高考英语概要写作专项训练（有答案解析）

概要写作
1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
Cities in the Sea
They may be small, but they build big things! Coral polyps (珊瑚虫), which live in the warm, shallow parts of the Earth’s oceans, are probably the biggest builders on the planet. Coral polyps turn calcium from seawater into a hard material called limestone. Slowly, they build up a hard skeleton (骨架) around their bodies. When polyps die, their skeletons remain. Young polyps attach themselves to the old skeletons and make new skeletons. Over time, weird and wonderful shapes are slowly built up into amazing coral reefs (珊瑚礁).
Scientists sometimes think of coral reefs as underwater cities. A quarter of all known marine species live in reef habitats―there are nearly a thousand coral species. Reefs are also home to millions of sea creatures, like fish, crabs, turtles, and sharks.
Humans don’t live in coral reef cities, but we benefit from them. Reefs create jobs for people in the fishing industry and other related businesses. Coral reefs are also popular for divers一many countries benefit from the tourists that they attract. Lastly, chemicals from reef creatures help scientists create new medicines, which help doctors treat different illnesses.
Coral reefs are very important, yet we don’t take good care of them. Environmental problems have already killed about twenty percent of the world’s reefs. About half of the remaining reefs are dying, and experts believe all of Earth’s coral reefs will be in danger by 2050.
Why are the reefs in such trouble For one thing, people catch too many reef fish and often damage the reefs—divers sometimes break off pieces of coral.
Polluted water also causes problems because reef-destroying algae grows in dirty water. Even air pollution hurts coral reefs. Global warming causes warmer ocean water, which can cause polyps to lose helpful algae. Without that algae, coral turns white. This is called "bleaching”，and if it continues, the coral dies.
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2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in NO MORE THAN 60 WORDS. Use your own words as far as possible.
Scrabble
Scrabble is a crossword game. There is a board, a bag full of letter tiles, and small racks (架子) to put the tiles on. Letters like Q, X and Z are not common in English words. They are worth more points than common letters like E, S and N. For example, “E” is worth only 1 point and there are many “E” tiles. The letter “Q” is worth 5 points and there are only two “Q” tiles.
The game begins with all the letter tiles in a bag. This way, the players can’t see the tiles. Each player takes seven tiles and puts them on the rack in front of him or her. The players can’t see each other’s tiles.
The Scrabble board has many squares. In turn, players try to make words with their tiles and put them on the squares. The words can only go up and down or left to right. The first player puts down a word, and it must cover the star in the centre of the board. The player must take new tiles to replace the ones used to make the word. The next player must make a word using the word that is on the board.
To find the score, players add up the value of each tile in a word. For example, the letters “S”, “T” and “A” are each worth 1 point. So the word “sat” is worth 3 points. The pink and blue squares have a special value, too. For example, if the “Q” tile is on a triple-letter square, then it would be 15 points, not just 5 points. If the word “sat’ is on the double=word square, then it is worth 6 points. The game continues until all the tiles have been used and no player can make any new words on the board. The highest score wins!
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3．根据下文，写一篇摘要
Volcanic eruption in Congo
People are checking the damage caused by lava (熔岩) from the eruption of Mount Nyiragongo in Buhene, on the outskirts of Goma, Congo in the early hours of Sunday, May 23, 2021. The volcanic eruption in eastern Congo last night has killed at least 32 people. With little warning, Mount Nyiragongo turned the dark sky fiery (似火的) red on Saturday night and then sent out lava into villages, destroying more than 500 homes, officials and survivors said.
The volcanic eruption caused about 5, 000 people to move from one neighborhood of Goma, a city of about 2 million people, across the nearby border into Rwanda. Another 25,000 sought refuge (寻求避难) to the northwest in Sake, the U. N. children’s agency said. Great sadness, disbelief and fear hung over the area.
More than 170 children were still feared missing, and UNICEF officials said they were organizing transit centers (临时收容中心) to help children who were reportedly separated from their families in the wake of the disaster.
“The population of Goma must avoid unnecessary travel, and also avoid visiting places that have been hit by lava from the volcano because the lava is harmful,” Joseph Makundi, head of Civil Protection for the North Kivu Province said. He also said the volcano remains active and earthquakes are being recorded, calling on the population to remain alert.
注意：
1.字数60左右；
2.涵盖所有要点；
3.使用适当的衔接词。
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4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own word as far as possible.
Cooperative learning May Change Your Mind about Group Work
Two heads are better than one. It means that two people working together have a better chance of solving a problem than one person alone. But not everyone likes working with others ---especially when that means working in a group.
There can be a number of reasons why people dislike group work. Some may feel nervous or uneasy in group situations. Others might have had a bad experience with individuals who did not work well as a team. Another criticism is that teachers or supervisors fail to assign roles to group members. This may create a situation where everyone or no one wants to lead. Whatever the issue, the result is the same: the group does not realize its goal.
Cooperative learning is an educational method that can help to solve this problem. There are many methods of cooperative learning. One of them is to each person in a small group a specific duty to reach a shared goal. For example, if learners are divided into groups of four people each, their roles might be: leader, writer, checker and speaker. The “writer writes down important information from the task. They may also write down the ideas for the speaker to present This structure helps ensure everyone takes part equally in group work. lt also allows each member to play a meaningful part in completing the shared goal.
