高考英语概要写作课件（59张PPT）
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文档简介
(共59张PPT)
Summary writing Skills
1. 主位描述
2. 要点完整
3. 逻辑清晰
概要写作表达技巧 (内容)
Her first delight was going to the tower. It was built long ago by the Norman invaders of AD 1066. This solid stone, square tower had remained standing for one thousand years. Although the building had expanded around it, it remained part of a royal palace and prison combined.
Summary writing Skills
同义替换法 (近义词、反义词、词性转换等)
句式转换法 (改变主语、运用非谓语动词短语、with结构、运用同位语等)
压缩长句法 (笼统代替具体，运用并列结构等)
几种概要写作的表达技巧 (语言)
Dirt on the skin could prevent people from getting sick.
Dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.
Dirt on the skin was a barrier against outside disease.
1. 同义替换
Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they are being stared at.
Baker's conclusion is that people are not capable of feeling other's observation.
1. 同义替换 - 改变词性
If you fail to pass the drug test, we will have to dismiss you from your job.
Failure to pass the drug test will result in your job dismissal.
Your skin will be burnt if you are exposed to the sun too long.
Long exposure to the sun will harm your skin.
There are many people who are shy.
Shyness is common.
1. 同义替换 - 改变词性：使用抽象名词
Unlike bony fish, sharks have no bones; their skeleton is made of cartilage （软骨）which is not as hard as bone.
There are many different species of sharks that range from the size of a person's hand to bigger than a bus. The whale shark is the largest in the world; the basking whale is the second largest fish. Fully-grown sharks range in size from 7 inches long, up to 50 feet long. Most sharks are intermediate in size, and are about the same size as people, 5-7 feet long. Half of the shark species are under 39 inches long.
With only cartilage making up their skeleton, sharks come in various sizes, ranging from 7 inches long to 50 feet long.
2.改变句式（运用非谓语动词短语及with结构）
The person at a restaurant who talks on the phone through an entire meal, ignoring his kids around the table; the woman who talks on the phone in the car, ignoring her husband; the teen who texts messages all the way home from school, avoiding contact with kids all around him.
2.改变句式（更换主语）
请用一句话来概括下面这段文字 （你能写出几种表达法 ）
1. Cell phones rob us of our quality time with family members and friends alike.
2. Due to cell phone addiction, kids, couples and friends lack quality time and company from parents, spouses and fellows.
3. With cell phone dependence disease, people tend to give their attention to cell phones rather than their beloved ones.
4. It is easier for people addicted to cell phones to neglect/overlook their family members and friends.
2.改变句式（更换主语）
Christmas is the day to celebrate the birth of Jesus. It is a western public holiday and is celebrated with religious services. It is, however, becoming a phenomenally popular holiday both to the young and businessmen in China.
Christmas, a western religious holiday, is now prevalent among Chinese young people and businessmen.
2.改变句式(同位语结构)
Christmas的同位语
3.压缩长句
a. 删除细节及重复
b. 减少例子
c. 简化描述
d. 整合信息
f. 用单词替换短语词组， 名词性短语代替从句、非谓语动词结构、with结构、同谓语结构等
There are some people, called shopaholics, who can't control their desire to spend money and buy things. This kind of addictive behavior can lead to large financial problems, family conflict, and deep unhappiness.
1. Shopaholics can bring themselves severe troubles.
2. Shopaholics can find themselves in a troubled situation.
3.压缩长句：从具体到笼统
I enjoy being with friends for they can offer me excitement, fresh ideas, comfort and free from doredom.
3.压缩长句: 名词或动词（并列结构）代替句子
I prefer to spend most of my time with my friends, because friends offer excitement and new ideas, they can comfort me when something bad happens, and spending too much time by myself can be boring.
People with depression are often very afraid of talking to someone except their doctors. They can easily be ashamed of their condition and consequently they try to hide it. You shouldn't be surprised if a depressed friend won't open up to you. However, when he or she does, you should let the words flow. Don't be judgmental and never interrupt! Listening is not an easy skill, as it's likely that you can't help voicing your opinion.
Depressed people tend to keep silent. However, once they speak to you, be a good listener.
