中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
学案01 名词
备考2023中考英语二轮高频考点剖析学案
考点扫描☆名师点拨
名词是中考的常考点也是必考点,主要考查学生是否掌握名词复数的规则变化和不规则变化、可数名词和不可数名词的区分及不可数名词的运用,以及名词所有格的运用、名词词义的辨析等。
高频考点一:名词的单复数变化,主要涉及以下考点:
1. 可数名词复数的判断。
2. 可数名词与不可数名词的判断及变形。
3. 不可数名词的数量表达,用:基数词/冠词+数量词+of。
高频考点二 名词的所有格,主要涉及以下考点:
1. 有生命的名词及表时间、距离、国家等常用 's。
2. 无生命的名词一般用:of+名词。
3. 表两个人共同拥有,用“A and B's”。
4. 表两个人各自拥有,用“A's and B's”。
高频考点三:名词词义的辨析,主要涉及以下考点:
语境辨析。
2. 近义词辨析。
3. 固定搭配。熟记各类常见短语的含义及用法。
高频考点四:名词作定语,主要涉及以下考点:
1. 名词作定语,一般用单数。
2. man和woman作定语,其单复数与被修饰词的单复数保持一致。
3. 复合形容词作定语,结构为:数字+(连字符即“ ”)+名词单数。
纵观近几年名词的中考考题,试题大多分布在词汇应用、单项选择以及书面表达中,我们只要掌握了试题特点,抓住试题考点,就能给出正确答案,所以在今后的复习中,我们必须紧扣高频考点,进行专项练习。
考点剖析☆聚焦高频
高频考点剖析一 名词的数
一、可数名词的复数
1.名词变复数的规则形式
1).一般情况下直接加s如:book------books ,cup-----cups
2).以辅音字母+y结尾的,先变y为i再加es 如:city-------cities ,family-----families
3).以s、x、sh、ch结尾的加es如: bus-----buses ,wish------wishes ,watch------watches
4).以o结尾的多数加s初中阶段只有三个单词加es如:tomato-----tomatoes,potato------potatoes , hero-----heroes
(我们可以用一句话记忆:英雄(hero)爱吃西红柿(tomato)和土豆(potato))
.以f或fe 结尾的,先把f、fe变成v再加es 如:leaf----leaves,self---selves,shelf----shelves,life----lives,thief---thieves .
(我们可以用一句话记忆:树叶(leaf)半数(half)自己(self)黄,妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去杀牛(calf);架(shelf)后窜出一只狼(wolf),就像小偷(thief)逃命(life)忙))
2.名词变复数的不规则形式
(1)man----men woman---women child----children foot-----feet tooth----teeth mouse---mice
(2)单复同形 如: deer---deer fish----fish sheep----sheep Chinese ----Chinese Japanese---Japanese
(我们可以用一句话记忆:中(Chinese)日(Japanese)警察(police)好友(people)来聚会,鹿(deep)、羊(sheep)、鱼(fish)、牛(cattle)齐齐把家回)
(3)与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women. 如:Englishman----Englishmen Frenchman----Frenchmen
(我们可以用一句话记忆:男士(man)、女士(woman)a变e;鹅(goose)牙(tooth)脚(foot)双o双e;孩子们(child)想去天安门,原形后面r、e、n)
二、不可数名词的复数
不可数名词:表示不能计算数目的人或物,称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:
(1)同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。eg. food 食物--- foods 各种食物time 时间 --- times 时代
(2)有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物eg. hope ---hopes 希望 hardship --- hardships 艰苦
(3)物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示 eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice, …
高频考点剖析二: 名词的所有格
1. ’s所有格(主要表示有生命的人或物的名词)
(1)一般情况(包括单数名词和不带词尾s的复数名词)加’s如:the child’s bag 这个孩子的书包 children’s books 儿童用书
(2)带词尾s的复数名词只加省字撇(’)如:girls’ school 女子学校 the smiths’ car 史密斯家的小汽车 带词尾s的单数,通常仍加’s,如the boss’s new car
(3)带词尾s的人名,可加’s或只加省字撇(’)如:Dickens’ novels 狄更斯的小说 Charles’ job 查理斯的工作,不带词尾s,却以[s]结尾,一律加’s,如Marx’s 马克思的著作
(4)用and连接的的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加’s,表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加’s。
如:Tom’s and Jack’s room 汤姆和杰克(各自)的房间。Tom and Jack’s room 汤姆和杰克(共同)的房间。
【注意】表示时间、距离、国家、城市的名词, 也可以用’s 所有格。如:
