(共36张PPT)
Put it into our essay!
Attributive clause
几个基本概念
1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
3.引导词：引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)。
关系词
Put it into our essay!
What
How？
Why？
Situation 1
long-winded
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·书面表达)
a. I'm writing to apply to be a volunteer for the Chinese Painting Exhibition .
b. The Chinese Painting Exhibition will be held in your art gallery.
I'm writing to apply to be a volunteer for the Chinese Painting Exhibition which will be held in your art gallery.
a. During holiday seasons, I will live in the countryside.
b. In the countryside air is fresh and people are friendly.
→During holiday seasons, I will live in the countryside, where air is fresh and people are friendly.
a. They sent the elderly some fruits, cleaned the rooms and had a good chat with them.
b. The elderly always feel lonely.
They sent the elderly who always feel lonely some fruits, cleaned the rooms and had a good chat with them.
a. Seeing these changes, we cannot forget them.
b. They gave us unselfish help when we were in trouble.
Seeing these changes, we cannot forget those who gave us unselfish help when we were in trouble.
a. The library is not far from here.
b. The writer often does some reading there.
The library where the writer often does some reading is not far from here.
Situation 2: Non-restrictive attributive clause
That's not enough!
区别
I'm the only person who was invited in my office.
Jenny, with whom I played table tennis yesterday, lives in my next room.
项目 非限制性定语从句
形式 逗号与主句隔开
功能 对先行词进行附加说明，去掉不影响句子的完整性
先行词 名词，代词，还可以是句子
引导词 that不引导非限
翻译形式 “先行词的意思（主句）+定语从句的意思”
引导词的省略用法 不可省略
影响（活动效果）
影响，意义（观点）
影响，作用（范围）
主题，内容关于...
内容，时间先后
The contest will be held in the Room 501 from 2：00 to 5：00 on the afternoon of June 15.
He said that he will love her forever.
I have read many books.
Lion dance is a form of traditional dance in China.
, the theme of which is “Man and Nature”
, which (I think)was not true.
, which can be often seen in important festivals and great events.
, most of which are novels.
主题
观点
范围
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ·书面表达)The film is mainly related to the development of our school,
这部影片主要与我们学校的发展有关联，它不仅很大程度(greatly)上帮助我们学生更好地了解学校的历史，也呼吁我们为学校的发展做出贡献。
which will greatly help us students know the school's history better and appeal to us to make contributions to our school's development.
Situation 3
As we all know
如上所提:
as is mentioned above
常是如此：
as is often the case
正如期盼的那样：
as is expected
正如我们刚才讨论的那样，学习英语很容易。
As we were discussing just now, it’s easy for us to study English.
正如我妈昨天告诉我的那样，我的女朋友根本不爱我。
As my mother told me yesteray , my girlfriend didn’t love me at all.
正如你知道的那样钱是非常重要的。
As you know, money is very important.
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·书面表达)
As you know, China has a growing influence on today's world.
众所周知，中国对当今世界的影响越来越大。
Summary
Situation 1：
a. AB
b. BC
Situation 2：
AB,C
补充说明（内容主题，影响，作用，对比......）
Situation 3:as we all know
“正如”
ABC
改写句子
I see many running creatures. They are made of metal and glass. Their feet are round. They have four eyes. Two of the four eyes are red. Inside I see soft shapes. They can move.”
I see many running creatures which / that are made of metal and glass. Their feet are round and they have four eyes, two of which are red. Inside I see soft shapes that can move.
Our class is a big family ; It consists of 12 girls and 50 boys. Most of them are mainly from the countryside. Zhao Qiang is a kind-hearted boy. He is always ready to help others. He is such a good boy that we all like him.
Our class is a big family which consists of 12 girls and 50 boys, most of whom are mainly from the countryside. Zhao Qiang is a kind-hearted boy, who is always ready to help others. He is a good boy whom we all like.
I still remember the wonderful time that/which I spent in your home.
我依然记得在你家度过的欢乐时光。
My classmates and I took part in a picking activity last weekend,which impressed me deeply.
我和同学们上个周末参加了一次采摘活动，这次活动给我留下了深刻的印象。
Faced with the outbreak of the epidemic,she went to Wuhan without a second thought,where she helped to save hundreds of lives.
面对疫情的爆发，她不假思索地去了武汉，在那里她帮助挽救了数百人的生命。
(2020·全国卷I满分作文)Every time I see the pictures,in which he is fighting to save people's lives,I cannot help being moved by him.
