broken is empty. (whose 是所有格，在从句中作定语)
This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake．这就是在那次大地震中失去双亲的那个小姑娘。
I shall never forget the day when I entered the university. (when指代先行词day，在从句中作时间状语)
2.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
定语从句就其与先行词的关系而言，可分为限定性定语从句
和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句和先行词之间没有逗号，表示对先行词起修饰限制作用；而非限定性定语从句和先行词之间有逗号分开，是对先行词进行补充说明，相当于并列句。如：
He is the man who has a strong personality. 他是个个性很强的人。（限定性定语从句）
My brother, who works abroad, is coming next week. 我哥哥在国外工作，他下周将回来。（非限定性定语从句）
注：1. 非限定性定语从句不能用that来引导，一般用which，as或who（指人）。用which或as引导时，既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。如：
He spoke confidently, which impressed me most. （which指代整个主句，在从句中作主语）
2.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
2. as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句之前。如：
As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.
The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people‘s life greatly.
3. 在限定性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可以省略；但在 非限定性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时不能省略。如：
The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which可以省去)
She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before. (whom不能省去)
3.只用关系代词that，不用 which，who或whom的几种情况
当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few等时。如：
All that you want are here.
2. 当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very等修饰时。如：
There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes.
3. 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
3.只用关系代词that，不用 which，who或whom的几种情况
4. 当出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物
时。如：
We are talking about the people and countries that we have
visited.
5. 当主句是以which 或 who 开头的特殊疑问句时。如：
Who is the person that is standing over there
6. 当定语从句为there be 句型时，关系代词只能用that，
但经常可以省略。如：
I know the difference (that) there is between you.
7. 当关系代词在从句中作表语时，常用that。如：
He does not seem to be the man that he was.
他似乎和过去不一样了。
4. as 与其他词连用引导的定语从句
as 引导定语从句时，可指人也可指物，通常与the same，such，so等连用，形式为：the same… as，such… as，as …as，so… as。As在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。如：
She knew he felt just the same as she did. 她知道他的感觉与她自己的一样。(as代替事，作宾语)
I lend you such books as will interest you. 我借给你使你感兴趣的书。(as代替物，作主语)
4. as 与其他词连用引导的定语从句
注：the same… as 和the same… that的用法不同。as引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物“相似”，指同类事物；that引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一个”，指同一事物。如：
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 这和我昨天丢的笔一样。（类似的笔）
This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 这支笔就是我昨天丢的那支。（同一支笔）
5. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
在“介词+which/whom”结构中，介词的选择取决于3种情况：
1．定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配。如：
This is the college in which I am studying.
He is the man about whom we are talking.
2．先行词与介词的习惯搭配。如：
The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter.
仪表上显示出这台机器运转的速度。
3．当定语从句为最高级时只能用of which; 否则用其他介词。如：
　 I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best.
　I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is
published in UK.
5. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
注：不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前，如put up with；有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配，此时需要根据上下文来确定。如：be familiar with/to，compare with/to等。
有时为表意清楚，还可以在关系副词where/ when前加介词from, to等。如：
China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spreads to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.
中国是风筝的故乡，从这里，放风筝的运动传到了日本、韩国、泰国和印度。
6. 定语从句和同位语从句的区别
定语从句在复合句中的功能相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用。而同位语从句则属于名词性从句，对与它有同位关系得名词作进一步解释，使其内容具体化。例如：
She felt very sad because of the news that her husband was killed in an aircraft crash. (同位语从句)
The fact that she told me made me very angry. （定语从句）
Exercises
1. Directions: In this exercise, there are 15 sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.
C
D
B
1) He has to work on Sunday, ________ he doesn't like.
A. on which time B. which time C. which D. when
2) I found the book here, ________ was the last place I expected to find it.
A. where B. it C. at which D. which
3) I, ________ your friend, tell you so.
A. that am B. who am C. that is D. who is
Exercises
4) Children shouldn't have more money____ is needed.
A. than B. which C. that D. whose
5) ____ we know, more than 70 percent of the earth is covered with water.
A. Which B. As C. Because D. That
6) I have bought the same bicycle _____ you have.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
7) You have many people around you ____ are kind to you but ____ you will soon forget.
A. / ; / B. / ; who C. who ; / D. who; whom
C
A
B
D
Exercises
8) —Dad, I've finished my assignment．
—Good, and ____ you play or watch TV, you mustn't disturb me.
A. whenever B. whether C. whatever D. no matter
9) —Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her？
—Yes, I gave it to her ________ I saw her．
A. while B. the moment C. suddenly D. as
10) The famous scientist grew up ________ he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai．
A. when B. whenever C. where D. wherever
11) We had better hurry ________ it is getting dark．
A. and B. but C. as D. unless
C
B
B
C
Exercises
12) We were in ________ when we left that we forgot the airline tickets.
A. a rush so anxious B. a such anxious rush
C. so an anxious rush D. such an anxious rush
13) Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report ________ her boss could read it first the next morning.
A. so that B. because C. before D. or else
14) ____ I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it.
A. Even though B. Unless C. As long as D. While
15) I shall stay in the hotel all day ____ there is news of the missing child.
A. in case B. no matter C. in any case D. ever since
C
D
A
A
Exercises
2. Directions: Identify the error in each of the following sentences and correct it.
In the early morning, the first thing which both my brother and I
A B
did was to go out to see the pony.
C D
2) Children who like to read usually read more in the summer, and
A B
those only read for school assignments can be persuaded to read for
Ｃ Ｄ
fun in the summer because there is no school pressure.
A
that
C
those who only read
Exercises
3) The computer, it is a 20th century invention, has created startling
A B
technological changes in the way we organize and produce
information. C D
4) We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden
A B C
which they could play.
D
5) He has reached a point which a change is needed.
A B C D
D
which was
A
where
C
where
Exercises
6）When television was first introduced, the extent that it would
A　　　　　　　　 B
affect society could not have been foreseen.
　C D
7) Many people are against smoking in it not only causes diseases to
A B C
the smoker but also dirties the air.
D
8) Early like it was, there was already quite a few people in front of
A B C
the theater at the advance booking office.
D
B
to which
B
in that it
A
as
Exercises
9) How hard he tries, he can’t make out the difference in meaning
A B C
between the two words.
D
10) Just as people differ in their ability to hear sound, as do they
A B C
differ in their appreciation of sounds.
D
However hard
A
C
so
Exercises
3. Directions: Put the following sentences into English.
1) 他们正在谈论他们访问过的老师和学校。
2) 她又改变了主意，这使我们大家都很生气。
3) 他给我的建议这样好，所以我很容易地完成了任务。
4) 既然你们准备好了，我们马上开始工作。
5) 即使我失败了，我仍会继续尝试下去。
They are talking about the teachers and schools that they have visited.
She changed her mind again, which made all of us very angry.
Now (that) you are ready, we’ll start working at once.
He gave me such good advice that I finished the task easily.
Even though I fail, I’ll keep on trying.