Today’s newspaper 今天的报纸 the world’s biggest problem 世界最大的问题
an hour’s walk/ride 走路/开车一小时的路程 eight days’ holiday = an eight-day holiday 八天的假期
2.“of ”所有格的构成。
(1)于无生命的东西。如:a map of the world一张世界地图 the CEO of the IBM IBM的首席执行官
(2)用于名词化的词。如:the livelihood of the poor穷人的生计
(3)修饰语较多时。如:the very long and graceful tail of the old black cat老黑猫又长又优雅的尾巴
(4)用于代词宾格之前。如:five of us.我们当中的五个
3. 双重所有格:表某整体的一部分,强调部分与整体的关系。
(1)a/an/数词/any/some/several/no/few/another/all/many + 名词+of + 名词’s。如:a friend of my father’s
(2)名词+ of + 名词性物主代词。如:a friend of mine
高频考点三 词义辨析
几组常考的名词词义辨析
1、sport、game、match、race 的区别:sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛)。(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别:festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别:journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
4、sound、noise、voice的区别:sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
5、fish的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)
高频考点四:名词作定语
1. 名词作定语,一般用单数。
2. man和woman作定语,其单复数与被修饰词的单复数保持一致。
3. 复合形容词作定语,结构为:数字+(连字符即“ ”)+名词单数。
考点过关☆专项突破
1.(2022·甘肃天水·校联考模拟预测)_______ number of the volunteers in our school is 300 and two thirds of them are _______.
A.A; man teachers B.The; man teachers C.A; men teachers D.The; men teachers
【答案】D
【详解】句意:我们学校的志愿者有300人,其中三分之二是男教师。
考查词义辨析和名词作定语。a number of“许多,大量的”,后接可数名词的复数形式,作主语时谓语动词用复数;the number of“……的数量”,接名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数。结合谓语动词“is”可知此句表达“我们学校的志愿者数量”,应用短语the number of。man、woman作定语,表示其性别,修饰名词时,要与其修饰的名词单复数一致,此句“teachers”是复数,man应用复数men。故选D。
2.(2022·甘肃定西·统考二模)—Is this hat ________
—No, the red hat is ________.
A.Lucy’s; hers B.Lucy; hers
C.Lucy’s; her D.Lucy; her
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——这顶帽子是露西的吗?——不,红色的帽子是她的。
考查名词所有格及名词性物主代词。根据“Is this hat ... ”可知问帽子的归属,用名词所有格;答句中is后缺少表语,表示“她的帽子”,用hers。故选A。
3.(2022·甘肃金昌·校考一模)—Would you please give me two ________
—Sure, here you are.
A.cup of tea B.cups of teas C.cups of tea D.cup of teas
【答案】C
【详解】句意:——请给我两杯茶好吗?——当然,给你。
考查名词复数。根据空格前数词“two”可知空格处名词用复数,cup的复数cups,tea是不可数名词,“两杯茶”是two cups of tea。故选C。
4.(2022·湖北襄阳·统考一模)—Have you learned “When will the moon be clear and bright With a cup of wine in my hand, I ask the blue sky.”
—Yes. Su Shi wrote the poem for ________.
A.the Spring Festival B.the Mid-Autumn Festival
C.the Lantern Festival D.the Dragon Boat Festival
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——你学过“明月几时有,把酒问青天吗”?——是的,苏轼为中秋节写了这首诗。
考查专有名词。the Spring Festival春节;the Mid-Autumn Festival中秋节;the Lantern Festival元宵节;the Dragon Boat Festival端午节。根据诗句“When will the moon be clear and bright ”可知,这首诗是有关月亮的,可以推测是中秋节。故选B。
5.(2022·四川雅安·四川省汉源县第一中学校考一模)At last, the poor boy was ________. But people didn’t know the reason of his ________.
