2014高考英语二轮复习学案：八大时态讲解与练习
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| 名称 | 2014高考英语二轮复习学案：八大时态讲解与练习 |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2014-03-09 21:38:45 | ||
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英语八大时态讲解与练习
1. 一般现在时表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。(1)含有be动词的句子★一般肯定句He is a teacher.The girl is very beautiful.Tim and Jack are students.★变疑问句将be动词移到句首Is he a teacher Is the girl very beautiful Are Tim and Jack students ★变否定句在be动词后面加notHe is not a teacher.The girl is not very beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he is. No, he is not.Yes, she is. No, she is not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.(2)不含有be动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子A、第三人称单数及单数名词★一般肯定句He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.★变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型Does he like books Does she like him Does the dog like bones ★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn’t, 动词变为原型,原句中的动词不再有第三人称变化。He doesn’t like books.She doesn’t like him.The dog doesn’t like bones.★肯定回答及否定回答：Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.Yes, she does. No, she doesn’tYes, it does. No, it doesn’t.注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。B、其他人称及复数名词★一般肯定句I want to have a bath.We have some meat.The students like smart teachers.★变疑问句在句首加doDo you want to have a bath Do we have any meat Do the students like smart teachers ★变否定句在主语和动词之间加don’t.You don’t want to have a bath.We don’t have any meat.The students don’t like smart teachers.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I do. No, I don’t.Yes, we do. No, we don’tYes, they do. No, they don’t.一般现在时练习一、用动词适当形式填空1.Mr Smith____(live) with his family.2.My father often____(listen) to the radio everyday.3.The child____(do) his homework in the evening.4.She often____(wash)her clothes.5.What____you usually____(do) in the evening 6.Mrs Smith always_____(stay)at home.二、翻译句子1.Their father takes them to school every day.2.Mr White usually reads newspapers every day.3.She usually eats her lunch at noon.4.They often listen to the radio at night.5.他通常喝牛奶。6.她每天去上学。7.他到家很早。8.每天我们做作业。三、变换句型，将下列肯定句变为一般疑问句。1.Mr White usually reads newspapers.2.My father is shaving in the bathroom.2. 一般过去时一. 概念：一般过去时是表示在过去的时间里发生的动作或状态，通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。二．时间状语：yesterday, the day before yesterday, two days ago, long long ago, a minute ago, last year(week, month), once upon a time, just now, in those days.三．过去时的用法：1．有确定的过去时间状语时要用过去式。例：We had a good time last week.2．表示过去连续发生的动作时，要用过去式。例：The boy closed the door, turned off the window, and then went to bed.3. 表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作，要用过去式。例：She often came to help me at that time.表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的就是过去时。 eg: I used to live here.（注意used to 和be used to 的区别，used to表过去常常，be used to 表示习惯于，前者to是不定式符号，后者则是介词，后接名词、动名词、代词）四.一般过去式的构成形式：Be动词的过去式肯定句：主语+动词的过去式 例：He played football last week.否定句：主语+ did not +动词原形 例：He did not play football last week.一般疑问句：Did +主语+动词原形例：Did he play football last week Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t.五．动词变过去式的几种常用规则：1．一般动词直接+ ed;例：look--looked want--wanted listen --listened2．以e结尾的词直接+ d;例：live--lived phone--phoned3．以辅音字母加y结尾, 变y为i加ed;例：try--tried study--studied4．重读闭音节结尾的，词尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母+ ed;例：stop--stopped plan--planned 六．具体示例：Be动词肯定句She was nine two years ago.They were my students long long ago.否定句She was not nine two years ago.They were not my students long long ago.一般疑问句Was she nine two years ago Were they your students long long ago 肯、否定回答Yes, she was. / No, she wasn’t.Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.实意动词肯定句She watched TV last night.否定句She didn’t watch TV last night.一般疑问句Did she watch TV last night 肯、否定回答Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.一般过去时练习一，写出下列词语的过去式 is --are --do --go --have --write --learn --study --stop --drink --put --cut --run --say --hop --swim --play --cry --read --see --tell --come --join --make -- 二．用动词的适当形式填空：1.He __________(work) in that bank four years ago.2.She __________(live) in USA for a long time.3.I __________(see) him yesterday.4.He __________(come) to school at 6 o’clock this morning.5.The boy __________(have) a bad cold yesterday.6.When __________ you __________(buy) that house 7.He __________(tell) a story to his daughter yesterday.8.__________ you __________(try) to call me last night 9.What __________you __________(buy) in the shop I __________(buy) a coat just now.10.The doctor __________(get) up late this morning.11.She __________(paint) the wall last month.12.My mother __________(be) a worker 20 years ago.13. __________(be) you here just now No, I __________(be not) here.14.Why __________ your brother __________(cry) last night 15.Yesterday __________(be) my mother’s birthday.三．翻译下列句子：1．我上周去看爷爷和奶奶了。2．你的弟弟踢足球了吗？不，他没踢足球。3．你读了这本书吗？4．妈妈昨晚没看电视，她去阿姨家了。5．我们昨天没去公园，去了动物园。3.一般将来时表示将来将要发生的动作， 经常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours’ time, etc. 表示将来的词联用结构： 主语+助动词will+动词原形★一般肯定句I will go to America tomorrow.The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.★变疑问句将助动词移到句首Will you go to America tomorrow Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning ★变否定句在助动词后面加notI will not go to America tomorrow.The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I will. No, I will not.Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.Yes, he will. No, he will not.★特殊疑问句：What will you do 一、shall/will＋动词原形1. will可用于所有人称，但shall 仅表示单纯将来时，用于第一人称I和we，作为will的一种替代形式。以You and I为主语时通常避免用shall. 例如： He will be back soon. 他很快就会回来。 I shall/will be free on Sunday. 星期天我有空。 You and I will work in the same factory. 你和我将在同一工厂工作。2. will，shall可用来预言将来发生的事。如说出我们设想会发生的事，或者请对方预言将要发生什么事。例如： It will rain tomorrow. 明天将要下雨。3. will，shall除可表示单纯的将来时以外，还可以带有意愿的色彩，仍指的是将来。例如： I'll buy you a bicycle for your birthday. 你过生日时，我给你买一辆自行车。（表示允诺） Will you open the door for me please？请你帮我开门好吗？（表示请求） Shall I get your coat for you？我可以为你拿外套吗？（表示提议）二、be going to＋动词原形1. 表示说话人根据现在已有的迹象，判断将要或即将发生某种情况。这类句子的主语可以是人，也可是物。例如： There is going to be a football match in our school tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我们学校将有一场足球赛。（已有告示） I feel terrible.I think I'm going to die. 我感到难受极了，我想我快不行了。 Look at those black clouds！It's going to rain. 看看那些乌云！天快要下雨了。2. 表示主语现在的意图或现已作出的决定，即打算在最近或将来进行某事。这种意图或决定往往是事先经过考虑的。例如： He isn't going to see his elder brother tomorrow. 他明天不准备去看他哥哥。 Mary is going to be a teacher when she grows up. 玛丽决定长大了当一名教师。3. 只是单纯地预测未来的事，此时可与will互换。例如： I think it is going to/will rain this evening. 我认为今晚要下雨。 注意： （1）be going to和will在含义和用法上略有不同。be going to往往表示事先经过考虑的打算；will多表示意愿、决心。两者有时不能互换。例如： He is studying hard and is going to try for the exams. 他正努力学习，准备参加考试。（不能用will替换） —Can somebody help me？ ——谁能帮我一下吗？ —I will. ——我来。（不能用be going to替换） （2）在if之后，通常不用will表示预言，但可以用be going to表示意图。例如： If you are going to go to the cinema this evening，you'd better take your coat with you. 你若今晚去看电影，最好带着外套。 be going to也常可以用于主句之中。例如： If you invite Jack，there's going to be trouble. 如果你邀请杰克，那就要惹麻烦了。 如果表示将来的意愿，will可用于条件从句。此时will为情态动词。例如： If you will learn to play football，I'll help you. 如果你想学踢足球，我可以帮你。一般将来时练习一：选择1.Mother ________ me a nice present on my next birthday.A. will gives B. will give C. gives D. give2.He ________ her a beautiful hat on her next birthday.A. gives B. gave C. will give D. is going giving3. He ________ in three days.A. coming back B. came back C. will come back D. is going to coming back4. Who ________ ________ swimming with us tomorrow afternoon A. will; go B. do; go C. will; going D. shall; goes5. The day after tomorrow they ________ a volleyball match.A. will watch B. watches C. is watching D. to watch6. They ________ an English evening next Sunday.A. are having B. are going to have C. will having D. is going to have7. ________ you ________ free next Sunday A. Will; are B. Will; be C. Do; be D. Are; be8. He ________ there at ten tomorrow morning.A. will B. is C. will be D. be9. I ____ _____ a teacher in the future.A. will, be B. is, be C. is, being D. will, is10.They ____ _____ to the park next Sunday.A. will goes B. will go C. is going D. will go11.My family ____ _____ to church next weekend.A. will go B. goes C. will going D. is going12.My mother will ____ me a pencil tonight.A. gives B. giving C. give13.He ______ play football tomorrow.A. will B. is C. be14.My grandpa and grandma ____ ____ to see us in two days.A. will coming B. will come C. is coming D. are coming15.She ___ ____ TV this evening.A. wills watch B. will watching C. is watching D. will watch16.My grandpa ____ _____ at home the day after tomorrow.A. will stay B. wills stay C. will stays D. is staying17.Mom will _____ back soon.A. comes B. coming C. comes D. come二．请在下列各题空格处填入shall或will。1．You ______ not drive through a red light.2．I ______ do everything for her.3．______ you help me with this heavy bag, John 4．______ I help you with that heavy bag, Madam 5．Let's go and take a walk after dinner, ______ we 6．"No one ______ leave the classroom if I haven't said Okay," said the teacher.7．It ______ soon be over, I am sure.8．Do what you ______ , but don't go out.9．I ______ take you there with me, if it's OK with your mother.10．Rain or shine, I ______ come.4. 现在进行时现在进行时：表示现在正在进行的动作，由“be动词 + 动词的现在分词”构成。现在进行时的肯定句:句型 （1）第一人称：主语 + am + 现在分词 I am watching TV. 