3.压缩长句：整合信息
一篇好的概要所具备的语言表达特点 :
使用抽象名词
使用非谓语动词结构
使用with结构
使用名词、动词短语的并列结构
使用同位语结构
使用从句或其它特殊句型
使用高级的词汇
使用恰当的连接副词
1. 使用抽象名词
English conversations often start with the weather, a cultural norm that few commentators truly understand. (要点1)One typical misconception is that the English enthusiasm for the weather is ridiculous as it is too boring. (要点2) Another is that the charm of English weather lies in its changeability. (要点3) Actually, the English weather-speak is not about the weather, but a way to make a conversation, a method of socializing.
The idea of “melting pot”, initiated from a Frenchman, describes America as a creation of mixed races from worldwide. It got wide acceptance among Americans while rejected by some immigrants fearing losing their own cultures. Actually, recent immigrants sticking to their own cultures, are changing America, and Americans are concerned about the separation of the nation. America is now compared to a salad bowl, meaning different groups, as part of this country, still keep their own cultures and languages.
2. V-ing / V-ed 表伴随、结果、原因等
China's ecommerce market is growing to be the largest worldwide, with an expanding online-shopping population and increasing online spending. The growth is due to multiple factors: higher family incomes, easier Internet access and better shipping services. Basically, Chinese favor online shopping for its wider choices, more reasonable prices and convenience. Nevertheless, ecommerce in China is still developing at its early stage.
3. 使用With 结构
4. (名词/动词短语)并列结构
Chocolate comes from the seeds of the cacao tree, a native plant of the Amazon region of South America. Ancient Americans had a long tradition of drinking chocolate, attaching a cultural and medicinal significance to it. After being discovered by Columbus, chocolate began to be spread across Europe and the rest of the world. With the demand for chocolate growing fast, cultivation started in Africa, which has now become the largest chocolate producer worldwide.
5. 使用同位语结构
6. 使用定语从句
Releasing helium balloons damages the environment. They eventually fall down on the earth and pose a threat to animals. Besides, although they're technically biodegradable, it takes time, which means they will stay as garbage on the planet for a long time. Currently helium balloon releasing is restricted or banned in some areas, but to really tackle this problem requires further and greater efforts on a global scale.
7. 使用高层次词汇或词组
A new research shows that student strain often coexists with teacher exhaustion. Students, who find their requirements unsatisfied as a result of teachers' low-level management over class, may feel overwhelmingly stressed. Conversely, teachers, who encounter great teaching challenge from students, tend to be burned out. Therefore, more sufficient resources and support for teachers should be guaranteed, or students are likely to be ruined.
8. 使用合适的连接副词
用于概要写作衔接的连接词：
but, and, also, then, besides, thus, therefore, yet, however, additionally, accordingly, moreover, meanwhile, for, nevertheless, despite, though, otherwise, unlike, instead, actually, whereas , similarly, oppositely, …
8. 使用合适的连接副词
影响
导致
由于
Influence/affect/ impact
have an influence on
have an effect on
have an impact on
lead to
contribute to
bring about
result in /account for
owing to
due to
as a result of
result from / be down to
as a consequence of
事件关系
allow
drive
encourage
make possible
and thus,
and consequently
概要写作中常见的逻辑关系 “cause & effect” 表达方式:
对比
unlike
like / likewise
in contrast to
on the contrary
contrary to
compared with
in comparison with
while
as--as
by comparison
概要写作中常见的逻辑关系 “对比”的表达方式:
2018浙江11月高考
It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There's no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won't be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don't like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn't know unless you actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at College Week Live. It‘s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors(顾问)，and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you'd like to attend.
Reading for
01
Reading for
02
Polishing for perfection
03
Writing for summary
04
CONTENT
Summary Writing
topic & structure
key information
1
College application
PART ONE
Reading for topic & structure
Identify the writing style, topic and the structure:
Writing style:
Topic:
Structure:
Detailed suggestions
Exposition
how to make a right decision about choosing your future college
Para1: The topic and the Suggestion (Visit the college in person)
Para2: Suggestion 1
Para3: Suggestion 2
Para4: Suggestion3
2
College application
PART TWO
Reading for key information
Paragraph 1
It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply
It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
Topic Theme
suggestion
because their
websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment
and, of course, the students.
Detailed Reasons
Tip2: Delete the detailed reasons, examples.
Tip1: The topic sentence is usually in the beginning or at the end.
Tip3: The information after “But” is more important.
Paragraph 2&3
There's no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won't be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don't like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn't know unless you actually visit.
Tip2: Delete the detailed reasons, examples.
Tip1: The topic sentence is usually in the beginning or at the end.
