(共15张PPT)
They are also voters who help influence the decisions of the government.
他们还是能对政府施加影响的选民。
The second largest is the American Stock Exchange, which also has headquarter offices in New York City.
仅次于纽约证券交易所的是美国证券交易所，总办事处也设在纽约市。
分类
限制性定语从句的翻译
非限制性定语从句的翻译
充当定语的分词短语的翻译
限制性定语从句
一般而言，根据从句的性质和所起的作用，限制性定语从句多半译成汉语的定语，用以修饰原文里的先行词。
关系代词who，which，that引导：
Most important, they vote for officials who will set economic policy.
最重要的是，他们投票选举制定经济政策的官员。
Would you please take away the magazine which is lying on my desk
请你把我书桌上的杂志拿走。
关系副词when，where，why引导：
I still remember those happy days when we were at college.
我仍然记得我们大学时代的那些幸福时光。
The hotel where we stayed while in London was both inexpensive and comfortable.
我们在伦敦时住的那家旅馆既便宜又舒适。
非限制性定语从句的翻译
非限制性定语从句，无论是由关系代词还是由关系副词引导的，一般都译成后置的并列分句，用于补充先行词的信息。
The Prime Minister will visit the town in June, when he will open the new hospital.
首相将于六月访问该市，届时他将主持新医院的落成典礼。
The drove to the railway station, where they departed.
他们开车到了火车站，在那儿分了手。
定语从句翻译的灵活性
以上所述是翻译定语从句的一般规律，但有时出于汉语行文的考虑，会将限制性定语从句译成一个分句。
It simply serves as a place where brokers buy and sell for their clients.
它只是提供一个场所，让股票经纪人替客户买卖股票。
有时候为了使修饰语和被修饰的成分的意思连得更紧，使行文更为紧凑，也可以将非限制性定语从句译成汉语的定语。
The new airport, which is merely half an hour’s drive from the city hall, is the biggest international airport in the area.
距市政厅只有半小时车程的新机场是本地区最大的国际航空港。
充当定语的分词短语的翻译
两种分词形式：现在分词（-ing）和过去分词（-ed）。
无论是以现在分词还是过去分词组成的短语，在句子里用作定语，其作用相当于一个定语从句，修饰前面的名词，其译法与限制性定语从句或非限制性定语从句译法一样，译成前置名词修饰语或者独立分句。
Many aspiring to be elected as the party candidate employ top public relations and advertising men, who invent clever catch phrases and set about “selling” their man.
(=who aspire to be elected as the party candidate)
许多想成该党总统候选人的人聘请顶级公共关系和宣传专家，由他们撰写别出心裁的宣传口号，“推销”他们为之效力的候选人。
The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit.
（=which swayed gently in the breeze)
在微风中摇曳的那颗苹果树结满了果实。
灵活性也同样体现在作定语用的分词短语上：
There are a lot of people doing morning exercises in the park.
公园里有许多人在做早操。
The NYSE, housed in a large building on Wall Street, does the bulk of trading in listed securities.
纽约证券交易所设在华尔街的一座大楼里，上市的证券大部分在这里进行交易。(共47张PPT)
定语从句
我喜欢帅哥。
I like handsome guys.
I like guys who are really good looking.
Handsome = who are really good looking
定语 = 形容词
定语 = 从句
概念： 以句子为定语置于被修饰词之后
运用： 句子比较复杂
who are really good looking
定语
两种定语 比较
形容词作定语 形容词 + 被修饰名词
完整的句子作定语 被修饰名词 + 从句
概念： 以句子为定语置于被修饰词之后
I like guys who are good looking.
先行词 & 关系词
被修饰名词 代替 连接
guys guys 两句话
I like guys.Guys are good looking.
句子
被修饰词
成分
作主语
练习：找出关系词
I’m talking about friends who cares deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living.
Beauty means this to one and that to the other. And yet when anyone of us has seen that which to him is beautiful , he has known an emotion which is in every case the same in kind.
whom
who
关系代词 关系副词
关系词
which
that
When
Where
why
whose
人， 物
物
人
I’d really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.
I’ m talking about friends with who you can share almost everything.
A rich person is not one whom has the most , but is one who needs the least.
动宾
whom
介宾
who
主语
Whom，/
关系词 = 成分
成分 = 动词宾语
介词宾语
主语
who
Who
Whom
／
一. who/whom只做2种成分：主语，宾语（动宾，介宾）
二：做主语只用who；
I'd really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.