我现在看电视。（2）第三人称单数：主语 + is + 现在分词 She is washing clothes. 她正在洗衣服。（3）第二人称及复数人称：主语 + are + 现在分词They are playing games. 他们正在做游戏。现在进行时的否定句句型: 主语 + 相应be动词 + not + 现在分词 He isn't watching TV. 他没在看电视。 I am not cooking. 我没有在做饭。 We aren't having English calss. 我们没在上英语课。◆注意◆ is not和are not可缩写为isn't和aren't。现在进行时的一般疑问句句型: 相应be动词 + 主语 + 现在分词 + ……？Are you dancing 他们正在跳舞吗？Is he drawing a picture 他正在画一张画吗？Are you talking with your friend 你正和你的朋友谈话吗？现在进行一般疑问句的答语:句型:（1）肯定回答：Yes, 主语 + 相应be动词。（2）否定回答：No, 主语 + 相应be动词 + not。 Are you listening to the music Yes, I am. / No, I am not. 你正在听音乐吗？是的，我正在听。/ 不，我没在听。要特别注意有些动词没有进行时态.1、表示状态、思想、感情和感觉的动词，如：see, hear, love, know, want, hope, think等，没有进行时态。2、当have/has作为“拥有”时，没有进行时态，但表示“开会，吃饭，玩得高兴”等意思时，可以用进行时表达。 I am having many books. （这是错误的句子） I am having a good time. （这才是正确的句子）现在分词的构成：现在分词是由动词+ing构成的，其方法如下：（1） 一般情况下直接加ing. 如：reading, watching, cleaning.（2） 以不发音的e结尾的词，去掉e再加ing. 如： take---taking, make---making (3) 重读闭音节的情况，先双写一个辅音字母然后加ing. 如：put---putting.现在进行时练习:1.将下列单词变成现在分词：写出下列动词的现在分词形式 1. work___________ sing__________play__________study__________2. dance__________have__________write__________take__________3. run__________sit__________shop__________swim__________4. lie__________ 2. 翻译下列句子：（1）我正在写信。 （2）他正在洗衣服。（3）Tom正在踢足球。 （4）Sarah正在打扫房间。3．选择题练习1. Who _____ over there now A. singing B. are sing C. is singing D. sing2. It’s eight o’clock. The students _____ an English class.A. have B. having C. is having D. are having3. Listen! The baby _____ in the next room.A. crying B. cried C. is crying D. cries4. Look! The twins _____ new sweaters.A. are wearing B. wearing C. are wear D. is wearing5. Don’t talk here. Grandparents _____. A. is sleeping B. are sleeping C. sleeping D. sleep4.填空：1. The teacher is busy. He __________ (sleep) six hours a day.2. Listen! Joan __________(sing) in the classroom. She often __________ (sing) there.3. The girl __________(like) wearing a skirt. Look! She __________(wear) a red skirt today.5.根据中文意思完成句子1、学生们在干什么？有一些在打电话，另一些躺在沙滩上。_____ _____ the students _____ Some _____ _____ on the phone, _____ _____ _____ on the beach.2、“格林先生在看电视吗？” “不， 他在打扫房间。”“_____ Mr Green _____ TV ” “_____, He _____ _____ the house.”3、魏芳不是在读书，她在写信。Wei Fang _____ _____ a book. She _____ _____ a letter.4、我正在通过收音机学 (learn) 英语。I _____ _____ English on the radio.5. 过去进行时过去进行时过去进行时:表示在过去的某一时刻或某一时间段正在进行的动作.这一特定的过去时间,除有上下文提示以外,一般用时间状语来表示. 结构:was/were+动词ing 形式.1.肯定 句:主语+was/were+动词+ing .She was repairing his bike at 10:00 yesterday morning.2.否定句:主语+ wasn’t/weren’t +动词+ing .They weren’t listening to the music when I went into the room.3.一般疑问句: Was/Were+主语+动词+ing Were they knocking at the door at this moment yesterday 4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+主语+动词+ing What was he doing when the teacher came in 3）当有这些时间状语时，常用过去进行时。如：标志词：(at) this time last night, at 9:00 yesterday, when I saw him, while I was watching TV, from seven to nine, (at) this time yesterday.What were you doing this time yesterday He was drawing an elephant on the blackboard when the teacher came in.表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。结构：was/were+doingWhen my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.过去进行时练习一 用所给动词的适当形式填空1What ____ you ____ (do) at noon yesterday 2)I ____________(watch) TV when my mother_____ (come) in.3) He ________(do) his lessons at ten yesterday morning.4) The children __________(play) football at four yesterday afternoon. 5) The baby __________ (sleep) when the mother came back.1.What ___you______(do) when I ____(call) you last night 2.___Mr Wang _______(mend) the car at 10:30 last night 3.The students ______ ______(not play) at that time yesterday.4.When I _____(leave) home, my mother ____ _______(eat) breakfast.5.Who_____they ____(talk) with from 3 to 4 yesterday 二. 完成下列句子1）The barber ________________(在给我理发）at this time yesterday.2) They _____________________ (在买纪念品）when the UFO arrived.3）The boys and girls_____________(在唱歌） last night.4)You __________________（在打篮球）yesterday afternoon, weren’t you 5) What _______ Toｍ_____(在做什么）at noon yesterday 6) I _____________________( 在读一本故事书）last night.表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。结构：was/were+doingWhen my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.6. 将来进行时将来进行时的构成：1)will +be+doing2)will+not+be+doing3)Will+sb+be+doing1. We will be flying to Morocco, in northern Africa.2. We will be traveling by camel, with local guides.3. We will be walking every day for almost two weeks.4. After that, we will be moving on to Tanzania.5. He is busy reviewing the lessons, so he will not be attending the New Year’s party tonight. 6. Will you be working out at the gym at this time tomorrow 将来进行时用法之一：表示在将来某一时刻或某一时间段正在进行的动作1. Will you be working out at the gym at this time tomorrow 2. I must practice playing violin more because I will be putting on a performance in the assembly hall at 7 o’clock tonight.3. We’ll be walking every day for almost two weeks.4. Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week．将来进行时用法之二：表示根据计划或安排在将来某一时刻正在进行的动作．此时一般是有具体的时间状语1. We’ll be flying to Morocco, in northern Africa on Friday evening.2. China will be holding the Olympic Games on 8th August 2008.3. You will be attending the College Entrance Examination from July 7th to 10th in 2010.4. According to the schedule, Toby will be travelling in the Sahara Desert on 30th June将来进行时用法之三：表示将来某一时刻自然发生的事，而不是人为安排要做的事．1. I guess it will be raining heavily when you arrive in Beijing.2. The weather report says that a terrible typhoon will be striking Fujian province in two days.3. The weather man says that it will be snowing when you return from work at six o’clock.4. The advanced science and technology will be helping us explore the outer space.将来进行时用法之四：表示有礼貌地询问对方的打算，语气比较委婉．1. When will we be meeting again 2. When will you be taking adventure to Africa, Toby 3. Will you be moving on to Tanzania 4. Will you be traveling on camels with local guides The differences between the simple future tense and the future continuous tense. 一般将来时与将来进行时区别之一：一般将来时只是对将来事情的一般陈述，而将来进行时表示将来某个时刻正在发生正在进行的动作1.(a) We’ll fly to Morocco, in northern Africa soon.1 .(b) We’ll be flying to Morocco, in northern Africa on Friday evening.2.(a) According to the schedule, Toby will travel in the Sahara Desert in the near future.2. (b) According to the schedule, Toby will be traveling in the Sahara Desert on 30th June.一般将来时与将来进行时区别之二：一般将来时通常表示主语愿意或不愿意做什么，带有感彩，而将来进行时表示按照计划安排一定会发生的事情1. I feel very tired now ,so I won’t go white-water rafting with you tomorrow.2. Toby will be speaking at the meeting at 3 o’clock tomorrow afternoon because he is the chairman of the meeting.Attention: Quite often, the future continuous tense can be substituted by the simple future tense.将来进行时练习Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs.1. From tomorrow to June 17, he ______________along the Yangtze River. (travel)2. Can you imagine what kind of car we ______________in 2020. (drive)3. We ______________ Yuelu Mountain at ten o’clock tomorrow morning. (climb)4. I ______________an exam at 2:30 tomorrow afternoon, so I can’t go skating with you. (take)Test your memory:Lily is an Australian high school student. She gets up at 7:00. Then after 15 minutes she has her breakfast. She goes to school every workday. She leaves home at 8 o’clock to take the school bus. She arrives at school at about 9. She starts to study at once and continues until 12:00 when she has lunch at school. Usually the lunch takes about half an hour. She starts to study again at 1:00 and goes home at 3:30.Choose the correct sentences according to the passage you just read.1) At 7:25 A. She’ll be leaving the house. B. She’ll have left the house. C. She’ll be at home. D. She’ll be having breakfast.2) From 9 to 12 A. She’ll be studying. B. She’ll be having classes. C. She’ll be doing exercise. D. She’ll be doing heavy work with workers.3) From 12 to 12:30 A. She’ll be having lunch. B. She’ll have finished homework C. She’ll be leaving school. D. She’ll be enjoying her lunch.Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs.1. It is reported that the team ____________ the most dangerous part of the mountain at this time tomorrow. (climb)2. ----What will you be doing at this time tomorrow ---- I ______________in the department store that we usually go to at weekends. (shop)3. From tomorrow to June 17, he ______________along the Yangtze River. (travel)4. We ______________a New Year’s party on 29th December in the National Defensive University. (hold)5. ____you __________your uncle in Tanzania (visit)7. 现在完成时构成：主语+助动词have, has+过去分词、A、用法：（1) 表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用I have just had lunch. (饱了，不用再吃了)He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了）The boy has already read the book. （已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）（2) 询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：Have you finished your homework Have you been to Beijing Have he seen the film （3) 表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school for 1 year.（4) 表示一种经历，经验：去过…地方，做过…事情，经历过…事情I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film.I have never been to cinema.I have ever been to Paris.Have been to表示去过，have gone to 表示去了I have been to London.(人已经回来)He has gone to London.（人还在那里）（5) 表示一种结果， 一般不和时间副词联用I have lost my pen.I have hurt myself.He has become a teacher.She has broken my heart.B、句型变化：★变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not.e.g. Have you lost your pen I have not lost my pen.