Tip3: The information after “But” is the key information.
Detailed Example
Detailed Reasons
Paragraph 4
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at College Week Live. It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors(顾问)，and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you'd like to attend.
Tip2: Delete the detailed reasons, examples.
Tip1: The topic sentence is usually in the beginning or at the end.
Tip3: The information after “But” is the key information.
Detailed Reasons
Para.1
Para.2
Para.3
Para.4
A topic is introduced:
It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply …you are making a decision about…
Something about college application
One suggestion:
There's no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.
Another suggestion:
find some time … to visit the schools you'd like to attend.
One more suggestion:
…check out the online college fairs at College Week Live…make an informed decision
3
PART THREE
College application
Writing for summary
College application
本文是一篇说明文，主要讨论了学生选择大学前要了解大学的问题。
此类文章在写概要时，首先要抓住文章主旨和关键词；其次，要对每一段的主要信息进行总结和概括；
最后在各个信息要点中，加入适当的连接词，使上下文连贯，过渡自然。
Paraphrase
（1）同义替换法: 同义词synonym替换
正话反说
（2）信息重组法：把几个简单句重组成一个并列句或复合句
（3）句式变化法：with结构
非谓语（non-finite）动词等替换从句
非限制定语从句
主被动转换
强调句/倒装句
It形式主语或宾语
（4）把上面几种方法综合起来使用 !
Paraphrase
It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply.
Keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
同义替换
句式变化
信息重组
衔接词
_______________ to make sure you are making the right decision about your future college, it’s a really good idea to visit…
In order to
It’s not a bad idea/better/essential/worthwhile/advisable for you to visit colleges before________ to make sure…the _________decision.
applying
Applying to colleges is an important decision, _____ you should visit the colleges before you apply.
so
in advance
Visiting colleges you want to attend in advance is a good idea, _____ is important in decision making.
appropriate
which
Applying to colleges is an important decision in your life, so you should visit the colleges you want to attend in advance.
Para1.
Paraphrase
同义替换
句式变化
信息重组
Para2.
There's no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.
But if you live nearby, go check it out!
There’s no ________not to visit the schools________.
reason
nearby
There’s ____________reason to visit the schools ____________________.
within your reach
local colleges
It’s ___________for you to visit the local colleges.
It’s ___________for you to visit the local campuses.
necessary
a must
You’ll _______________________to visit the …
When the schools are near _______________, don’t ___________ visit them.
find it a must/necessary
hesitate to
where you live
When the schools are near where you live, don’t hesitate to visit them.
good/sound
Paraphrase
同义替换
句式变化
信息重组
Para3.
If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend.
If ______inconvenient for you to visit the campuses , you’d better spare time to visit the school before being accepted/ admitted.
If _____can’t _________before application, you should do it before the acceptance letters arrive.
_______ visit before applying, you should seize the chance to make it before being accepted.
If campus visits __________________before________, at the very least you should _______ some time _________getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend.
can’t be achieved
spare
before
make it
application
fail to visit it
Failing to
If you can’t make it before application, you should do it before the acceptance letters arrive.
you
it is
Paraphrase
同义替换
句式变化
信息重组
Para4.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at College Week Live. It can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision.
If time and money are making it impossible, _____________the online college fairs at College Week Live can still be a useful tool _______________make an informed decision.
If you have_____________________, visiting the online college fairs can also _______________in making the right decision.
__________________________, you should never forget to check out online for it is beneficial to your final decision.
no time or money for it
be of great help
checking out
to help you
Time and money not permitting
If you have no time or money for it, visiting the online college fairs can also be of great help in making the right decision.
4
PART THREE
Polishing for perfection
College application
Polish
Applying to colleges is an important decision in your life, so you should visit the colleges you want to attend in advance.
When the schools are near where you live, don’t hesitate to visit them.
If you can’t make it before application, you should do it before the acceptance letters arrive.
If you have no time or money for it, visiting the online college fairs can also be of great help in making the right decision.
especially
Tips: Polish with connectives, adverbials to make it coherent.
Make further improvement.
.
Finally
Applying to colleges is an important decision in your life, so you should visit the colleges you want to attend in advance, especially when they are near where you live. (要点1, 2) If you can't make it before application, you should do it before the acceptance letters arrive.(要点3) Finally, if you do have no time or no money for it, visiting the online college fairs can also help you make the right decision. (要点4) (70words)
Tip2: Delete the detailed reasons, examples.
