福建省莆田哲理中学2014年高考英语语法复习学案(11份)

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名称 福建省莆田哲理中学2014年高考英语语法复习学案(11份)
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V 动词
一、动词的分类。
动词根据其在句中的作用和特征可分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四大类。
1、实义动词。
实义动词又叫行为动词,表示动作或状态。一般可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
(1)及物动词可在句中作谓语,后接宾语。
如:He is watching TV now. 现在他正在看电视。
如:He came early yesterday. 昨天他来的很早。
Jack is looking for his pen. 杰克在找钢笔。
2、系动词。
这类词本身有意义,但不能单独作谓语,只能与后面的名词、形容词等表语一起构成合成式谓语。be是常见的系动词。此外,一些表示感受的动词和表示状态的动词也属于系动词的范畴。
(1)表示感受的系动词有:feel (感觉), look (看), sound (听), smell (闻), taste (尝), touch (摸);
表示状态的系动词有:become (变成), keep (保持), get (成为,变得), turn (变得), grow (成长,变得) , appear (好像是), seem (似乎是), prove (证明是), last (持续).
(2)系动词后面的表语可以是形容词、名词、动名词、不定式或介词短语。
如:This idea sounds great. 这个主意听上去不错。(形容词)
They seem to be friendly. 他们似乎很友好。(不定式)
He looks like his father. 他看起来像他的父亲。(介词短语)
(3)一些常用的由系动词和形容词构成的短语动词。如:
get married结婚 go mad发疯 get lost迷路 prove wrong证明是错的
fall ill生病 turn white变白 fall asleep睡着 keep silent / quiet保持沉默/安静
3、助动词。
助动词本身没有词义,不可单独使用,只要动词一起构成谓语,表示时态、语态语气,构成疑问句、否定句。常见的助动词有be, do, have, shall, will等。
如:Does she like music 她喜欢音乐吗?
We will come tomorrow. 我们明天来。
He has gone back to England. 他回英国去了。
4、情态动词。
情态动词具有以下特点:
(1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待、估计某事的发生,或说话者对某一动作或状态的态度。带有浓厚的主观色彩或情感意味。
如:He can speak French. 他会讲法语。
We must hurry up. 我们必须快点儿。
(2)情态动词后面应跟动词原形,其本身没有人称和数的变化。
如:She must pay. 她必须付钱。
(3)情态动词只有can, may, shall和will有过去形式,分布为could, might, should和would。它们一般不是过去式,而是用在表示委婉或不确定语气的句子里。
如:Would you like to go swimming 去游泳好吗?(很委婉)
The man might be at home. 那人可能在家。(不确定)
(4)常用的情态动词。
①can / could 可以表示能力,意思是“能,会”。could在这里是其过去式,表示“过去能”。
如:Can you use a computer 你会用电脑吗?
Could you swim when you were 6 years old 你6岁时会游泳吗?
b. cn可以表示许可,一般用于非正式场合,能代替may,可用于第一、二人称。could在这里不是can的过去式,而是使语气更加委婉、客气,因此在表示“许可”意思的时候更为常用。
如:—Could I have the television on 我能看电视吗?
—Yes, you can. / No, you can’t. 可以/不可以。(回答时不用could)
c. can / could在否定句,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
如:He couldn’t be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。(表推测)
②may / might
a. may可以表示没有把握的推测,意思是“可能”,用于肯定句和否定句。might表示推测时,不表示时态,指示可能性比may小。
如:He may come here. 他可能会来这儿。(可能性大)
It might snow this night. 今晚可能会下雪。(不确定)
b. may还可以表示允许或请求的意思,用might则语气更加委婉、客气。may主要用于第一人称,而且要比用can正式得多。表请求时,多用于疑问句。
如:May I ask you a question 我可以问你各问题吗?
c.在回答以may引导的疑问句时,其回答方式。
如:—May I use your ruler? 我能用你的尺子吗?
—Yes, please. 请吧。(表肯定)
—Yes, you may. 是的,你可以用。(表肯定)
—No, you mustn’t / can’t. 不,你不能。(表否定)
—No, you’d better not. 你最好别用。(表否定,拒绝意味不强)
d. may放在句首,表示祝愿。
May she rest in peace. 愿她安息。
③must
a. must可以表示“必须,应该”。
如:You must do your homework now. 你必须现在就写作业。
b. must的否定式为must not = mustn’t,意思是“不应该,不允许,不准,禁止”。
如:You mustn’t smoke in public. 你不准在公众场所吸烟。
c. must用在肯定句中,表示较有把握的推测,意为“肯定”。表示对现在的状态或现在发生的事情的推测时,后面常接动词原形。
如:He must be staying there. 他现在肯定在那里。(表推测)
He must know that. 他肯定知道那件事。(表推测)
表示否定的推测一般用can’t,意思是“肯定不是”。表示“可能不是”意思时,一般用may not,语气没有can’t强烈。
The car must / can’t be his. 这辆车肯定是/不是他的。
d. must引导的疑问句,意思往往是“必须”。
如:—Must I stay here?我必须待在这儿吗?
—Yes, you must. 是的,你必须待在这儿。(表肯定)
—No, you needn’t / don’t have to. 不,你不必。(表否定)
④need
a. need作为情态动词,表示“需要,必须”,常用于否定句或疑问句。
如:You needn’t come so early. 你没有必要这么早来。
b. need也可作及物动词,有第三人称单数和时态变化,其否定和疑问形式要通过助动词来体现。
如:He needs love. 他需要爱。
—Does he need water 他需要水吗?
—No, he doesn’t. 不,他不需要。
二、动词的时态。
1、一般现在时。
一般现在时表示现在精彩发生的动作或存在的状态,常用的时间状语有always (总是), usually (通常), sometimes (有时), never (从不), often (经常), seldom (很少)等。
在行为动词作谓语的句中,主语为第一、二人称时,行为动词用原形;当主语是第三人称单数时,动词用第三人称单数形式(见附表)。
如:Li Xiang often rides a bike to school. 李翔经常骑自行车上学。
I never go to school by bike. 我从不骑自行车上学。
【链接】动词原形用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时的句子里,助动词do, will,情态动词及不定式符号后。
如:They work in the factory. 明天他要回家。
I have to work hard at my lessons. 我得努力学习功课。
2、现在进行时。
现在进行时表示现在或现阶段正在发生或进行的动作,通常与now, today, this week, at present, at this moment等时间状语连用。谓语动词形式为am / is / are + v-ing (v-ing构成形式见附表)。
如:He is sleeping at the moment. 他现在正在睡觉。
3、一般过去时。
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常与a minute ago, yesterday, just now, last week, in those days, in 1990等表示过去的时间状语连用。也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与often, always, three days a week等表示频度的时间状语连用。
如:The telephone rang just now. 刚才电话铃响了。
Mr. Li used to fish. 李先生过去常钓鱼。
4、一般将来时。
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也可表示将来经常或反复发生的动作。常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如:tomorrow, soon, later, next time (month, week, year…)等,基本结构为“主语+shall / will+动词原形”。在疑问句中,主语为第一人称 ( I / We ) 时,常用助动词shall。
如:I will go fishing tomorrow. 明天我去钓鱼。
5、过去进行时。
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一时段政治发生的动作或状态,其基本结构为“主语+be的过去式+v. - ing”,常用的时间状语有at that moment, at this time yesterday, at nine o’clock last night等。
如:I was seeing a film at that time. 那时我在看电影。
Father was reading a newspaper when the telephone rang. 电话响时,爸爸正在读报。
6、现在完成时。
现在完成时用来表示在说话之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果或影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,其基本结构为“have / has+过去分词”(过去分词的构成见附表)。常用的时间装有有today, this week, since last winter, never, for several years等。
如:We have learned many new words this term. 这学期我们学了许多生词。
She has worked with us for half a month. 她和我们一起工作了半个月了。
【链接】用于现在完成时的句型。
(1)“It’s the +序数词+time that …”句型中,that引导的从句部分,一般用现在完成时。
如:It’s the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
(2)“This is +形容词最高级+ that …”句型中,that引导的从句要用现在完成时。
如:This is the best book (that) I’ve ever read. 这是我读过的最好的书。
(3)have been to与have gone to的区别。
a. have been to表示某人去过某地且现在已经不在那个地方。
如:I have been to Xiamen twice. 我去过厦门两次。(已经不在厦门)
b. have gone to表示木偶人去了某地,此人现在在路上或在目的地。
如:—Where is your headteacher 你的班主任在哪?
—He has gone home. 他已经回家了。(不在这儿)
(4)for和since的区别
for+时间段,since+过去时间点,since+从句(从句的谓语动词用过去时)。
如:He has lived here for 3 years.
He has lived here since 3 years ago.
It’s 3 years since he lived here.
一般情况 以e结尾 辅音字母+y结尾 单元音字母+单辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节(包括r结尾) 以ie结尾 以字母s, x, ch或sh结尾,以o结尾的动词
第三人称单数 + s(works) 改y为i + es(studies) + es (watches)
现在分词 + ing(working) 去e + ing(taking) 双写辅音字母+ ing(sitting) 改ie为y + ing(studies)
过去式 + ed(worked) 去e + ed(loved) 改y为i + ed(studied) 双写辅音字母+ ed(stopped)
过去分词 + ed(worked) 去e + ed(loved) 改y为i + ed(studied) 双写辅音字母+ ed(preferred)
三、动词的语态。
语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种,即主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,构成的句子叫主动语。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,构成的句子叫被动句。
被动语态的构成(见下表)
时态 被动语态结构
一般现在时 am / is are +动词过去分词
一般过去时 was / were +动词过去分词
含有情态动词 情态动词+ be动词过去分词
1、用法。
(1)当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时,常使用被动语态。如:The railway was opened in 2004. 这条铁路是2004年开通的。
(2)当需要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时用被动语态。
如:This kind of bike is not made in our factory. 这种自行车不是我们厂生产的。
(3)用来表示礼貌或说话时比较客气。
如:You will be asked to speak at the meeting. 您将被邀请在大会上发言。
2、表示状态而不是动作的及物动词,如have, fit等,不能用于被动语态。
如:They have a big house. 他们有一座大房子。
不能说成A big house is had by them.
3、主动语态变为被动语态的方法。
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(2)把主动语态的谓语动词变为被动语态的谓语动词。
(3)把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语,构成介词短语放在谓语动词后(有时可省略)
如:
(4)主动句变为被动句时须考虑时态的一致和数的变化。
如:Her parents have bought her a pair of shoes.
She has been bought a pair of shoes by her parents.