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I have. No, I have not.★特殊疑问句：What have you done What has he done 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用错：I’ve left Beijing for 3 days.对：I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days.现在完成时具体用法：现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在。、用法一：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与just（刚刚），already（已经），never（从来没有），ever（曾经），before（以前），yet（仍然），once（一次），twice（两次），many times（很多次），how many times（多少次），so far（迄今为止），during the past（last）three years（最近三年来）等连用。 ※ 副词的位置：①just常用于肯定句中，放在have/has后，He has just come . ②never表示否定, 放在have/has后, He has never visited the Great Wall. ③ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have/Has＋主语＋ever ＋过去分词？“…曾经……过吗？”用于询问某人过去的经历。Have you ever been to the farm？ ④before用于句末，The woman has never heard of that before. ⑤yet 用于句末或not 之后.Has the train arrived yet No, not yet. ⑥already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have already finished it. ⑦so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon. 用法二：表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有： ①for＋表示一段时间的词语I have taught English for 19 years。 ② since＋表示过去时间点的词语He has been at this school since 1986. ③ since＋表示过去的时间状语从句I have lived here since I was born. ④ since＋一段时间＋ago. I have known him since 20 years ago. 用法三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语（for，since，how long, all one’s life）连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词，即延续性动词。如：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。 I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he lived here 用法四、延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的（到说话时仍未结束）表示一段时间的状语连用。如this morning，today，this week，these days He has been to Beijing three times this year. He has written two letters this morning.（说话时间在上午）He wrote two letters this morning.（说话时间在下午或晚上）用法五、英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”，常见的有：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，receive等。这些动词可用于现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表示一段时间的状语（how long，for，since）连用。He has come back.（√）He has come back for two hours.（×） ※ 但在否定句中，非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，如 I haven’t heard from my father for a long time. We haven’t seen him since 1999. 用法六、当终止性动词（非延续性动词）与表示一段时间的状语（how long，since，for， all one’s life）相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种: （1）用副词ago把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时. He has come back for two weeks.（错）改为:He came back two weeks ago.（正） I have lost my bike for ten days. （错）改为:I lost my bike ten days ago. （正） （2）用“It is / has been＋时间＋since＋一般过去时态”句型来改写。 He has joined the League for 3 years. （错）It is 3 years since he joined the League. I have bought the book for 5 days. （错）It is 5 days since I bought the book. （正） He has died for 20 years. （错）It is 20 years since he died. （正） （3）用“时间＋has passed＋since＋一般过去时态”句型来改写。 He has left home for 20 years. 改为:Twenty years has passed since he left home. He has lost his pen for 2 days. 改为:Two days has passed since he lost his pen. （4）用系表结构来改写. He has died for 20 years. 改为: He has been dead for 20 years. The factory has opened since 1999. 改为:The factory has been open since 1999. How long has he left 改为:How long has he been away （5）用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。 He has bought the book for two weeks. 改为:He has had the book for two weeks. 常见的相应转换形式如下: borrow / lend→keep, buy→have,finish / end→be over, arrive /come / go / move / reach /get to→be in /at / be here /be there, begin / start→be on , open→be open , close→be closed, die→be dead , leave→be away（from）,go to school→be in school / be a student, get up→be up, fall asleep→be asleep , fall ill→be ill, get to know→know, lose→be lost, become→be, return / come back / get back→be back, join→be in / be a…member, join the army→be in the army /be a soldier, receive / get a letter→have a letter , catch / get a cold→have a cold, begin to study→study, 他参军已有三年.He has joined the army for three years.（错）改为: He has been in the army for three years / since three years ago. He has been a soldier for three years / since three years ago. He joined the army three years ago. It is three years since he joined the army. Three years has passed since he joined the army. （1）He came to our village two years ago.=He our village since two years ago. （2）He left home three days ago=He home for 3 days. （3）I bought the watch 2 weeks ago=I the watch since 2 weeks ago. （4）It is 5 days since I borrowed the book=I the book for 5 days. （5）The film has begun= The film for half an hour. （6）I got to know him 10 years ago=I him for 10 years. （7）There is a factory=There a factory for 20 years. （8）Our school opened in 1960=Our school since 1960.现在完成时中应注意的几个问题1. have been to 和have gone to的区别have been to 强调“去过”，现已不在那里，如： He has been to the USA three times. 他到美国去过三次。（过去“到美国”，现在已“不在美国”） have gone to主要强调的是“去了”，现在人不在说话的现场，如： --Where's your mother --你妈妈在哪？ --She has gone to the hospital. --她去医院了。 2. have been to 和have been in的区别have been to强调人“已回到原地”，后面可接表示“次数”的状语。 eg. ① She has been to Shanghai only once. ②--How many times has he been there --He's been there many times. have been in表示某人“已在某地停留一段时间，现仍在那里”，其后常带表示一段时间的状语。 eg. ①They have been at the bus stop for half an hour.他们在车站呆了半小时。（现在仍然在车站） ②We have been in Xi'an for two weeks. 我们在西安呆了两个多星期。（现仍在西安） ③How long have they been in China 他们在中国呆了多长时间了？（仍在中国） 八、如何通过与一般过去时做比较,进一步掌握现在完成时 一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都发生在过去,但意义却不同.（1）一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系。 现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是现在。 如:I learned ten English songs（说明过去学过,现在是否记得,不是本句的内容） I have learnt ten English songs.（learn发生在过去,但强调我现在懂英语歌曲） I cleaned the blackboard half an hour ago.（只说明“擦”和其发生的时间） I have cleaned the blackboard.（说明现在黑板是干净的） The teacher has written some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在有单词） The teacher wrote some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在没有单词） （2）一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday, last year, three days ago, just now, 等。现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,其时间状语可以是since…,for… , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, all one’s life等 八、规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同,即在原形后加－ed（－d）。已学近80个不规则动词的过去分词约有半数也和它的过去式相同,分类如下,利于记忆: 1)原形中的元音字母有变化: get-got-got, sit –sat-sat win-won-won spit- spat- spat shine –shone- shone find- found- found hold-held-held meet- met-met stand- stood-stood understand-understood-understood feed- fed-fed hang-hung-hung 2)原形中的辅音字母有变化: make-made-made spill-spilt-spilt have/ has-had-had build-built-built send-sent-sent lend- lent- lent spend-spent-spent 3)在原形后加t或d: spoil-spoilt-spoilt learn-learnt-learnt mean-meant-meant hear-heard-heard pay-paid-paid say-said-said lose-lost-lost lay-laid-laid 4)原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化: feel-felt-felt smell-smelt-smelt spell-spelt –spelt keep-kept-kept sleep-slept-slept sweep-swept-swept leave-left-left sell-sold-sold tell-told-told catch-caught-caught teach-taught-taught buy-bought-bought bring-brought-brought think-thought-thought wear-wore-worn 5)与原形相同: hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt let-let-let put-put-put read-read-read set-set-set shut-shut shut cost-cost-cost cut-cut-cut 还有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同,为便于记忆,也分类如下: 1)原形中的元音字母有变化: ring-rang-rung sing-sang-sung drink-drank-drunk swim-swam-swum begin-began-begun sink-sank-sunk 2)在原形上加－en: eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen ride-rode-ridden write-wrote- written be-was/were-been rise-rose-risen forget-forgot-forgotten 3)在原形上加－n: see-saw-seen give-gave-given drive-drove-driven take-took-taken mistake-mistook-mistaken draw-drew-drawn blow-blew-blown grow-grew-grown know-knew-known show-showed-shown throw-threw-thrown 4)在过去式上加－n: steal-stole-stolen break-broken–broken choose-chose-chosen speak-spoke-spoken wake-woke-woken 6)与原行相同:come-came-come run-ran-run become-became-become 7)原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同的: do-did-done go-went-gone fly-flew-flown lie-lay-lain 个别动词有两个过去式和过去分词,一个为规则变化,另一个为不规则变化: learn-learned-learned shined-shined smell – smelled-smelled learnt-learnt shine shone-shone smelt-smelt wake -waked-waked spelled-spelled woke-woken spell -spelt –spelt现在完成时练习一、选择填空：1. — Oh, Mrs. King, your necklace looks nice. Is it new — No, I ____ it for two years. A. had B. have had C. bought D. have bought 2. His grandfather _____ for over two years. A. has died B. has been dead C. has dead D. died 3.Uncle Li can speak English very well because he _____ England for 5 years. A. has gone to B. has been to C. has come to D. has been in 4. — Where is Mr. Zhang — He _____ London. A. has been to B. has been C. has gone D. has gone to 5. — _____ to the United States — No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago. A. Have you been B. Have you gone C. Did you go D. Will you go 6. I haven’t seen you _____ last Friday. A. for B. since C. from D. on 7. — John, you ____ the computer game for two hours. It’s bad for your eyes. Stop, please! — OK, Mum. A. played B. have played C. were playing D. play 8.I won’t go to the concert because I _____ my ticket. A. lost B. don’t lose C. have lost D. will lost Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the right verb tense: 1. It________（rain）for a week. 2. I don’t know this woman. I _______（meet, never）her. 3.