I'm talking about friends with whom you can share almost everything.
A rich person is not one who has the most , but is one who needs
the least.
介词后只用whom；
I’d really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.
I’ m talking about friends with who you can share almost everything.
A rich person is not one whom has the most , but is one who needs the least.
动宾
whom
介宾
who
主语
Whom，/
关系词 = 成分
成分 = 动词宾语
介词宾语
主语
who
Who
Whom
／
一：关代只做2种成分：主语，宾语（动宾，介宾）
二：关代做主语只用who；
I'd really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.
I'm talking about friends with whom you can share almost everything.
A rich person is not one who has the most , but is one who needs
the least.
介词后只用whom；
“介词＋whom/which”引导定语从句应注意：
介词的选用至少要考虑以下的两个因素
A.与先行词的搭配关系
1）I will never forget the day _____________ I
joined the army.
2) I will never forget the days ____________ I
worked in the school.
3) I will never forget the year ____________
my son went to college.
4) I got home at 7:00 p.m. yesterday, _________
most people had had supper.
on which
during which
in which
by which
on the day
during the days
in the year
by 7:00p.m.
B. 与谓语动词的搭配习惯
1）Have you found the book ____________ I
paid 29 US dollars
2) Have you found the book _____________ I
spent 29 US dollars
3) Have you found the book _____________ we
learnt a lot
4) Have you found the book ____________ she
often talks
for which
on which
from which
about which
pay 29$ for the book
spend 29$
on the book
learn a lot
from the book
talk about the book
whom
who
关系代词 关系副词
which
that
When
Where
why
whose
人， 物
物
人
I know a friend whose snake can dance.
I know a friend whose cat sleeps on TV.
I know a neibour whose fish eat peanut.
I know a woman whose snake can scare people.
whose
We sit in a classroom.
Its windows are all broken.
We sit in a classroom whose windows are all broken.
The windows of the classroom are all broken.
The windows of which are all broken.
Of which the windows are all broken.
We sit in a classroom of which the windows are broken.
代指Its
the
We sit in a classroom whose windows are all broken.
We sit in a classroom of which the windows are all broken.
whose +N = of which + the +N
whose +N = of whom + the +N
12. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ______ roof is under repair.
A. whose B. which
C. of which D. what
I have five ballons of which three are yellow.
He has twenty books of which only two are interesting.
whose +N = of which + the +N
whose +N = of whom + the +N
of which/whom + the + N
与 Of which/whom +数词
I bought a book of which the author is XP.
I bought a book whose author is XP.
In this book there are 16 chapters, of which 12
are written by GL!
所属
整体和部分
whom
who
关系代词 关系副词
which
that
When
Where
why
whose
物
物
人
whom
who
关系代词 关系副词
which
that
When
Where
why
whose
物
物
人
Too many people spend money which they haven’t earned, to buy things which they don’t want, to impress people who they don’t like.
that
that
that
that 3规
人 who that
物 which that
that不能用于非限制性定语从句
That不能用于介词后面
I became a single mother overnight, which is nothing like becoming famous overnight.
我们说生活的世界由物质构成。
The world which we live in is made up of matter.
The world in which we live is made up of matter.
The world that we live in is made up of matter.
The world in that we live is made up of matter.
Animals suffered at the hands of Man ___ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people.
A. in which B. for which
C. so that D. in that
That专区
Li Dazui and his poems the article deals with is quite popular with us.
All glitters is not goLd.
I would much rather receive a gift was unique or
I know my friend had put some thought into than something cost a lot of money but that I didn’t want it.
There is no difficulty they can’t overcome.
that
that
that
that
that
something
that
All
no
有“人”有“物”用that
物前摆all, little, few, much ,none, the first, the most用that
不定代词前用that ( something, anything, everything, nothing, any, some)
5贼： the only, the one, the last, the very, the right前用that
量词
序数词
最高级
Do you have anything in mind _____ you’d like for supper
well, _____ is OKAY for me.
that; anything B. which; everything
C. what; nothing D. whether; something
关系代词 关系副词
关系词
which
that
who
When
Where
why
whom
whose
连接作用
成分
状语
去掉when, where, why，后面的句子依旧完整。
1. Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago
A. that B. where C. which D. the one
2. Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day
A. that B. where C. in which D. the one
3. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday
A. that B. where C. which D. the one
This factory is ( ) some foreign friends visited last year.