Retired educator Michelle Manville has written several books about education and learning standards. Many of her books note that cooperative learning creates a supportive group structure and lessens the problem of competitiveness. Studies have also shown that cooperative learning improves learner achievement. This includes one study by American researcher Robert Slavin.
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5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Selling your stuff online does not only help to declutter(清理) your home and get rid of things you don’t need, but it can also be a great source of income. Books you’re not planning on reading again taking up space on your shelf Sell them online. Upgrading your phone Find a local buyer on social media.Selling online comes with certain pitfalls too, though, and it pays to be diligent when you’re crossing the threshold(门槛) from customer to seller.
One thing you need to consider carefully is the platform on which you are going to advertise. Most big players in the field are so popular with sellers, not just because they can give you access to a bigger pool of potential customers, but also because they offer insurance both to the seller and the buyer, which gives both buyers and sellers more confidence. The downside, however, is that you will generally need to pay an upfront fee(预付费) for using the platform, and may also have to sacrifice a cut of your profit to the company. What’s more, you need to build up a reputation before buyers can trust you-which means you might have to settle for lower prices until you have a high rating.
You can use some platforms that either charge a smaller fee for advertising or even no fee at all-but, in that case, what you will need to keep in mind is your safety, especially if the value of the product you’re selling is high. Most prospective buyers will be genuine, but it’s always best to meet during the day at a public place such as a coffee shop, a library, or a supermarket parking lot-anywhere monitored by security cameras is good. Always keep the product close to you, and check that the money has been released into your account or-if you’re being paid by cash-that you have been given the full amount before relinquishing your items.
A few more things to keep in mind: always be accurate with your descriptions of the items you are selling, especially if advertising on a big platform. The last thing you want is to be accused of fraud and banned from the website. Don’t give out your full name, either- keep your last name private. Identity theft might be rare in such transactions, but it’s always better to be careful.
You might think many of these sound like common sense rules, and they are, but many first-time sellers naively forget to take precautions when selling their stuff online. At the end of the day, it’s up to you to decide the way in which you are comfortable with conducting business online-but remember that a smart, prepared seller is a happy seller.
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6．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Nowadays, parents are very worried because their children spend hours and hours in front of the TV screen. As this doesn’t happen to only one specific kind of family, many experts warn us that they can be some serious effects on children watching violence on television.
Children who become addicted to TV turn on the TV as soon as they get home. Although they have lots of homework, they become absorbed in TV programs. Since they spend tons of time watching TV, they have less time to enjoy real life activities, such as playing outdoor sports with friends, or enjoying other kinds of entertainment.
There are too many violent things on TV, some experts say there are 25 acts of violence per hour on TV. In addition, there are many experiments by psychologists which show how TV violence influences children. Finally, people worry that children tend to imitate what they watch on TV and may start to behave more aggressively.
What should be done First of all, the government should regulate TV violence. It should also encourage people to invent and develop new technology which can block violent scenes from the programmes children watch. For example, with a rating system and the V-chip, inappropriate scenes of violence and sex can be blocked out.
Second, parents should monitor what their children watch. At the same time they should interest their children in real life activities. Then when the children start to spend more time playing with friends or reading books, parents can stop their monitoring.
It is a fact that there is more violence on TV today than there was ten years ago. Moreover, violent incidents occur more frequently. It’s time to realize how harmful watching TV violence is, and it’s time to save our children from violence.
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7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Camping Can Be So Much Fun
When you go on holiday, where do you like to stay If you haven’t tried camping, maybe you should join the increasing number of people who are enjoying the simple pleasures of camping.
By grabbing your tent, and some additional things, it’s easy to head off to the countryside and enjoy a night or two under the stars. Many campers are dumping the trappings of their modern, busy life to do this, encouraged by experts who say a few peaceful nights in the middle of nowhere might be a good way to relax and improve our sleep patterns and well-being. It is also, of course, a good low-budget holiday option.
For the adventurous, wild camping is an ideal way to escape from reality. Armed with just some food and a sleeping bag, you’re free from rules, away from other people, and able to enjoy the back-to-basics experience. But for those who still want some home comforts, a campsite is a more suitable place to fix your tent. Here you have facilities such as washrooms, a shop and maybe even a restaurant. And for the most luxurious camping experience, you could try glamping, a type of camping associated with extreme comforts and luxury.
More recently, sales of camping equipment have jumped as more people have chosen a vacation spent at hometown due to travel restrictions caused by the pandemic. One camping retailer, Halfords, reported a sharp rise in demand for products such as stoves, cool boxes and camping chairs. With the addition of soft pillows, powerful torches and lamps to light up your tent and a better selection of easy-to-cook food, you can almost guarantee a comfortable and enjoyable camping expedition. So maybe it’s time to give camping a try.
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8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
“Digital Hoarding” Could Be an Increasing Problem
As data storage has become more accessible than ever, the amount of digital “stuff” we all have put aside is on the rise, too.
In a recent paper published in the journal Information & Management, we have investigated a rising phenomenon called “digital hoarding”, which happens when an individual constantly acquires digital content, feels difficulty in getting rid of it, and gradually gets more and more digital content without an intended purpose.