四、非谓语动词。
非谓语动词,又称非限定动词,在句子中不能单独作谓语,它不受主语的限制。
非谓语动词包括三种形式:不定式、动名词和分词。
1、动词不定式。
动词不定式的基本形式为“to +动词原形”,其否定形式“not to +动词原形”。动词不定式既具有动词的特征——可以有自己的宾语和状语,又具有名词、形容词和副词的功能。
不定式在句子中的用法:
(1)不定式作主语。
如:To tell a lie is wrong. 说谎是错误的。
(2)不定式作表语
一般放在be动词后构成表语,常用来表示预定要发生的动作,也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设。
如:His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为医生。
(3)不定式作宾语。
如:They wanted to go home earlier. 他们想早些回家。
(4)不定式作宾语补足语。
如:The teacher told him not to be late next time. 老师告诉他下次别再迟到了。
(5)不定式作定语。
不定式作定语通常要放在被修饰的词后面,且和被修饰名词存在逻辑上的动宾关系,如果不定式是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的词是不定式动作的时间、工具等,不定式后应有必要的介词。
如:We have a cold room to live in. 我们住的是间冰冷的房子。
There’s nothing to worry about. 没什么可担忧的。
I have a lot of work to do. 我又很多事要只做。
(6)不定式作状语。
不定式在句中作状语可表示目的、结果或原因等。
如:To pass the exam successfully, Dick works hard at his lessons.
为顺利通过测试,迪克在努力学习。
(7)“疑问词+不定式”结构。
“疑问词+不定式”结构相当于名词性短语,在句中可作主语、宾语和表语等。
如:I don’t know what to do and where to go. 我不知道该做些什么,该去哪儿。
2、动名词。
动名词具有名词的特性,同时又保留了动词的功能,可以有自己的宾语和状语以构成名词短语。动名词的构成形式为“v – ing”。动名词在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。
如:Running is a good exercise. 跑步是很好的锻炼。(作主语)
His hobby is playing chess. 他的爱好是下象棋。(作表语)
Many foreigners enjoy having Chinese dishes. 许多外国人喜欢吃中国菜。(作宾语)
You can smoke in the smoking room. 你可以在吸烟室里抽烟。(作定语)
3、分词。
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种,既有动词的特征,又可以有形容词和副词的特征。现在分词的构成形式为v – ing,过去分词的构成形式为v – ed及不规则变化。分词在句子中可以作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语等。
如:The news was surprising. 消息令人惊讶。(作表语)
China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。(作定语)
I heard you playing the piano just now. 刚才我听见你在弹钢琴。(作宾补)
She stood there smiling. 她微笑着站在那儿。(作状语)
I’m interested in playing basketball. 我对打篮球感兴趣。(作表语)
Polluted air and water are harmful to us.受到污染的空气和水对我们是有害的。(作定语)
I had my hair cut. 我理发了。(作宾补)
Tired out, they stopped to have a rest. 他们累了。(作状语)
真题操练
1. —How do you feel when you watch the national flag go up
—It makes me ________ very proud.
A. felt B. to feel C. feeling D. feel
2. —May I smoke here
—No, you ________ only do that in the smoking room.
A. can B. need C. mustn’t D. couldn’t
3. I ________ to Cape Town so I know nothing about it.
A. don’t travel B. won’t travel C. haven’t traveled D. hadn’t traveled
4. As soon as he ________ the bus, the poor man realized he ________ had left his wallet on it.
A. got on B. got off C. got to D. got into
5. We are going for a picnic tomorrow. I’ll call Wendy to make sure ________.
A. why to start B. what to start C. which to start D. when to start
6. —You aren’t a stranger, are you
—________, don’t you remember ________ me at the school gate ten minutes ago
A. Yes; to see B. No; seeing C. No; saw D. Yes; seeing
7. —Do you believe there are aliens
—I’m afraid not. I don’t think aliens ________ in space.
A. can find B. can be found C. can be founded D. can’t be found
8. —Do you know Huang Ting well
—Yes. She and I ________ friends since we met in Wuhan last summer.
A. have made B. were C. have been D. become
9. I’m waiting for my friend. ________, I’ll go shopping alone.
A. If she comes B. If she will come
C. If she doesn’t come D. If she won’t come
10. —Mary was heard ________ just now. What happened
—John was telling a joke.
A. cry B. to cry C. laugh D. to laugh
答案:1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. C 10. D
动词形式




原词
结构
I speak English every day.
English is spoken by me every day.III 代词
一、人称代词
人称代词有人称、数、格的变化。如下表所示:
单数 复数
一 二 三 一 二 三
主格 I you he, she, it we You They
宾格 me you Him, her, it us you them
1、人称代词的基本用法
(1)主格在句中作主语。如:
She is my friend. 她是我的朋友。
We have lunch at school. 我们在学校吃午饭。
2、人称代词的特殊用法
(1)在but, except, than, as和动词be之后,人称代词可用主格,亦可用宾格(在口语中常用宾语)。
如:I’m thinner than she / her. 我比她瘦。
Nobody but I / me has known it. 除了我没人知道。
—Who is knocking at the door 谁在敲门?
—It’s I / me. 是我。
(2)人称代词it可指天气、时间、自然现象、距离、重量、价格等,此时it不能译作“它”,需根据上下文灵活翻译。如:
It’s going to rain. (指天气)
It’s about ten minutes’ walk. 大约十分钟的步行。(指距离)
(3)it还常作形式主语或形式宾语。如:
It’s necessary for us to drink at least eight cups of water every day. 我们有必要每天喝至少八杯水。
I find it difficult to learn English well. 我发现学好英语很难。
it 用作形式主语时,还可构成一种强调句式,其结构为It is (was) +被强调部分+that (who) …通常被强调部分指人时用who,指物时用that。如原句为:
I met her mother in the shopping mall yesterday.
昨天我在购物中心见到她母亲。
It was I who met her mother in the shopping mall yesterday.
昨天是我在购物中心见到她母亲。(强调主语)
It was in the shopping mall that I met her mother yesterday. (强调地点状语)
昨天我是在购物中心见到她母亲。
(4)指代不明确的人;当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时,可用it表示。如:
—John, someone in your class phoned you this morning.
约翰,今天早晨你班有人给你打了电话。
—Oh, who is it
哦,是谁?
(5)指代国家、都市、船舶的名词,含有感彩时常用she。如:
Titanic was once the biggest ship. She was great!
泰克尼号曾是世界最大的轮船,她真是太棒了!
China will always do what she has promised.
中国总是说话算数的。
单数 复数
一 二 三 一 二 三
形容词性物主代词 my your his, her, its our your their
名词性物主代词 mine yours his, hers, its ours yours theirs
二、物主代词
表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词,按其功能又分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,构成如下:
物主代词的基本用法
(1)形容词性物主代词只可作定语,也就是说其后必须跟一个或几个名词。
如:I can’t find their classroom. 我找不到他们的教室。
Here are her shoes and socks. 她的鞋和袜子在这里。
(2)形容词性物主代词还可与own连用,表示强调。如:
I saw it with my own eyes. 我亲眼所见。
(3)名词性物主代词可作主语、宾语和表语。如:
The house with a garden is ours, and theirs is over there.
有花园的房子是我们的,他们的房子在那边。(前者作表语,后者作主语)
I have lost my pen. May I borrow yours (作宾语)
我的钢笔丢了,我可以借用你的吗?
三、指示代词
指示代词是表示“这个”,“那个”,“这些”,“那些”等概念的代词。常用的指示代词有this“这”,that“那”,these“这些”,those“那些”,such“如此,这样的人或事”。其中this和that是单数,these和those是复数。
1、指示代词的基本用法
指示代词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语或定语。如:
This is his camera. 这是他的照相机。(作主语)
I like this better than that. 比起那个我更喜欢这个。(作宾语)
What I want is that. 我想要的是那个。(作表语)
She doesn’t like those things. (作定语)
2、指示代词的特殊用法
(1)用于打电话。
如:—Hello, who’s that speaking 喂,请问你是谁?
—This is Kangkang speaking. 我是康康。
(2)用于指上文提到的事情,若指下文所提事情,只能用this。
如:He was ill yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.
他昨天病了,那就是他没有来的原因。
This is Bill. He is from the USA. 这是比尔。他来自美国。
(3)that和those可用来代替前面提到过的不可数名词的复数形式,以避免重复。
如:The weather here is much colder than that of my country.
这里的天气比我国的天气冷得多。
注意:如果是代替单数可数名词,应用the one,而不用that。
如:This room is a little bigger than the one next door.
这个房间比隔壁的那间大一点。
The cars here are much cheaper than those in HK.
这里的轿车比香港的便宜多了。
(4)such也是指示袋鼠,表示“这样的人或事”,常作主语和定语。如:
Such is what I want to tell you.
这就是我想告诉你的。(作主语)
The foreign visitors said they had never see such plants before.
这些外宾说他们从未见过这样的职务。
四、疑问代词
用于构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。主要有who“谁”,whom“谁(who的宾语)”,whose“谁的”,what“什么”,which“哪一个,哪些”。其中who,whom,whose用于指人;在定于从句中先行词是指物的名词时,关系代词whose亦可指物;what指物;which可指人,亦可指物。
疑问代词的基本用法
(1)who与what对比,who指姓名或关系,what指职业或地位。
如:—Who is he 他是谁?
—He is my cousin. 他是我表哥。
—What is he 他是干什么的?
—He’s an engineer. 他是一位工程师。
(2)who与which对比:who指人,所指对象没有范围限制;which可指人或物,但只能指一定范围内的一个人或一类人。
如:Who is crying 谁在哭?
Which students may stay here 哪些学生可以留下来?
(3)what与which对比:what所指事物侧重种类,which所指事物侧重哪一个。
如:What sport do you like best 你最喜欢什么运动?
Which sentence correct 哪个句子正确?
(4)whose与whom对比:whose是who的所有格,whom是who的宾格;前者指所有者,后者指动作的对象。如:
Whose are these books on the desk 桌子上的书是谁的?
Whom are you waiting for 你在等谁?
五、反身代词
表示“某人自己”含义的代词叫反身代词。其构成如下表:
单数 复数
第一人称 myself ourselves
第二人称 yourself yourselves
第三人称 himself, herself, itself themselves
反身代词的基本用法
反身代词可作宾语、表语、同位语等。
如:Be careful not to hurt yourself. 当心不要伤害到自己。(作宾语)
He is not himself today. 他今天不正常。(作表语)
We ourselves will do it. 我们要自己做。(作同位语)
六、不定代词
不指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫不定代词。它们多数在句中都可作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
1、不定代词one的用法
one可指人,亦可指物,在句中可作主语、宾语或定语。复数为ones,所有格形式为one’s,反身代词形式为oneself。具体用法如下:
(1)替代上文出现过的同类可数名词中的一个(一些)。
如:—Which boy is Michael 哪个孩子是迈克尔?