This is the factory
whom
who
关系代词 关系副词
which
that
When
Where
why
whose
物
物
人
when
I’ll never forget the day when I met you!
The day when I stop missing you is the day when I die.
Every day is a special day when we could be together.
I know your favourite season is Spring, when the earth seems born again.
I want to put off our wedding until next year, when we won’t be so young.
August 10, 2010 will be the day when we develop into a newly-weds.
When,最美的爱情诗
I’ll never forget the day when I met you!
The day when I stop missing you is the day when I die.
Every day is a special day when we could be together.
I know your favourite season is Spring, when the earth seems born again.
I want to put off our wedding until next year, when we won’t be so young.
August 10, 2010 will be the day when
we develop into newly-weds.
whom
who
关系代词 关系副词
which
that
When
Where
why
whose
物
物
人
where
趋势： 地点名词模糊化
This is the town ____ I spent my childhood.
This is the town ____ I told you about before.
A: Since you work in the theatre, can’t you get me a free ticket now and then
B: Certainly if you bring me a few notes now and then from the bank where you work!
给点免费票吧
换点
大洋吧
I have never been to Suzhou, but it’s
the place ________.
Where I’d like to visit
In which I’d like to visit
I most want to visit
that I want to visit it most
疾在腠理，汤熨之所及也；
在肌肤，针石之所及也；
在肠胃，火齐之所及也；
在骨髓，司命之所属，无奈何也。
今在骨髓，臣是以无请矣。
The illness has reached bone marrow where no medicine can cure it.
bone marrow
bone marrow
被抽象成地
点名词
中华民族到了最危险的时候，
每个人被迫发出最后的吼声。
起来！
起来！！
起来！！！
The nation has reached such a point
where everyone is uttering: Arise! Arise!Arise!
a point
point被抽象
成地点名词
---Where did you get to know her
---It was on the farm we worked.
A．that
B．there
C．which
D．where
假设
剪除
检验完整
It was on the farm that we worked.
We worked on the farm.
Where did you work
---Where did you get to know her
It was on the farm that I got to know her.
答非
所问
where we worked
farm
I got to know her on the farm.
---Where did you get to know her
---It was on the farm we worked.
A．that
B．there
C．which
D．where
that I've got to know her
It was in 1969 ______the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon.
A. that B. Which C. in which D. when
Is it in that factory ____"Red Flag“ cars are made A. in which B. where C. that D. which
Was it because there was a traffic jam on your way to school this morning ____you were late A. which B. when C. why D. that
=
whom
who
关系代词 关系副词
which
that
When
Where
why
whose
物
物
人
why
why= for which
这就是我没来的原因。
This is the reason why I didn’t come.
This is the reason for which I didn't come.
This is the reason, why I didn't come.
why 的先行词只有reason
Why 只引导限制性定语从句
the reason
The reason _____ he gave for being late was _____ he forgot to use the alarm clock. （08年山东济宁二模）
which; because B. why; because
c. which; that D. that; because
The reason
was _____ he forgot to use the
that， which， /
表语从句：
the reason was/ is that
he gave
alarm clock
限制 v s 非限制
形式：无 ，
限制：提供先行名词de必要信息，缺意义模糊
I don’t like people who are never on time.
There are two factors（因素） which determine an individual’s intelligence.
He is a man who is of value to the people.
限定先行词所指范围
没有意义模糊
非限制性定语从句
形式：有 ，
限制：补充说明，缺意义完整
常用非限的两种情况
I ask mother, who is 80, whether she’d ever seen snow in Iraq before, and her answer was no.
Einstein, who was a great scientist, created the theory of relativity.
专有名词
类指名词
An elephant, which is the earth’s largest mammal（哺乳动物）, has few natural enemies other than human beings.
One of the elephant which we saw at the zoo had only one teeth.
一类， 而非具体某个
as, which
the same …… as
such/so …… as
单独使用
意义 ：as = which
位置 ： 前， 中， 后
As is expected, the Chinese team lost again.
The Chinese team always works wonders, as anybody can see.
关系代词
关系副词
or
后
中(共21张PPT)
定语从句(2)
The Attributive Clause
概念
在复合句(包括主句和从句)中，修饰主句某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句(起形容词的作用，在句中作定语；也可称之为形容词性从句)。
She has gone home. She will stay at home for a week.
---- She has gone home where she will stay for a week.
She has gone home where she will stay for a week.
被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词home；紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句的词叫引导词where；定语从句放在先行词的后面where she will stay for a week.