Digital hoarding can quickly increase out of control, too — perhaps even more quickly than in the physical world, due to several reasons. First, the digital hoarder is less likely to notice the space limitations in the digital world. While the boundaries of a physical space are clear, such boundaries are less noticeable in digital spaces. Second, hoarding of physical objects happens in fixed boundaries, while digital spaces are “expandable” — you can get additional digital storage with minimum effort at very little or zero cost. Third, to hoard physical items, a person needs to expend some effort, such as purchasing them. By contrast, most digital contents are either self-created, free, or available on a subscription (订阅) basis. Fourth, compared with physical stuff, digital contents can be multiplied, for example, by making copies, with very minimal effort.
In the modern world, it is unavoidable that digital content plays an important role in our lives. Therefore, the potential of serious mental health impacts from digital hoarding is a real possibility.
If you think you’re holding onto too much digital content, you can try cleaning your digital footprint, reducing unnecessary digital content, coming up with simple methods to organize your files, pictures and videos. What’s more, reassess the importance of many social networks, including groups in many communication apps, and keep only those essential to you.
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9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The music in you
Any party goer can tap her heel to an unfamiliar song without realizing it. Yet when asked on site, she might reply: “Music I don’t know anything about that.”
Maybe you’ve heard a variation on this theme: “I don’t have a musical bone in my body.” Most of us make music publicly just a few times a year, when it’s someone’s birthday and the cake comes out. Privately, it’s a different story. We belt out tunes in the shower and create rhythm tracks on our steering wheel. But when we think about musical expertise, we tend to imagine professionals who specialize in performance, people we’d pay to hear. As for the rest of us, our bumbling private efforts, rather than illustrating that we share an irresistible urge to make music, seem only to demonstrate that we don’t enjoy essential musical capacity.
But the more psychologists investigate musicality, the more it seems that nearly all of us are musical experts, in quite a surprising sense. A lot of the most interesting and substantial elements of musicality are things that we all share. We aren’t talking about instinctive, inborn universals here. Our musical knowledge is the product of long experience; maybe not years spent over an instrument, but a lifetime spent absorbing music from the open window of every passing car.
In fact, for all its remarkable power, music is in good company. Many of our feelings are governed by a similar rule. We don’t know how we come to like certain food more than others. We don’t know why we fall in love. Yet in the very act of making these choices we reveal the effects of a host of instinctive mental processes. The fact that we respond to music so naturally and normally actually speaks to its strength and universality.
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10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
When you’re having fun with your friends, you take selfies. When you visit famous places, you take selfies. When you are in beautiful spots, you take selfies. But sometimes you don’t look very attractive in the photos. And, of course, if you’re going to post them, you want to look your best. What can you do
Instead of posting a photo you don’t like, you can turn to photo retouching. When you retouch an image, you improve its appearance. Many apps offer you the ability to do that. Their easy-to-use tools help you smooth your skin, make your teeth straighter and whiter, and more. Within the apps, you can also change your facial features. You can make your eyes rounder and brighter. You can change the shape of your face or your nose. You can also change the direction of the light source or add highlights. All in all, you can make yourself look like you wish you looked.
Now you’ve uploaded your retouched photos to social media. People leave positive comments, and you get a lot of likes. That’s great, right Maybe not. With so many people sharing personal images of their lives, it’s almost like a contest.
Who looks the best, takes perfect selfies and lives up to social media’s standard of beauty You need to be part of that crowd so that you don’t feel left out. Worse yet, you feel if you’re not part of that crowd, you may be criticized for your looks. Maybe you think that if you don’t look like the influencers you follow, you’re not good enough. People generally retouch themselves to have larger eyes, thinner chins and brighter skin. Does everyone now look the same It seems like a lot of people are trying to match up to unrealistic beauty ideals. That isn’t good for anyone’s self-image.
Perhaps it’s time to post the real you and only lightly retouched, if at all.
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11．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The problem of electronic waste
We have gradually come to realise that in two ways in particular, modern hi-tech can be bad for the planet. The first is its energy use; the worldwide scale of information technology is so enormous that electronics now produce fully two percent of global carbon emissions, which is about the same as the highly controversial emissions of aeroplanes. The other is the hardware, when it comes to the end of its natural life. This, increasingly, is pretty short. We have hardly noticed this important stream of waste, so much so that a Greenpeace report on the untraced and unreported e-waste two years ago referred to it as “the hidden flow”. We need to be aware of it.
The latest United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report estimates that worldwide, electronic waste is mounting by about 40 million tons a year. So what can we do about it
The European Union has recognised the problem by adopting a key principle: producer responsibility. In other words, making it the duty of manufacturers of electronic goods to ensure their safe disposal at the end of their lives. In practice, an EU regulation now means that electronics dealers must either take back the equipment they sold you, or help to finance a network of drop-off points, such as public recycling sites. Its main feature is quite ambitious: it aims to deal with “everything with a plug”.
The new UN report suggests that all countries could do something about the problem with a change in design. Groups such as Greenpeace have led the way in putting pressure on major manufacturing companies to find substitutes for the toxic chemicals inside their products. Encouragingly, they have had some success in forcing them to develop non-poisonous alternatives to these. This may be the real way forward.
