人教新目标(Go for it)版八年级上册 Units 3—5知识点梳理2(共61张PPT)

(共61张PPT)
Units 3-5
人教版八年级上册
1. I’m shy so it’s not easy for me to make friends.
make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
make后要跟省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。
有类似用法的使役动词还有let和have等。
e.g. Let him do it.
help sb. do sth. 帮助某人做某事
want to do sth. 想要做某事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事
send sb. to do sth. 派某人去做某事
begin to do sth. 开始做某事
love / enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事
learn to do sth. 学会做某事
ask sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
be happy about sth.为某事感到高兴
2. That’s why I like reading books and I study harder in class.
That’s why… 这就是……的原因
后面跟的是结果。why引导的是表语从句。
【拓展】
That’s because ... 那是因为……
后面跟的是原因。
3. How do you like it so far
How do/does＋主语＋like...？
What do/does ＋ 主语＋think of...？
后接名词、代词或动名词。用来询问某人对某人、某事的印象、评价及看法等。类似表达还有：How do you feel about...？What do you think of …？
某人觉得……怎么样？
回答时，多阐明自己的看法或表明自己喜欢的程度。常会用到下面的句型：主语 ＋ love(s)/ like(s)/ don't (doesn't) like/can't stand＋宾语，或者Sounds great./Pretty good. /It's fantastic.等表示观点建议的表达。
形容词和副词的等级
大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：
原级，即原形；
比较级，表示“较……”或“更……”；
最高级，表示“最……”。
1. 原级比较，即同级比较
(1)由表示程度的副词very, so, too, enough, quite等
修饰时，用形容词或副词原级。如：
The classroom is quite clear.
这间教室很干净。
(2) 表示两者在某一方面相同或不同时用形容词或副词的
原级。具体结构如下：
用法 例句
A＋ 系动词/动词 ＋as ＋原级＋as ＋ B，意为 “ A与B一样……”，表示相同或相等 (即A＝ B)。 China is almost as big as the US, but it is the biggest country in Asia.
A＋系动词/动词＋not＋so/as＋原级＋as＋B，意为“A不及B那样……”，表示不如或不相等(即A≠B)。 I can't run so/as fast as my brother.
2. 比较级的用法
表示两者进行比较用比较级，常见结构有：
用法 例句
a/an＋形容词比较级＋名词单数/代词 one，表示“一个更……的……”。 The little boy's shoes are a little small for him, so his mother buys him a bigger one.
用法 例句
A...＋比较级(含more＋多音节形容词原级)＋than ＋B，表示“A比B……”(即A＞B） Sam has longer hair than Tom.
A...＋less＋多音节形容词原级＋than＋B，表示“A不及B……”(即A用法 例句
比较级＋than＋any other＋名词单数＋in/of...和比较级＋than＋the other＋名词复数，表示最高级含义 Li Lei is taller than any other student in our class.＝No one is taller than Li Lei in our class.
用法 例句
比较级＋and＋比较级，表示 “越来越……”。 注意：若比较级是在原级前加more构成的，则用 “more and more＋ 形容词原级”表示 “越来越……”。 Talent shows are getting more and more popular.
the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...，表示“越……，就越……”。 The more we know each other, the better we understand each other.
用法 例句
由表示程度的副词a little, a bit, a few, a lot, a great deal, much, even, still, far, rather, any等修饰时，用形容词或副词的比较等级。 It's even colder today.
表示两者之间进行选择时，用句型：Which/Who＋be/动词＋比较级， A or B？ Who is cleverer in your class, Mike or Jack？
用法 例句
表示“两者之间较……的一个”时，常用“the＋比较级”结构。 Jane is the thinner of the two sisters.
表示“几倍于……”时，用“倍数＋比较级＋than”表示。 Tony runs three times faster than me.
3. 最高级的用法
三者或三者以上进行比较时， 用最高级。最高级的用法及常见结构如下：
用法 例句
句末跟一个in/of 短语来表示范围(三者及以上)时常用形容词最高级。 My English teacher is the most careful in all the teachers.
用法 例句
形容词最高级前面可以用物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰，但此时不能再加定冠词the。 She is my best friend.
“A＋ be＋ one of＋ the＋ 形容词最高级＋名词复数” 表示“A是……中最……之一”。 Lao She is one of the greatest Chinese writers of the twentieth century.