Tip1: The topic sentence is usually in the beginning or at the end.
Tip3: Pay attention to the information word“but”“while”
Tips for exploring the key information:
Tips for paraphrasing:
（1）同义替换法 （2）信息重组法
（3）句式变化法：非谓语（non-finite）动词等替换从句
非限制定语从句
主被动转换
It形式主语或宾语
独立主格结构
强调句等特殊句型 ……
In many societies, there is often greater acceptance of light skin than dark skin. Light skin may be seen as a mark of beauty, intelligence and success. These beliefs can lead to social pressure even within the same racial or ethnic group, if some members are darker skinned than others.
The result is that skin lightening has become a common activity across Africa, Asia and other areas of the world. More and more people with dark skin are using skin -lightening products, even if they may face health risks.
They believe that having whiter skin will improve their lives. Many people think they will have a better chance of getting a job or marrying into a better family. Or they want to look like what their society generally considers beautiful.
Some beauty care products and soaps contain chemicals that make skin lighter. This process is also called bleaching (漂白). But some of the chemicals are extremely dangerous. One of the chemicals has been linked to kidney (肾) damage and some kinds of cancer. It also causes low birth weight in babies when mothers use it during pregnancy.
At first, bleaching products make the skin color lighter. But after long-term use they can cause problems. They can even make some skin darker. The chemicals in the products block and break down the natural process that gives color to skin. The skin loses its natural barrier to protect against sunlight. Then the skin can become thick and discolored. Usually the person will use more of the product in an effort to correct the problem, but this only makes it worse.
Doctor Ly, who works in a hospital, says the chemicals are now more dangerous because they are stronger. Some cases have resulted in blackened fingernails, infections and permanent skin damage. And these are not the only risks. Experts say some people who change their skin color suffer emotional damage. They feel regret and sadness. They feel that instead of risking their health, they should have learned to love and accept their skin color as it was.
Step 2 转换成自己的语言
1. There is often greater acceptance of light skin than dark skin in many societies.
It’s a common phenomenon that people from many areas have a preference for light skin.
2. More and more people with dark skin are using skin-lightening products.
There is a trend that more people turn to skin bleaching.
3. They believe that having whiter skin will improve their lives.
They hold the belief that lighter skin contribute to many advantages/privileges.
4. Some beauty care products contain chemicals that are extremely dangerous. Some has been linked to kidney damage and cancer.
Some chemicals in the bleaching products may do harm to health physically/physical health.
5.Long-term use may cause problems.
They may damage people’s skin in the long run.
6. Some people who change their skin color suffer emotional damage, feeling regret and sadness
Change of skin color damages the emotion of some people, who feel regretful and sad about the change.
Step 3 根据要点之间的逻辑关系组成篇章
1. It’s a common phenomenon that people from many areas have a preference for light skin.
2.There is a trend that more people turn to skin bleaching.
3. They hold the belief that lighter skin contribute to many advantages.
4.Some chemicals in the bleaching products may do harm to physical health.
5. They may damage people’s skin in the long run.
6.Change of skin color damages the emotion of some people, who feel regretful and sad about the change.
1
3
2
4
5
6
because
Therefore
However
Firstly
Then/also
Furthermore
It’s a common phenomenon that people from many areas have a preference for light skin which is believed to be connected with advantages/which enables them to enjoy more privileges. (要点1）. Therefore, they turn to skin bleaching（要点2）. However, chemicals in the bleaching products may do harm to physical health(要点3）. They may also damage people’s skin in the long run（要点4）. Furthermore, change of skin color damages the emotion of some people, who feel regretful and sad about the change(要点5).
There is often greater acceptance of light skin than dark skin in many societies. As a result, more and more people with dark skin are using skin-lightening products, believing that having whiter skin will improve their lives. However, some beauty care products contain chemicals that are extremely dangerous. Some has been linked to kidney damage and cancer. Some even make skin darker. To make matters worse, some people who change their skin color suffer emotional damage, feeling regret and sadness.
范例分析
细节
连接词过长
词汇变化
句式变化
主语变化
主被动切换
长句变单词或短语
分词
with结构
形式主语/宾语
定语从句
倒装句
...