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12．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Advertising Objectives
When developing a successful advertising campaign, marketers must first set an advertising objective. The objective is the purpose for the advertising campaign. There are four main advertising objectives—to inform, to persuade, to compare, or to remind.
Companies use informative advertising to give information about a new type of product. In this case, the purpose is to increase demand for the new product. DVD players are a good example. The first sellers of these products had to tell consumers about the quality and convenience of the new product. Big sales soon followed.
However, informative advertising doesn’t work so well when there are many companies with the same kind of product. This is because consumers already know the normal features of the product. Instead, they need to see how one company’s version is better than all the others. This kind of advertising is called persuasive advertising. For instance, when DVD players became common, Sony began trying to persuade customers that its brand has the best quality for their money to keep sales high.
Comparative advertising also tries to persuade. Thus it is really a kind of persuasive advertising. In this, a company compares its brand with one or more other parative advertising has been used for products from soft drinks to car rentals and credit cards. An example is Avis, a car rental company, which compared itself with its bigger rival Hertz by claiming, “We’re number two, so we try harder ”
A different kind of advertising is reminder advertising, which is important for products later in their life. Unlike the other types, its objective is to help to keep strong relationships with customers and to keep them thinking about the product. This is why expensive Coca-Cola television ads mainly build and maintain the Coca-Cola brand relationship, rather than trying to inform or persuade people to buy the drink straight away.
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13．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
New friendships don’t just happen. Many of us struggle to meet people and develop quality connections. Whatever your age or situations, though, with a little effort and willingness to step outside of your comfort zone, you can easily make friends. The following tips will help you start a new friendship.
If you want to make friends, you first need to put yourself out there somehow in order to meet people. If you just sit alone, friends might come to you, but that’s not likely. For example, if you’re still in school, sit somewhere with other people. It doesn’t have to be a crowded table, but try to choose one with at least two other people. Remember, friends seldom come knocking on your door while you sit at home playing on your laptop.
Join a club to meet new people. This is a great way to find other people who have common interests. You don’t need to have a lot of common interests with people in order to make friends with them. If you like a certain topic. try searching for a location where you can meet people who share that interest. For example. you could join the science club at school, the marching band, or any other shared-interest group. Once you find someone who has similar interests to yours, you can exchange phone numbers or email addresses and keep in touch.
Volunteering is also a wonderful way to meet new friends. Do an online search or call charitable organizations in your area to find volunteering opportunities near you. For example, you might devote your time at a local nursing home, hospital, animal shelter, or non-profit organization. By working together, you build connections with people, and know people who care about the same things you care about.
Making friends is about developing and having a social connection which makes people want to be a part of your life. It can seem difficult at times, but often the best way to make it happen is to just go ahead and do it.
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14．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Laughter Yoga Makes You Smile
“Friends, I must tell you, laughter yoga is not a comedy.” Dr Madan Kataria, the creator of laughter yoga, an exercise programme involving prolonged laughter, said. Laughter yoga, a combination of breathing exercises and deliberate (故意的) laughter, came from humble beginnings, but has mushroomed into a global movement. Hundreds of clubs, usually free to attend, have now been established across Asia, Europe and North America.
“I had read so much about the benefits of laughter, and how acting out emotions, especially through facial expressions, can create them,” Kataria tells me. But he realised he wouldn’t often see people laughing in Mumbai. “The idea struck me: why not start a laughter club Laughter reduces stress,” Kataria goes on, following some yogic postures, “it makes your immune (免疫) system stronger and keeps your mind positive!” Five people attended Katana’s first meet-up in Mumbai in 1995. He initially asked participants to tell jokes to force laughter, but as attendances grew Kataria learned that laughing for no reason at all was the best method. “We started just faking laughter,” he says. “And then people started laughing for real. It was infectious; we couldn’t stop.”
Laughter yoga addresses a deep-seated need to laugh that is being stifled (遏制).Young children can laugh hundreds of times a day. But as we get older, the fun begins to stop —our brains learn how to adapt our emotions in tune with the needs of others. We develop empathy (同理心). But so are we told to stop laughing and be serious about life. There’s often a sense that if you’re laughing, you’re not properly learning, or working, or focusing, or paying respect. Sometimes this is justified, but not always. Perhaps that is the recipe for the growing popularity of laughter yoga.
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15．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Want to join the online fitness program
Online training is one of the fastest growing section of the fitness industry. A 2015 study found that more than half of all smartphone users had downloaded a fitness or health app. If you’re considering joining the online fitness community, consider these benefits and drawbacks.
There are many reasons that online training may work for you. As long as you have access to pre-downloaded videos or a WiFi connection for streaming videos, you can work out wherever you are.
Besides, compared with similar offline programs, most online fitness programs range in cost between $10 and $20 per month. This is due in part to the wider audience and the greater opportunity to sell programs to more people.
All this growth is incredibly positive — it provides health and fitness resources to the general consumer wherever they happen to be, without requiring access to a gym or fitness studio. But it’s not without problems.
The first thing to think about when considering an online fitness program is “know yourself.” If you struggle with self-motivation, you don’t like exercising at home, and you prefer a social workout environment, online fitness may not be for you. Not to mention the fact that very few online fitness programs enable the instructor to see you, check your form, and offer modifications or corrections based on your performance. This means you might perform exercises incorrectly, or even unsafely, without knowing it, which is particularly concerning for beginners and those recovering from injuries, as they’re more likely to perform exercises incorrectly.