－Let’s go to the cinema.－No, I _______（see, already）the film. 4. We______（finish, not）our homework yet. Will you wait a minute 5. John_______（come, not）yet. He will be back in a minute. 6. Mr. Green often goes to America. In fact, he_____（be）there ten times. 7. －Where’s John －He______just______（go）to the teachers’ office. 8. She_______（study）English since she was ten. She______（begin）to study English when she was ten. 9. Jim isn’t here. He _______（go）to the library. He_____（go）there an hour ago. 10. He_______（travel, never）on a train in her life. 11. I _______（buy）the bike two weeks ago. I ______（have）this bike since the beginning of this month. I _______（have）it for two weeks. 12. Great changes______（take place）in those villages in the last ten years, Great changes_______（take place, also）in my home－town in the last ten years. 13. How many times ______you______（phone）me these days ______you ___________（phone）me this morning 14. Tom can’t get into the room because he______（lost）the key to the door. 15. I ______（look）for the dictionary, but I ______（find not）it yet. 16. －______the new programmes______（start）yet －No, they_______ （plan,still） 18. We_______（live）in Shanghai from 1989 to 1999. We_____（live）for 10 years. 19. They can’t go with us. They______（finish, not）the work yet. 20. You_______（change, not ）your mind, haven’t you 21.We must pay for the library book if we_______（lost）it. 22. He has already finished his homework.（改为否定句） He_______finished his homework_______ . 23.－ I hear your father_______（be）to Japan once.－Yes. He________（go）there last year. 24. －When_____you______（buy）the book －I ______（have）it for two weeks. 25. Such a thing _________（happen, never）in the village before. 8. 过去完成时：用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。结构：had+过去分词★一般肯定句After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.They had sold the car before I asked the price.The train had left before I arrived at the station.After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。★变疑问句将助动词移到句首Had she finished her homework ★变否定句在助动词后面加notShe hadn’t finished her homework.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.★特殊疑问句：What had she done 过去完成时(past perfect)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前做了，一直延续到现在的动作。（延续性）它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。 基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done) ①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他 ②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他 ③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他 肯定回答：Yes,主语+had 否定回答：No,主语+hadn't ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（had+主语+过去分词+其他） 基本用法 （1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 例如： By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。 （2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。 例如： I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 例如： Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。 （4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 例如： I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。 She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。 （5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 例如： He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 （6） 状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的 例如： When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。 She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。 注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为 这 时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。 （7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。 例如： They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。 We had hoped to be able to come and see you . 我们本来希望能来看看你。 （8）过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。 例如： Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。 时间状语 before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no sooner……than 过去完成时-语法判定 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （1） by + 过去的时间点。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. （2） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （3） before + 过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （1）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （2）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3. 根据上、下文来判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.过去完成时练习1. 单项选择1．He asked me _____ during the summer holidays.A. where I had been B. where I had gone C. where had I been D. where had I gone 2. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt4. She ______lived here for ______ years.A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked6. She said she __________ the principle alreadyA .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen7. She said her family _______ themselves ______ the army during the war.A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, from C. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with8. By the time he was ten years old, he _________.A. has completed university B. has completed the universityB. had completed an university D. had completed university9. She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year.A. for B. in C. by D. at 10. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old.A had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano C. has learned, the piano D. learns ,piano. 11. What _______ Annie ____ by the time he was ten A. did, do B. did, did C. has, done D. had done 12 .He ___ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army.A. has worked B. works C. had worked D. will work13. By the end of last week, they ____ the bridge.A. has completed B. completed C. will complete D. had completed14. Ben hates playing _____ violin, but he likes playing ____ football.A. a…the B. the… the C. / …the D. the…/15. By the time he was 4, he ______ a lot of German words.A. had learned B. has learned C. learned D. learns 16 .Jim turned off the lights and then _____ the classroom.A. was left B. had left C. has left D. left 17.They _________ in Guangzhou since 2000.A. lived B. had lived C. have lived D. were living18. The train from Beijing_______ ten minutes ago.A. has arrived B. was arriving C. arrived D. had arrived19. The students _________ their classroom when the visitors arrived.A . have cleaned B. had cleaned C. was cleaned D. have been cleaned20. Fergie_______ the project in one hour.A. have finished B. will finish C. finishes D. has finished21. The man ________ his coat and went out.A. put on B. had put on C. will put on D. was putting on22 My mother______ in that factory at the age of 18.A. had worked B. has worked C. worked D. works23. Dad ________ while he _______ TV.A .fell asleep…watch B. was falling asleep…watched C. fell asleep……was watching D. had fallen asleep…watched2.用动词的适当形式填空1. We _____________ (paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in.2. That rich old man _____________ (make) a will before he _____________ (die).3. They _____________ (study) the map of the country before they ________ (leave).4. The robbers _____________ (run away ) before the policemen _______ (arrive).5. I __________ (turn off) all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed.6. Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call.7. Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice.8. Our plan ____________ (fail ) because we _____________ (make) a bad mistake.9. When the chairman ______________ (finish) speaking, he _____________ (leave)the hall.10.The Reads __ ______ (have) lunch when I ________________(get) to their house.11.When I ______________(arrive) at the station, he ____________________(leave).12..We _______________(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.13. I waited until he _______________(finish) his homework.14. We were surprised at what she ________already ______(do)15.She ____________(not go) to Qingdao because she ________________ (go) there before.16. He ______________(not tell) you the news yet. 17. He said he _____________already_________(give) the book to the teacher.18. I ______________(be) to Shanghai before. 19. She told me she _________________(be) to Sanya three times.20.She _____________(play) the guitar while her sister_______________(sing).3．句型转换1．I had sold the ticket when she came.（改否定句）2.She had sung a song to us before she danced.（改否定句）3.They began to climbed the mountain after they had bought all the food and drink.（否定）4.By 10:00 a.m, I had been very hungry. （改一般疑问）5.Lucy had already completed the project when I arrived.（改一般疑问）6.By the time he got to the airport, the plane had taken off. （改一般疑问）7..He had broken his arm when I saw him.（对划线部分提问）8.When he had read the note, he ate it. （对划线部分提问）9..Jack didn’t go to the cinema because he had seen the film. （对划线部分提问）10.We had had the toys for ten years before we gave them to the child. （对划线部分提问）11.She had written the book by the end of 1960. （对划线部分提问）12.We cooked the dumplings. We ate them up. （用过去完成时连接两句）13.Jim’s father mended the car. It was broken. （用过去完成时连接两句）14.We had our tests. Then we had a long holiday.( 用过去完成时连接两句)After we ________________________, we _____________________________ 15.He showed us a picture. Then he showed us around the house. 用过去完成时连接两句)Before he _______________________, he______________________________.