同义表达
反义表达
词性变化
Paraphrase 的常见方法
实验研究类：目的+方法+结论
问题解决类：问题+原因+措施
To cope with the problem,
争议对比类：话题+对比+总结
From one's perspective, ----
Summary writing Skills
1. 主位描述
2. 要点完整
3. 逻辑清晰
概要写作表达技巧 (内容)
Her first delight was going to the tower. It was built long ago by the Norman invaders of AD 1066. This solid stone, square tower had remained standing for one thousand years. Although the building had expanded around it, it remained part of a royal palace and prison combined.
Summary writing Skills
同义替换法 (近义词、反义词、词性转换等)
句式转换法 (改变主语、运用非谓语动词短语、with结构、运用同位语等)
压缩长句法 (笼统代替具体，运用并列结构等)
几种概要写作的表达技巧 (语言)
Dirt on the skin could prevent people from getting sick.
Dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.
Dirt on the skin was a barrier against outside disease.
1. 同义替换
Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they are being stared at.
Baker's conclusion is that people are not capable of feeling other's observation.
1. 同义替换 - 改变词性
If you fail to pass the drug test, we will have to dismiss you from your job.
Failure to pass the drug test will result in your job dismissal.
Your skin will be burnt if you are exposed to the sun too long.
Long exposure to the sun will harm your skin.
There are many people who are shy.
Shyness is common.
1. 同义替换 - 改变词性：使用抽象名词
Unlike bony fish, sharks have no bones; their skeleton is made of cartilage （软骨）which is not as hard as bone.
There are many different species of sharks that range from the size of a person's hand to bigger than a bus. The whale shark is the largest in the world; the basking whale is the second largest fish. Fully-grown sharks range in size from 7 inches long, up to 50 feet long. Most sharks are intermediate in size, and are about the same size as people, 5-7 feet long. Half of the shark species are under 39 inches long.
With only cartilage making up their skeleton, sharks come in various sizes, ranging from 7 inches long to 50 feet long.
2.改变句式（运用非谓语动词短语及with结构）
The person at a restaurant who talks on the phone through an entire meal, ignoring his kids around the table; the woman who talks on the phone in the car, ignoring her husband; the teen who texts messages all the way home from school, avoiding contact with kids all around him.
2.改变句式（更换主语）
请用一句话来概括下面这段文字 （你能写出几种表达法 ）
1. Cell phones rob us of our quality time with family members and friends alike.
2. Due to cell phone addiction, kids, couples and friends lack quality time and company from parents, spouses and fellows.
3. With cell phone dependence disease, people tend to give their attention to cell phones rather than their beloved ones.
4. It is easier for people addicted to cell phones to neglect/overlook their family members and friends.
2.改变句式（更换主语）
Christmas is the day to celebrate the birth of Jesus. It is a western public holiday and is celebrated with religious services. It is, however, becoming a phenomenally popular holiday both to the young and businessmen in China.
Christmas, a western religious holiday, is now prevalent among Chinese young people and businessmen.
2.改变句式(同位语结构)
Christmas的同位语
3.压缩长句
a. 删除细节及重复
b. 减少例子
c. 简化描述
d. 整合信息
f. 用单词替换短语词组， 名词性短语代替从句、非谓语动词结构、with结构、同谓语结构等
There are some people, called shopaholics, who can't control their desire to spend money and buy things. This kind of addictive behavior can lead to large financial problems, family conflict, and deep unhappiness.
1. Shopaholics can bring themselves severe troubles.
2. Shopaholics can find themselves in a troubled situation.
3.压缩长句：从具体到笼统
I enjoy being with friends for they can offer me excitement, fresh ideas, comfort and free from doredom.
3.压缩长句: 名词或动词（并列结构）代替句子
I prefer to spend most of my time with my friends, because friends offer excitement and new ideas, they can comfort me when something bad happens, and spending too much time by myself can be boring.
People with depression are often very afraid of talking to someone except their doctors. They can easily be ashamed of their condition and consequently they try to hide it. You shouldn't be surprised if a depressed friend won't open up to you. However, when he or she does, you should let the words flow. Don't be judgmental and never interrupt! Listening is not an easy skill, as it's likely that you can't help voicing your opinion.
Depressed people tend to keep silent. However, once they speak to you, be a good listener.