Therefore, like any training format, there are pros and cons to consider when deciding if it is right for you. Take time and make the most suitable decision to reap more benefits.
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16．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Paper Architect
For a long time, Zaha Hadid was known as “the paper architect,” someone whose grand designs never left the page to become real buildings. But in recent years her buildings have sprung up like mushrooms all over the world: the Guangzhou Opera House in China, a car factory in Germany, a contemporary art museum in Rome, a transportation museum in Scotland, and the Aquatics Center for the 2012 Olympics in London.
Pinning down her individual style is difficult. Certainly Hadid has been influenced by the modem trend in architecture that likes to play with the traditional shape of buildings and fragment (分解) them, creating unpredictable angles and surfaces. Working in this way, she and her fellow architects have produced some spaceship-like structures that seem to go against the normal laws of engineering.
The idea of offering the viewer multiple perspectives from within the building is a theme that runs through Hadid’s work. Her most famous building, MAXXI—a museum for the 21st century— in Rome, is a great example. It is a complex and spectacular structure of interlocking concrete shapes. Inside spaces interconnect Tike winding streets, so that the visitor is surprised and charmed at each turn. The Rosenthal Center in Cincinnati produces a similar effect. Like an extension of the street it sits on, it draws you in, with walkways directing you this way and that, and windows inviting you to sample the view. “It’s about promenading” says Hadid, “being able to pause, to look out, look above, look sideways.”
So what inspires someone like Hadid to produce such different buildings She speaks in complimentary terms about the work of her contemporaries. She also cites the natural landscape and organic geological patterns as an influence. But it is not a question that she seems too concerned with and nor perhaps should we be. Hadid is an artist, sharing with us her vision of what buildings should be like and always, as she does so, trying to keep human interests—our interests as users and viewers—at heart.
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17．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Men may eat more in summer
Winter may be seen as the time to fill up with food, but in fact, sunny summer months are when men eat more calories—unlike women.
The effect seems to occur because sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone (激素), says Carmit Levy at Tel Aviv University in Israel. Levy and her colleagues noticed the effect in experiments in mice, in which male animals exposed to UV light (紫外线) ate more food.
To see if humans do the same, the team used data on about 3000 people who had filled in questionnaires as part of the Israeli government’s national health and nutrition survey. Between March and September, the men consumed about 17 per cent more calories per day than they did during the rest of the year, while the women’s food intake stayed about the same.
Human appetite is influenced by many complex systems, but a substance called ghrelin, a hormone produced in the body that stimulates appetite, seems to be the only hormone that directly stimulates eating. It was thought to be mainly produced by the stomach when empty. “It tells the brain to eat more,” says Caroline Gorvin at the University of Birmingham, UK.
Further investigation revealed that exposing male mice to UVB (紫外线 B 段波) radiation, which is present in sunlight, raised levels of ghrelin production by fat cells in their skin. This was blocked by the female sex hormone, which may explain why the effect wasn’t seen in the female mice or the women. Boosted ghrelin production was also seen in men’s skin samples that were exposed to UV light in the lab.
Skin hasn’t previously been thought to play a role in appetite, says Gorvin. The reason for the effect is unclear, but it may be an adaptive response to fuel greater physical activity in summer, says Levy.
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18．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Chatbots
What if instead of clicking on link after link on a company’s website, you could type a question and get an immediate, customized answer Some companies are working to make this a reality using chatbots. Chatbots are computer programs that can communicate with human beings by phone, on messaging apps or on websites.
There are two types of chatbots: open and closed. A closed chatbot follows a script, which may or may not involve using AI (artificial intelligence) to understand users’ messages. An open chatbot uses AI both to figure out what users want and to generate responses. Open chatbots are able to learn from their conversations and thus improve their ability to communicate over time. This means that open chatbots can respond to a wider range of inquiries, compared with closed municating with them feels more natural, but if they have not been correctly trained, users may have a bad experience with them.
One significant advantage of chatbots is that they are available all the time, even in the middle of the night. Plus, a single chatbot can cater to multiple users at once. This means that users can get immediate answers to their questions rather than waiting for a human representative. Chatbots have the potential to overcome several technological problems people face. These include difficulty in searching websites and trouble finding basic information and answers to simple questions.
However, in order for chatbots to work, humans are still indispensable (不可或缺的). Someone has to program the chatbots initially, train them, and maintain and improve the chatbot system. Further, even open chatbots may not have the answers to detailed questions, and many people simply prefer speaking to a human rather than a chatbot. Thus, chatbots are unlikely to completely replace human agents. Rather, they will help users resolve simple problems so that customer service representatives can focus on more difficult issues.
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19．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Is Leather Good or Not
For thousands of years, humans have used leather to make everything from clothing to furniture to footwear. The skin of animals is a material that is strong, hard-wearing and flexible. These qualities make leather a popular material for many different products, but more people are becoming concerned about the potential harm caused by items they buy. Should we respect ancient traditions or is having real leather not as important as it used to be
The treatment of animals raised for their skins is a massive issue. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), more than 2.29 billion cows, pigs and goats are killed each year for their hides. This does not include the animal skin of fancier leather products, such as sheep, crocodiles, kangaroos and lizards.
