(共28张PPT)
「就近原则」
「就远原则」
寻找句子真正主语才是关键
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主语重心
「就近」「就远」的核心要义
在了解「就近原则」、「就远原则」之前,先要了解这两个原则的核心要义。
那么在英语中,如何判断谓语动词的单复数形态?其根本原因并不是由单词位置远近决定的。而是由句子真正的主语决定的!
指导寻找真正主语的原则,就叫做重心原则。那么怎么找到真正的主语呢?
「就近原则」精讲解析
重心原则、无重心原则、there be句型
<<<<<<
就近原则精讲解析
例句:Not only he,but also I am happy.(不仅是他,我也很开心。)
1 重心原则——not only...but also.../not...but...
例句精讲:首先先分析这句话在强调谁,在强调but also后面的我,无论是在中文还是在英文中,当有转折词时,转折词后的内容才是重点,即我很开心,他开心只是起到了“陪衬”作用,所以我是重心,谓语动词用am。
(关于转折词解析,见 )
转折词详细解析
在中英文里,表达转折的词后,往往才是一句话的重点,例如
a)中文场景:
期末考试结束了,老师对你说,xx,这学期英语学的还不错,但是听力和语法还需要加强。(句子重点:老师让你加强听力和语法的学习)
b)英文场景:
–Will you go to the party (你去参加聚会吗?)
–I'd love to. But I have an online class tonight.(我很想去,但是我今晚有线上课)(句子重点:所以我今晚去不了聚会了。)
所以无论是中文还是英文,but后面才是句子的重点!!
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not only...but also...
更多例句:
Not only the students but also their teacher loves this film very much.(不仅学生喜欢这部电影,他们的老师也非常喜欢这部电影。)
Not only Tom but also his parents are fond of watching football matches.(不仅汤姆,他的父母都喜欢看足球比赛。)
就近原则精讲解析
04.下载模板
not...but...
更多例句:
Not only the students but also their teacher loves this film very much.(不仅学生喜欢这部电影,他们的老师也非常喜欢这部电影。)
Not only Tom but also his parents are fond of watching football matches.(不仅汤姆,他的父母都喜欢看足球比赛。)
就近原则精讲解析
Not only he ,but also I am happy.
(不仅仅是他,我也很开心)
Both he and I are happy.
(他和我都很开心。)
解析:both...and...中,前后两部分是平等的并列关系,he和I没有轻重之分,主语是he and I,所以谓语动词用复数形式。
both...and...
not only ... but also
both...and... 与not only...but also...对比
解析:not only...but also
结构强调的是but also后面
的内容,根据主语重心原则,
重心落在I上,所以使用am。
2 无重心原则–neither...nor...(不是.....,也不是.....)和either... or...(或者是......,或者是......)
例句:
Either he or I am happy.(要么他很开心,要么我很开心。)
Neither he nor I am happy.(他也不开心,我也不开心)
例句精讲:在neither A nor B 和either A or B 句型中,A和B是平等的,二者位置可以互换,不存在重心问题,谓语动词和比较靠近的主语单复数保持一致,这样符合说话的习惯和音律规则,让别人也容易听得懂。
如果he 和I 互换位置会怎样呢?
就近原则精讲解析
转折词详细解析
在中英文里,表达转折的词后,往往才是一句话的重点,例如
a)中文场景:
期末考试结束了,老师对你说,xx,这学期英语学的还不错,但是听力和语法还需要加强。(句子重点:老师让你加强听力和语法的学习)
b)英文场景:
–Will you go to the party (你去参加聚会吗?)
–I'd love to. But I have an online class tonight.(我很想去,但是我今晚有线上课)(句子重点:所以我今晚去不了聚会了。)
所以无论是中文还是英文,but后面才是句子的重点!!
就近原则精讲解析
neither...nor...陈述句和疑问句
陈述句:Neither he nor his classmates know the secret.(他和他的同学都不知道这个秘密。)
——根据复数his classmates,动词单复数保持一致,用know。
疑问句:Does neither he nor his classmates know the secret?(他和他的同学都不知道这个秘密吗?)