1. 一般现在时表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。(1)含有be动词的句子★一般肯定句He is a teacher.The girl is very beautiful.Tim and Jack are students.★变疑问句将be动词移到句首Is he a teacher Is the girl very beautiful Are Tim and Jack students ★变否定句在be动词后面加notHe is not a teacher.The girl is not very beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he is. No, he is not.Yes, she is. No, she is not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.(2)不含有be动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子A、第三人称单数及单数名词★一般肯定句He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.★变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型Does he like books Does she like him Does the dog like bones ★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn’t, 动词变为原型,原句中的动词不再有第三人称变化。He doesn’t like books.She doesn’t like him.The dog doesn’t like bones.★肯定回答及否定回答：Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.Yes, she does. No, she doesn’tYes, it does. No, it doesn’t.注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。B、其他人称及复数名词★一般肯定句I want to have a bath.We have some meat.The students like smart teachers.★变疑问句在句首加doDo you want to have a bath Do we have any meat Do the students like smart teachers ★变否定句在主语和动词之间加don’t.You don’t want to have a bath.We don’t have any meat.The students don’t like smart teachers.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I do. No, I don’t.Yes, we do. No, we don’tYes, they do. No, they don’t.一般现在时练习一、用动词适当形式填空1.Mr Smith____(live) with his family.2.My father often____(listen) to the radio everyday.3.The child____(do) his homework in the evening.4.She often____(wash)her clothes.5.What____you usually____(do) in the evening 6.Mrs Smith always_____(stay)at home.二、翻译句子1.Their father takes them to school every day.2.Mr White usually reads newspapers every day.3.She usually eats her lunch at noon.4.They often listen to the radio at night.5.他通常喝牛奶。6.她每天去上学。7.他到家很早。8.每天我们做作业。三、变换句型，将下列肯定句变为一般疑问句。1.Mr White usually reads newspapers.2.My father is shaving in the bathroom.2. 一般过去时一. 概念：一般过去时是表示在过去的时间里发生的动作或状态，通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。二．时间状语：yesterday, the day before yesterday, two days ago, long long ago, a minute ago, last year(week, month), once upon a time, just now, in those days.三．过去时的用法：1．有确定的过去时间状语时要用过去式。例：We had a good time last week.2．表示过去连续发生的动作时，要用过去式。例：The boy closed the door, turned off the window, and then went to bed.3. 表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作，要用过去式。例：She often came to help me at that time.表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的就是过去时。 eg: I used to live here.（注意used to 和be used to 的区别，used to表过去常常，be used to 表示习惯于，前者to是不定式符号，后者则是介词，后接名词、动名词、代词）四.一般过去式的构成形式：Be动词的过去式肯定句：主语+动词的过去式 例：He played football last week.否定句：主语+ did not +动词原形 例：He did not play football last week.一般疑问句：Did +主语+动词原形例：Did he play football last week Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t.五．动词变过去式的几种常用规则：1．一般动词直接+ ed;例：look--looked want--wanted listen --listened2．以e结尾的词直接+ d;例：live--lived phone--phoned3．以辅音字母加y结尾, 变y为i加ed;例：try--tried study--studied4．重读闭音节结尾的，词尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母+ ed;例：stop--stopped plan--planned 六．具体示例：Be动词肯定句She was nine two years ago.They were my students long long ago.否定句She was not nine two years ago.They were not my students long long ago.一般疑问句Was she nine two years ago Were they your students long long ago 肯、否定回答Yes, she was. / No, she wasn’t.Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.实意动词肯定句She watched TV last night.否定句She didn’t watch TV last night.一般疑问句Did she watch TV last night 肯、否定回答Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.一般过去时练习一，写出下列词语的过去式 is --are --do --go --have --write --learn --study --stop --drink --put --cut --run --say --hop --swim --play --cry --read --see --tell --come --join --make -- 二．用动词的适当形式填空：1.He __________(work) in that bank four years ago.2.She __________(live) in USA for a long time.3.I __________(see) him yesterday.4.He __________(come) to school at 6 o’clock this morning.5.The boy __________(have) a bad cold yesterday.6.When __________ you __________(buy) that house 7.He __________(tell) a story to his daughter yesterday.8.__________ you __________(try) to call me last night 9.What __________you __________(buy) in the shop I __________(buy) a coat just now.10.The doctor __________(get) up late this morning.11.She __________(paint) the wall last month.12.My mother __________(be) a worker 20 years ago.13. __________(be) you here just now No, I __________(be not) here.14.Why __________ your brother __________(cry) last night 15.Yesterday __________(be) my mother’s birthday.三．翻译下列句子：1．我上周去看爷爷和奶奶了。2．你的弟弟踢足球了吗？不，他没踢足球。3．你读了这本书吗？4．妈妈昨晚没看电视，她去阿姨家了。5．我们昨天没去公园，去了动物园。3.一般将来时表示将来将要发生的动作， 经常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours’ time, etc. 表示将来的词联用结构： 主语+助动词will+动词原形★一般肯定句I will go to America tomorrow.The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.★变疑问句将助动词移到句首Will you go to America tomorrow Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning ★变否定句在助动词后面加notI will not go to America tomorrow.The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I will. No, I will not.Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.Yes, he will. No, he will not.★特殊疑问句：What will you do 一、shall/will＋动词原形1. will可用于所有人称，但shall 仅表示单纯将来时，用于第一人称I和we，作为will的一种替代形式。以You and I为主语时通常避免用shall. 例如： He will be back soon. 他很快就会回来。 I shall/will be free on Sunday. 星期天我有空。 You and I will work in the same factory. 你和我将在同一工厂工作。2. will，shall可用来预言将来发生的事。如说出我们设想会发生的事，或者请对方预言将要发生什么事。例如： It will rain tomorrow. 明天将要下雨。3. will，shall除可表示单纯的将来时以外，还可以带有意愿的色彩，仍指的是将来。例如： I'll buy you a bicycle for your birthday. 你过生日时，我给你买一辆自行车。（表示允诺） Will you open the door for me please？请你帮我开门好吗？（表示请求） Shall I get your coat for you？我可以为你拿外套吗？（表示提议）二、be going to＋动词原形1. 表示说话人根据现在已有的迹象，判断将要或即将发生某种情况。这类句子的主语可以是人，也可是物。例如： There is going to be a football match in our school tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我们学校将有一场足球赛。（已有告示） I feel terrible.I think I'm going to die. 我感到难受极了，我想我快不行了。 Look at those black clouds！It's going to rain. 看看那些乌云！天快要下雨了。2. 表示主语现在的意图或现已作出的决定，即打算在最近或将来进行某事。这种意图或决定往往是事先经过考虑的。例如： He isn't going to see his elder brother tomorrow. 他明天不准备去看他哥哥。 Mary is going to be a teacher when she grows up. 玛丽决定长大了当一名教师。3. 只是单纯地预测未来的事，此时可与will互换。例如： I think it is going to/will rain this evening. 我认为今晚要下雨。 注意： （1）be going to和will在含义和用法上略有不同。be going to往往表示事先经过考虑的打算；will多表示意愿、决心。两者有时不能互换。例如： He is studying hard and is going to try for the exams. 他正努力学习，准备参加考试。（不能用will替换） —Can somebody help me？ ——谁能帮我一下吗？ —I will. ——我来。（不能用be going to替换） （2）在if之后，通常不用will表示预言，但可以用be going to表示意图。例如： If you are going to go to the cinema this evening，you'd better take your coat with you. 你若今晚去看电影，最好带着外套。 be going to也常可以用于主句之中。例如： If you invite Jack，there's going to be trouble. 如果你邀请杰克，那就要惹麻烦了。 如果表示将来的意愿，will可用于条件从句。此时will为情态动词。例如： If you will learn to play football，I'll help you. 如果你想学踢足球，我可以帮你。一般将来时练习一：选择1.Mother ________ me a nice present on my next birthday.A. will gives B. will give C. gives D. give2.He ________ her a beautiful hat on her next birthday.A. gives B. gave C. will give D. is going giving3. He ________ in three days.A. coming back B. came back C. will come back D. is going to coming back4. Who ________ ________ swimming with us tomorrow afternoon A. will; go B. do; go C. will; going D. shall; goes5. The day after tomorrow they ________ a volleyball match.A. will watch B. watches C. is watching D. to watch6. They ________ an English evening next Sunday.A. are having B. are going to have C. will having D. is going to have7. ________ you ________ free next Sunday A. Will; are B. Will; be C. Do; be D. Are; be8. He ________ there at ten tomorrow morning.A. will B. is C. will be D. be9. I ____ _____ a teacher in the future.A. will, be B. is, be C. is, being D. will, is10.They ____ _____ to the park next Sunday.A. will goes B. will go C. is going D. will go11.My family ____ _____ to church next weekend.A. will go B. goes C. will going D. is going12.My mother will ____ me a pencil tonight.A. gives B. giving C. give13.He ______ play football tomorrow.A. will B. is C. be14.My grandpa and grandma ____ ____ to see us in two days.A. will coming B. will come C. is coming D. are coming15.She ___ ____ TV this evening.A. wills watch B. will watching C. is watching D. will watch16.My grandpa ____ _____ at home the day after tomorrow.A. will stay B. wills stay C. will stays D. is staying17.Mom will _____ back soon.A. comes B. coming C. comes D. come二．请在下列各题空格处填入shall或will。1．You ______ not drive through a red light.2．I ______ do everything for her.3．______ you help me with this heavy bag, John 4．______ I help you with that heavy bag, Madam 5．Let's go and take a walk after dinner, ______ we 6．"No one ______ leave the classroom if I haven't said Okay," said the teacher.7．It ______ soon be over, I am sure.8．Do what you ______ , but don't go out.9．I ______ take you there with me, if it's OK with your mother.10．Rain or shine, I ______ come.4. 现在进行时现在进行时：表示现在正在进行的动作，由“be动词 + 动词的现在分词”构成。现在进行时的肯定句:句型 （1）第一人称：主语 + am + 现在分词 I am watching TV. 我现在看电视。（2）第三人称单数：主语 + is + 现在分词 She is washing clothes. 她正在洗衣服。（3）第二人称及复数人称：主语 + are + 现在分词They are playing games. 