There’s also an environmental problem. Producing leather is a very polluting process, because it requires treating the skins with chemicals. During the procedure, called tanning, chemicals change the fibres (纤维) inside the leather, making it tougher. A tanning facility uses more than 60,000 litres of water for every tonne of leather produced. It uses huge amounts of poisonous chemicals, including substances containing heavy metals such as chromium, which when washed out ends up in nearby soil and drinking water that people use.
However, the making of leather is not entirely negative. Selling animal skin is a key source of income for remote populations such as the Inuit people in Canada. Every day, cows, pigs and goats are killed for their meat to be sold in supermarkets. It’s respectful not to waste anything, and without leather their skins would have to be buried or burned.
Although there are alternatives to leather, some of these fabrics are only 85% to 90% biodegradable (可生物降解的). Vegan leather can be made from plastics which take years to biodegrade, so it’s actually worse for the planet.
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20．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Should Hand Feeding Dolphins Be Encouraged
Some tourist centers train Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins to approach beachside public sighting areas or boats by hand-feeding them small amounts of fish every day. Because hand-fed males aggressively attack each other over the food, putting themselves and nearby humans in danger, tourist centers focus their hand feeding only on female dolphins, says Valerie Senigaglia at Murdoch University in Perth, Australia
But recent studies have shown that only 38% of the calves (崽) of hand-fed wild dolphins survive to three years of age, which is much lower than the average 77% survival rate for wild calves in general. To better understand why, Senigaglia and her colleagues evaluated the social behavior of dolphins around the Bunbury coast in Western Australia. In particular, they observed the individual behavior and movement of 35 dolphins, including 13 that had been hand-fed using a small boat. They regularly followed each dolphin for periods lasting from 20 minutes to 3 hours for two years in a row for a total of 180 hours.
They found that hand-fed dolphins swam in relatively large groups, but more readily broke away from them to join different ones. In general, they created weak ties with other group members. “You can feel lonely in a room full of people and it’s the same thing for dolphins,” says Senigaglia. Free-swimming dolphins that are fed by hand become less socially involved with their peers. As a result, their calves may grow up lacking vital social skills-which could explain, at least in part, why they are twice as likely to die before reaching adulthood as wild calves generally.
No wonder animal right activists are calling on the practice of hand-feeding dolphins to be stopped.
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参考答案：
1．One possible version:
Coral reefs, built of skeletons of coral polyps, are called underwater cities, where live many marine species and sea creatures. They provide humans with jobs, scenery and medicines. However, reefs aren’t well protected. One fifth of them have disappeared due to environmental problems. Fishing and diving do harm to them; water pollution and air pollution are to blame too.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了珊瑚礁的成因及对人类的益处以及珊瑚礁受到威胁的各种各样的原因。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Young polyps attach themselves to the old skeletons and make new skeletons. Over time, weird and wonderful shapes are slowly built up into amazing coral reefs
②Scientists sometimes think of coral reefs as underwater cities. A quarter of all known marine species live in reef habitats.
③Humans don’t live in coral reef cities, but we benefit from them.
④Coral reefs are very important, yet we don’t take good care of them. Environmental problems have already killed about twenty percent of the world’s reefs.
⑤people catch too many reef fish and often damage the reefs—divers sometimes break off pieces of coral.
⑥Polluted water also causes problems because reef-destroying algae grows in dirty water.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第4、5、6三个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Coral reefs consists of skeletons of coral polyps, being home to marine species and sea creatures.
We benefit a lot from them.
However, we don’t take care of them because they are threatened by environmental problems, fishing, diving and pollution.
【点睛】[高分句型1]
Coral reefs, built of skeletons of coral polyps, are called underwater cities, where live many marine species and sea creatures.( 运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中where引导的非限制性定语从句，built过去分词作的后置定语等表达高级)
[高分句型2]
One fifth of them have disappeared due to environmental problems. (运用了现在完成时表示已经造成的结果，对第四段进行了概括，due to表示原因，表达恰当)
2．Scrabble is a crossword game. In this game, players try to spell words with letter tiles. There are some squares on the board worth special points. If a player can put a letter on these squares, that player can get more points. And if the player can use letters with high score on them, his / her points will be higher.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了拼字游戏的玩法。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Scrabble is a crossword game. Letters like Q, X and Z are not common in English words. They are worth more points than common letters like E, S and N.
②The game begins with all the letter tiles in a bag.
③Each player takes seven tiles and puts them on the rack in front of him or her.
④The Scrabble board has many squares.
⑤To find the score, players add up the value of each tile in a word. For example, the letters “S”, “T” and “A” are each worth 1 point. So the word “sat” is worth 3 points. The pink and blue squares have a special value, too. For example, if the “Q” tile is on a triple-letter square, then it would be 15 points, not just 5 points. If the word “sat’ is on the double=word square, then it is worth 6 points.
⑥The game continues until all the tiles have been used and no player can make any new words on the board. The highest score wins!
2. 缜密深思
把要点1、2、3、4重组；要点5和要点6重组，整合。
3. 遣词造句
Scrabble is a crossword game.
The Scrabble board has many squares.