引导词
关系代词：who, whom, whose, that,which
(what不能引导定语从句)
关系副词：when, where, why
(how不用来引导定语从句)
注意：
1. 定语从句前必须有先行词 （作主语、宾语、表语或补足语），否则就不没有说明或修饰的
中心内容。
2. 关系代词和关系副词连接先行词和定语从句，起联系作用，同时在定语从句中担任一定的
句子成分（但翻译时不译出来）。
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
先行词、关系副词
关系副词
先行词
充当的作用
说明
when（=prep.+which）
时间名词
时间状语
非正式文体中，有时用that代替关系副词
where（=prep.+which）
地点名词
地点状语
why（=for+which）
reason
原因状语
注意：how虽然可以表方式，但是它不能引导定语从句来修饰way,而要用that或以in which的形式引导定语从句。
I don’t know the way that (in which) I can solve this problem.
1. I shall never forget the day when (=on which) we first met.
我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
2.The rain came at a time when (=at which) it was not needed.
雨下得不是时候。
3. This is the computer where (=by/on which) he has stolen top-secret documents.
这就是他用来盗窃绝密文件的计算机。
4. Here is the place where (=at which) the murder took place.
这就是谋杀发生的地方。
5. He didn’t give any reason why (=for which) I had been fired.
他没给任何解雇我的理由
6. This is the house where (=in which) my parents used to live.
这就是我父母以前住过的房子。
定语从句特别说明：
（1）在非正式场合， that有时可用来代替关系副词或相当于关系副词的“介词+which”，而且经常全部省略，如：
In all the years that (=when/during which) I was at collage
在我读大学的那些年里
the reason that(=why/for which)he is not happy
他不高兴的理由
The direction(that)(=in which )the heavenly bodies move can’t be changed.
天体运行的方向是不可改变的。
He is unpopular because people don’t like the offensive way (that)(=in which) he talks.
他不受欢迎的原因是他说话的方式让人讨厌。
（2）用关系代词还是用关系副词：
关系词（包括关系代词和关系副词）是学习英语定语从句的关键。用关系代词还是用关系副词，
一、要看关系词在从句当中作什么成分；
二、要看关系词所代表的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因；
三、要看所引导的是限定性定语从句还是非限定性定语从句。
所以同样的先行词会有不同的关系词，这是因为关系词在从句当中担当的作用不同而决定的。
This is the room where/in which we’ll celebrate the New Year.
这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。（充当地点状语）
This is the room(that /which)we’ll celebrate the New Year in.
这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。（充当介词宾语，可省略。）
This is the room which /that will be used for the celebration of the New Year.
这是那个将要被用来庆贺新年的房间。（充当主语）
This is the room (which/that) we’ll use for the New Year dinner party.
这是我们将要用来举行新年晚宴的房间。（充当宾语，可省略。）
The reason (that /which) he had given was not sound enough.
他给的理由不够充分。（充当宾语，可省略）
The reason why/for which he had done that was not sound enough.
他做那件事的理由不够充分。（充当原因状语）
This is the house where she lives.这是她住的房子。
（3）定语从句中的时态。如果主句是一般将来时或过去将来时，从句的动作与主句的同时发生，那么该从句要用一般现在时表示一般将来时、用一般过去时表示过去将来时。
Anyone who/that touches the wire will get an electric shock.
任何碰这根电线的人将受到电击。（不用will touch）
I would give her anything that she asked for.
她要什么我就给她什么。（不用would ask）
The first person who/that opens the door will get a shock.
第一个开门的人将被吓一跳。（不用will open）
There will be a special price for anybody who orders a suit in the next two weeks.
任何人在下两周内定做套装都将享受优惠价格。（不用will order）
但是，如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生，则两部分都要用来将来时，如：
Those who will go abroad for training next year will start learning English tomorrow.
那些明年出国受训的人员，将从明天开始学习外语。
要点总结：
①先行词有最高级形容词修饰时，常用that，而不用which：
Edison was one of the greatest inventors that ever lived.
爱迪生是曾经有过的最伟大的发明家之一。
This is the best film that I’ve ever seen.
这是我曾经看过的最好的电影。
She was the greatest woman that/who has ever lived.
她是曾经有过的最伟大的女人。
②先行词有the same, the very, the first, the last, all, no, the only, much, little, none, any, every等时，常用that, 而不用which：
He was the first man that we saw in the village.