每当我看到他为救人而战斗的照片时，我都忍不住被他感动。
Collecting materials took us a whole week,during which we interviewed teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life
搜集材料花了我们整整一周的时间，在此期间我们采访了我们的老师并拍摄了学校生活的各个方面。
As is often the case, people tend to talk loud in public places, annoying others around.
人们倾向于在公共场合高声谈话，干扰周围人，这是常有的事。
(2020·全国必1满分作文)我之所以尊敬她是因为她从不发脾气，反而总是鼓励我
_______________________is that she never loses temper but instead always encourages me.
(2019·北京卷满分作文)如你所见，我们学校的学生总是很努力。
________________________, the students in our school are always hard-working.
(2020·新高考金国卷工满分作文)上星期天，我们学校举行了一场5公里越野赛，比赛路线从学校大门出发，一直到南山。
Last Sunday,our school held a 5 km cross-country race,_____________________
Dear Tom,
How are you going these days I'm writing to share with you something about our school's Sports Club,and the detailed information is as follows.
The Sports Club is located in our school's gym,___________________
(在那里每天下午放学后都举办各种各样的活动).At weekends,it is available all day for all students__________________________(对体育赛事感兴趣的学生).
Badminton,basketball and table tennis are especially popular among students.What excites me most is that there are some kinds of competitions held every few weeks,___________________________(吸引了许多学生来观看并且丰富了我们的学校生活).In a word,it is an ideal place to relax ourselves after class.
假定你是李华，你校摄影俱乐部（photography club）将举办国际中学摄影展。请给你的英国朋友Peter写封信。请他提供作品。信的内容包括：
1．主题：环境保护；
2．展览时间；
3．投稿邮箱：intlphotoshow@.
注意：
1．词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Peter,
Our school photography club is going to hold an International HighSchool Student Photography Show. The theme of which is environmental protection.
Assignment
Finsih the essay.
Dear Peter,
Our school photography club is going to hold an International HighSchool Student Photography Show. The theme of the show is environmental protection. It will start from June 15th and last for three weeks.Any student who is interested is welcome to participate. I know you take goodpictures and you've always wanted to do something for environmental protection.I remember you showed me some photos on that theme the last time you visited our school. This is surely a good chance for more people to see them. If you want to join, you can send your photos to intlphotoshow@ .
Hope to hear from you soon.
Yours,
Li Hua(共25张PPT)
定语从句
She brought with her three friends, some of ____ I had ever met before.
A them B who C whom D these
A person _____ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails.
A who B whom C whose D whoever
They’ve won their last three matches, _____ I find a bit surprising actually.
A that B when C what D which
I’ve reached a point in my life_____ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
A which B where C how D why
The house I grew up _____ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
A in it B in C in that D in which
6. The boss in _____ department Mr. King worked had heard about the accident.
A which B what C that D whose
C
C
D
B
B
D
定语
定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等来担任，修饰名词。(以分词、介词短语为例）
例： The girl behind the tree is Kate.
The man driving too fast was a drunk.
定语从句
放在主句中的某一名词或代词之后，起修饰限定或补充说明作用的从句叫定语从句。
例： The girl who is behind the tree is Kate.
The man who was driving too fast was a drunk.
He lent me some money, which is very generous of him
先行词和关系词
先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
先行词、关系词/引导词
{对等 }
代替
That is the bike which my father bought for me.
先行词＝关系词 bike
关系词的作用：既引导定语从句，又在定 语从句中充当某种成分。
定语从句的引导词：
关系代词：who, whom, which, that,
as, whose
关系副词：when, where, why
如何区分关系代词和关系副词？
在选择引导词时，最重要的是分析一下定语从句中的成分，若从句中缺主语、宾语或表语，那么必须要用关系代词；若从句中不缺主语、宾语或表语，那么必须要用关系副词。
Do you still remember the days______ we spent in Qingdao
Do you still remember the days______ we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao
that/ which/省略
when
试比较：
关系代词的使用方法
定语从句常用的关系代词有：that 、who(m)、whose、which等。
that指人或物，在从句中作主语或作动词的宾语。（作宾语时可省.）
1) Have you found the bike that you lost
Have you found the bike which you lost
Have you found the bike you lost
2) She is the girl （that/ who/ whom） I went with there.
2. which 指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语不可省略;作宾语可以省略。
( which 与that 指物时可以互相代替，that 更常见。）
1) His father works in a factory that makes TV sets.
His father works in a factory which makes TV sets.
2)The film that we saw last night was very wonderful.