—The one playing the piano. 弹钢琴的那个。
The bus has gone. You will have to wait for the next one.
汽车走了,你得等下一班车。
My shoes are similar to the ones you had yesterday.
我的鞋和你昨天穿的那双很像。(指一些)
(2)单独使用,泛指“一个人,人”。
如:One should take care of oneself. 一个人应当照顾好自己。
2、some, any, no, every及其复合不定代词的用法
(1)some和any是表示不定数量的代词,相当于汉语“一些”,“任何”,后面可跟复数名词或不可数名词。some常用在肯定句中,any常用在疑问句、否定句和条件句中。
如:She can speak some Japanese. 她能讲日语。
If you have any questions, please put up your hand. 有问题请举手。
(2)no, no one, nobody, nothing, none表示否定;no只能作定语,可修饰可数名词的单复数形式及不可数名词;nobody / no one“没人”; nothing“没有任何东西/事情”都当作单数对待,可作主语、宾语和表语;none可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语,none作主语时,谓语的单复数形式要根据实际情况来定。
如:I have no time. 我没时间。
No one wants to go with you. 没人愿和你去。
Nobody is absent. 没人缺席。
None of them has been to Beijing.
他们中没有一个到过北京。(none指代可数名词,强调单一性,谓语用单数形式)
None of them were aware of the danger.
他们都没有意识到有危险。(none指代可数名词,强调整体性,谓语用复数形式)
There is nothing in the fridge. 冰箱里什么也没有。
(3)every意为“每一个,一切”,只能作定语。它用于修饰可数名词的单数形式,所描述的对象是三个以上。
如:Every classroom is bright. 每个教室都很明亮。
Not every man can do it. 不是每个人都能做这件事。
与each相比,every着重整体性,each强调个别性;each在句中可作主语、宾语或定语等。如:
Each of you can try twice. 你们每人可试两次。(作主语)
The teacher gave one book to each of the students. 老师给了每个学生一本书。(作宾语)
(4)some构成的复合不定代词something“某个东西/事情”,somebody / someone“某人,有人”用法同some,多用于肯定就;any构成的复合不定代词anything“任何事情/东西”、anybody / anyone“任何人”用法同any,多用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中;every构成的复合不定代词everything意为“每件事,事事”,everybody / everyone意为“每个人,人人”。如:
Someone is waiting for you. 有人等你。
Is there anyone at home 有人在家吗?
I don’t know anything about it. 对此我一无所知。
Everyone in the class passed the exam. 全班同学通过了考试。
Everything is ready. 一切都准备好了。
3、many, much的用法
二者都有“许多”的意思,与a lot of同义,many+可数名词,much+不可数名词。如:
Many people are there. 很多人在那儿。
How much time have we left 我们还有多少时间?
4、both, either, neither, all, none的用法
both(两个)“都”,either(两者中)“任何一个”,neither(两个)“都不”,all(三者或三者以上)“都”,none(三者或三者以上)“都不”。如:
Both of his uncles have gone abroad. 他两个波波都去了国外。
There are all kinds of flowers in my garden. But in fall all the flowers are gone.
我的花园里有各种各样的花,但到了秋天,所有的花儿都凋谢了。
He took several kinds of medicine, but none of them had any effect.
他服了好几种药,但都没效果。
比较
Neither of my parents is a teacher. 我的父母都不是老师。
Either of them is right. 他们二人有一个是对的。
None of them are right. 他们全都不对。
All of them are right. 他们都对。
Both of them are right. 他们两个都对。
5、another, the other, others的用法
another指三者以上不定数目中“另一个,又一个”,the other特指“两者中的另一个”,others泛指另外的人或物,如果要特指,泽用the others。
如:I don’t like this one. Show me another. 我不喜欢这个,给我看另一个。
The doctor said that one of my eyes was better than the other.
医生说我的一只眼睛比另一只好。
Children grow quickly in some ways but slowly in others.
孩子们有些方面成长得快,但有些方面成长得慢些。
In Jane’s class some enjoy pop music, but the others enjoy classical music.
在简的班里,有些人喜欢流行音乐,而其他人喜欢古典音乐。
6、little, a little, few, a few的用法
little和a little修饰不可数名词,little意为“没有多少”表示否定意义,a little意为“一些,少量”表示肯定意义;few和a few修饰可数名词,few意为“没有几个”表示否定意义,a few意为“一些,几个”表示肯定意义。
如:There’s little to be done about it. 对于这件事没什么可做的。
Put a little on each plate. 每个盘子上放一点。
Few of them want to go. 他们中几乎没人想去。
A few of them want to go. 他们中有几个人想去。
真题操练
1. Reading can increase your words. When you read, you will find words repeat (重复) _______ and build up your vocabulary quickly.
A. ourselves B. itself C. themselves
2. This T – shirt doesn’t fit me. Can you show me _______ one
A. others B. another C. other
3. The machines made in China are cheaper than _______ made in Japan.
A. ones B. that C. those D. it
4. —Which do you prefer, bananas or oranges
—_______. I enjoy eating apples.
A. Both B. Either C. Neither D. All
5. —Two Evening Papers, please!
—Only one copy left. Would you like to have _______, sir
A. one B. it C. this D. that
6. _______ is watching TV. Turn it off, will you
A. Nobody B. Somebody C. Anybody D. Everybody
7. —Doctor, is there anything wrong with my eyes
—No. _______ is OK.
A. Something B. Nothing C. Everything
8. There are 6 MP3 players in the box. Two are made in Japan and _______ are made in China.
A. other B. the others C. another
9. Did Marry visit that old town by _______ last week.
A. her B. she C. hers D. herself
10. Look at the photo. The girl beside _______ is Nancy.
A. I B. my C. me D. mine
答案:1. C 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. C

人称


人称
种类

人称
—Which drink do you prefer, Coke or green tea
你喝哪种饮料,可乐还是绿茶?
—Either is OK.
随便哪个都行。
—Do you speak English or French
你说英语还是法语?
—Neither. I speak Chinese.
都不,我说汉语。VII 介词
一、介词的分类
1、简单介词。
about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, like, of, off, on, over, near, past, round, since, through, till, to, towards, under, until, up, with.
2、合成介词。
inside, into, onto, outside, upon, without, throughout, within.
3、短语介词。
along with, because of, in front of, instead of, together with, next to, in honour of, by means of, in favour of, except for, in spite of, out of.
二、常见介词的基本用法。
1、表示时间的in, on与at。
如:at three o’clock在三点钟;at 7:45 在七点四十五分
at half past ten 在十点半
on Sunday 在星期天;on May 1st 在五月一日
on Saturday evening 在星期六晚上
in 1980 在一九八零年
on the evening of August 8, 2008 在二零零八年八月八日的晚上
in the morning / afternoon / evening 在早上/下午/晚上
in autumn 在秋天
2、表示时间的in与after“在……之后”。
in表示在将来的一段时间之后。
如:I’ll go there in four days. 我四天后去哪里。
after表示以过去为七点的将来或表示将来的某点时间之后。
如:I went after four days. 我是四天后走的。
He will be here after 2 o’clock. 他将在亮点后到这儿。
3、表示地点的in与at。
in后接相对较大的地方;at后接相对较小的地方。
如:We arrived at the village yesterday. 我们昨天到达了那个村庄。
She arrived in Beijing last week. 她上周到了北京。
5、表示“用……”的with, in与by。
with指“用具体的手段或工具”。
如:Cut it with a knife. 用刀把它切开。
in指“用……语言/材料”。
如:Say it in English. 用墨水写。
by表示“……方式(方法、手段、交通工具等)”。
如:We’ll go to Henan by train. 我们要乘火车去河南。
6、about的用法。
(1)有关,关于。
如:They are telling the teacher something about the accident. 他们在想老师讲那个交通事故。
(2)到处,在……的周围。
如:The boy ran about the house. 那个男孩在屋里到处跑。
I have lost my watch about here. 我在这附近吧手表丢了。
(3)大约。
如:She got here at about five o’clock. 她大约在5点左右到达了哲理。
7、of的用法。
(1)of表示“(属于……的)”。
如:Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。
This is a photo of my family. 这是一张我家的全家福照片。
Half of the students are League members. 一半的学生是团员。
There is a cup of tea on the desk. 桌上有一杯茶。
(2)of表示“数量或种类”。
如:Which kind of fruit do you like 你喜欢哪种水果?
(3)of表示“涉及……,提及……”。
如:I have never heard of such an interesting thing. 我从来没听说过这样有趣的是。
(4)表示在人群或数字当中,引出范围。
如:He is the tallest of the three. 他是三个人中最高的。
(5)表示部分与整体的关系。
如:The child has eaten some of the cake. 孩子已将那蛋糕吃掉了一些。
One of the three questions was beyond me. 那三个问题中有一个我答不出来。
8、for的用法。
(1)为(表示目的,可有不同译法)。
如:We can go for a walk after dinner. 晚饭后我们可以去散散步。
Stamps are used for sending letters. 邮票用来寄信。
(2)想找到或得到。
如:Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有电话找你。
He had to turn to the teacher for advice. 他不得不向教师求教。
(3)表示原因。
如:I’m sorry for being late. 对不起,我迟到了。
Thanks for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。
(4)对,对于。
如:Milk and vegetables are good for children. 牛奶和蔬菜对孩子身体有好处。
It’s important for us. 这对我们来说很重要。
(5)给……的,供……用的。
如:Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的信。
These small desks are for the children below10. 这些小书桌是给10岁以下孩子用的。
(6)表示一段距离或时间。
如:I followed him for quite a distance. 我跟了他很长一段路。
I haven’t heard from him for some time. 我有一段时间没收到他的来信了。
(7)去或开往某地。
如:Here is the train for Guangzhou. 这是开往广州的火车。
(8)赞成(同意)。
如:Are you for the plan or against it 你是赞成这个计划还是反对?