他们正在做游戏。现在进行时的否定句句型: 主语 + 相应be动词 + not + 现在分词 He isn't watching TV. 他没在看电视。 I am not cooking. 我没有在做饭。 We aren't having English calss. 我们没在上英语课。◆注意◆ is not和are not可缩写为isn't和aren't。现在进行时的一般疑问句句型: 相应be动词 + 主语 + 现在分词 + ……？Are you dancing 他们正在跳舞吗？Is he drawing a picture 他正在画一张画吗？Are you talking with your friend 你正和你的朋友谈话吗？现在进行一般疑问句的答语:句型:（1）肯定回答：Yes, 主语 + 相应be动词。（2）否定回答：No, 主语 + 相应be动词 + not。 Are you listening to the music Yes, I am. / No, I am not. 你正在听音乐吗？是的，我正在听。/ 不，我没在听。要特别注意有些动词没有进行时态.1、表示状态、思想、感情和感觉的动词，如：see, hear, love, know, want, hope, think等，没有进行时态。2、当have/has作为“拥有”时，没有进行时态，但表示“开会，吃饭，玩得高兴”等意思时，可以用进行时表达。 I am having many books. （这是错误的句子） I am having a good time. （这才是正确的句子）现在分词的构成：现在分词是由动词+ing构成的，其方法如下：（1） 一般情况下直接加ing. 如：reading, watching, cleaning.（2） 以不发音的e结尾的词，去掉e再加ing. 如： take---taking, make---making (3) 重读闭音节的情况，先双写一个辅音字母然后加ing. 如：put---putting.现在进行时练习:1.将下列单词变成现在分词：写出下列动词的现在分词形式 1. work___________ sing__________play__________study__________2. dance__________have__________write__________take__________3. run__________sit__________shop__________swim__________4. lie__________ 2. 翻译下列句子：（1）我正在写信。 （2）他正在洗衣服。（3）Tom正在踢足球。 （4）Sarah正在打扫房间。3．选择题练习1. Who _____ over there now A. singing B. are sing C. is singing D. sing2. It’s eight o’clock. The students _____ an English class.A. have B. having C. is having D. are having3. Listen! The baby _____ in the next room.A. crying B. cried C. is crying D. cries4. Look! The twins _____ new sweaters.A. are wearing B. wearing C. are wear D. is wearing5. Don’t talk here. Grandparents _____. A. is sleeping B. are sleeping C. sleeping D. sleep4.填空：1. The teacher is busy. He __________ (sleep) six hours a day.2. Listen! Joan __________(sing) in the classroom. She often __________ (sing) there.3. The girl __________(like) wearing a skirt. Look! She __________(wear) a red skirt today.5.根据中文意思完成句子1、学生们在干什么？有一些在打电话，另一些躺在沙滩上。_____ _____ the students _____ Some _____ _____ on the phone, _____ _____ _____ on the beach.2、“格林先生在看电视吗？” “不， 他在打扫房间。”“_____ Mr Green _____ TV ” “_____, He _____ _____ the house.”3、魏芳不是在读书，她在写信。Wei Fang _____ _____ a book. She _____ _____ a letter.4、我正在通过收音机学 (learn) 英语。I _____ _____ English on the radio.5. 过去进行时过去进行时过去进行时:表示在过去的某一时刻或某一时间段正在进行的动作.这一特定的过去时间,除有上下文提示以外,一般用时间状语来表示. 结构:was/were+动词ing 形式.1.肯定 句:主语+was/were+动词+ing .She was repairing his bike at 10:00 yesterday morning.2.否定句:主语+ wasn’t/weren’t +动词+ing .They weren’t listening to the music when I went into the room.3.一般疑问句: Was/Were+主语+动词+ing Were they knocking at the door at this moment yesterday 4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+主语+动词+ing What was he doing when the teacher came in 3）当有这些时间状语时，常用过去进行时。如：标志词：(at) this time last night, at 9:00 yesterday, when I saw him, while I was watching TV, from seven to nine, (at) this time yesterday.What were you doing this time yesterday He was drawing an elephant on the blackboard when the teacher came in.表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。结构：was/were+doingWhen my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.过去进行时练习一 用所给动词的适当形式填空1What ____ you ____ (do) at noon yesterday 2)I ____________(watch) TV when my mother_____ (come) in.3) He ________(do) his lessons at ten yesterday morning.4) The children __________(play) football at four yesterday afternoon. 5) The baby __________ (sleep) when the mother came back.1.What ___you______(do) when I ____(call) you last night 2.___Mr Wang _______(mend) the car at 10:30 last night 3.The students ______ ______(not play) at that time yesterday.4.When I _____(leave) home, my mother ____ _______(eat) breakfast.5.Who_____they ____(talk) with from 3 to 4 yesterday 二. 完成下列句子1）The barber ________________(在给我理发）at this time yesterday.2) They _____________________ (在买纪念品）when the UFO arrived.3）The boys and girls_____________(在唱歌） last night.4)You __________________（在打篮球）yesterday afternoon, weren’t you 5) What _______ Toｍ_____(在做什么）at noon yesterday 6) I _____________________( 在读一本故事书）last night.表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。结构：was/were+doingWhen my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.6. 将来进行时将来进行时的构成：1)will +be+doing2)will+not+be+doing3)Will+sb+be+doing1. We will be flying to Morocco, in northern Africa.2. We will be traveling by camel, with local guides.3. We will be walking every day for almost two weeks.4. After that, we will be moving on to Tanzania.5. He is busy reviewing the lessons, so he will not be attending the New Year’s party tonight. 6. Will you be working out at the gym at this time tomorrow 将来进行时用法之一：表示在将来某一时刻或某一时间段正在进行的动作1. Will you be working out at the gym at this time tomorrow 2. I must practice playing violin more because I will be putting on a performance in the assembly hall at 7 o’clock tonight.3. We’ll be walking every day for almost two weeks.4. Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week．将来进行时用法之二：表示根据计划或安排在将来某一时刻正在进行的动作．此时一般是有具体的时间状语1. We’ll be flying to Morocco, in northern Africa on Friday evening.2. China will be holding the Olympic Games on 8th August 2008.3. You will be attending the College Entrance Examination from July 7th to 10th in 2010.4. According to the schedule, Toby will be travelling in the Sahara Desert on 30th June将来进行时用法之三：表示将来某一时刻自然发生的事，而不是人为安排要做的事．1. I guess it will be raining heavily when you arrive in Beijing.2. The weather report says that a terrible typhoon will be striking Fujian province in two days.3. The weather man says that it will be snowing when you return from work at six o’clock.4. The advanced science and technology will be helping us explore the outer space.将来进行时用法之四：表示有礼貌地询问对方的打算，语气比较委婉．1. When will we be meeting again 2. When will you be taking adventure to Africa, Toby 3. Will you be moving on to Tanzania 4. Will you be traveling on camels with local guides The differences between the simple future tense and the future continuous tense. 一般将来时与将来进行时区别之一：一般将来时只是对将来事情的一般陈述，而将来进行时表示将来某个时刻正在发生正在进行的动作1.(a) We’ll fly to Morocco, in northern Africa soon.1 .(b) We’ll be flying to Morocco, in northern Africa on Friday evening.2.(a) According to the schedule, Toby will travel in the Sahara Desert in the near future.2. (b) According to the schedule, Toby will be traveling in the Sahara Desert on 30th June.一般将来时与将来进行时区别之二：一般将来时通常表示主语愿意或不愿意做什么，带有感彩，而将来进行时表示按照计划安排一定会发生的事情1. I feel very tired now ,so I won’t go white-water rafting with you tomorrow.2. Toby will be speaking at the meeting at 3 o’clock tomorrow afternoon because he is the chairman of the meeting.Attention: Quite often, the future continuous tense can be substituted by the simple future tense.将来进行时练习Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs.1. From tomorrow to June 17, he ______________along the Yangtze River. (travel)2. Can you imagine what kind of car we ______________in 2020. (drive)3. We ______________ Yuelu Mountain at ten o’clock tomorrow morning. (climb)4. I ______________an exam at 2:30 tomorrow afternoon, so I can’t go skating with you. (take)Test your memory:Lily is an Australian high school student. She gets up at 7:00. Then after 15 minutes she has her breakfast. She goes to school every workday. She leaves home at 8 o’clock to take the school bus. She arrives at school at about 9. She starts to study at once and continues until 12:00 when she has lunch at school. Usually the lunch takes about half an hour. She starts to study again at 1:00 and goes home at 3:30.Choose the correct sentences according to the passage you just read.1) At 7:25 A. She’ll be leaving the house. B. She’ll have left the house. C. She’ll be at home. D. She’ll be having breakfast.2) From 9 to 12 A. She’ll be studying. B. She’ll be having classes. C. She’ll be doing exercise. D. She’ll be doing heavy work with workers.3) From 12 to 12:30 A. She’ll be having lunch. B. She’ll have finished homework C. She’ll be leaving school. D. She’ll be enjoying her lunch.Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs.1. It is reported that the team ____________ the most dangerous part of the mountain at this time tomorrow. (climb)2. ----What will you be doing at this time tomorrow ---- I ______________in the department store that we usually go to at weekends. (shop)3. From tomorrow to June 17, he ______________along the Yangtze River. (travel)4. We ______________a New Year’s party on 29th December in the National Defensive University. (hold)5. ____you __________your uncle in Tanzania (visit)7. 现在完成时构成：主语+助动词have, has+过去分词、A、用法：（1) 表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用I have just had lunch. (饱了，不用再吃了)He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了）The boy has already read the book. （已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）（2) 询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：Have you finished your homework Have you been to Beijing Have he seen the film （3) 表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school for 1 year.（4) 表示一种经历，经验：去过…地方，做过…事情，经历过…事情I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film.I have never been to cinema.I have ever been to Paris.Have been to表示去过，have gone to 表示去了I have been to London.(人已经回来)He has gone to London.（人还在那里）（5) 表示一种结果， 一般不和时间副词联用I have lost my pen.I have hurt myself.He has become a teacher.She has broken my heart.B、句型变化：★变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not.e.g. Have you lost your pen I have not lost my pen.