3.压缩长句：整合信息
一篇好的概要所具备的语言表达特点 :
使用抽象名词
使用非谓语动词结构
使用with结构
使用名词、动词短语的并列结构
使用同位语结构
使用从句或其它特殊句型
使用高级的词汇
使用恰当的连接副词
1. 使用抽象名词
English conversations often start with the weather, a cultural norm that few commentators truly understand. (要点1)One typical misconception is that the English enthusiasm for the weather is ridiculous as it is too boring. (要点2) Another is that the charm of English weather lies in its changeability. (要点3) Actually, the English weather-speak is not about the weather, but a way to make a conversation, a method of socializing.
The idea of “melting pot”, initiated from a Frenchman, describes America as a creation of mixed races from worldwide. It got wide acceptance among Americans while rejected by some immigrants fearing losing their own cultures. Actually, recent immigrants sticking to their own cultures, are changing America, and Americans are concerned about the separation of the nation. America is now compared to a salad bowl, meaning different groups, as part of this country, still keep their own cultures and languages.
2. V-ing / V-ed 表伴随、结果、原因等
China's ecommerce market is growing to be the largest worldwide, with an expanding online-shopping population and increasing online spending. The growth is due to multiple factors: higher family incomes, easier Internet access and better shipping services. Basically, Chinese favor online shopping for its wider choices, more reasonable prices and convenience. Nevertheless, ecommerce in China is still developing at its early stage.
3. 使用With 结构
4. (名词/动词短语)并列结构
Chocolate comes from the seeds of the cacao tree, a native plant of the Amazon region of South America. Ancient Americans had a long tradition of drinking chocolate, attaching a cultural and medicinal significance to it. After being discovered by Columbus, chocolate began to be spread across Europe and the rest of the world. With the demand for chocolate growing fast, cultivation started in Africa, which has now become the largest chocolate producer worldwide.
5. 使用同位语结构
6. 使用定语从句
Releasing helium balloons damages the environment. They eventually fall down on the earth and pose a threat to animals. Besides, although they're technically biodegradable, it takes time, which means they will stay as garbage on the planet for a long time. Currently helium balloon releasing is restricted or banned in some areas, but to really tackle this problem requires further and greater efforts on a global scale.
7. 使用高层次词汇或词组
A new research shows that student strain often coexists with teacher exhaustion. Students, who find their requirements unsatisfied as a result of teachers' low-level management over class, may feel overwhelmingly stressed. Conversely, teachers, who encounter great teaching challenge from students, tend to be burned out. Therefore, more sufficient resources and support for teachers should be guaranteed, or students are likely to be ruined.
8. 使用合适的连接副词
用于概要写作衔接的连接词：
but, and, also, then, besides, thus, therefore, yet, however, additionally, accordingly, moreover, meanwhile, for, nevertheless, despite, though, otherwise, unlike, instead, actually, whereas , similarly, oppositely, …
8. 使用合适的连接副词
影响
导致
由于
Influence/affect/ impact
have an influence on
have an effect on
have an impact on
lead to
contribute to
bring about
result in /account for
owing to
due to
as a result of
result from / be down to
as a consequence of
事件关系
allow
drive
encourage
make possible
and thus,
and consequently
概要写作中常见的逻辑关系 “cause & effect” 表达方式:
对比
unlike
like / likewise
in contrast to
on the contrary
contrary to
compared with
in comparison with
while
as--as
by comparison
概要写作中常见的逻辑关系 “对比”的表达方式:
2018浙江11月高考
It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There's no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won't be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don't like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn't know unless you actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at College Week Live. It‘s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors(顾问)，and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you'd like to attend.
Reading for
01
Reading for
02
Polishing for perfection
03
Writing for summary
04
CONTENT
Summary Writing
topic & structure
key information
1
College application
PART ONE
Reading for topic & structure
Identify the writing style, topic and the structure:
Writing style:
Topic:
Structure:
Detailed suggestions
Exposition
how to make a right decision about choosing your future college
Para1: The topic and the Suggestion (Visit the college in person)
Para2: Suggestion 1
Para3: Suggestion 2
Para4: Suggestion3
2
College application
PART TWO
Reading for key information
Paragraph 1
It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply
It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
Topic Theme
suggestion
because their
websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment
and, of course, the students.
Detailed Reasons
Tip2: Delete the detailed reasons, examples.
Tip1: The topic sentence is usually in the beginning or at the end.
Tip3: The information after “But” is more important.
Paragraph 2&3
There's no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won't be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don't like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn't know unless you actually visit.
Tip2: Delete the detailed reasons, examples.
Tip1: The topic sentence is usually in the beginning or at the end.
Tip3: The information after “But” is the key information.