9、with的用法。
(1)和,同,与。
如:I won’t quarrel with you. 我不和你吵。
(2)用,以,被(可有较灵活译法)。
如:Knowledge begins with practice. 知识始于实践。
He wanted to kill two birds with one stone. 他想一举两得。
(3)表示原因。
如:The poor woman was trembling with fear. 这可怜的女人吓得发抖。
His hands were rough with work. 由于操劳,他的手粗糙得很。
(4)有,带有。
如:The man with dark glasses is her father. 戴墨镜的那个人是她父亲。
(5)随着,伴随(有)。
如:The woman went away, with a baby in her arms. 那妇女抱着一个小孩走了。
With these words, he walked out. 说完这些话,他就走了。
(6)对……,就……来说。
如:You must be strict with us. 你必须对我们严格要求。
She is very patient with the children. 她对孩子们很耐心。
It’s the same with us students. 我们学生也是这样。
10、by的用法。
(1)在……旁边,从……旁边通过。
如:She is sitting by the window. 她正坐在窗子旁。
She passed by me without noticing me. 她从我身旁经过,但是没看到我。
(2)到(某时候)。
如:Perhaps she has known the truth by now. 到现在她可能已经知道真相了。
By the time he was ten, he had learned how to swim. 到他十岁时,他已学会了游泳。
(3)由,被(某人做的),通过(方法,手段,交通工具等),凭……。
如:Her clothes were made by her mother. 她的衣服是母亲做的。
You shouldn’t judge strangers by the clothes they wear.你不应该依据衣着来判断陌生人。
(4)表示增减成都、尺寸数量等。
如:Sales of these books have increased by 40%. 这些书的销量上升了40%。
The water level of the lake is going to rise by 20 meters. 湖的水面将会上升20米。
三、介词短语的构成与用法。
1、介词短语的构成主要有下面三种形式:
(1)动词+介词。
如:look at看;listen to听;talk about谈论;come across(偶然)遇到,发现;look after照料;act as担当,起……的作用;work hard at努力学;take part in参加;die of死于;depend on依靠。
(2)形容词+介词。
如:be friendly to对……友好;be angry with生……气;get tired of讨厌;be worried about担心;be famous for以……出名;be made from由……制成。
(3)介词+名词。
如:on foot步行;by bike骑自行车;with joy高兴地;as a result结果;at present现在;at once马上;for example例如;for sale出售;in public公开地;in fact事实上;on fire着火;on time准时。
2、介词短语在句中作用很大,常用来作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语或独立成分。
如:We’re at work now. 我们在上班。(作表语)
The ball under the desk is Kangkang’s. 桌子下面的那个球是康康的。(作定语)
To my surprise, he was so clever. 使我吃惊的是,他是如此聪明。(作状语修饰句子)
Classes begin at night. 九点钟开始上课。(作状语修饰句子)
I left the key at home. 我把钥匙放在家里了。(作宾补)
By the way, when will you go there 顺便问一问,你什么时候去那儿 (作独立成分)
1. ________ a teacher, John thinks that his main duty is to help the students to become better learners.
A. As B. By C. About
2. —How do you learn English so well
—________chatting with my uncle in America online.
A. For B. By C. In D. With
3. I got an e-mail this morning. It’s ________ my best friend John.
A. in B. on C. at D. from
4. A study shows that a tropical fish in America can survive (存活) ________ water for up to 66 hours.
A. beyond B. in C. out of D. from
5. You must ride your bike ________ the right side of the road.
A. at B. on C. in D. for
6. —Excuse me, young man. Where is the park, please
—It’s across ________ the supermarket.
A. in B. on C. from D. at
7. The fastest way to travel to Shanghai is ________ air.
A. in B. by C. on
8. We looked at each other ________ surprise when we heard a bird singing “Happy birthday to you”.
A. in B. to C. by D. at
9. We will never forget what happened ________ the afternoon of May 12, 2008.
A. in B. by C. at D. on
10. ________ her great joy, her daughter was finally saved by the doctors.
A. In B. To C. At D. For
答案:1. A 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. BXI 主谓一致
一、名词作主语的主谓一致。
1、单数可数名词和表示物质或抽象的不可数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。复数可数名词作主语,谓语动词用复数。
如:The book is very interesting.这本书非常有趣。
The air in the countryside is fresh.乡下的空气很新鲜。
These books are quite cheap.这些书很便宜。
2、集合名词作主语,视具体情况而定。
(1)clothing (衣服),furniture (家具), equipment (设备) 等,集体名词表示单数概念,谓语动词用单数。
如:a piece of clothing / furniture一件衣服/家具
The furniture he bought is pleased to look at. 他买的家具看上去很舒适。
(2)people, police等集体名词表示复数概念,谓语动词用复数。
如:The people in Beijing are friendly to tourists. 北京人对游客很友好。
(3)class, family, public, team, audience等集合名词被视为整体时,谓语动词用单数形式;被视为个体时,则用复数形式。
如:Jane’s family is a big one. 简的家是一个大家庭。
His family are waiting for you. 他一家人都在等你。
4、and连接的并列主语指同一个人或物,谓语动词用单数;若指两个事物,则用复数。both … and 连接的主语,谓语动词用复数。
如:The writer and singer is my friend. 那位作家兼歌唱家是我的朋友。
The red and the white roses are both beautiful. 红玫瑰与白玫瑰都很美。
Salt and water is a good drink in summer. 盐水是夏天的好饮料。
Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China.
在中国的这个地方既种稻子又种小麦。
5、many a +名词或more than one +名词作主语,意义虽为复数,但谓语动词用单数形式。
如:Many a man was killed in the accident. 许多人在事故中丧生。
6、主语后跟with, together with, but, except, as well as等组成的短语,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。
如:A woman with two children has come. 一个妇女带着两个孩子来了。
I as well as they am ready to help you. 我和他们准备帮助你。
7、由not only…but also …, or, either … or …, neither … nor …连接的并列主语和There be 句型中,谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致,即就近原则。
如:Neither I nor he has finished the work. 我和他都没完成工作。
8、由every, each, each of, either of, neither of修饰的名词以及every … and every …, each … and each …, no … and no …等连接的单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Every hour and every minute is important. 每个消失和每一分钟都是重要的。
Neither of them was late for school. 他们俩谁也没迟到。
9、表示金钱、时间、价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。
如:Ten years is a moment in history. 十年在历史上只是一瞬间。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元足够了。
如:Half of the money has been spent. 已经花掉了一半的钱。
Over 70% of the students are interested in English. 70%多的学生对英语感兴趣。
11、a number of +复数名词,意为“许多……”作主语,谓语动词用复数。The number of +复数名词,意为“……的数目”作主语,谓语动词用单数。
如:A number of books have been lent out. 许多书已经借出去了。
The number of the pages in this book is five hundred. 这本书的页码是500页。
12、both, (a) few, many, several等限定词修饰主语时,谓语动词用复数。
如:Both (of) these films are boring. 这两部电影都没意思。
二、名词化的形容词或分词前加the,表一类人或事物时,谓语动词用复数;表示个人或抽象概念时,则用单数。
如:The old in this country are taken good care of. 这个国家的老人被照顾得很好。
The dead was his brother. 死者是他的兄弟。
三、用基数词单纯表示数字作主语,谓语通常用单数。用作运算的数词作主语,谓语也常用单数。
如:Ten billion is a large number. 100亿是个大数字。
Three plus (and) five is (makes) eight. 三加五等于八。
四、合成代词some ( any, no, every ) + thing ( body, one ) 作主语,谓语动词用单数。
如:Everyone needs food and clothing. 衣食为人人所需。
五、动词不定式、动名词短语作主语,谓语动词用单数。
如:To look after babies is her job. 照看婴儿是她的工作。
六、关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语,谓语动词和现行词保持人称和数的一致。
如:There are some programs on TV that are good for children.
电视上有些节目对孩子有好处。
I know the girl who draws well. 我认识那个绘画很好的女孩。
真题操练
1. The woman and her husband __________ in the same office.
A. work B. works C. is working D. has worked
2. —There __________ no milk in the fridge. Could you get some for me, Dick
—All right, Mom.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
3. Some of my classmates __________ from other cities.
A. comes B. is C. are
4. The number of __________ in our class __________ fifty.
A. student, is B. the students, are C. the students, is D. students, are
5. —There __________ little fresh water _________.
—Don’t worry. We’ll soon walk out of the desert.
A. has; drinking B. are; to drink C. is; to drink
6. Your pants __________ dirty. You must wash them at once.
A. am B. is C. are D. be
7. Physics __________ more interesting than maths, I think.
A. are B. is C. was D. were
8. —How many students are there in your school
—__________ the students in our school __________ over two thousand.
A. The number of; is B. The number of; are
C. A number of; is D. A number of; are
9. Now the students each __________ an English – Chinese dictionary.
A. has B. have C. is having D. are having
10. —How many teachers are there in your school
—About 200. One third of them __________ men teachers.
A. have B. has C. are D. is
答案:1. A 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. CI 名词
一、名词的数
1、可数名词的数
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。表示一个人或物用单数形式;表示两个或两个以上的人或物用复数形式。
(1)规则名词的复数形式
①一般在词尾加s。如:
lake - lakes book - books pen - pens map - maps flower - flowers ruler - rulers
②以s, x, sh, ch结尾的词加es。如:
box - boxes class - classes watch - watches
③以辅音字母+y结尾的词将y变i再加es。但以元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s。如:
family - families baby - babies boy - boys toy - toys
④以o结尾的名词一般在词尾直接加s。如:
radio - radios photo - photos
但在初中阶段有四个名词变复数时要加es:tomato(西红柿); potato (土豆); hero (英雄); Negro (黑人)。
(2)不规则名词的复数形式
①改变单数名词中的元音字母,或其他形式。如:
foot - feet 脚 tooth - teeth 牙齿 goose - geese 鹅
mouse - mice 老鼠 child - children 小孩 woman - women妇女
②表示“某国人”的名词的单复数因习惯不同而各异。
如:
此外,Russian, African, Asian, Australian, Canadian, Italian, European, Arab等变复数时都是直接在词尾加s。
2、不可数名词的数
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它包括抽象名词、物质名词。
如:health, advice, milk, water, English, money, news, weather, homework, furniture, air, information, progress, rice, traffic, luck, paper, trouble等词常用作不可数名词,因此没有复数形式,其谓语动词须用单数形式。
注意:当water 意为“海水,江水”,paper 意为“报纸,试卷”时可有复数形式。
如:waters 海水、江水等意 a paper 一张试卷 two papers 两张试卷
二、名词所有格
1、表示有生命的名词的所有格
(1)一般在名词后加“s”。
如:my mother’s birthday; Jim’s pen
(2)以s结尾的名词所有格,一般只在名词右上方加“’”。
如:the teachers’ office the workers’ club
boys’ 100 – metre race
2、表示无生命的名词的所有格
(1)通常采用“of +名词”结构来表示无生命东西的名词所有关系,放在被修饰名词的后面。如:
the door of the house 房子的门
the gate of the school 学校的大门
the name of the film 电影的名字
the cover of the book 书的封面
(2)有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加上“s”来构成所即可。如:
today’s newspaper 今天的报纸
ten hours’ work 十个小时的工作
3、双重所有格
双重所有格是将和“s”所有结合在一起表示所有关系,一般是在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词或指示代词。如:this, that, two, some, any, several, few no, many等,但不能用定冠词the。
如:A friend of my sister’s is coming tonight. 今晚我姐姐的一个朋友要来。
Two sons of my brother’s have gone to college.我哥哥的两个儿子上了大学。
注意:a photo of Kate’s凯特的一张照片(照片有很多张,这只是其中之一,照片上拍的不一定是凯特);a photo of Kate一张凯特的照片(照片上拍的人是凯特)
三、专有名词
专有名词是表示具体的人、事物、地点或机构等专有名称的词汇。专有名词的第一个字母要大写;专有名词前一般不用冠词,但由普通名词构成的专有名词除外。如:
Sunday星期天 New York纽约 England英国 West Lake西湖 the Great Wall长城
真题操练
1. People in America eat much ________.
A. coffee B. onions C. beef D. iced water
2. —Why not go to the Great Wall this Saturday
—I’m afraid it’s not a good ________. Many of us have been there.