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I have. No, I have not.★特殊疑问句：What have you done What has he done 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用错：I’ve left Beijing for 3 days.对：I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days.现在完成时具体用法：现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在。、用法一：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与just（刚刚），already（已经），never（从来没有），ever（曾经），before（以前），yet（仍然），once（一次），twice（两次），many times（很多次），how many times（多少次），so far（迄今为止），during the past（last）three years（最近三年来）等连用。 ※ 副词的位置：①just常用于肯定句中，放在have/has后，He has just come . ②never表示否定, 放在have/has后, He has never visited the Great Wall. ③ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have/Has＋主语＋ever ＋过去分词？“…曾经……过吗？”用于询问某人过去的经历。Have you ever been to the farm？ ④before用于句末，The woman has never heard of that before. ⑤yet 用于句末或not 之后.Has the train arrived yet No, not yet. ⑥already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have already finished it. ⑦so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon. 用法二：表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有： ①for＋表示一段时间的词语I have taught English for 19 years。 ② since＋表示过去时间点的词语He has been at this school since 1986. ③ since＋表示过去的时间状语从句I have lived here since I was born. ④ since＋一段时间＋ago. I have known him since 20 years ago. 用法三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语（for，since，how long, all one’s life）连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词，即延续性动词。如：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。 I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he lived here 用法四、延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的（到说话时仍未结束）表示一段时间的状语连用。如this morning，today，this week，these days He has been to Beijing three times this year. He has written two letters this morning.（说话时间在上午）He wrote two letters this morning.（说话时间在下午或晚上）用法五、英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”，常见的有：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，receive等。这些动词可用于现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表示一段时间的状语（how long，for，since）连用。He has come back.（√）He has come back for two hours.（×） ※ 但在否定句中，非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，如 I haven’t heard from my father for a long time. We haven’t seen him since 1999. 用法六、当终止性动词（非延续性动词）与表示一段时间的状语（how long，since，for， all one’s life）相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种: （1）用副词ago把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时. He has come back for two weeks.（错）改为:He came back two weeks ago.（正） I have lost my bike for ten days. （错）改为:I lost my bike ten days ago. （正） （2）用“It is / has been＋时间＋since＋一般过去时态”句型来改写。 He has joined the League for 3 years. （错）It is 3 years since he joined the League. I have bought the book for 5 days. （错）It is 5 days since I bought the book. （正） He has died for 20 years. （错）It is 20 years since he died. （正） （3）用“时间＋has passed＋since＋一般过去时态”句型来改写。 He has left home for 20 years. 改为:Twenty years has passed since he left home. He has lost his pen for 2 days. 改为:Two days has passed since he lost his pen. （4）用系表结构来改写. He has died for 20 years. 改为: He has been dead for 20 years. The factory has opened since 1999. 改为:The factory has been open since 1999. How long has he left 改为:How long has he been away （5）用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。 He has bought the book for two weeks. 改为:He has had the book for two weeks. 常见的相应转换形式如下: borrow / lend→keep, buy→have,finish / end→be over, arrive /come / go / move / reach /get to→be in /at / be here /be there, begin / start→be on , open→be open , close→be closed, die→be dead , leave→be away（from）,go to school→be in school / be a student, get up→be up, fall asleep→be asleep , fall ill→be ill, get to know→know, lose→be lost, become→be, return / come back / get back→be back, join→be in / be a…member, join the army→be in the army /be a soldier, receive / get a letter→have a letter , catch / get a cold→have a cold, begin to study→study, 他参军已有三年.He has joined the army for three years.（错）改为: He has been in the army for three years / since three years ago. He has been a soldier for three years / since three years ago. He joined the army three years ago. It is three years since he joined the army. Three years has passed since he joined the army. （1）He came to our village two years ago.=He our village since two years ago. （2）He left home three days ago=He home for 3 days. （3）I bought the watch 2 weeks ago=I the watch since 2 weeks ago. （4）It is 5 days since I borrowed the book=I the book for 5 days. （5）The film has begun= The film for half an hour. （6）I got to know him 10 years ago=I him for 10 years. （7）There is a factory=There a factory for 20 years. （8）Our school opened in 1960=Our school since 1960.现在完成时中应注意的几个问题1. have been to 和have gone to的区别have been to 强调“去过”，现已不在那里，如： He has been to the USA three times. 他到美国去过三次。（过去“到美国”，现在已“不在美国”） have gone to主要强调的是“去了”，现在人不在说话的现场，如： --Where's your mother --你妈妈在哪？ --She has gone to the hospital. --她去医院了。 2. have been to 和have been in的区别have been to强调人“已回到原地”，后面可接表示“次数”的状语。 eg. ① She has been to Shanghai only once. ②--How many times has he been there --He's been there many times. have been in表示某人“已在某地停留一段时间，现仍在那里”，其后常带表示一段时间的状语。 eg. ①They have been at the bus stop for half an hour.他们在车站呆了半小时。（现在仍然在车站） ②We have been in Xi'an for two weeks. 我们在西安呆了两个多星期。（现仍在西安） ③How long have they been in China 他们在中国呆了多长时间了？（仍在中国） 八、如何通过与一般过去时做比较,进一步掌握现在完成时 一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都发生在过去,但意义却不同.（1）一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系。 现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是现在。 如:I learned ten English songs（说明过去学过,现在是否记得,不是本句的内容） I have learnt ten English songs.（learn发生在过去,但强调我现在懂英语歌曲） I cleaned the blackboard half an hour ago.（只说明“擦”和其发生的时间） I have cleaned the blackboard.（说明现在黑板是干净的） The teacher has written some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在有单词） The teacher wrote some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在没有单词） （2）一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday, last year, three days ago, just now, 等。现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,其时间状语可以是since…,for… , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, all one’s life等 八、规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同,即在原形后加－ed（－d）。已学近80个不规则动词的过去分词约有半数也和它的过去式相同,分类如下,利于记忆: 1)原形中的元音字母有变化: get-got-got, sit –sat-sat win-won-won spit- spat- spat shine –shone- shone find- found- found hold-held-held meet- met-met stand- stood-stood understand-understood-understood feed- fed-fed hang-hung-hung 2)原形中的辅音字母有变化: make-made-made spill-spilt-spilt have/ has-had-had build-built-built send-sent-sent lend- lent- lent spend-spent-spent 3)在原形后加t或d: spoil-spoilt-spoilt learn-learnt-learnt mean-meant-meant hear-heard-heard pay-paid-paid say-said-said lose-lost-lost lay-laid-laid 4)原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化: feel-felt-felt smell-smelt-smelt spell-spelt –spelt keep-kept-kept sleep-slept-slept sweep-swept-swept leave-left-left sell-sold-sold tell-told-told catch-caught-caught teach-taught-taught buy-bought-bought bring-brought-brought think-thought-thought wear-wore-worn 5)与原形相同: hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt let-let-let put-put-put read-read-read set-set-set shut-shut shut cost-cost-cost cut-cut-cut 还有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同,为便于记忆,也分类如下: 1)原形中的元音字母有变化: ring-rang-rung sing-sang-sung drink-drank-drunk swim-swam-swum begin-began-begun sink-sank-sunk 2)在原形上加－en: eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen ride-rode-ridden write-wrote- written be-was/were-been rise-rose-risen forget-forgot-forgotten 3)在原形上加－n: see-saw-seen give-gave-given drive-drove-driven take-took-taken mistake-mistook-mistaken draw-drew-drawn blow-blew-blown grow-grew-grown know-knew-known show-showed-shown throw-threw-thrown 4)在过去式上加－n: steal-stole-stolen break-broken–broken choose-chose-chosen speak-spoke-spoken wake-woke-woken 6)与原行相同:come-came-come run-ran-run become-became-become 7)原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同的: do-did-done go-went-gone fly-flew-flown lie-lay-lain 个别动词有两个过去式和过去分词,一个为规则变化,另一个为不规则变化: learn-learned-learned shined-shined smell – smelled-smelled learnt-learnt shine shone-shone smelt-smelt wake -waked-waked spelled-spelled woke-woken spell -spelt –spelt现在完成时练习一、选择填空：1. — Oh, Mrs. King, your necklace looks nice. Is it new — No, I ____ it for two years. A. had B. have had C. bought D. have bought 2. His grandfather _____ for over two years. A. has died B. has been dead C. has dead D. died 3.Uncle Li can speak English very well because he _____ England for 5 years. A. has gone to B. has been to C. has come to D. has been in 4. — Where is Mr. Zhang — He _____ London. A. has been to B. has been C. has gone D. has gone to 5. — _____ to the United States — No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago. A. Have you been B. Have you gone C. Did you go D. Will you go 6. I haven’t seen you _____ last Friday. A. for B. since C. from D. on 7. — John, you ____ the computer game for two hours. It’s bad for your eyes. Stop, please! — OK, Mum. A. played B. have played C. were playing D. play 8.I won’t go to the concert because I _____ my ticket. A. lost B. don’t lose C. have lost D. will lost Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the right verb tense: 1. It________（rain）for a week. 2. I don’t know this woman. I _______（meet, never）her. 3.