用法 例句
表示在三者或三者以上的人或物中进行选择时，用句型：Which/ Who＋ be/ 动词＋ the＋ 形容词/ 副词最高级， A, B or C？ Which season do you like best, spring, summer or autumn
“A＋ be＋ the ＋ 序数词＋ 形容词最高级 ＋ 名词单数 ＋范围” 表示 “第几最……”。 She is the second tallest girl in our class.
用法 例句
“形容词比较级＋ than＋ any other ＋可数名词单数” 表示 “比任何……”。 Qomolangma is higher than any other mountain.
(1)形容词和副词比较等级的规则变化
类别 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节词和 少数双音节词 直接在词尾加 er， est young tall younger taller youngest
tallest
以不发音的字母e结尾的加 r， st nice large nicer larger nicest
largest
以重读闭音节结尾，如末尾只有一个辅音字母，则双写这个辅音字母，再加er, est big fat hot bigger fatter hotter biggest
fattest
hottest
类别 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节词和 少数双音节词 以辅音字母加y结，变y为i，再加 er, est happy easy healthy happier easier healthier happiest
easiest
healthiest
多音节词和 部分双音节词 在原级前加 more, most important careful more important more careful the most
important
the most
careful
(2)形容词和副词比较等级的不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good/well better best
bad/badly worse worst
many/much more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
old older/elder oldest/eldest
1. Dreams are powerful and they can drive you to work harder
and become ________ than before. (2020·云南)
A. good B. well C. better D. best
2. —Who is the _________ runner, Mike or Sam
—Mike is. He is good at running. (2020·吉林)
A. faster B. slower C. weaker
C
A
3. —Tomorrow I’ll take the final examination, and I feel
nervous.
— Don't worry. It's__________ to have butterflies in your
stomach before an exam. (2020内蒙古呼和浩特）
A. rude B. exciting C. perfect D. natural
4. My People, My Country is ________ movie I’ve ever seen. (2020山东青岛)
A. more educational B. the most educational
C. educational D. less educational
D
B
5. Balanced diets are just as_________ as regular exercise in
our daily life. (2020上海)
A. important B. more important
C. most important D. the most important
6. ________ you study, the better grades you will get.
(2020广西百色)
A. Hard B. Harder
C. The harder D. The hardest
A
C
7. The girl used to be shy, but she is _______getting active in
team work and willing to make friends. (2020内蒙古呼和浩特）
A. usually B. gradually C. mainly D. seldom
8. Li Lei didn't play computer games last weekend._______, lie
worked as a volunteer in an old people's home. (2020山东青岛)
A. Instead B. Certainly C. Though D. Gradually
B
A
9. Amy has read many history books, so she learns history
________ of all the subjects. (2020·辽宁丹东)
A. well B. bad C. best D. worst
10. — Is Su Ning fit for the task
— Hang on. I'll tell you ________ what I think of it.
(2020·江苏扬州)
A. properly B. correctly C. exactly D. highly
C
C
动词不定式
动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成的，它是非谓语动词的一种。
动词不定式在句子中不能单独作谓语，也没有人称和数的变化，其否定结构是“not to+动词原形”。
一、不定式作宾语
1. 巧记用不定式作宾语的动词
想要，忘记，拒绝(want, forget, refuse)；
需要，努力，学习(need, try, learn)；
喜欢，同意，帮助(like, agree, help)；
希望，决定，开始(hope/wish, decide, begin/start)。
2. what, which, who, where, when, how等特殊疑问词的不定式连用，在句中起名词的作用，可以作宾语。
e.g. He doesn’t know what to do next.
二、不定式作宾语补足语
1.常接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词如下：
advise建议　　 allow允许 ask请求 encourage鼓舞
expect期望 force强迫　 help帮助 invite邀请
tell告诉　 want想要 warn警告 wish希望
2. 使役动词let, make, have和感动动词see, hear, watch, notice, feel等词后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
e.g. We often hear him sing on the playground.
三、不定式作状语
不定式作状语主要表示原因、目的和结果等。
四、不定式的固定句式
1. It is ＋adj.＋of/for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事怎么样
2. used to do 过去常常……
3. too＋adj./adv.＋to do sth. 太……以至于不能做某事
4. It's one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事了
5. It takes/took sb. some time to do sth. 某人花多长时间做某事
6. adj./adv.＋enough to do sth. 足够……做某事
五、常见省略to的动词不定式的情况
1. 使役动词(let, have, make)后用作宾语补足语的不定
式必须省略不定式符号to。
2. 感官动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。
3. 一些固定用法或句型：
had better(not) do sth. would rather do sth.
prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.