A. place B. day C. plan D. idea
3. To keep healthy, we should eat more vegetables and less ________.
A. meat B. food C. wine D. drink
4. Can you imagine what life will be like in ________ time
A. 20 years’ B. 20 year’s C. 2 – years’ D. 20 - years
5. —What kind of ________ do you like
—I like documentaries.
A. books B. sports C. movies D. music
6. —Look! There is a food shop.
—Yes, We can buy some ________ in it.
A. bread B. baseballs C. clothes D. books
7. They are from ________. They are ________.
A. Germany; Germans B. Germans; Germany
C. German; Germany D. Germany; Germen
8. —Do you like ________
—No. I prefer rose, the colour of your dress.
A. orange B. oranges C. carrot D. carrots
9. When I hurriedly got to the airport, the lady at the window told me that there were no _____ left on that plane.
A. places B. seats C. space D. room
10. The music made me think of the ________ of a running stream. (小孩)
A. shout B. noise C. voice D. sound
答案:1. C 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. D
a Chinese – two Chinese 中国人
a Japanese – two Japanese 日本人
单复数词形相同
an American – two Americans 美国人
a German – two Germans 德国人
词尾直接加sIX 简单句
一、主语+谓语(不及物动词)。
此句型的谓语是不及物动词,后面不能带宾语,但可以由状语来修饰。常见的不及物动词有:come, go, run, swim, jump, arrive等。
如:He runs in the park. 他在公园里跑步。
He listened carefully. 他仔细地听着。
This kind of book sells well. 这种书卖得很好。
二、主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语。
此句型的谓语动词是及物动词,其后要跟名词或相当于名词的词或短语(如代词、不定式、动名词等)来充当宾语。
如:She likes English. 她喜欢英语。(名词作宾语)
I know him. 我认识他。(代词作宾语)
They want to stop. 他们想停下来。(不定式作宾语)
三、主语+系动词+表语。
如:We are students. 我们是学生。(名词作表语)
His face turned red. 他脸红了。(形容词作表语)
My father is at home. 我爸爸在家。(介词短语作表语)
He is 13 years old. 他十三岁了。(数词作表语)
四、主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语。
1. 直接宾语指的是动词所设计的物,间接宾语指“受益于”动词所表示行为的人。
如:He gave Tom a present.他给了汤姆一件礼物。
主 谓 间宾 直宾
2. 间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用,通常放在直接宾语之前。
如:I have found him a place. 我给他找到了一个职位。
3. 间接宾语也可置于直接宾语之后,但其前面一般须用介词to, for或from。
如:He threw the ball to me. 他将球扔给了我。
She borrowed a dictionary from Mike. 她从迈克那儿借了本词典。
4. 当直接宾语是人称代词,无论间接宾语是名词还是代词,它通常要放在直接宾语之后,且间接宾语前必须加to或for。
如:She threw them to Jerry. 她把它们扔给杰瑞。
He bought it for his mother. 他把它买个母亲。
Pass it to me. 把它递给我。
I’ll get it for you. 我去为你把它拿过来。
5. 常见的可带双宾语的动词。
(1)后面要加介词to的:take, bring, give, hand, leave, lend等。
(2)后面要加介词for的:buy, do, get, make, order, pay, play, sing等。
(3)后面要加介词from的:want, borrow, hear等。
五、主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语。
如:We all call him Jim. 我们都叫他吉姆。(名词作宾补)
I found it very interesting. 我发现它很有趣。(形容词作宾补)
Let him in. 让他进去。(副词作宾补)
I saw him lying on the ground. 我看见躺在地上。(现在分词短语作宾补)
1. If you feel tired, you may stop ________.
A. have a rest B. to have a rest C. having a rest
2. —My parents always tell me ________ others late at night.
—They’re right. It’s not polite.
A. call B. not call C. to call D. not to call
3. The dress ________ smooth and soft.
A. felt B. feels C. is felt D. is feeling
4. —Do you know about David
—Yes, I know ________ very well.
A. he B. himself C. him D. his
5. —What delicious bread!
—That’s right. It will taste ________ with butter.
A. bad B. well C. worse D. better
6. It’s our duty to ________ people ________ too many trees.
A. stop; cutting down B. prevent; to cut down
C. keep; cutting down D. make; cut down
7. Time goes by so fast. We must never miss the chance to show love for our parents and make them ________ how much they mean to us.
A. to know B. knowing C. know
8. My watch doesn’t work. I must have it _______.
A. repaired B. repairs C. repair D. repairing
9. —Did you go shopping on May 1
—No. ________ too many people in the shop.
A. There is B. There are C. There were D. There was
10. There ________ a talk show on CCTV – 4 at nine this evening.
A. will have B. is going to be C. is going to have D. is having
答案:1. B 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. BII 冠词
一、不定冠词的用法
1. 用于可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类,或用于首次提到的,一方不知道的人或物前。
A plane goes faster than a train. 飞机比火车快。
2. 表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one强。
There are sixty minutes in an hour. 一小时有六十分钟。
3. 序数词前加不定冠词a / an表示“另一个”或“又一个”的含义。
Would you like a second cup of tea 你想再要一杯茶吗?
4. 用于单数可数名词前,泛指某人或某物,但不具体说明是何人或何物。
He works in a London university. 他在伦敦的一所大学工作。
A girl is waiting for you at the school gate. 在学校大门口,有个女孩在等你。
6. 不定冠词的特殊结构。
(1)一些表示数量的词组中
a pair of 一对,一双
a few 一些,少量
a bit (of) 有一点,一会儿
a little 一点,少许
a piece of 一块(张,片……)
a lot of 许多,大量
(2)have / take + a +抽象名词,与该名词的动词同义
have a swim = swim
have a walk = walk
have a look = look
have a talk = talk
have a rest = rest
(3)其他固定搭配
in a hurry 匆忙,很快地
have a good time 玩得高兴
for a long time 很长时间
make a face 扮鬼脸
in a / one word 总之(一句话)
have cold (fever, toothache, stomachache ……) 感冒(发烧,牙疼,胃疼……)
go for a walk 去散步
二、定冠词的用法
1. 特指某(些)人或某(些)事物,常用在有定语修饰的名词前。
The students in the room are all from Shanghai. 那个房间里的学生都来自上海。
5. 用于形容词最高级和序数词前。
The third picture is the most beautiful. 第三幅画最好看。
6. 用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛等地理专有名词前。
the Red Sea 红海
the Yellow River 黄河
7. 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。
the Great Wall 长城
the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国
8. 用在表示方位的名词前。
Shanghai is in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。
9. 用在乐器名词前。
He can play the violin well, but he can’t play the piano. 他小提琴拉得很好,但不会弹钢琴。
10. 定冠词的其他用法。
(1)和某些形容词连用,表示某一类人或事物。
The poor are against the plan, but the rich are for it. 穷人们反对这个计划,但富人拥护。
(2)用在姓氏的复数形式前,表示全家人或夫妇二人。
The Zhangs were having dinner when I came in. 当我进来时,张家人正在吃饭。
(3)“the +比较级,the +比较级”表示“越……越……”。
The sooner, the better. 越快越好。
(4)含有the的词组
in the daytime 在白天
at the beginning of 在……开始时
in the middle of 在……中间
in the end 终于
in the beginning 在开始时
by the way 顺便说一下
the same as同……一样
in / at the front of 在某物(内部)的前面
on the right / left在右边/左边
the day before yesterday 前天
the day after tomorrow 后天
in the morning / afternoon / evening 在上午/下午/晚上
on the night of … 在……的夜晚
at the same time 同时
on the other hand 另一方面
on / over the radio 通过收音机
三、不用冠词的情况
1. 专用名词前或抽象名词、物质名词用来表示一般概念时。
Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国首都。
Paper is made from wood. 纸是木头做的。
2. 在表示一类人或失误的复数名词前。
Bikes are useful. 自行车很有用。
3. 名词前如果有形容词性物主代词、指示代词、疑问代词或名词所有格修饰时。
Which book would you like 你想要哪本书?
4. 表示三餐、球类、棋类、游戏、季节、月份、星期、语言、学科的名词前。
Summer comes after spring. 春去夏来。
5. 一般在节日的名称前。
National Day 国庆节
Children’s Day 儿童节
Dragon – Boat Festival 端午节
6. 家庭成员的名称、称呼语、职位或头衔前。
Father is on business in Shanghai. 爸爸在上海出差。
7. 在与by连用的交通工具名称前。
We often come to school by bus. 我们精彩乘公交车上学。
8. 某些常用的固定短语。
on foot 步行
in fact 事实上
in time 及时
on time 准时
at noon 在中午
by hand 用手工
day and night 日日夜夜
hand in hand 手牵手
in danger 处于危险之中
go to bed 上床睡觉
真题操练
1. —Do you enjoy your school life
—Yes, of course. I’ve had _________ wonderful time here.
A. a B. an C. the
2. My father is _________ engineer. He works very hard.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
3. Henry is American, and now he is studying in _______ Beijing University.
A. / B. the C. a D. an
4. —Sonia, do you know _________ new club in your school
—Of Course. I’m one of its members.
A. a B. an C. the
5. Channel 5. CCTV is _________ special programme. It’s about _________ 2008 Olympic Games.
A. the; / B. a; a C. the; the D. a; the
6. I looked under _________ table and found _________ pen I lost yesterday.
A. the; a B. the; the C. /; the D. a; the
7. Some girls get sick after they try so hard to lose _________ weight.
A. a B. the C. / D. an
8. —It’s _________ nice day, isn’t it
—Yes, what _________ fine weather!
A. a; a B. the; the C. a; / D. the; /
9. There is ________ “h”, ________ “o”, ________ “u” and ________ “r” in the word “hour”.
A. a; a; a; a B. a; an; an; a C. an; an; a; an D. an; an; a; a
10. A: Did you see ________ dog just now
B: Is it ________ black dog
A: Yes, it is.
B: Oh, I just saw it passing the door.