——he和his classmates位置平等,根据无重心原则,疑问词和比较靠近的主语单复数保持一致,这样符合说话的习惯和音律规则。
3 there be结构句型(......有......)
例句:
There is a dictionary and some books on your desk.
(在你的桌子上有一本字典和几本书。)
There are two books and a knife on the shelf.
(架子上有两本书和一把刀。)
例句解析:there be句型是没有实际意义上的主语的,there和it不同,it可以做形式主语,但there只是一个副词,表示一种天然的“存在”,与前面无重心原则类似,通过运用就近原则,靠近there的a dictionary是单数,谓语动词用is,句子的呈现更符合语法规律,理解句子更加方便。
就近原则精讲解析
「就近原则」小结
重心结构
转折词后,往往才是一句话真正的重点。not only...but also...的逻辑重心在but also后面。
无重心结构
既然没有重心,那么谁靠近谓语动词,谓语动词就和谁保持单复数一致,符合句子使用习惯和音律规则。
there be结构
与无重心结构类似,通过句子形式上符合语法规则,对于句子理解上也会更方便。
「就远原则」精讲解析
as well as,with,but,except,together with,rather than.....
<<<<<<
就远原则精讲解析
I , as well as he,am here.
(我和他都在这儿。)
He and I are here.
(我和他都在这儿。)
先看两个对比例句
两句在中文意思的表达上是一样的,但是使用的谓语动词却不
同,这是因为as well as是作为插入语存在的,而and是连接
两个平等成分存在的。
1 例句:
I, as well as he, am here.(我和他都在这儿。)
例句解析:as well as he被两个逗号隔开,相当于插入语的成分,as well as引导的he和I并不处于平等的地位,as well as he只起到补充说明的作用,实际句子的重心在I am here上,虽然中文的翻译上,as well as也翻译成“和”,但是as well as不像and那样表达平等关系那么强烈。
就远原则精讲解析
2 例句:
I and he are here.(我和他都在这儿。)
例句解析:and是并列连词,连接两个平等的并列成分。he和I 处于同样的地位,所以he和I是两个人,be动词用are。
总结一下
「就远原则」的本质是通过句子的语意,找重心主语在什么地方的过程,然后通过确定主语单复数的形式,进而判定谓语动词的形式,主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致,「就远原则」是英语考试经常考察的一个知识点。
就远原则精讲解析
4 A , no less than B...
(A,no less than B,意思:A,不亚于B)
5 A with B.../ A, together with B,.../along with
(A with B,表示:with后面的词修饰A)
(A,together with B,表示:同B一起,A......)
6 A , rather than B,...
(A,rather than B,表示:是A,而不是B)
1 as well as
(A,as well as B,表示:和)
2 A except B...
(A except B,表示:除了B,A......)
就远原则精讲解析
3 A but B...
(A but B,表示:除了B之外,A......)
常见易混淆结构总结
就远原则精讲解析
1 as well as:
例句:
Tom ,as well as his parents ,is going to London.
(汤姆和他的父母要去伦敦。)
例句解析:A as well as B这一结构强调的重点是A不是B,
Tom后面的as well as连接并列主语时,一般
相当于插入语的成分,as well as前后有无逗号均可,
句中谓语动词的数应该和真正的主语保持一致,
实际的句子重心在Tom is going to London上,
his parents只起到了补充说明的作用,
所以,谓语动词用is。
就远原则精讲解析
1 as well as:
更多例句:
The captain, as well as the other players, was tired.
(队长和其他队员都累了。)
Your mother as well as you is friendly to me.
(你的母亲和你都对我很友好。)
Jack as well as his parents is ready to return homwtown.
(杰克准备同父母一起回老家。)
04.下载模板
2 A except B...
例句:
Everyone except David and John was in the
classroom when the teacher came in.