A.died; death B.dead; death C.dead; die D.death; dead
【答案】B
【详解】句意:最后,那个可怜的老人死了。但是人们不知道他死的原因。
考查形容词和名词。die死亡,动词;dead死亡的,形容词;death死亡,名词。根据题干第一个空,由系动词was可知系表结构,填形容词dead。第二个空,形容词性物主代词his修饰名词death。故选B。
6.(2022·重庆渝北·统考模拟预测)________ Day is a special holiday for us to show our love for our mothers.
A.Mother B.Mothers C.Mother’s D.Mothers’
【答案】C
【详解】句意:母亲节是一个特殊的节日,让我们表达我们对母亲的爱。
考查专有名词。根据“a special holiday for us to show our love for our mothers”可知此处指母亲节,即“妈妈的节日”,一个人只有一个妈妈,用名词所有格mother’s,此处用专有名词Mother’s Day表示“母亲节”。故选C。
7.(2022·海南海口·海口市第十四中学校联考模拟预测)I’ve learned a lot from Journey to the West, because the four heroes go through the eighty-one ________ with the strong will.
A.difficulties B.differences C.discussions
【答案】A
【详解】句意:我从《西游记》中学到了很多,因为四位主角以坚强的意志度过了八十一个难关。
考查名词辨析。difficulties难题,难关;differences区别;discussions讨论。根据“Journey to the West”可知《西游记》里讲述的是师徒四人度过八十一个难关。故选A。
8.(2022·湖南岳阳·统考一模)I like this song. It’s by one of my favorite ________.
A.singer B.songs C.singers
【答案】C
【详解】句意:我喜欢这首歌。它是由我最喜欢的一位歌手唱的。
考查名词辨析和名词的数。singer歌手;songs歌曲;singers歌手们;根据“one of my favorite...”可知,此处考查固定表达one of +复数名词,表示“……之一”,排除A项;主语It指的是“this song”,所以by后跟动作的实施者——人。故选C。
9.(2022·广西柳州·统考模拟预测)Wang Yaping and Liu Yang are our ________ in China. We are proud of them.
A.woman astronauts B.women astronaut C.women astronauts
【答案】C
【详解】句意:王亚平和刘洋是我们中国的女宇航员。我们为她们感到骄傲。
考查复合名词的复数。woman astronaut女宇航员,根据“Wang Yaping and Liu Yang”可知,此处使用复数形式,由“woman+名词”构成的复合名词,变为复数时,两个词都要变成复数。故选C。
10.(2022·黑龙江哈尔滨·统考二模)Every year, a number of tourists choose to come to China to see ________.
A.the Terracotta Army B.World Trade Center C.the International Museum of Toilets
【答案】A
【详解】句意:每年都有许多游客选择来中国看兵马俑。
考查常识。the Terracotta Army兵马俑; World Trade Center世界贸易中心;the International Museum of Toilets国际厕所博物馆。根据“choose to come to China”结合常识可知兵马俑是中国的。故选A。
11.(2022·重庆·统考一模)The hospital is _________ from here.
A.forty minutes’s walk B.forty minute’s walk C.forty minutes walk D.forty minutes’ walk
【答案】D
【详解】句意:医院离这里有40分钟的步行路程。
考查名词所有格。根据句中“from here”提示,此处指的是医院距离此处有40分钟的步行路程。forty minutes’ walk表示“40分钟的步行路程”,故选D。
12.(2022·黑龙江绥化·校考一模)—What’s on the table
—A little ________, but few _________.
A.milk; cakes B.cakes; milk C.milk; cake
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——桌子上是什么?——一点牛奶,但是几乎没有蛋糕。
考查名词的数。milk牛奶,不可数名词;cake蛋糕,可数名词。a little“一点”,后加不可数名词,排除B;few“几乎没有”,后加可数名词复数。故选A。
13.(2022·广西柳州·统考三模)Most of the teachers in our school are ________.
A.teachers B.woman teacher C.women teachers
【答案】C
【详解】句意:我们学校的大多数教师是女教师。
考查复合名词的复数。复合名词的复数变化规则:“man/woman+名词”构成的复合名词,两个词都要变成复数。例如:woman teacher变成women teachers“女老师”。故选C。
14.(2022·江苏苏州·统考二模)I’m sorry that I made you get into a difficult ________. .