A. the; a B. a; a C. the; 不填
答案:1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. BVIII 句子种类
一、陈述句
陈述句是用来说明事实或陈述说话人看法的句子,末尾用句号,包括肯定和否定两种形式。
1、陈述句的肯定结构:“主语+谓语+其他”。
如:China is the largest country in Asia. 中国是亚洲最大的国家。
You must finish your homework! 你必须完成你的家庭作业。
Maria received her physics degree in 1893. 玛利亚在1893年获得物理学学位。
2、陈述句的否定结构。
(1)如果陈述句中的谓语部分有助动词或情态动词,其否定结构只需在助动词be, have / has或情态动词can, may, must, could, will, shall, might后面加上not即可。
如:Tom is not working now. 汤姆现在没上班。
Jane can’t get up early in the morning. 简早上不能早起。
They haven’t finished their work yet. 他们还没有做完工作。
如:I don’t know Russian. 我不懂俄语。
Tom doesn’t like playing football. 汤姆不喜欢踢足球。
They didn’t go there yesterday. 他们昨天没有去那里。
He doesn’t have any time to play. 他没有时间玩。
二、疑问句。
疑问句是用来提问的句子。英语中有四种疑问句:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
1、一般疑问句。
一般疑问句用来询问一件事或一个情况十分属实,往往是一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have(有)开始,通常要求以yes, no, certainly, perhaps, not at all, all right等回答。
如:—Are you from China 你来自中国吗?
—Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. 是的/不是。
—Can you swim 你会游泳吗?
—Yes, I can. / No, I’m can’t. 会/不会。
—Did he have a good time last night 他昨晚玩得开心吗?
—Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t. 是的/不。
—Will you pass on a message to her 你可不可以给她传一个信儿?
—All right. 行。
—May I smoke here 我可以在这儿抽烟吗?
—I’m afraid not. 恐怕不行。
2、特殊疑问句。
特殊疑问句的结构及用法:
(1)它的结构一般为“特殊疑问词+be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语/表语(+其他)”。
如:When do you usually go to bed 你通常何时睡觉?
What did she buy on Monday 她周一买什么了?
Why were you late for class 你为何上课迟到?
(2)疑问词作主语或主语的定语时,与陈述句的语序相同。
如:Who is standing over there 谁站在那儿?
What brings you here 什么风把你吹来了?
Who broke the window 谁打破了窗户?
Whose mother is a star 谁的妈妈是明星?
(3)What … do 用于对谓语动词部分或宾语补足语的不定式提问,助动词根据句子时态选择其形式。
如:What do you often do on Sunday 你周日经常中做什么?
What are you doing there 你在那儿干什么呢?
What have you done with the matter 那件事你是怎么处理的?
What did your mother ask you to do 你妈妈要你做什么?
(4)“疑问句+名词+一般疑问句”这种结构一般是对其他成分的定语提问。
如:Which subject do you like best 你最喜欢哪门功课?
Whose bike is that 那是谁的自行车?
How many students are there in your school 你校有多少学生?
How much meat do you want to buy 你要买多少肉呀?
3、选择疑问句。
它分为一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句两种。选择疑问句不能用yes和no回答,必须作出选择。
(1)一般选择疑问句。
其结构为“一般疑问句+A or B?”,实际上,它就是用or连接的两个或更大的一般疑问句,通常把后一部分和前一部分相同的成分省略。
如:Would you like tea or coffee 你喝茶还是咖啡?
Is your pen red or black 你的钢笔是红色的还是黑色的?
Do you prefer to sit in the front rows or back rows 你愿意坐前排还是坐后排?
(2)特殊选择疑问句。
句型为“特殊疑问句++A or B (或A、B or C) ”
如:Which is bigger, the sun or the moon 太阳和月亮,哪个更大?
Who is the tallest, Jim, Tom or Bob 吉姆、汤姆、和鲍勃三人谁最高?
4、反意疑问句。
反意疑问句由两部分组成,前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是简短问句,中间用短号隔开,结构通常是“肯定陈述句+否定问句”,“否定陈述句+肯定问句”。 简短问句的主语一定要用相应的人称代词,简短问句要与前面的陈述句保持时态、人称和数的一致,反意疑问句的回答要根据客观事实用Yes或No回答,但必须保持“Yes+肯定”,“ No+否定”。
如:—Mary is a student, isn’t she 玛丽是个学生,不是吗?
—Yes, she is. 是的,她是。/No, she isn’t. 不,她不是。
—They didn’t watch TV yesterday, did they 他们昨天没看电视,是吗?
—Yes, they did. 不,他们看了。/ No, they didn’t. 是的,他们没看。
—You must be a teacher, aren’t you 你一定是老师,是吗?
—Yes, I am. 是的,我是。/ No, I’m not. 不,我不是。
—He ought to study harder, oughtn’t be 他应该努力学习,对吧?
—Yes, he ought to. 是的,他应该。/ No, he oughtn’t. 不,他不应该。
—You’d better go right now, hadn’t you 你最好马上走,好吗?
—Yes, I had. 好。/ No, I hadn’t. 不,我不走。
—You used to smoke, didn’t you / usedn’t you 你以前吸烟,是吧?
—Yes, I did. / I used to. 是的,我是。/ No, I didn’t. / I usedn’t. 不,我不是。
—You would rather stay at home, wouldn’t you 你宁愿待在家里,是吧?
—Yes, I would. 是的,我是。/ No, I wouldn’t.不,我不是。
—There isn’t an English book here, is there 这儿没有英语书,对吗?
—Yes, there is. 不,有。/ No, there isn’t. 是的,没有。
三、祈使句。
祈使句表示请求、命令、建议、劝告、顶住、号召等含义。说话的对象是第二人称you且通常省略,因此祈使句多以动词原形开头,句末用感叹句或句号。
如:Come in and have a seat. 请进,坐吧!
Take care not to catch a could. 小心别着凉了。
Please be careful! 请小心点!
Let me try, please. 请让我试一试。
祈使句的否定式以don’t或never引出。
如:Don’t be late!
Don’t make the same mistake.
Never do that again!
四、感叹句。
感叹句是表示说话时的惊异、喜悦、气愤、哀伤等强烈感情的句子。通常由how或what引导,句末用感叹号。
1、由how引导的感叹句。
(1)“how+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!”此时,在英语口语中主语和谓语可以省略。
如:How beautiful these flowers are! 这些花儿多美啊!
How clever he is! 他真聪明!
How well you write! 你写得多好啊!
How fast he runs! 他跑得多快啊!
How interesting! 多么有趣啊!
(2)How +主语+谓语!
如:How time flies! 时间过得真快!
(3)“How +形容词+ a (n) +单数名词+主语+谓语”!引出的感叹句。
如:How strange a feeling (it was) ! 一种多么奇怪的感觉!
How good a girl she is! 她是一个多么好的女孩啊!
2、由what引导的感叹句。
“What + a /an +形容词+名词+主语+谓语!在口语中,主语谓语可以省略。
如:What a nice day it is today! 今天是多么美好的一天!
→What a nice day!
What an interesting story (that is)! 那是一个多么有趣的故事啊!
What a clever girl! 多么聪明的女孩啊!
真题操练
1. —________ will you buy for your mom for Mother’s Day
—Some flowers.
A. How B. Where C. When D. What
2. ________ sleep too late. It’s bad for your health.
A. Do B. Not C. Don’t D. Please not
3. —There is enough food for the birds, isn’t ________
—No, we need to get some.
A. it B. that C. they D. there
4. I ________ a copy of Yi Zhongtian’s book yet. I might buy one tomorrow.
A. hadn’t bought B. don’t buy C. won’t buy D. haven’t bought
5. The young man came riding full speed down the road on his bicycle. ________ it was!
A. How dangerous the scene B. What dangerous a scene
C. How a dangerous scene D. What a dangerous scene
6. Look at the picture. ________ beautiful Sanya is! I’ll go there this summer holiday.
A. What a B. What C. How D. How a
7. —________ has your brother studied in New York
—For two years.
A. How far B. How old C. How often D. How long
8. —You’re new here, ________
—Yes, I’m from Dujiangyan. I came here last week.
A. do you B. don’t you C. are you D. aren’t you
9. —When shall we go to the museum, this afternoon or tomorrow morning
—________ is OK. I’m free these days.
A. Both B. All C. Either D. Neither
10. —________ you ________ film Harry Potter 5
—Not yet. I’ll see it this Sunday.
A. Did see B. Are, seeing C. Have, seen D. Do, see
答案:1. D 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. C 10. CVI 形容词和副词的比较等级
一、形容词的比较等级。
大多数形容词有比较等级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,都是用来表示事物的等级差别的。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级的构成有规则变化和不规则变化。
规则变化
词类 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节词和少数双音节词 一般在词尾加- er /或- est / ist / hardgreat hardergreater hardestgreatest
以字母e结尾的加- r或- st nicefine nicerfiner nicestfinest
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的双音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加- er或- est wetfatthin wetterfatterthinner wettestfattestthinnest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,先变y为i,再加- er或- est busydirty busierdirtier busiestdirtiest
单音节词和部分双音节词 在形容词前加more或most politeexcitinginteresting more politemore excitingmore interesting most politemost excitingmost interesting
不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good better best
badill worse worst
manymuch more most
little less least
far fartherfurther farthest (距离远近)furthest (程度高低)
old olderelder oldest (新旧)eldest (长幼顺序)
(一)形容词的原级
1、原级的基本用法。
(1)形容词原级的肯定句形式。
句型:“… as +形容词原级+ as …”,句型中两者比较,程度相同。
如:This coat is as old as that one. 这件外套和那件一样旧。
(2)形容词原级的否定句形式。
句型:“… not +as / so +形容词原级+ as …”,这个句型表示两者程度不同,即“……不如……那么……”。
如:The weather in Beijing is not as / so hot as that in Shanghai. 北京的天气不如上海的热。
(二)形容词的比较级。
1、比较级的基本用法。
句型:形容词比较级+than 意为“……比……更……一些”。
如:He is older than his deskmate. 他比他同桌年龄大。
She is taller than I. 她比我高。
2、比较级的特殊用法。
(1)表示倍数。
…times + as +形容词原级+ as表示“是……的……倍”。
如:This tree is three times taller than that one. 这棵树比那棵树高三倍。
(2)表示数量的词+形容词比较级表示“高几米”、“大几岁”等。
如:She is a head taller than I /me. 她比我高一个头。
(3)比较级+than any other +单数名词表示“比其他任何……都……”。此句型是用比较级形式表达最高级的意思。
如:He is younger than any other student in our class. = He is the youngest in our class.
他在我们班里比其他任何一个学生都小。
(4)比较级+ and +比较级,表示“越来越……”.