Why not do sth.？＝Why don't you do sth.
Could/Would/Will you please(not) do sth.
【注意】
对于to要特别注意，它既可作动词不定式符号，也可作介词。如果是介词，后面需跟名词、代词或动名词。初中阶段常见to作介词的短语有：
hold on to坚持；抓住　　　　stick to 坚持
take to开始从事 　　 look up to敬仰；尊敬
be/get/become used to习惯　　lead to导致；通向
look forward to盼望；期待 　 pay attention to注意
1. They want _________ a football match. (2020广西桂林)
A. not watch B. watch C. to watch
2. Teachers expect all their students________ progress day by
day. (2020山东青岛)
A. to make B. make C. to take D. take
C
A
3. ________the project as planned, they need to work two more
hours a day. (2020内蒙古呼和浩特）
A. To finish B. Finishing
C. Finish D. To be finished
4. A CCTV news reporter will come to interview Wang Lin
tomorrow. Please tell her _______ .
A. not to be late B. not to come C. to watch TV
A
A
5. Our government tries to do everything they can _______
people live a better life. (2020四川达州)
A. to help B. help C. helping D. helped
6. — Look! Kangkang, that old man is crossing the crosswalk.
— Jane, let’s _______ him.
A. helps B. to help C. helping D. help
A
B
比较(Comparison)
同级比较(Equal comparison)
Alice sings as well as Helen.
He’s grown so much. He’s as tall as his father now.
This program is not as / so interesting as I thought.
差别比较(Comparative and superlative)
A: How’s the weather today
B: It’s much colder than it was yesterday.
A: Maria runs more quickly than any other student in
her class.
B: That’s true. She’s good at running.
A: Why did George get that job instead of me
B: You are less careful than him. The job needs great care.
Huangshan is one of the most famous mountains in China.
Of all the girls, Susan danced best. She won first prize.
My sister is the least careful person in my family.
相似和差别(Similarity and difference)
A: Have you bought a new car
B: Yes. It is similar to Tom’s in shape and color.
Wendy is / looks like her mother.
The picture is the same as that one on the wall.
My sports shoes are different from yours.
There are five differences between the two books.
家庭、朋友与周围的人
【写作任务】(改编自2019内蒙古呼和浩特书面表达)
临近毕业，学校在学习小组内开展了初中阶段自评和组评活动，假设你是Rainbow小组的组长Zhang Hong，请你为你的组员Li Ming进行综合素质的评价，写一份素质报告。
内容包括：
1. 他的爱好；
2. 他的优点(两条)；
3. 他的缺点或存在的问题；
4. 你对他的建议(两条)。
要求：
1. 表达清楚、语法正确、上下文连贯；
2. 要点必须包括所有相关信息，并作适当发挥，但不得出现真
实班级、姓名等；
3. 词数：不少于80词(所给内容不计入总词数)。
【思路点拨】
1. 定基调 体裁：说明文 时态：以一般现在时为主
人称：以第三人称为主
2. 谋布局、写句子
without asking for anything in return
He can also get on well with teachers and classmates
Sometimes he doesn’t work hard enough on his lessons
I advise him to spend more time on the subjects from now on
make great progress
3. 巧衔接
① 在对人物进行评价时，可以采用总分结构展开。先总述，
再用一些具体事例加以说明，这样可使文章脉络清晰，层
次分明。另外，在评价人物时，可以使用generally
speaking, what’s more等词语来引出和连接相关内容。
② 当评价人物缺点时，可使用but来连接，引出该项内容，
与上文形成对比。
4. 成篇章
Li Ming is a member of my team called Rainbow. _________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Zhang Hong
【参考范文】
Li Ming is a member of my team called Rainbow. Generally speaking, he is a warm-hearted and outgoing boy. He is always ready to help others without asking for anything in return. He can also get on well with teachers and classmates. In his spare time, he likes reading books on history, so he knows a lot of knowledge about history.
But as a famous saying goes, “Every coin has two sides.” Sometimes he doesn’t work hard enough on his lessons. I advise him to spend more time on the subjects from now on. What’s more, he’d better answer questions in class actively.