Detailed Example
Detailed Reasons
Paragraph 4
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at College Week Live. It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors(顾问)，and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you'd like to attend.
Tip2: Delete the detailed reasons, examples.
Tip1: The topic sentence is usually in the beginning or at the end.
Tip3: The information after “But” is the key information.
Detailed Reasons
Para.1
Para.2
Para.3
Para.4
A topic is introduced:
It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply …you are making a decision about…
Something about college application
One suggestion:
There's no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.
Another suggestion:
find some time … to visit the schools you'd like to attend.
One more suggestion:
…check out the online college fairs at College Week Live…make an informed decision
3
PART THREE
College application
Writing for summary
College application
本文是一篇说明文，主要讨论了学生选择大学前要了解大学的问题。
此类文章在写概要时，首先要抓住文章主旨和关键词；其次，要对每一段的主要信息进行总结和概括；
最后在各个信息要点中，加入适当的连接词，使上下文连贯，过渡自然。
Paraphrase
（1）同义替换法: 同义词synonym替换
正话反说
（2）信息重组法：把几个简单句重组成一个并列句或复合句
（3）句式变化法：with结构
非谓语（non-finite）动词等替换从句
非限制定语从句
主被动转换
强调句/倒装句
It形式主语或宾语
（4）把上面几种方法综合起来使用 !
Paraphrase
It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply.
Keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
同义替换
句式变化
信息重组
衔接词
_______________ to make sure you are making the right decision about your future college, it’s a really good idea to visit…
In order to
It’s not a bad idea/better/essential/worthwhile/advisable for you to visit colleges before________ to make sure…the _________decision.
applying
Applying to colleges is an important decision, _____ you should visit the colleges before you apply.
so
in advance
Visiting colleges you want to attend in advance is a good idea, _____ is important in decision making.
appropriate
which
Applying to colleges is an important decision in your life, so you should visit the colleges you want to attend in advance.
Para1.
Paraphrase
同义替换
句式变化
信息重组
Para2.
There's no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.
But if you live nearby, go check it out!
There’s no ________not to visit the schools________.
reason
nearby
There’s ____________reason to visit the schools ____________________.
within your reach
local colleges
It’s ___________for you to visit the local colleges.
It’s ___________for you to visit the local campuses.
necessary
a must
You’ll _______________________to visit the …
When the schools are near _______________, don’t ___________ visit them.
find it a must/necessary
hesitate to
where you live
When the schools are near where you live, don’t hesitate to visit them.
good/sound
Paraphrase
同义替换
句式变化
信息重组
Para3.
If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend.
If ______inconvenient for you to visit the campuses , you’d better spare time to visit the school before being accepted/ admitted.
If _____can’t _________before application, you should do it before the acceptance letters arrive.
_______ visit before applying, you should seize the chance to make it before being accepted.
If campus visits __________________before________, at the very least you should _______ some time _________getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend.
can’t be achieved
spare
before
make it
application
fail to visit it
Failing to
If you can’t make it before application, you should do it before the acceptance letters arrive.
you
it is
Paraphrase
同义替换
句式变化
信息重组
Para4.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at College Week Live. It can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision.
If time and money are making it impossible, _____________the online college fairs at College Week Live can still be a useful tool _______________make an informed decision.
If you have_____________________, visiting the online college fairs can also _______________in making the right decision.
__________________________, you should never forget to check out online for it is beneficial to your final decision.
no time or money for it
be of great help
checking out
to help you
Time and money not permitting
If you have no time or money for it, visiting the online college fairs can also be of great help in making the right decision.
4
PART THREE
Polishing for perfection
College application
Polish
Applying to colleges is an important decision in your life, so you should visit the colleges you want to attend in advance.
When the schools are near where you live, don’t hesitate to visit them.
If you can’t make it before application, you should do it before the acceptance letters arrive.
If you have no time or money for it, visiting the online college fairs can also be of great help in making the right decision.
especially
Tips: Polish with connectives, adverbials to make it coherent.
Make further improvement.
.
Finally
Applying to colleges is an important decision in your life, so you should visit the colleges you want to attend in advance, especially when they are near where you live. (要点1, 2) If you can't make it before application, you should do it before the acceptance letters arrive.(要点3) Finally, if you do have no time or no money for it, visiting the online college fairs can also help you make the right decision. (要点4) (70words)
Tip2: Delete the detailed reasons, examples.