A.mess B.humour C.lecture D.situation
【答案】D
【详解】句意:我很抱歉让你陷入困境。
考查名词辨析。mess混乱;humour幽默;lecture讲座;situation情况。根据“difficult”可知,是陷入困境,因此“situation”符合句意。故选D。
15.(2022·安徽·统考一模)—You’re best at English. What’s the ________ to learning it well
—I think reading a lot is the most important.
A.ability B.secret C.task D.guide
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——你最擅长英语。学好英语的秘诀是什么?——我认为大量阅读是最重要的。
考查名词辨析。ability能力;secret秘密;task任务;guide导游。根据“I think reading a lot is the most important.”可知,此处是询问英语好的“秘诀”。故选B。
16.(2022·西藏·统考中考真题)More and more ________ want to learn about Chinese culture.
A.Germans B.German C.Germany D.Germans’
【答案】A
【详解】句意:越来越多的德国人想了解中国文化。
考查词义辨析和名词复数。Germans德国人,名词复数;German德国人,名词单数;Germany德国;Germans’表述错误。“More and more”修饰可数名词复数,指人想了解中国文化。故选A。
17.(2022·广西桂林·统考中考真题)Bill has got two ________.
A.sister B.brothers C.student
【答案】B
【详解】句意:比尔有两个兄弟。
考查名词复数。sister姐妹;brothers兄弟们;student学生。two修饰可数名词复数,故选B。
18.(2022·湖南益阳·统考中考真题)Look! There are some ________ eating grass on the hill.
A.sheep B.cow C.horse
【答案】A
【详解】句意:看!有一些绵羊在山上吃草。
考查名词辨析。sheep绵羊;cow奶牛;horse马。根据“some”可知其后用可数名词复数,sheep单复数同形,其他选项均为单数。故选A。
19.(2022·湖南湘西·统考中考真题)I’m not hungry at all because I just ate much ________.
A.apples B.bananas C.bread
【答案】C
【详解】句意:我一点儿也不饿因为我刚吃了许多面包。
考查名词辨析。apples苹果,可数名词复数;bananas香蕉,可数名词复数;bread面包,不可数名词。根据“much”可知此处用不可数名词。故选C。
20.(2022·湖南邵阳·统考中考真题)— Would you like some ________
— Yes, madam.
A.egg B.juice C.milk teas
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——你想要些果汁吗?——是的,夫人。
考查名词辨析。egg鸡蛋;juice果汁;milk teas错误表达,奶茶是不可数名词,不可以加s。some修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词,只有B选项符合,故选B。
21.(2022·黑龙江哈尔滨·统考中考真题)The ________ is China’s national treasure. It’s a kind of cute animal that likes eating bamboo.
A.panda B.tiger C.elephant
【答案】A
【详解】句意:熊猫是中国的国宝。它是一种喜欢吃竹子的可爱动物。
考查名词辨析。panda熊猫;tiger老虎;elephant大象。根据“China’s national treasure”和“It’s a kind of cute animal that likes eating bamboo.”可知,此处指熊猫。故选A。
22.(2022·江苏徐州·统考中考真题)From my ________ on the top of the TV tower, I can have a perfect view of our city.
A.tradition B.condition C.position D.situation
【答案】C
【详解】句意:从我在电视塔顶部的位置,我可以完美地看到我们的城市。
考查名词辨析。tradition传统;condition条件;position位置;situation形式,情况。根据“on the top of the TV tower,”可知,此处是要表示一个位置。故选C。
23.(2022·甘肃定西·统考中考真题)The ________ rang and Pat answered it. It was his son calling from New York.
A.telephone B.doorbell C.clock D.bike
【答案】A
【详解】句意:电话铃响了,帕特接了电话。是他儿子从纽约打来的。
考查名词辨析。telephone电话;doorbell门铃;clock时钟;bike自行车。结合语境和下一句“It was his son calling from New York.”可知帕特的儿子从纽约打电话来,所以应该是电话铃声响了。故选A。
24.(2022·重庆·统考中考真题)This year, the family went camping on ________ Day, June 1st.