I’m sure if he can try harder to improve himself, he’ll make great progress soon.
Zhang Hong
dress up, make up
Ⅰ.根据句意，从方框中选择恰当的短语填空，有的需要变换形式。
1. At his birthday party, he ___________ as a prince and
everyone had fun.
2. The teacher asked the students ___________ short dialogues
by themselves.
to make up
dressed up
be similar to, be up to, be ready to, be close to
3. Everything is packed (打包), and we ___________ leave.
4. We live in this community, so it ___________ us to take care of
the environment here.
5. Their classroom ___________ ours, but ours is a little bigger.
6. I don’t mind where we go on vacation as long as it
___________ a beach.
is close to
are ready to
is up to
is similar to
Ⅱ.根据汉语意思，完成英语句子，每空一词(含缩略形式)。
1. 这两场比赛有很多共同点。
The two games _______ _______ _______ _______ _______.
2. 这只是个玩笑。别认真对待它！
It’s only a joke. Don’t _______ _______ _______!
3. 我期待在教室里找到他，但他不在那儿。
I _______ _______ _______ him in the classroom, but he
wasn’t there.
have a lot in common
take it seriously
expected to find
4. 我真的不在乎你的想法是否和我的一样。
I _______ _______ _______ _______ your ideas are the
same as mine.
5. Mr. Black要走了，一位新校长将代替他。
Mr. Black is leaving and a new headmaster is going to
_______ _______ _______.
don’t really care if
take his place
Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1. Tina is as _______ as her sister, Tara.
A. outgoing B. more outgoing C. the most outgoing
2. Nobody worked the math problem out. It was _______ one of
all.
A. easier B. the easiest
C. more difficult D. the most difficult
A
D
3. Taking a subway in Chengdu is much _______ than taking a
taxi.
A. cheap B. cheaper C. cheapest
4. “Actions speak _______ than words, ” as the saying goes.
A. loud B. louder C. loudest
B
B
5. —Maling’s Chinese isn’t so _______ as Wangming’s.
—I know them very much. But now Maling studies
_______
than Wangming does.
A. good; harder B. good; hard
C. better; harder D. better; better
A
6. —Who runs _______ in your class
—Tom does. None of us can catch him in the race.
A. faster B. slower C. fastest D. slowest
7. Fishing is one of _______ activities among the middle-aged
people.
A. popular B. more popular
C. most popular D. the most popular
C
D
IV. 根据句意及括号内所给单词的提示填空。
1. This restaurant has the _______(good) service of three.
2. The _____________(careful) you work, the fewer mistakes
you’ll make.
3. The passenger felt much __________(hungry) than the
others after the long journey.
4. The more an eraser is used, the _______(small) it gets.
best
more carefully
hungrier
smaller
5. The small town is becoming more and more __________
(beautiful).
6. The Yangtze River, the mother river of China, is the third
_______(long) river in the world.
beautiful
longest
V. 阅读短文，从方框中选择恰当的词并用其适当形式填空，
使短文完整、通顺。每词限用一次。
mistake, like, one, though, good, educate, begin, win, language, graduate
Daniel Tammet FRSA was born in England on January 31, 1979. (1)_______ he got an illness that influenced his heart and brain when he was very young, Tammet received a normal (2)________ at local schools.
Though
education
He loved reading very much and he (3)_______ his town’s “Eager Reader” prize at the age of eleven. At middle school he was twice named “Student of the Year”. In 1997 he (4)___________ from university.
won
mistake, like, one, though, good, educate, begin, win, language, graduate
graduated
On March 14, 2004, Tammet came to public attention when he memorized pi (π) to 22,514 decimal (小数) places in 5 hours, 9 minutes, without a(n) (5)_______. It set a European record. Tammet is very (6)_______ with numbers. He can multiply (乘) huge numbers in his head in just seconds (秒). For Tammet, each number has a color and shape. He says the number 1 is (7)_______ a shining light and 3 is green.
mistake, like, one, though, good, educate, begin, win, language, graduate
mistake
good
like
In fact, Tammet is a writer and he (8)_______ writing in 2005. The next year his (9)_______ book, Born on a Blue Day, came out in the UK. Now it has been translated into more than 20 (10)____________. His second book, Embracing the Wide Sky, was one of France’s best-selling books of 2009. All of his books are popular and he is very successful.
mistake, like, one, though, good, educate, begin, win, language, graduate
began
first
languages