The film which we saw last night was very wonderful.
The film 省略 we saw last night was very wonderful.
3. who 指人(既它的先行词必须是人),在从句中作主语或宾语。但whom 是宾格,只能作宾语。(that也指人.代替who,whom,可作主语或宾语)
1)The girls who weren’t badly hurt in the accident are my classmates.
The girls that weren’t badly hurt in the accident are my classmates.
2) He knew the teacher who we met yesterday.
He knew the teacher whom we met yesterday.
He knew the teacher (that) we met yesterday.
4.whose 是代词的所有格形式, 它既可以代人也可以代物。
I saw a woman . Her bag was stolen .
I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.
Please show me the book . Its cover is red.
Please show me the book whose cover is red.
1)This is the hero( whom) we are proud of.
This is the hero of whom we are proud .
This is the hero(that) we are proud of .
2)She is the girl whom I went with there.
She is the girl with whom I went there.
She is the girl that I went with there.
She is the girl 省略 I went with there.
注意:
固定动介词组不可分割,介词不能提前.例如:look after,look at …
关系代词与介词
介词放在关系代词的前面时,介词宾语只能用which代物,
和whom代人。(介词在末尾时,关系词可以省略)
3 )The room (that) I live in is very big.
The room (which) I live in is very big.
The room in which I live is very big.
The room where I live is very big.
Here are the picture-books that the children are looking for .
Here are the picture-books which the children are looking for.
Here are the picture-books the children are looking for.
As 引导定语从句
1、当先行词前有such\ the same\as连用，用as 代指物在从句中做主语或宾语
This is the same pen as I bought yesterday
2、在非限制性定语从句中：
①表示的意思是 正如、正象
②其引导的定语从句即可以放在主句之前也可以放在主句之后。
The Pacific is the largest ocean, as we all know.
As we expect, we won the game
Whose 引导定语从句
在定语从句中作定语，先行词既可指人，也可指物。 例如：
The classroom, whose doors face the south, is ours.
My best friend Tom, whose father is a policeman, often helps me with my homework.
注意：whose 兼做 who和which 的所有格形式，因此
指人时，whose + n. = the +n. + of whom
或 = of whom + the +n.
指物时，whose +n. = the + n. + of which
或 = of which + the + n.
The classroom, whose face the south, is ours.
= the doors of which/ of which the doors face the south, is ours.
例如：This kind of book is for children, whose
native language is Chinese
= the native language of whom is Chinese
关系副词的用法：
关系副词和关系代词一样，
在从句中代替先行词。
在句中作状语。
连接作用，把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的复合句。
关系副词有三种：
where:在从句中作地点状语,指代地点. ( on/in/at…which)
when: 在从句中作时间状语,指代时间。(on/ in…which)
why: 在从句中作原因状语,指代原因。 the reason why
关系副词的用法：
1.where 的用法：(先行词应是地点名词）
The hotel wasn’t clean. + We stayed
=The hotel where we stayed wasn’t clean.
＝The hotel at which we stayed wasn’t clean.
＝The hotel which/ that we stayed at wasn’t clean
＝The hotel 关系词略we stayed at wasn’t clean .
at the hotel.
We stayed
there.
先行词
关系词
＝
高考中where的考察需注意一：
地点的模糊化（或抽象的地点）
先行词常为 situation, case, point, activity, position, job 等。
It’s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently.
that B. when C. which D. where
D
The accident had reached to a point _____both their parents are to be called in.
A which B. that C. where D. when
C
高考中where的考察需注意二：
Where 引导定语从句可放在介词 from 的后面，表示更加精确的地点。
1、from 后面本身就可以接介词短语表示精确的地点，如：
A dog jumped out from under the table
A voice came from behind me
2、Look over there, some people are standing under
the big tree, from where they can enjoy the whole
view.
from where = from under the tree
2.when的用法： （先行词应是表示时间的名词）
I’ll never forget the day. + I joined the League on that day.
I’ll never forget the day on which I joined the League .
I’ll never forget the day when I joined the League.
从句
1. A friend of mine from _____ I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing.
A how B whom C when D which
2. She went to Japan 2 years ago, since _____ I haven’t heard from her.
A it B which C when D that
C
C
3.why的用法：
常用于 reason 的后面。
The reason ________I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
The reason________ he explained to me is unbelievable.
(which/ that)
why
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：
1.限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。书写时不用逗号分开。例如：
I was the only person in my office who was invited.