Each player in the game begins with all the letter tiles and to get the score, players add up the value of each tile in a word.
The game continues until all the tiles have been used and use letters with high score on them so that the player wins!
【点睛】【高分句型1】There are some squares on the board worth special points.（运用了there be句型和worth形容词作定语）
【高分句型2】If a player can put a letter on these squares, that player can get more points.（运用了if引导的条件状语从句）
3．Mount Nyiragongo, on the outskirts of Goma, Congo erupted overnight on May 22, 2021 with little warning. The volcanic eruption killed at least 32 people and destroyed more than 500 houses. It also caused about 5,000 people to move from one neighborhood of Goma into Rwanda. Another 25,000 sought refuge to the northwest in Sake. What’s worse, there were still more than 170 children who were likely to have been lost. One of the officials said people there needed to keep cautious about the volcano and avoid unnecessary travel.
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。2021年5月23日星期日凌晨，人们正在检查刚果戈马郊区布埃内尼拉贡戈火山喷发的熔岩造成的破坏。这次火山喷发造成了严重损害。文章对此进行了详细报道。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①People are checking the damage caused by lava from the eruption of Mount Nyiragongo in Buhene, on the outskirts of Goma, Congo in the early hours of Sunday, May 23, 2021.
②The volcanic eruption in eastern Congo last night has killed at least 32 people.
③With little warning, Mount Nyiragongo turned the dark sky fiery red on Saturday night and then sent out lava into villages, destroying more than 500 homes, officials and survivors said.
④The volcanic eruption caused about 5, 000 people to move from one neighborhood of Goma, a city of about 2 million people, across the nearby border into Rwanda. Another 25,000 sought refuge to the northwest in Sake, the U. N. children’s agency said.
⑤More than 170 children were still feared missing, and UNICEF officials said they were organizing transit centers to help children who were reportedly separated from their families in the wake of the disaster.
⑥“The population of Goma must avoid unnecessary travel, and also avoid visiting places that have been hit by lava from the volcano because the lava is harmful,” Joseph Makundi, head of Civil Protection for the North Kivu Province said. He also said the volcano remains active and earthquakes are being recorded, calling on the population to remain alert.
2.缜密构思
将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行重组，将第4要点进行整合，将第5要点进行整合，将第6要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Mount Nyiragongo, on the outskirts of Goma, Congo erupted overnight on May 22, 2021 with little warning. The volcanic eruption killed at least 32 people and destroyed more than 500 houses.
It also caused about 5,000 people to move from one neighborhood of Goma into Rwanda.
Another 25,000 sought refuge to the northwest in Sake. What’s worse, there were still more than 170 children who were likely to have been lost.
One of the officials said people there needed to keep cautious about the volcano and avoid unnecessary travel.
【点睛】[高分句型1] What’s worse, there were still more than 170 children who were likely to have been lost. (运用了who引导的定语从句)
[高分句型2] One of the officials suggested people there need to keep cautious about the volcano and avoid unnecessary travel. (运用了（should）do虚拟语气)
4．As we all know, working together contributes to solving problems better. But everyone doesn’t like working together. The reason is that some people suffered from different experiences of group work. Whatever it is, it all causes bad results. Fortunately, cooperative learning can handle the issues by playing different roles in group work, which has proved helpful by some experts.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍团队合作有利于解决问题，但是由于种种原因很多人并不是很喜欢这种工作模式，在教育方法中，合作式学习可以用来帮助解决这一问题，让小组内的每一位成员都有自己的分工，这些都已经得到了很多专家的研究论证。
【详解】1 要点摘录①Two heads are better than one. It means that two people working together have a better chance of solving a problem than one person alone.
②There can be a number of reasons why people dislike group work.
③Whatever the issue, the result is the same: the group does not realize its goal.
④Cooperative learning is an educational method that can help to solve this problem.
⑤Studies have also shown that cooperative learning improves learner achievement. This includes one study by American researcher Robert Slavin.
2.缜密构思
将第①要点进行重组，将第②、③两个要点整合，将④、⑤两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
As we all know, working together contributes to solving problems better.
But everyone doesn’t like working together.
The reason is that some people suffered from different experiences of group work.
Whatever it is, it all causes bad results.
Fortunately, cooperative learning can handle the issues by playing different roles in group work, which has proved helpful by some experts.
【点睛】[高分句型1] As we all know, working together contributes to solving problems better. 用as引导的非限制性定语从句对第一段内容进行总结。
[高分句型2]：Fortunately, cooperative learning can handle the issues by playing different roles in group work, which has proved helpful by some experts. 用which引导的非限制性定语从句对第三段内容进行总结。
5．(1)Online selling brings extra income but requires careful preparations. First, choose a credible platform with a wider customer base and insurance, and lower the price until you’ve established a fine reputation. Even if you cannot afford the prepaid fee of a platform, make sure transactions take place safely. It’s also essential to provide honest item descriptions and protect personal privacy. (60)
(2) Several things about selling online are worth noting. Firstly, proper platforms ensure customers and insurance, though an upfront fee and a good reputation are required. Secondly, always keep safety in mind, meet buyers in public and keep the product until you receive the payment. Thirdly, avoid inaccurate product description and revealing your full name. Be careful when you sell online.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在网上销售自己不需要东西的时候应注意的一些问题及销售方法。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Selling your stuff online does not only help to declutter(清理) your home and get rid of things you don’t need, but it can also be a great source of income.