A.Child B.Child’s C.Children D.Children’s
【答案】D
【详解】句意:今年,全家在6月1日儿童节去露营。
考查名词所有格。由语境可知,此处指“儿童节”,英文表达为“Children’s Day”。故选D。
25.(2022·山东滨州·统考中考真题)—How did you put together the model plane so perfectly
—It's easy. I just followed the ________.
A.instructions B.instruments
C.interviews D.inventions
【答案】A
【详解】句意:-你怎样把那航空模型拼得那么完美?-容易,我就是按照说明做的。A. instructions说明;B. instruments乐器;C. interviews采访;D. inventions发明。按照说明拼接。故选A。
26.(2022·黑龙江哈尔滨·统考中考真题)—There will be ________ tomorrow. We can’t eat out.
—Well, we have to stay at home.
A.rainy B.rain C.raining
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——明天会下雨。我们不能在外面吃饭。——嗯,我们必须呆在家里。
考查there be用法。rainy下雨的;rain下雨,雨水;raining动名词形式。此处是there be句型,空处填的应是名词,rain符合语境,故选B。
27.(2022·黑龙江绥化·统考中考真题)________ father is a pilot. He has been to many countries around the world.
A.Tony and Peter’s B.Tony’s and Peter C.Tony’s and Peter’s
【答案】A
【详解】句意:托尼和彼得的爸爸是飞行员。他去过世界上许多国家。
考查名词所有格。根据“father”可知,此处指两个人共有的爸爸,在后一个人名后加’s,故选A。
28.(2022·黑龙江绥化·统考中考真题)With the introduction of the “double reduction” policy (双减政策), one of the ________ ________ that the students have less homework.
A.changes; is B.change; is C.changes; are
【答案】A
【详解】句意:随着“双减”政策的出台,其中一个变化就是学生的作业变少了。
考查名词复数和主谓一致。one of+名词复数,排除B;one of加名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用单数。故选A。
29.(2022·江苏常州·常州市清潭中学校考一模)The factory cannot continue its level of ________ because the cost of the material has risen a lot.
A.instruction B.production C.contribution D.celebration
【答案】B
【详解】句意:由于材料成本上涨了很多,工厂不能继续它的生产水平了。
考查名词辨析。instruction指示,说明;production生产,产量;contribution贡献;celebration庆祝。结合语境可知本句说的是工厂的生产水平与原料价格之间的关系,所以空处用名词production。故选B。
30.(2022·江苏常州·校考一模)—To tell you the truth. I don’t want to join in the speech competition.
—Come on. You need more practice to build up your ________.
A.challenge B.confidence C.instruction D.personality
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——实话告诉你。我不想参加演讲比赛。——来吧。你需要更多的练习来建立自信。
考查名词辨析。challenge挑战;confidence自信;instruction指示;personality性格。根据“You need more practice to build up your...”可知,此处“confidence”符合语境,意为“建立自信”。故选B。
31.(2022·江苏南通·统考一模)The number of the words in your article isn’t important, but the _________ of it matters.
A.ability B.size C.quality D.energy
【答案】C
【详解】句意:在你的文章中字数不重要,但它的质量很重要。
考查名词辨析。ability能力;size尺寸;quality质量;energy能量。根据“The number of the words in your article isn’t important”可知文章的字数不重要,结合常识可知重要是是质量。故选C。
32.(2022·云南玉溪·统考一模)The _________ of space industry has improved a lot in China.
A.develop B.developed C.developing D.development
【答案】D
【详解】句意:中国航天事业的发展有了很大的进步。
考查名词。根据“The”可知后面要带名词。the development of space industry表示“航天事业的发展”,development是名词。故选D。
33.(2022·黑龙江绥化·统考一模)—What are you going to do during the ________ holiday after the final exam
—I’d like to go to Europe to enjoy plenty of culture there.
A.two-months B.two-month C.two months
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——期末考试后的两个月假期里你打算做什么?——我想去欧洲享受那里丰富的文化。
考查名词词组。“两个月”可译为two-month或two months,结合“the ... holiday”可知此处作定语,只能用two-month。故选B。
34.(2022·广西河池·统考三模)—I hear there are three foreign students in your class.