2.非限制性定语从句同主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作附加或补充的说明，不起限制的作用，如果省去，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。
Last week I met John, who seemed to be very excited.
区别：
1、前者不用逗号，而后者用逗号隔开；
2、前者可用 that代替 which/ who/whom, 而后者不用that；
3、 前者引导词做宾语时可省略，而后者不能省略引导词。
其他需要注意的几点：
Flowers of war is one of the most wonderful movies that ____ been made by Director Zhang Yimou. ( have/ has)
The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that _____ seen from the moon. ( is/ are)
注意1、先行词为 one of + 复数名词 时，定语从句用复数；先行词为 the only one of + 复数名词 是，定语从句用单数：
注意： not the only one of … = one of …
如：
Tom isn’t the only one of the boys who have passed the exam.
= Tom is one of the boys who have passed the exam.
注意2、 当先行词为 way, 且意为 “ 方式、方法”时，引导定语从句的关系词有三种形式:
The way that/ in which/ 不填 he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand
试比较：
The way that/ which/ 不填 he explained to us was quite simple.
What surprised me was not what he said but the way _______ he said it.
A which B how C that D which
C
This is the second time _____ he has visited our city.
A that B which C when D in which
A
注意3、当先行词为 time 时， 意思为 “ 次数”，用关系代词 that , 做宾语时可省略
I could hardly remember how many times ( that) I’ve failed.
II.单项选择。
1. This is the job ______they laughed at. A.which B.as C.it D.who
2. Beihai Park is a beautiful park______built about 300 years ago.
A.where was B.that were C.which was D.where
3. Who was the grey-haired man ______at yesterday’s meeting
A.we saw him B.we saw C.we saw who D.she was seen
4. The man ______is painting the house is my uncle.
A.he B.whom C.whose D.who
5. What is the animal ______baby is sleeping in its pocket
A.who B.whose C.its D.which
6. This book is for the students ______native language isn’t English.
A.that B.of whom C.whose D.who’s
7. The robbers shouted, “Hands up!I’ll shoot anyone ______moves!”
A.whom B.that C.who D.whose
8.The dictionary_____he paid 50 yuan for is very useful.
A.which B.for which C.on which D.about which
9The boy_____parents died two years ago lives with his grandpa now.
A.whose B.who C.his D/
10.The man________is smoking is a tailor. A.whom B.who C.which D.what _______
A
C
B
D
B
C
C
A
A
B(共14张PPT)
定语从句之关系副词where，when，why的用法
Let’s play a guessing game
the house
This is the house.
This is the house where I lived last year.
the day
I still remember the day.
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
the reason
I don’t know the reason.
I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语用来
表示地点的定语从句。
1) Shanghai is the city _______I was born.
=> Shanghai is the city ___________I was born in.
2) The house _______I lived ten years ago has been
pulled down.
The house__________ I lived in ten years ago
has been pulled down.
在定语从句中，先行词表示时间、地点或原因的名词
从句中缺状语，要用关系副词where，when，why
where
which/that
where
which/that
when引导定语从句表示时间,在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用.
I still remember the day _____I first came to the school.
2) The time ______we got together finally came.
why指原因在定语从句中做原因状语.
1) Please tell me the reason ______you missed the plane.
2) I don’t know the reason ________he looks unhappy today.
when
when
why
why
关系副词和先行词的关系
I still remember the day I came here.
This is the house I lived last year.
There are many reasons people like traveling.
I don’t like the way you speak.
on the day =on which=when
in the house =in which = where
for the reasons =for which =why
in the way =that/ in which/省略
关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词
when
where
why
that
when, where, why
“介词+ which”结构
互换
★不能看到地点就用where
看从句缺什么成分
This is the house ____ he was born.
This is the house ____________ was set up by his parents.
where
that/which
★不能看到时间就用when
看从句缺什么成分
I’ll never forget the day _____ I lived in the mountains.
I’ll never forget the day _________ I spent in the mountains.
when
that/which
★不能看到reason, 就用why.
看从句缺什么成分
This is the reason _____ he was late.
This is the reason _________he told us for his being late.
why
that/which
Practise
1.I’ll never forget the day I first met the great inventor.
A.when B.where C.which D.that
2.The house the famous writer wrote his works is a museum now.
A. which B.where C.what D.that
Practise
3.He told her the reason____ he was unhappy, but she didn’t believe the reason ____he gave her.A. why; why B. why; whichC. that; why D. which; why
Homework
根据今天学习内容自制思维导图；
根据今天所学思考如何选择关系代词、关系副词。