他是我们在那个村子里看到的第一个人。
There is little that is interesting.
没什么令人感兴趣。
I still remember the first time that we met.
我仍然记得我们第一次见面的时候。
I’ll do anything (that) I can to help you.
我将尽一切可能帮助你。
Everything that can be done has been done.
能做的一切都做了。
③当先行词既有人又有物时，用that，不用which，
如：We were deeply impressed by the workers and their working conditions that we had visited.
我们参观过的工人及他们的工作条件留下了深刻印象。
We listened to him talk about the men and books that interested him。
我们听他谈论他感兴趣的人物和书籍。
④在same和such之后，定语从句用as引导，
如：Let’s discuss only such questions as concern us.
让我们只讨论与我们有关的问题。
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells.
我从来没听说过他讲的这种故事。
I shall be surprised if he does this in the same way as I do.
如果他做这件事的方法和我一样，那就奇怪了。
She works in the same office as I do.
她和我在同一个办公室工作。
She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister does.
她姐妹俩穿同样的衣服。
在same和such之后，定语从句用as引导，偶尔，the same 后面也用that。
He’s wearing the same suit that he wore at Mary’s wedding.
他穿着与他在Mary的婚礼上穿的一样的衣服。
She works in the same office that I do.
她和我在同一个办公室工作。
This is the same watch that I have lost.
这块表和我丢的那块一样。
as引导的非限制性定语从句
as 引导非限定性定语从句即可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接下列句型。
如：as is known, as is said, as is reported as is announced 等。
As we all know, Mr. Wang is a good teacher.
As is known to all, the earth revolves round the sun.
He is tired, as you can see.
As I expected, he didn’t believe me.
As 引导非限定性定语从句时与which的区别：当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which。
He made a long speech, as was expected.
He made a long speech, which was unexpected.
Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.
⑤在“介词+关系代词”的结构中，也可用复杂介词，如：by means of （用，依靠），as a result of （作为结果）等：
I have three children, one daughter and two sons, all of whom graduated from the same university .
我有三个孩子：一个女儿、两个儿子，他们都毕业于同一所大学。
The police, in whom I have great confidence, are trying to find out who did it.
我对警察有极大的信心，他们正在努力寻找是谁做的这件事。
This is the part of the river in which I like to swim. （in which=where）
我喜欢在这条河里面游泳，这就是（我喜欢游的）那个地方。
The man from whom you bought the house is my uncle.
你从他那里买下房子的那个人是我叔叔。
This is the desk by means of which he jumped over the wall.
这就是他用来跳过墙去的那张桌子。
She was running a fever, as a result of which she failed in the exam.
她当时正发烧，所以考试失败了。
He is the man from whose house the picture was stolen.
他就是那个家里的画被偷了的人。
⑥一个先行词后面可以跟一个以上的定语从句，这种现象叫双重关系从句：
Here are some words which are often used but which are very confusing.
这里有些常用但非常混乱的词。
He is the only person that I can find who is able to solve the problem.
他是我能找到的唯一解决这个问题的人。(共53张PPT)
专题四 三大从句与特殊句式
第1讲 定语从句
考点分类突破
考点分层演练
语法链接写作
定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
考点分类
突 破
考点一 that/which/who/whom
考点二 as/which/whose
考点三 when/where/why
考点一 that/which/who/whom
Xiao Meng is a girl who/that① loves reading and she is also a girl who/whom/that② teachers often praise.Books that/which③ talk about love or adventures are her favorite.Journey to the West is the first book that④ Xiao Meng has read，and it is also the best novel that④ she has read.Everything that④ appears in the novel is interesting and both people and monsters that④ are described in it make her fascinated.
微小说导入
注释：①关系词指人作主语，可以用that，who引导。②关系词指人作宾语，可以用that，who，whom 引导。③关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用that，which引导。④关系词指物，由形容词最高级或序数词修饰，或者是先行词是不定代词，或关系词既指人又指物时，只能用that。
1.that/which/who/whom在句子里充当主语或宾语，这些关系词叫关系代词。在上面的短文中的限制性定语从句中，that 出现频率最高。that既可以作主语，也可以作宾语，既可以指人，也可以指物。
重难点精析
2.此外指物时只用that 不用which的情况的口诀：very、only序最高，人物、不定that好。即先行词指物被the very、the only、序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，或者先行词既包括人也包括物时，或者先行词指物是不定代词或被不定代词修饰时，定语从句用that引导。
This is the very book that I have been looking for for several days.