—Yes. One is an ________ and the other two are ________.
A.Australian, Germans B.Australians, Germen
C.Australians, Germans D.Australian, Germen
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——我听说你们班有三名外国学生。——是的。一个是澳大利亚人,另外两个是德国人。
考查名词的单复数。Australian澳大利亚人;German德国人。第一个空前有不定冠词an,后加名词单数,排除BC;空二处应用名词复数,而German的复数形式为Germans。故选A。
35.(2022·甘肃武威·统考一模)Uncle Wang is an excellent engineer. He is a friend of ________.
A.my father B.my father’s C.my fathers D.my fathers’
【答案】B
【详解】句意:王叔叔是一位优秀的工程师。 他是我父亲的一个朋友。
考查名词所有格。根据“a friend of”可知,此处表示我父亲的朋友,需用名词所有格;因father是单数,加’s,故选B。
36.(2022·内蒙古呼伦贝尔·统考一模)The government has made some _________ in environment protection.
A.mistake B.decision C.change D.progress
【答案】D
【详解】句意:政府在环境保护方面取得了一些进展。
考查名词的数。mistake错误;decision决定;change变化;progress进展。mistake,decision和change为可数名词,progress为不可数名词,some+可数名词复数或者不可数名词,故选D。
37.(2022·江苏南京·统考二模)—Samon always reads for half an hour before bedtime every day.
—That’s a good ________. Reading makes a full man.
A.habit B.dream C.sleep D.wish
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——Samon每天睡觉前总要读半个小时的书。——这是个好习惯,读书使人充实。
考查名词辨析。habit习惯;dream梦想;sleep睡眠;wish愿望;根据“Samon always reads for half an hour before bedtime every day.”可知,Samon每天睡觉前总要读半个小时的书。由此说明,这是一个好习惯。故选A。
38.(2022·辽宁丹东·统考一模)—In China, we put lucky money in red envelopes because red means good luck.
—That’s interesting! I want to know more about Chinese ________.
A.notices B.articles C.traditions D.instructions
【答案】C
【详解】句意:——在中国,我们把压岁钱放在红包里,因为红色意味着好运。——很有趣!我想知道更多关于中国传统的事情。
考查名词辨析。notices通知;articles文章;traditions传统;instructions指令;根据“In China, we put lucky money in red envelopes because red means good luck.”可知,在中国,我们把压岁钱放在红包里,因为红色意味着好运。这是中国人过春节的一种习俗,春节是中国的传统节日。由此可推断,此处使用traditions,表示“传统”符合语境。故选C。
39.(2022·江苏无锡·统考二模)—I have never made a pizza before, so it is just an ________.
—But it tastes really good! I would like to have another piece.
A.experiment B.invention C.exhibition D.operation
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——我以前从来没做过披萨,所以这只是个实验。——但味道真的很好!我想再来一块。
考查名词词义辨析。experiment实验;invention发明;exhibition展览;operation手术;根据“I have never made a pizza before...”及结合选项可知,我以前从来没做过披萨,由此可判断这只是个实验,符合语境。故选A。
40.(2022·辽宁营口·校考模拟预测)—What would you like to eat, honey
—__________.