如:The earth is getting warmer and warmer. 地球变得越来越暖和。
(5)the +比较级,the +比较级,表示“越……,就越……”。
如:The busier we are, the happier we feel. 我们越忙就越高兴。
(6)the +比较级+ of the two +名词复数表示“两个中比较……的”。
如:He is the shorter of the two boys. 他是两个男孩中比较矮的。
(7)选择疑问句Which / Who +动词+比较级,A or B?表示“比较A和B,哪一个更……?”
如:—Who is thinner, you or your sister 你和你妹妹谁更瘦?
—I am. 我。
—Which looks more beautiful. 这个短裙和那个短裙哪个更漂亮?
—This one. 这个更漂亮。
(三)形容词的最高级。
1、最高级的基本用法。
三者或三者衣裳(人或事物)的比较,其中有一个在某一方面超过其他几个时,用最高级。常用“the +最高级+比较范围”结构,比较范围常用of, in, among引导的短语表达。
如:Spring is the best season of the year. 春天是一年中最好的季节。
2、最高级的特殊用法。
(1)one of the +形容词最高级+复数名词表示“……是最……之一”。
如:Beijing is one of the most beautiful cities in China. 北京市中国最美丽的城市之一。
(2)most +复数名词,most of + the / one’s +复数名词,most of +代词表示“大多数,大部分……”(most前不加冠词the)
如:Most people like pets. 大多数人喜欢宠物。
Most of his books were written here. 他的大部分书是在这儿写的。
(3)Which / Who +动词+ the +形容词最高级……?表示“哪一个最为……呢?”,用于三者或三者以上的人或事物的比较。
如:—Which is the easiest of the three questions 三个问题中的哪个最容易?
—The second one (is). 第二个。
—Which tastes the most delicious, a hamburger, pizza or sushi
汉堡包,披萨饼和寿司,哪种最好吃?
—Sushi, I think. 我认为是寿司。
二、副词的比较等级
1、副词比较等级的构成。
(1)规则副词比较等级的构成。
原级 比较级 最高级
hard harder hardest
long longer longest
late later latest
quickly more quickly more quickly
happily more happily more happily
(2)不规则副词比较等级的构成。
原级 比较级 最高级
well better best
badly worse worst
much more most
little less least
far farther / further farthest / furthest
2、副词原级的用法。
(1)表示程度相同。肯定结构用“… as +副词原级+ as”,否定结构用“not as /so +副词原级 +as”。
如:I can’t walk so / as fast as you can. 我走得不能像你一样快。
(2)“倍数词(half, twice, three times …)+ as +副词原级+ as”结构表示“是……的……倍”。
如:He can write twice as fast as I can. 他写字速度比我快一倍。/他写字速度是我的两倍。
(3)“主语+谓语(行为动词)+ as +副词原级+ as +主语(同前面主语一致)+can / could或possible”表示主语所能做到的极限。
如:I will write you back as quickly as I can.或I will write you back as quickly as possible.
我将尽可能快地给你回复。
3、副词比较级的用法。
(1)A+动词(实义动词)+副词的比较级+ than + B
如:I got up earlier than my mother this morning. 今天早晨我起得比妈妈早。
(2)说明“和B比起来,更喜欢A”时,用“like A better than B”句型。
如:I like spring better than winter. 春天和动态相比,我更喜欢春天。
【链接】句型“prefer A to B”也有“喜欢A胜于B”的意思,因此上面例句还可写为:I prefer spring to winter。
(3)用“副词比较级+ and +副词比较级”结构表示“越来越……”。
如:They walked more and more slowly. 他们越走越慢。
(4)“much / even a lot …+副词比较级+than”强调比较级超过的程度。
如:Jane ran much faster than the other girls. 简跑得比其他女孩儿快得多。
(5)“the +比较级,the +比较级”表示“越……,越……”。
如:The harder you study, the more you will learn. 你越是用功学习,就越能学到更多东西。
(6)more than(多于)和less than(少于)常用作副词修饰数词。
如:More than ten teachers are studying. 十多个教师在学习。
4、副词最高级的用法。
用“the +副词最高级形式+ in / of / among”结构,但其中的the常省略。
如:He writes most carefully in his class. 他在班上书写地最仔细。
真题操练
1. —Which one of those two houses would you buy
—I would buy the ________ one, because I have a big family.
A. larger B. largest C. smaller D. smallest
2. —Let’s go to the new restaurant on 24th street for dinner tonight.
—We can cook it at home. It’s ________.
A. expensive B. more expensive C. less expensive D. the most expensive
3. —Remember this, children. ________ careful you are, ________ mistakes you will make.
—We know, Miss Gao.
A. The more; the fewer B. The more; the few C. The more; the less
4. —I hope the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games will be ________ of all.
—Me, too. It sure will be!
A. exciting B. better C. more important D. the most successful
5. —Jack, how are you feeling today
—Much ________. I think I can go to school tomorrow.
A. better B. worse C. brighter D. weaker
6. The number of giant pandas is getting ________ because their living areas are becoming farmlands.
A. less and less B. larger and larger C. smaller and smaller D. fewer and fewer
7. —Who runs ________, Lisa, Eliza or Tara
—Eliza does.
A. fast B. faster C. the fastest D. most fast
8. —What bad weather!
—Yes. The radio says it will be even ________ later on.
A. had B. badly C. worse D. worst
9. —How far is it to the airport 20 kilometers
—No, it’s ________. About 30 kilometers.
A. far B. farther C. the farther D. the farthest
10. —Who goes to school earliest in Miss Li’s class
—Jenny goes to school ________ than any other student in her class.
A. early B. earlier C. earliest D. the earliest
答案:1. A 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. B 10. BX 复合句
一、并列复合句。
并列复合句根据分句之间所用连词的不同分为:联合并列句、转折并列句、选择并列句和因果并列句。
1、联合并列句用连词:and, not only … but also …, neither … nor …。
(1)and和,与,并且。
I said it and I did it.我说到做到。
(2)not only … but also … 不但……而且……
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
他不仅仅喜欢看故事,还会写故事呢。
(3)neither … nor… 既不……也不。
Neither he has improved his work, nor is he willing to.
他既没有改进他的工作,并且也不愿意改进。
2、转折并列句用连词:but, yet, while, however。
(1)but但是。
He is rich but he is not happy. 他很有钱但是却不快乐。
(2)yet然而。
It is strange, yet it is true. 这件事很奇怪,然而却是真实的。
3、选择并列句用连词:either … or …, or。
(1)either … or … 或者……或者……
Either he could not come or he did not want to. 他要么是不能来要么就是不想来。
(2)or 否则,或者,或。
Hurry up, or you’ll be late. 快点,否则你们会迟到。
4、因果并列句用连词for, so。
(1)for因为(表示较为明显的原因,for前常用“,”与前一分句隔开)。
I have to stay up late, for I have a lot of work to do. 我不得不熬夜,因为我有许多工作要做。
(2)so所以,因此,于是(so前常用“,”与前一分句隔开)。
Kate was ill, so she didn’t go to school. 凯特生病了,因此她没去上学。
二、主从复合句。
主语从复合句根据从句在复合句中充当的成分不同,可以分成宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句等。
1、宾语从句。
(1)从句的“前身”是陈述句,在变成宾语从句时,用连词that连接。that无实义,也不在从句中充当成分,所以通常可以省略。
I remember (that) I’ve locked the door. 我记得我锁了门。
(2)从句的“前身”是一般疑问句或者是由一般疑问句领起的选择疑问句,在变成宾语从句时,用连词if / whether连接,意为“是否”。
I want to know whether (if) they have finished the work. 我想知道他们是否已完成工作了。
(3)从句的“前身”是特殊疑问句,在变成宾语从句时,就用本身的特殊疑问词(代词who, whom, whose, what, which;副词when, where, how, why)连接。这些连接词从而改称为关系代词或关系副词,它们本身在从句中充当某一成分。
He asked who taught us English. 他问谁教我们英语。
Do you know whom / who he is waiting for 你知道他在等谁吗?
The teacher asked the students whose book that was. 老师问学生那是谁的书。
He asked what the bridge was made of. 他问这座桥是用什么建成的。
(4)直接引语和间接引语。
直接引语就是一字不改地引用或复数别人的话,必修房子引号中;间接引语就是用自己的话转述别人的话,不必用引号。
Jane said, “I’m reading a newspaper from Canada.”(直接引语)
Jane said that she was reading a newspaper from Canada.(间接引语)
2、状语从句。
状语从句在主从复合句中作状语。状语从句都是由从属连词引导。位于句首时,常用逗号分开;位于句末时,其前一般不用逗号。其结构是:主句+连词+从句或者连词+从句,主句。根据状语性质的不同可以分为以下八种状语从句:时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句和方式状语从句。
(1)时间状语从句由when, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等引导。时间状语从句要特别注意时态的搭配,主句是一般将来时,从句常用一般现在时。
①when, while, as当/正当……的时候。
The students were singing an English song when the teacher came in.
老师进来的时候,学生们正在唱英语歌曲。
We got there while they were having a meeting. 他们正在开会时,我们到了那儿。
As / While they were having supper, someone called on her. 正当他们吃饭时,有人来找她。
②before / after在……之间。
Please turn off the light before you leave the room. 离开房间之前请把灯关掉。
We played for an hour after school was over. 放学以后,我们玩了一个小时。
③since 自从……以来。
It’s ten years since I studied English. 我学英语十年了。
④till / until直到……为止。
两者可互换,但用于句首只能用until。主句是肯定句时,动词只能用延续性动词;主句是否定句时,动词用延续性、短暂性都行。
I’ll wait for you until / till you come to see me. 我会一直等到你来看我。
Until the up as soon as I get to Beijing. 直到音乐会开始,他才露面。
⑤as soon as一……就……
I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话。
(2)条件状语从句由if, unless, as long as等引导,如果主句是将来时态、祈使句、含情态动词,从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
①if如果,假如。
I’ll visit the Great Wall if it doesn’t rain tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨,我将会去长城。
②unless = if … not 除非,如果……不。
He is sure to come unless he is very busy. 他一定会来,除非他很忙。
③as long as……只要。
You can take the book away as long as you like it. 只要你喜欢,你就可以带走这本书。
(3)原因状语从句由because, as, since等引导。
①because“因为”,语气最强,表示直接的、必然的因果关系,不可以与so连用。
She is late because she is ill. 她迟到了,因为她生病了。
②as“由于”,语气最弱,表间接或客观原因。
As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain. 由于天气很好,我们决定爬山。
③since“既然”,表示稍加分析推断出来的原因或指已知事实。
Since he is busy, I won’t trouble him. 既然他很忙,我就不打扰他了。
(4)目的状语从句由that, so that, in order that等连接。
①that = so that以便,为了
He works hard at his lessons (so) that he can catch up with his classmates.