这正是我找了好几天的那本书。
Is there anything that you want to say about this matter
关于这件事你想说什么呢？
3.定语从句的谓语动词要与先行词的数保持一致。
I still remember the people in the remote village who were friendly to me.
我仍然记得那些住在边远地区对我很友好的乡亲。
The students who are interested in the activity should sign up for it in advance.
对这次活动感兴趣的同学们要提前报名。
单句语法填空
1.The dictionary the gentleman bought half an hour ago was very expensive.
2.The lady who (be) standing behind the counter is my sister.
3.The man I served was wearing a hat.
4.This is the third apple she has eaten in the afternoon.
点对点练习
that/which
is
who/whom/that
that
5.This is the only thing I can do to solve the tricky problem.
6.That’s all I know about the young man living next door.
7.When they met again，the two friends talked about lots of things and persons they could remember in the school.
8.This is the best film I have ever seen.
that
that
that
that
返 回
考点二 as/which/whose
微小说导入
As① we all know/As① is known to all，Li Hua is a student whose② name is often seen in English examinations.But this year he didn’t make us write compositions for him，which③ made many students sad.How we miss the boy for whom④ we have written many compositions and we have prepared many situations in which④ he can’t write articles himself.
注释：①位于句首，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，用as引导定语从句。②在定语从句中作定语，表示所属关系“……的”，用关系代词whose。③用于带逗号的非限制性定语从句中，作主语指物或前面整个句子时，只能用which而不用that。④当介词提到关系代词之前时，若先行词指物，则关系词只能用which；若先行词指人，则关系词只能用whom。
1.whose既可以指人，又可以指物，在从句中作定语，表示先行词的所有格。即 whose 前的先行词和whose之后的名词有所属关系。口诀：whose前后名，后名属前名。
This is the girl whose name is Li Mei.
这就是那个叫李梅的女孩。
He lives in a house whose windows face the north.他住在窗户朝北的房子里。
重难点精析
2.只用which/whom而不用that的情况。
用在非限制性定语从句中或者动词短语中的介词提到关系代词之前，充当其宾语时。
注意：which既可以指某一个名词，也可以指前面的整个句子。
She lost the game，which depressed her greatly.
她输了比赛，这使她很沮丧。
There was no person to whom she could turn for help in the dark street.
在黑漆漆的街上没有她可以求助的人。
3.定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。
4.as引导限制性定语从句主要用于the same...as...，such...as...和so...as...结构中。 as既可以指人也可以指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
我们已经找到了像他们工厂里使用的那种材料。
These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.
这些房子以人们期望的低价出售了。
5.关系代词which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which as
位置上 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，也可置于句末
搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，常用结构：as anybody can see，as we all know，as we expected，as is reported，as has been announced，as is often the case等。
意思上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，像……”
As anybody can see，the elephant is like a snake.
正如每个人所看到的一样，这匹大象像一条蛇。
She married again，which was unexpected.
她再婚了，这是始料未及的。
单句语法填空
1.He is the student English is always at the top.
2.In our factory there are 2,000 workers，two thirds of are women.
3.He is working hard， will make him pass the final exam.
4. is known to all，there are 7 continents on the earth.
点对点练习
whose
whom
which
As
返 回
考点三 when/where/why
微小说导入
Xiao Ming still remembers the day when① he was seriously punished by his father.The reason why② he was punished was that he played cellphone games for a whole weekend.His father brought him to a room where③ there was no others.After putting the cellphone into a basin which/that④ was full of water，he told Xiao Ming about the days that/which④ he spent earning school fees by doing part-time jobs in a restaurant.This was the reason that/which④ his father told him for not playing cellphones.
注释：①先行词表示时间，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词when。②先行词表示原因，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词why。③先行词表示地点，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词where。④先行词虽然表示地点、时间或原因，但是从句缺主语或宾语，仍然用关系代词that/which。
1.关系副词与关系代词的选择
从句不缺主语或宾语，是个完整的句子，可以是主谓宾或主系表结构，亦可以是主谓结构(主语＋vi.)。此时需要判断谓语动词是否及物。判断定语从句的谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词的方法：把谓语动词与先行词连接起来，看它们是否能构成动宾关系，如果能直接构成动宾关系，则该谓语动词为及物动词，否则为不及物动词。
重难点精析
(1)The factory he once worked is closed now.
work与factory不能直接构成动宾关系，只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式，work in the factory。因此可推知work为不及物动词。因此此处应使用关系副词where作地点状语，也可使用in which (which代替先行词the factory)。
(2)The factory he set up last year is operating well.