(老师进来的时候,除了大卫和约翰,每个人都在
教室。)
例句解析:这个句子的主语重心部分是everyone,except是“除了......”的意思,句子重点强调的是,每个人都在教室里,主语everyone是单数概念,状语从句when后面是一般过去时,所以谓语动词用was。
就远原则精讲解析
04.下载模板
2 A except B...
更多例句:
Everybody except you likes watching TV.
(除了你,每个人都喜欢看电视。)
Nobody, except you, is idling around t
he whole day long.
(除了你,没有人整天无所事事。)
就远原则精讲解析
3 A but B...
例句:
No one but me knows about this news.
(除了我没有人知道这个消息。 )
例句解析:A but B同A except B类似,这里的but不是表示转折,而是表示“除了”,句子强调的是没有人知道这个消息,重心主语是no one,是单数形式,谓语动词用knows。
就远原则精讲解析
4 no less than...
例句:
My mother, no less than I, is a foodie.
(我的妈妈不亚于我也是个吃货。 )
例句解析:my mother后面no less than引导的的部分做插入语,(即使去掉插入语,也不会影响句子的整体结构,插入语起到的作用是解释说明),真正的主语重心在my mother上,因此,谓语动词用is。
就远原则精讲解析
5 A with B.../ A together with B..../along with:
例句:
He with his classmates is playing basketball.(他跟他的同学正在打篮球。)
例句解析:with,together with和along with属于同类,with引导的部分属于修饰A或是插入成分,句子的重心意思为他正在打篮球,他的同学作为“陪衬”,所以重心主语是he,谓语动词用is。
就远原则精讲解析
5 A with B.../ A together with B..../ A along with B...:
更多例句:
The woman with glasses is our head teacher.
(戴眼镜的那位女士是我们的校长。)
Jim,together with his classmates,has seen the film.
(吉姆和他的同学一起看了这部电影。)
Members of Congress , along with former president Bill Clinton, are on the guest list.
(国会议员和前总统比尔·克林顿都在宾客名单上。)
就远原则精讲解析
6 A, rather than B...
例句:
John, rather than his friends, has broken the door.
(约翰,并不是他朋友,把门弄坏的。 )
例句解析:rather than 引导的部分作为插入语,是对句子进行更详细的表述,及时去掉这一部分的内容,对句子的主要意思也不会有太大影响,所以这句话的主语是John,谓语动词用has broken。
就远原则精讲解析
「就近原则」「就远原则」复盘:
1.两原则的本质是找寻句子的真正主语和重心;
2.就近原则的三种常见考试句型;
3.both and和not only ,but also的对比
4.转折词的精讲;
6.就远原则的六种常见考试句型
「就近原则」「就远原则」还会有知识点和例句补充进来,及时关注。(共22张PPT)
主谓
一
致
主
谓
一
致
基本概念
主谓一致:Subject-Verb Agreement
指主语和谓语在“人称”和“数”方面的一致关系。一般情况下,主谓之间的一致关系由一下三个原则的支配:
语法一致原则
意义一致原则
就近原则
语法一致原则
即主语为单数形式时,谓语动词使用单数形式;主语为复数形式时,谓语动词使用复数形式。
eg. Tom is a good student. (汤姆是个好学生)
We often play football on the playground.
意义一致原则:
指的是谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的具体意义,而不取决于表面上的形式。
eg. My family are having lunch now. (我们一家人现在正在吃午饭)
强调的是家庭成员,看作复数
Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book. (这本书20美元太贵了)
就近原则:
指的是主语由两个或两个以上的名词或代词构成,谓语动词的单复数形式与紧邻的名词或代词保持一致。
eg. There is a pen and some books on the desk. (课桌上有一支钢笔和一些书)
Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.
不定式、动名词以及从句作主语时应视为单数,谓语动词用单数形式;但如果主语为 and 连接的两个不定式、动名词以及从句时,谓语用复数形式。
Reading often means learning .阅读常意味着学习。
To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.