Tip1: The topic sentence is usually in the beginning or at the end.
Tip3: Pay attention to the information word“but”“while”
Tips for exploring the key information:
Tips for paraphrasing:
（1）同义替换法 （2）信息重组法
（3）句式变化法：非谓语（non-finite）动词等替换从句
非限制定语从句
主被动转换
It形式主语或宾语
独立主格结构
强调句等特殊句型 ……
In many societies, there is often greater acceptance of light skin than dark skin. Light skin may be seen as a mark of beauty, intelligence and success. These beliefs can lead to social pressure even within the same racial or ethnic group, if some members are darker skinned than others.
The result is that skin lightening has become a common activity across Africa, Asia and other areas of the world. More and more people with dark skin are using skin -lightening products, even if they may face health risks.
They believe that having whiter skin will improve their lives. Many people think they will have a better chance of getting a job or marrying into a better family. Or they want to look like what their society generally considers beautiful.
Some beauty care products and soaps contain chemicals that make skin lighter. This process is also called bleaching (漂白). But some of the chemicals are extremely dangerous. One of the chemicals has been linked to kidney (肾) damage and some kinds of cancer. It also causes low birth weight in babies when mothers use it during pregnancy.
At first, bleaching products make the skin color lighter. But after long-term use they can cause problems. They can even make some skin darker. The chemicals in the products block and break down the natural process that gives color to skin. The skin loses its natural barrier to protect against sunlight. Then the skin can become thick and discolored. Usually the person will use more of the product in an effort to correct the problem, but this only makes it worse.
Doctor Ly, who works in a hospital, says the chemicals are now more dangerous because they are stronger. Some cases have resulted in blackened fingernails, infections and permanent skin damage. And these are not the only risks. Experts say some people who change their skin color suffer emotional damage. They feel regret and sadness. They feel that instead of risking their health, they should have learned to love and accept their skin color as it was.
Step 2 转换成自己的语言
1. There is often greater acceptance of light skin than dark skin in many societies.
It’s a common phenomenon that people from many areas have a preference for light skin.
2. More and more people with dark skin are using skin-lightening products.
There is a trend that more people turn to skin bleaching.
3. They believe that having whiter skin will improve their lives.
They hold the belief that lighter skin contribute to many advantages/privileges.
4. Some beauty care products contain chemicals that are extremely dangerous. Some has been linked to kidney damage and cancer.
Some chemicals in the bleaching products may do harm to health physically/physical health.
5.Long-term use may cause problems.
They may damage people’s skin in the long run.
6. Some people who change their skin color suffer emotional damage, feeling regret and sadness
Change of skin color damages the emotion of some people, who feel regretful and sad about the change.
Step 3 根据要点之间的逻辑关系组成篇章
1. It’s a common phenomenon that people from many areas have a preference for light skin.
2.There is a trend that more people turn to skin bleaching.
3. They hold the belief that lighter skin contribute to many advantages.
4.Some chemicals in the bleaching products may do harm to physical health.
5. They may damage people’s skin in the long run.
6.Change of skin color damages the emotion of some people, who feel regretful and sad about the change.
1
3
2
4
5
6
because
Therefore
However
Firstly
Then/also
Furthermore
It’s a common phenomenon that people from many areas have a preference for light skin which is believed to be connected with advantages/which enables them to enjoy more privileges. (要点1）. Therefore, they turn to skin bleaching（要点2）. However, chemicals in the bleaching products may do harm to physical health(要点3）. They may also damage people’s skin in the long run（要点4）. Furthermore, change of skin color damages the emotion of some people, who feel regretful and sad about the change(要点5).
There is often greater acceptance of light skin than dark skin in many societies. As a result, more and more people with dark skin are using skin-lightening products, believing that having whiter skin will improve their lives. However, some beauty care products contain chemicals that are extremely dangerous. Some has been linked to kidney damage and cancer. Some even make skin darker. To make matters worse, some people who change their skin color suffer emotional damage, feeling regret and sadness.
范例分析
细节
连接词过长
词汇变化
句式变化
主语变化
主被动切换
长句变单词或短语
分词
with结构
形式主语/宾语
定语从句
倒装句
...
同义表达
反义表达
词性变化
Paraphrase 的常见方法
实验研究类：目的+方法+结论
问题解决类：问题+原因+措施
To cope with the problem,
争议对比类：话题+对比+总结
From one's perspective, ----