该题中从句谓语动词可以和先行词构成动宾结构set up the factory，所以set up是及物动词短语。其后缺宾语，因此此处用关系代词that或which。
2.当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situation，case，stage，point，position等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，则用关系代词which/that。
3.“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定：
(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定
I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I saved.
我买了很多书，这些书花光了我的所有积蓄。
(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定
I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定
The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
离开它我们就不能生存的这种无色气体叫作氧气。
4.当the way 作先行词时，无论关系词作主语、宾语还是作状语，用that一定正确。
I don’ t like the way that/in which he speaks to me.(关系词作方式状语)
They are looking for a way that/which is the most suitable for the problem.(关系词作主语)
单句语法填空
1.I still remember the day I first came to Beijing.
2.The reason he failed in the exam was that he didn’t study hard.
3.Gift shops in museums people would buy souvenirs for themselves and their friends used to be the last stop of each visit.
点对点练习
when
why
where
单句语法填空
1.BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.(2021·浙江1月)
2.Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， she opened with her late husband Les.(2019·全国Ⅱ)
3.We have entered into an age dreams have the best chance of coming true.(2019·江苏)
对接高考 技法指导
解题策略
that/which
which
when
定语从句解题三步走
第一步：根据是否修饰某一名词，且放在该名词之后来确定是不是定语从句。
第二步：根据从句中是否缺主语或宾语来确定用关系代词还是关系副词。如果从句缺主语或宾语，则用关系代词；如果不缺主语或宾语，则使用关系副词(或者“介词＋which”)。
第三步：根据先行词具体所指，确定是哪个关系代词或者关系副词。
技法指导
返 回
层级一 基础达标练
层级二 高考真题练
层级三 语篇提能练
考点分层
演 练
单句语法填空
1.The old man turned his business over to his younger son， made his elder son discouraged.
2.I will never forget such a beautiful village I spent my childhood with my grandparents.
3.There they met people from other parts of the country， had also volunteered to help.
4.There are many good websites you can check out the latest in the science world.
层级一 基础达标练
which
where
who
where
5.The system， can be the most advanced in many ways，will be the largest earthquake observation network in the world.
6.He decided to go to Stanford because there were many opportunities for people wanted to work in Silicon Valley.
7.His interest started a few years ago， he was in college and studying wildlife science.
8.Then Needham began his lifelong research， ended up creating the greatest work—Science and Civilisation in China.
9.This woman has set a good example to her son， is a really lucky guy.
which
who/that
when
who
which
10.Over the years，I have met some interesting people.Two of the most interesting people were two elderly sisters，Joan and Bernice， way of talking about people inspired me.
11. the saying goes，“Where there is a will，there is a way.”
12.The reason Tom looks angry is that he has quarreled with his sister.
13.We have reached a stage we must take effective measures to protect the environment so as to save ourselves.
14.Alice was easy to recognize as she was the most beautiful woman
had been present at the party.
15.Yesterday I came across the man about you talked last time.
whose
As
why
where
that/who
whom
返 回
单句语法填空
1.William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from we can learn without repeating them.(2021·天津3月，改编)
2.At the Chinese art festival，there are different stands artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.(2021·天津3月)
3.They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.(2019·全国Ⅲ)
层级二 高考真题练
which
where
who/that
4.Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe，China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot _______ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
5.In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike.
(2020·全国Ⅲ)
6.The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane，for example，formed the core collection of the British Museum opened in 1759.
(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
where
whose
which/that
7.The students benefitting most from college are those are totally engaged(参与) in academic life，taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources(资源).(2019·北京)
8.Their child is at the stage she can say individual words but not full sentences.(2019·天津6月)
9.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 __________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.(2018·全国Ⅰ)
who
where
that/which
10.The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.(2018·全国Ⅱ)
11.Many westerners come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
(2018·浙江6月)
12.Self-driving is an area China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.(2018·江苏)
13.But Sarah， has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017·全国Ⅲ)
that/which
who/that
where
who
返 回
语法填空
There was a time 1. I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English.
层级三 语篇提能练
语篇解读 本文为记叙文，文章叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣，同时作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。
1.先行词是time，指时间，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词when。
when
And this was the reason 2. my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school. When I first came to the club,3. I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much.
why
2.先行词是reason，指原因，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词why。
where
3.先行词是club，指地点，定语从句不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词where。
So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately，my guide,4. teacher was Yu Minhong，communicated with me face to face.He，from 5. I gained some useful instructions，also showed me a good partner，and we got along well with each other.