Having enough sleep and doing regular exercise are beneficial to your health.
例题:
How close parents are to their children()a strong influence on the character of the children .
have B. has C. having D. to have
B
2. 当主语由 and 连接,表示同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时,谓语动词用单数,此时 and 连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
The composer and singer was well received by the audience .那个作曲家兼歌手受到了听众的认可
3. 由 and 连接的两个或更多的主语之前有 each , every , many a ( n ), no 时,谓语动词用单数。
Each book and ( each ) paper is found in its place .每本书和每份报纸各居其位。
No teacher and ( no ) student was here .没有一个老师和学生在这里。
注意:以 many a或more than one修饰的单数名词后面的谓语用单数形式,但其意义是复数性的。
4. each , every , each and every , either , neither , one , another , little , a little 和 much 作主语或修饰主语时,
谓语动词通常用单数。
Each of us has a tape - recorder .我们每个人都有一台录音机。
注意:“复数主语+ each ”之后用复数动词
We each have our merits.=We have our merits each.
5. everyone, everybody, everything, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, nobody, nothing 作主语时,用单数动词
Anyone but you is welcome. 除了你,任何人都受欢迎
6. none , some , any , more , most , all 等代词作主语时,动词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
All is right.
All are present.
7. “all , none , most , majority , part , enough , some , one half , the rest , the remainder + of ...” 短语,或者 more than ...作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式通常由所修饰的名词、代词的数决定。
Enough of the data have been collected .已经收集了足够多的数据。( data 为 datum 的复数形式)
More than one person is going to lose his job .不止一个人会失去工作。
More than 500 people are going to lose their jobs .500多人会失去工作。
1. one of +复数名词+(单)谓语,如:
One of the students is from the south.
2. one of+复数名词+定语从句(从句动词用复数),如:
He is one of the boys who are ready to help others.
3. the (only) one of+名词(复数)+定语从句,从句中谓语动词用单数,表示众多中只有一个,如:
He is the only one of the students who comes early.
4. a number of和the number of
e.g. The number of the students in the school is 1,250.
A number of students are waiting outside the gate.
1. one of +复数名词+(单)谓语,如:
One of the students is from the south.
2. one of+复数名词+定语从句(从句动词用复数),如:
He is one of the boys who are ready to help others.
3. the (only) one of+名词(复数)+定语从句,从句中谓语动词用单数,表示众多中只有一个,如:
He is the only one of the students who comes early.
4. a number of和the number of
e.g. The number of the students in the school is 1,250.
A number of students are waiting outside the gate.
8.当中心词为度量、距离、时间、价格等复数名词的时候,谓语动词采用单数形式。
Two miles is a short distance .两英里路很近。
9. 当主语后面跟有 including, with, together with, along with, like, as well as, rather than, as much as, more than 等连接的短语,谓语动词不受这些词组的影响,与前面的主语一致。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我都想去划船。
An expert , together with some assistants , was sent to help in this work .一位专家和几位助手被派去协助这项工作。
10. 就近原则:以连词or,either…or,nor,neither…nor,not only…but (also)...连接的名词或代词作主语时,谓语与其相邻的保持一致。
You or I am going to meet Prof. Li at the station.
Among the boys, one or two are able to jump 1.6 metres.
Neither Mary nor her parents were invited to the party.
例题:
It is futile to discuss the matter further , because __ going to agree upon anything today.
Neither you nor I are
Neither you nor me is
Neither you nor I am
Neither me nor you are
11. “the + adj.”结构起名词作用时:如果这个结构表示的是一类人,谓语动词用复数形
式,如果这个结构表示抽象概念(或具体的某个
人),谓语用单数形式。
The old are being taken good care of.
The unexpected was not prevented in those days.
12. 表示重量、距离、金钱、一段时间及由one and a half修饰的复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式
Twenty dollars isn’t enough to buy the book.
Ten miles isn’t long.
Five times five is twenty-five.
One and a half apples is lying on the plate