为了能赶上同学们,他努力学习功课。
②in order that以便,为了……
In order that he could catch the early bus, he got up early. 为了能赶上早班车,他起得很早。
(5)结果状语从句由so … that …, such … that …, so that连接。
①so … that …如此……以至于……
We have so much time that we can finish the work very well.
我们有如此多的时间以至于我们能很好地完成工作。
②such … that …如此……以至于……
The students have such good teachers that they are good at all their lessons.
那些学生有如此好的教师以至于他们把所有的功课都学得很好。
③so that 所以。
He was ill so that he didn’t go to school. 他生病了,所以没有去上学。
(6)比较状语从句由连词as … as …, not so (as) … as …,比较级+ than连接。
①as … as和……一样。(用于同级比较)
He doesn’t earn as much as I do. 他挣的钱不如我多。
②比较级+ than比……更……
It was much better than I’d expected. 这比我预料的要好得多。
(7)让步状语从句由连词though, although, even if, even though, however, wherever, whenever, no matter +疑问词等连接。
①though, although尽管,虽然。
Though / Although I got there early, I wasn’t able to get a ticket.
我尽管很早到了那儿,但还是买不到票。
②even if, even though虽然,尽管。
Even if it was blowing strongly, they came here in order to see you.
虽然刮着大风,他们还是专程来看你。
He can take good care of himself, even though he is young.
尽管他很年轻,但他还是可以照顾好自己。
③however无论怎样。
However early I arrived, I was unable to see him. 无论我到得多早,我还是见不到他。
④wherever无论哪里。
I’ll go with you wherever you go. 无论你去哪里,我都要跟你一起去。
⑤whenever无论何时。
You will be warmly welcome whenever you come.
无论你什么时候来,你都将受到热烈的欢迎。
⑥no matter +疑问词=疑问词+ever合成词。
She says she’ll go no matter who tries to stop her. 她说不管谁来阻拦,她都要去。
(8)方式状语从句由as, as if, as though连接。
①as像……那样,按照。
The old couple treated her as she was their own daughter.
那对老夫妇待她就像自己的亲生女儿一样。
②as if / as though好像。
You look very happy as if / as though you’ve had a good time. 你看起来好像玩得很开心。
3、定语从句。
在复合句中起定语作用,修饰某一名词或代词,或修饰整个主句的从句,叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词,通常位于定语从句之前,引导定语从句的关系词为关系词that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词when, where, why等,关系代词或关系副词的选择取决于先行词的意义。定语从句的基本结构为:先行词+关系词+定语从句。
(1)先行词表示的,用who, that, whom, whose引导。
①who, that可作从句中的主语、宾语、表语;whom可作从句中的宾语。
The boy broke the window is called Roy. 打坏窗户的男孩是罗伊。
The noodles that I cooked were delicious. 我做的面条很好吃。
The man whom you are waiting for can’t come today. 你在等的那个人今天不能来了。
②whose作从句中的定语,先行词可指人也可指物。
The girl whose name is Jane is my good friend. 那个名叫简的女孩是我的好朋友。
(2)先行词表示物时,用关系代词that, which引导,that, which在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。
Tom told his mother all that had happened. 汤姆把事情的全部情况告诉了他的妈妈。
The room which Mr. Li lives in is a good one. 李先生住的那个房间条件优越。
(3)先行词表示时间时,用关系副词when引导,when在从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when I met him. 我还记得我遇见他的那一天。
(4)先行词表示地点时,用关系副词where引导,where在从句中作地点状语。
Have you ever returned to the school where you studied 你回过你曾经读书的那个学校吗?
(5)先行词表示原因时,用关系副词why引导,先行词只有reason一词。
Do you know the reason why she was late 你知道她迟到的原因吗?
1. —When are you going to tell Henry the good news
—________ he comes back.
A. Since B. As soon as C. Because D. Until
2. We’re going to the bookstore, You can come with us ________ you can meet us there later.
A. and B. but C. or D. then
3. I wonder ________.
A. how much cost these shoes B. how much these shoes cost
C. how much do these shoes cost D. how much are these shoes cost
4. The football match ________ I watched yesterday is fantastic!
A. when B. that C. what D. who
5. I don’t know if my uncle ________. If he ________.
A. comes; will come B. will come; will come
C. comes; comes D. will come; comes
6. We know Jackie Chan ________ movies are very popular with the young.
A. whose B. that C. who D. which
7. Last night Jody worked ________ late ________ she didn’t catch the first bus this morning.
A. as; as B. as; that C. so; that D. so; unless
8. Tim didn’t have dinner ________ he finished watching the cartoon.
A. while B. unless C. until D. since
9. I can’t join the are club ________ I have no time to take part in its activities.
A. because B. so C. though D. but
10. ________ he is only 8 years old, he knows more about science than his father.
A. But B. Though C. So D. Because
答案:1. B 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. BIV 数词
一、基数词的用法
1、从句子成分上分析,基数词在句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等。如:
(1)Four of them went to the factory. 他们中的四个人去了工厂。(主语)
(2)I want two. 我要两个。(宾语)
(3)There are twelve months in a year. 一年有十二个月(定语)
(4)My classmate is eighteen. 我的同学十八岁。(表语)
2、表示事物的编号,放在名词之后。如:
Today we are going to study Lesson Five. 今天我们要学习第五课。
Room 403 403周
3、表示时刻。
表示时间的读法有两种:
顺读法:第一个词表示钟点,第二个词表示分钟。如:
7:00 seven o’clock 6:05 six five / six o five
逆读法:先说分钟,再说钟点,中间用介词。
(1)表示“几点过几分”,分钟不超过三十用“分钟数+past+钟点数”表示。如:
6:05 five past six 12:30 half past twelve
(2)表示“几点差几分”,分钟超过三十用“差数+to+下一钟点数”表示。如:
1:45 a quarter to two 7:55 five to eight
4、表示年龄。
(1)表示年龄可用以下结构:
她五岁了。
She is five (years old).
She is five years of age.
She is aged five (years).
当年龄制定语时,必须用单数结构。如:
He is a sixteen - year - old. 他是个十六岁的男孩。
(2)at the age of ……表示“在……岁的时候”,多用作状语。
如:At the age of 30, he realized his dream to be a pilot.
在三十岁的时候,他实现了做飞行员的梦想。
(3)in + one’s+整数的基数词复数形式,表示“在某人几十多岁的时候”。
如:My grandmother is in her eighties. 我祖母八十多岁了。
5、用于加、减、乘、除的数字用基数词。
One plus two is three. 一加二等于三。
Five times two is ten. 五乘以二等于十。
6、表示倍数。
(1)倍数(分数)+as+形容词(副词)原级+ as。
如:I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。
(2)倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+ than。
如:Asia is three times larger than Europe. 亚洲比欧洲大三倍。
(3)倍数(分数)+the size (length, weight等)+of。
如:The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍大。
7、表示年份。
The accident took place in 2006. 这次事故发生在二零零六年。
8、表示小数。
18.39可写成eighteen point three eight
10、表示年代。
如:在80年代 in the eighties
在20世纪70年代 in the 1970s / in the 1970’s
11、表示百分数。百分数由基数词加percent或per cent构成。
如:5% five per cent / percent
0.6% zero point six per cent / percent
100% one hundred per cent / percent
二、序数词的构成和用法。
1、序数词的构成。
(1)一般在基数词的词尾加上th, 如:sixth(第六)。
(2)基数词以ve结尾改为f,再加th,如:fifth t(第五);twelfth(第十二)
(3)以e结尾的基数词,去掉e,再加th,如:ninth(第九)
(4)以ty结尾的基数词,把y改为ie,再加th,如:fortieth(第四十)
(5)少数几个有各自独特的形式,如:first (第一); second (第二); third (第三); eighth (第八)。
2、从句子成分上分析,序数词在句中可用作主语、宾语、定语、表语。
如:(1)The first is better than the second.
第一个比第二个要好。(主语)
(2)He preferred the third.
他更喜欢第三个。(宾语)
(3)Her husband died in the Second World War.
她丈夫在第二次世界大战中死去。(定语)
(4)He is always the first to get to school.
他总是第一个到学校。(表语)
3、表示事物的编号可用序数词,放在名词之前。(基数词也可以用来表示编号,放在名词之后)
如:the tenth lesson (Lesson 10) 第十课
The seventh page (Page 7) 第七页
4、表示世纪用序数词。
如:在21世纪 in the 21st century
5、表示日期用序数词。
表示日期要用序数词(或阿拉伯数字,但读时仍需用序数词表达),前面要定冠词the。
如:在9月1日 on September the first
三、分数的表示法。
表示分数时,分子用基数词,分母用序数词。当分子是1时,可以用one,也可以用a;当分子大于1时,分母的序数词要用复数形式;当分母是2或4时,可以用half或quarter代替。
如1/4 one / a fourth 3/5 three fifths 1/2 a half 1/4 a quarter
注意:“2/5的书”应表达为two fifths of the books, 而不是two fifths books。
四、half的用法
1、half + a (an) +名词或a half +名词表示“一半……”。如:
Half a day / a half day 半天
2、“……半”的表示方法。
如:one and a half hours / an (one) hour and a half 一个半小时
Three seconds and a half / three and a half seconds 三秒半
真题操练
1. —Which room are you living in
—In ________ on the ________ floor.
A. Room 303; two B. 303 Room; two C. Room 303; second D. 303 Room; second
2. —What do you think of the new book
—There are so many new words in ________ chapter (章节). It’s a bit hard.
A. fifth B. five C. the fifth
4. Basketball is so popular a game in the world that ________ people play it for fun and exercise.
A. million of B. millions of C. millions D. two millions of
5. —Come and see me in ________.
—With pleasure. That’s what I’m expecting.
A. two or three days’ B. two or three day’s time C. two or three days’ time
6. —How old is your daughter
—________. We had a special party for her ________ birthday last week.
A. Ninth; ninth B. Nine; nine C. Ninth; nine D. Nine; ninth
7. —Excuse me, how many students are there in your art club
—There are ________.
A. twelve B. twelfth C. the twelfth
8. The ________ Olympics will be held in August, 2008 in Beijing, China.
A. twenty - nineth B. twenty - ninth C. twenty - nine
9. —What’s the matter, Kangkang
—Oh, I feel sorry to hear more than ________ people lost their lives in the earthquake (地震) in Sichuan.
A. sixty thousands of B. sixty thousand C. sixty thousand of D. thousand of
10. —Shanghai opened its ________ TV channel (频道) that sends programs in foreign languages.
—Great! I can improve my English over it.
A. first B. a first C. the first
答案:1. C 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. A
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