4.先行词是guide，空格后面的teacher与其构成所属关系，故填whose。
5.此处为非限制性定语从句，结合句意及空格前的介词from可知填whom。
whose
whom
Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6. we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide,7. encouraged me to fall in love with English.
6.此处为限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词activities，并在定语从句中作宾语，故用that/which。
7.此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词my father and the guide，指人，并在定语从句中作主语，故用who。
that/which
who
Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into 8. I put my entire energy.Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep，I recall the passages，through 9._______ I can memorize a large number of new words.
which
8.此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代“学习英语”这件事，并在定语从句中作宾语，故用which。
which
9.此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的句子“I recall the passages”，故用which。
10. our English teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”
As
10.此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代后面的句子“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”并位于句首，意为“正如”，故用As。
返 回
0533.0
语法链接
写 作
1.邀请信
典例 (2017·浙江6月)我写信邀请你参加我组织的徒步旅行，我们的一些同学将参加。
I’m writing to invite you to participate in a hiking organized by me，which some of our classmates will take part in.
运用 (2019·全国Ⅲ)我写信邀请你参加下周六在我们学校举办的音乐节。
I’m writing to invite you to take part in the music festival which/that will be held in our school next Saturday.
不同语境中定语从句的使用
2.申请信(1)
典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)我自五岁学习中国画，因此我很了解这门艺术，这使得我能够很好地介绍画展。
I have taken up Chinese painting since I was five years old and I have a good knowledge of it，which makes it possible for me to introduce the exhibition well.
运用 (2018·浙江6月)我英语很熟练，这使得我与外国人自由交谈成为可能。
I have a good command of English，which makes it possible for me to communicate with foreigners freely.
3.申请信(2)
典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)我写信是想申请你们昨天在报纸上刊登的志愿者工作。
I’m writing to apply to work as a volunteer that you advertised in yesterday’s newspaper.
运用 (2018·浙江6月)我写信申请我们学校英语协会所提供的职位。
I’m writing to apply for the position that/which the English Association of our school offers.
4.通知(1)
典例 (2018·全国Ⅱ)Growing Together这部电影主要讲述我们学校的发展，将于6月17日下午2∶00到4∶00在学校大厅放映。
The movie Growing Together，which is about the development of our school，will be shown in the school hall from 2∶00 to 4∶00 in the afternoon on June 17th.
运用 (2019·全国Ⅲ)这场音乐会，其中包括由才华横溢的学生们表演的各种精彩节目，将于下周日上午在我校大厅举行。
The concert，which includes various fantastic performances played by talented students，will be held in the school hall next Sunday morning.
5.通知(2)
典例 (2018·全国Ⅱ)任何想要观看电影的同学要在下午两点之前到达。
Those who want to watch the movie are required to arrive before two in the afternoon.
运用 (2014·辽宁)任何想参加该活动的同学，可以通过lihua@与李华联系。
Anyone who wants to take part in this activity can email Li Hua at lihua@.
6.感谢信
典例 (2019·浙江6月)我感谢你为了提高我的英语所做的一切。
I am grateful to you for everything that you did for me to improve my English.
运用 (2021·天津6月)我写信是为了感谢我在英国时，你为我所做的一切。如果不是你的关心，我在那里就不会过得这么愉快了。
I’m writing to convey my gratitude for everything that you did for me when I was in England. If it hadn’t been your care，I wouldn’t have enjoyed my stay there so much.
7.推荐信
典例 (2018·北京)我建议你申请北京大学，它是中国最好的大学之一。
I suggest that the university you apply for is Peking University，which is one of the best universities in China.
运用 (2021·浙江6月)无论你是中国艺术爱好者，还是想了解更多内容的人，来欣赏这次艺术展吧。
Whether you are a fan of Chinese art or someone who wants to know more about it，come and enjoy the art exhibition.
8.建议信
典例 (2008·全国Ⅱ)以下是一些关于学习汉语的建议，希望能对你有帮助。
Here are some tips about how to learn Chinese，which I hope will be of help to you.
运用 (2021·上海)你提到你有两门选修课，以下是一些建议，希望能对你有好处。
You have mentioned that you have two optional courses. Here are some suggestions，which I hope will be beneficial to you.
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