②One thing you need to consider carefully is the platform on which you are going to advertise.
③Most big players in the field are so popular with sellers, not just because they can give you access to a bigger pool of potential customers, but also because they offer insurance both to the seller and the buyer, which gives both buyers and sellers more confidence.
④The downside, however, is that you will generally need to pay an upfront fee(预付费) for using the platform, and may also have to sacrifice a cut of your profit to the company.
⑤What’s more, you need to build up a reputation before buyers can trust you-which means you might have to settle for lower prices until you have a high rating.
⑥A few more things to keep in mind: always be accurate with your descriptions of the items you are selling, especially if advertising on a big platform.
⑦Don’t give out your full name, either- keep your last name private. Identity theft might be rare in such transactions, but it’s always better to be careful.
2. 缜密深思
把要点1重组；要点2、3、4整合；要点6和要点7重组，整合。
3. 遣词造句
Selling your stuff online not only help declutter your home, but it can also bring extra income.
One thing to consider carefully is the platform. A credible platform usually has a wider customer base and offer insurance.
The downside, however, is that you will generally need to pay an upfront fee for using the platform.
Besides, you have to settle for lower prices so as to build up a good reputation.
Always keep in mind that be accurate with the descriptions of items you are selling and be careful of your provacy.
【点睛】【高分句型1】
First, choose a credible platform with a wider customer base and insurance, and lower the price until you’ve established a fine reputation. （运用了祈使句和时间状语从句）
【高分句型2】
It’s also essential to provide honest item descriptions and protect personal privacy.（运用了it作形式主语）
6．高分范文1
It’s a common phenomenon that children spend too many hours watching TV. Worse still, experiments carried out by psychologists have proven violent scenes can result in children’s aggressive acts. To prevent this, TV violence should be blocked and children should be monitored when they watch TV. In all, it’s very time for us to become aware of the seriousness of the issue and take measures to encourage children to put more time into real life activities rather than television program.
高分范文2
With children spending quantities of time watching TV and less time participating in real life activities, experts point that TV violence can exert a passive impact on children. Moreover, only when TV violence is restricted appropriately and children are taught how to arrange their time reasonably can we well settle the problem. Confronted with such a disturbing situation, it is high time we should take action to prevent children from violence.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，专家指出，由于儿童花大量时间看电视，而参与实际生活活动的时间较少，电视暴力会对儿童产生消极影响。此外，只有适当限制电视暴力，教会孩子们如何合理安排时间，我们才能很好地解决这个问题。面对如此令人不安的情况，我们是时候采取行动防止儿童暴力了。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①As this doesn’t happen to only one specific kind of family, many experts warn us that they can be some serious effects on children watching violence on television.
②Since they spend tons of time watching TV, they have less time to enjoy real life activities, such as playing outdoor sports with friends, or enjoying other kinds of entertainment.
③It should also encourage people to invent and develop new technology which can block violent scenes from the programmes children watch.
④It’s time to realize how harmful watching TV violence is, and it’s time to save our children from violence.
2.缜密构思
将第1、4两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
With children spending quantities of time watching TV and less time participating in real life activities, experts point that TV violence can exert a passive impact on children.
Moreover, only when TV violence is restricted appropriately and children are taught how to arrange their time reasonably can we well settle the problem.
Confronted with such a disturbing situation, it is high time we should take action to prevent children from violence.
【点睛】[高分句型1]：With children spending quantities of time watching TV and less time participating in real life activities, experts point that TV violence can exert a passive impact on children.(运用了with的复合结构作状语和that引导的宾语从句)
[高分句型2]：Confronted with such a disturbing situation, it is high time we should take action to prevent children from violence. (运用了虚拟语气)
7．Nowadays, a growing number of people choose to camp outdoors in that it’s easy to access and with low-budget. Moreover, various types of camping cater to our different needs, such as adventurous wild camping, cozy campsite camping and luxurious camping, which brings us peace and benefits our health. With the travel restrictions during the pandemic, sales of camping equipment soar. (60字)
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了露营的意义和露营的种类，以及在疫情的影响下，露营装备销量暴增的现象。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①If you haven’t tried camping, maybe you should join the increasing number of people who are enjoying the simple pleasures of camping.
②By grabbing your tent, and some additional things, it’s easy to head off to the countryside and enjoy a night or two under the stars.
③It is also, of course, a good low-budget holiday option.
④For the adventurous, wild camping is an ideal way to escape from reality. But for those who still want some home comforts, a campsite is a more suitable place to fix your tent.
⑤Here you have facilities such as washrooms, a shop and maybe even a restaurant. And for the most luxurious camping experience, you could try glamping, a type of camping associated with extreme comforts and luxury.
⑥More recently, sales of camping equipment have jumped as more people have chosen a vacation spent at hometown due to travel restrictions caused by the pandemic.
2. 缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4、5、6要点进行整合。
3. 遣词造句
It might be fun to consider joining others and enjoy the simple pleasure of camping.
It’s easy and also cheap to head off to the countryside and have a holiday.
Wild camping can be fun the adventurous while different types of campsites can also be found if you’re looking for a more comfortable