－Let’s go to the cinema.－No, I _______（see, already）the film. 4. We______（finish, not）our homework yet. Will you wait a minute 5. John_______（come, not）yet. He will be back in a minute. 6. Mr. Green often goes to America. In fact, he_____（be）there ten times. 7. －Where’s John －He______just______（go）to the teachers’ office. 8. She_______（study）English since she was ten. She______（begin）to study English when she was ten. 9. Jim isn’t here. He _______（go）to the library. He_____（go）there an hour ago. 10. He_______（travel, never）on a train in her life. 11. I _______（buy）the bike two weeks ago. I ______（have）this bike since the beginning of this month. I _______（have）it for two weeks. 12. Great changes______（take place）in those villages in the last ten years, Great changes_______（take place, also）in my home－town in the last ten years. 13. How many times ______you______（phone）me these days ______you ___________（phone）me this morning 14. Tom can’t get into the room because he______（lost）the key to the door. 15. I ______（look）for the dictionary, but I ______（find not）it yet. 16. －______the new programmes______（start）yet －No, they_______ （plan,still） 18. We_______（live）in Shanghai from 1989 to 1999. We_____（live）for 10 years. 19. They can’t go with us. They______（finish, not）the work yet. 20. You_______（change, not ）your mind, haven’t you 21.We must pay for the library book if we_______（lost）it. 22. He has already finished his homework.（改为否定句） He_______finished his homework_______ . 23.－ I hear your father_______（be）to Japan once.－Yes. He________（go）there last year. 24. －When_____you______（buy）the book －I ______（have）it for two weeks. 25. Such a thing _________（happen, never）in the village before. 8. 过去完成时：用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。结构：had+过去分词★一般肯定句After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.They had sold the car before I asked the price.The train had left before I arrived at the station.After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。★变疑问句将助动词移到句首Had she finished her homework ★变否定句在助动词后面加notShe hadn’t finished her homework.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.★特殊疑问句：What had she done 过去完成时(past perfect)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前做了，一直延续到现在的动作。（延续性）它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。 基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done) ①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他 ②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他 ③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他 肯定回答：Yes,主语+had 否定回答：No,主语+hadn't ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（had+主语+过去分词+其他） 基本用法 （1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 例如： By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。 （2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。 例如： I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 例如： Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。 （4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 例如： I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。 She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。 （5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 例如： He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 （6） 状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的 例如： When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。 She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。 注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为 这 时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。 （7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。 例如： They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。 We had hoped to be able to come and see you . 我们本来希望能来看看你。 （8）过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。 例如： Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。 时间状语 before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no sooner……than 过去完成时-语法判定 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （1） by + 过去的时间点。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. （2） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （3） before + 过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （1）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （2）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3. 根据上、下文来判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.过去完成时练习1. 单项选择1．He asked me _____ during the summer holidays.A. where I had been B. where I had gone C. where had I been D. where had I gone 2. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt4. She ______lived here for ______ years.A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked6. She said she __________ the principle alreadyA .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen7. She said her family _______ themselves ______ the army during the war.A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, from C. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with8. By the time he was ten years old, he _________.A. has completed university B. has completed the universityB. had completed an university D. had completed university9. She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year.A. for B. in C. by D. at 10. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old.A had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano C. has learned, the piano D. learns ,piano. 11. What _______ Annie ____ by the time he was ten A. did, do B. did, did C. has, done D. had done 12 .He ___ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army.A. has worked B. works C. had worked D. will work13. By the end of last week, they ____ the bridge.A. has completed B. completed C. will complete D. had completed14. Ben hates playing _____ violin, but he likes playing ____ football.A. a…the B. the… the C. / …the D. the…/15. By the time he was 4, he ______ a lot of German words.A. had learned B. has learned C. learned D. learns 16 .Jim turned off the lights and then _____ the classroom.A. was left B. had left C. has left D. left 17.They _________ in Guangzhou since 2000.A. lived B. had lived C. have lived D. were living18. The train from Beijing_______ ten minutes ago.A. has arrived B. was arriving C. arrived D. had arrived19. The students _________ their classroom when the visitors arrived.A . have cleaned B. had cleaned C. was cleaned D. have been cleaned20. Fergie_______ the project in one hour.A. have finished B. will finish C. finishes D. has finished21. The man ________ his coat and went out.A. put on B. had put on C. will put on D. was putting on22 My mother______ in that factory at the age of 18.A. had worked B. has worked C. worked D. works23. Dad ________ while he _______ TV.A .fell asleep…watch B. was falling asleep…watched C. fell asleep……was watching D. had fallen asleep…watched2.用动词的适当形式填空1. We _____________ (paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in.2. That rich old man _____________ (make) a will before he _____________ (die).3. They _____________ (study) the map of the country before they ________ (leave).4. The robbers _____________ (run away ) before the policemen _______ (arrive).5. I __________ (turn off) all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed.6. Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call.7. Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice.8. Our plan ____________ (fail ) because we _____________ (make) a bad mistake.9. When the chairman ______________ (finish) speaking, he _____________ (leave)the hall.10.The Reads __ ______ (have) lunch when I ________________(get) to their house.11.When I ______________(arrive) at the station, he ____________________(leave).12..We _______________(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.13. I waited until he _______________(finish) his homework.14. We were surprised at what she ________already ______(do)15.She ____________(not go) to Qingdao because she ________________ (go) there before.16. He ______________(not tell) you the news yet. 17. He said he _____________already_________(give) the book to the teacher.18. I ______________(be) to Shanghai before. 19. She told me she _________________(be) to Sanya three times.20.She _____________(play) the guitar while her sister_______________(sing).3．句型转换1．I had sold the ticket when she came.（改否定句）2.She had sung a song to us before she danced.（改否定句）3.They began to climbed the mountain after they had bought all the food and drink.（否定）4.By 10:00 a.m, I had been very hungry. （改一般疑问）5.Lucy had already completed the project when I arrived.（改一般疑问）6.By the time he got to the airport, the plane had taken off. （改一般疑问）7..He had broken his arm when I saw him.（对划线部分提问）8.When he had read the note, he ate it. （对划线部分提问）9..Jack didn’t go to the cinema because he had seen the film. （对划线部分提问）10.We had had the toys for ten years before we gave them to the child. （对划线部分提问）11.She had written the book by the end of 1960. （对划线部分提问）12.We cooked the dumplings. We ate them up. （用过去完成时连接两句）13.Jim’s father mended the car. It was broken. （用过去完成时连接两句）14.We had our tests. Then we had a long holiday.( 用过去完成时连接两句)After we ________________________, we _____________________________ 15.He showed us a picture. Then he showed us around the house. 用过去完成时连接两句)Before he _______________________, he______________________________.