A.Chicken with vegetables and two bowls of rices
B.Chicken with vegetables and two bowls of rice
C.Chickens with vegetables and two bowls of rice
D.Chickens with vegetable and two bowls of rices
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——亲爱的,你想吃什么? ——鸡肉加蔬菜,两碗米饭。
考查可数名词和不可数名词。chicken意为“鸡肉”时为不可数名词,没有复数形式,故C、D选项可排除。rice是不可数名词,没有复数形式,表达“两碗米饭”时要用two bowls of rice,故选B。
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学案01 名词
备考2023中考英语二轮高频考点剖析学案
考点扫描☆名师点拨
名词是中考的常考点也是必考点,主要考查学生是否掌握名词复数的规则变化和不规则变化、可数名词和不可数名词的区分及不可数名词的运用,以及名词所有格的运用、名词词义的辨析等。
高频考点一:名词的单复数变化,主要涉及以下考点:
1. 可数名词复数的判断。
2. 可数名词与不可数名词的判断及变形。
3. 不可数名词的数量表达,用:基数词/冠词+数量词+of。
高频考点二 名词的所有格,主要涉及以下考点:
1. 有生命的名词及表时间、距离、国家等常用 's。
2. 无生命的名词一般用:of+名词。
3. 表两个人共同拥有,用“A and B's”。
4. 表两个人各自拥有,用“A's and B's”。
高频考点三:名词词义的辨析,主要涉及以下考点:
语境辨析。
2. 近义词辨析。
3. 固定搭配。熟记各类常见短语的含义及用法。
高频考点四:名词作定语,主要涉及以下考点:
1. 名词作定语,一般用单数。
2. man和woman作定语,其单复数与被修饰词的单复数保持一致。
3. 复合形容词作定语,结构为:数字+(连字符即“ ”)+名词单数。
纵观近几年名词的中考考题,试题大多分布在词汇应用、单项选择以及书面表达中,我们只要掌握了试题特点,抓住试题考点,就能给出正确答案,所以在今后的复习中,我们必须紧扣高频考点,进行专项练习。
考点剖析☆聚焦高频
高频考点剖析一 名词的数
一、可数名词的复数
1.名词变复数的规则形式
1).一般情况下直接加s如:book------books ,cup-----cups
2).以辅音字母+y结尾的,先变y为i再加es 如:city-------cities ,family-----families
3).以s、x、sh、ch结尾的加es如: bus-----buses ,wish------wishes ,watch------watches
4).以o结尾的多数加s初中阶段只有三个单词加es如:tomato-----tomatoes,potato------potatoes , hero-----heroes
(我们可以用一句话记忆:英雄(hero)爱吃西红柿(tomato)和土豆(potato))
.以f或fe 结尾的,先把f、fe变成v再加es 如:leaf----leaves,self---selves,shelf----shelves,life----lives,thief---thieves .
(我们可以用一句话记忆:树叶(leaf)半数(half)自己(self)黄,妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去杀牛(calf);架(shelf)后窜出一只狼(wolf),就像小偷(thief)逃命(life)忙))
2.名词变复数的不规则形式
(1)man----men woman---women child----children foot-----feet tooth----teeth mouse---mice
(2)单复同形 如: deer---deer fish----fish sheep----sheep Chinese ----Chinese Japanese---Japanese
(我们可以用一句话记忆:中(Chinese)日(Japanese)警察(police)好友(people)来聚会,鹿(deep)、羊(sheep)、鱼(fish)、牛(cattle)齐齐把家回)
(3)与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women. 如:Englishman----Englishmen Frenchman----Frenchmen
(我们可以用一句话记忆:男士(man)、女士(woman)a变e;鹅(goose)牙(tooth)脚(foot)双o双e;孩子们(child)想去天安门,原形后面r、e、n)
二、不可数名词的复数
不可数名词:表示不能计算数目的人或物,称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:
(1)同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。eg. food 食物--- foods 各种食物time 时间 --- times 时代
(2)有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物eg. hope ---hopes 希望 hardship --- hardships 艰苦
(3)物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示 eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice, …
高频考点剖析二: 名词的所有格
1. ’s所有格(主要表示有生命的人或物的名词)
(1)一般情况(包括单数名词和不带词尾s的复数名词)加’s如:the child’s bag 这个孩子的书包 children’s books 儿童用书
(2)带词尾s的复数名词只加省字撇(’)如:girls’ school 女子学校 the smiths’ car 史密斯家的小汽车 带词尾s的单数,通常仍加’s,如the boss’s new car
(3)带词尾s的人名,可加’s或只加省字撇(’)如:Dickens’ novels 狄更斯的小说 Charles’ job 查理斯的工作,不带词尾s,却以[s]结尾,一律加’s,如Marx’s 马克思的著作
(4)用and连接的的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加’s,表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加’s。
如:Tom’s and Jack’s room 汤姆和杰克(各自)的房间。Tom and Jack’s room 汤姆和杰克(共同)的房间。
【注意】表示时间、距离、国家、城市的名词, 也可以用’s 所有格。如:
Today’s newspaper 今天的报纸 the world’s biggest problem 世界最大的问题
an hour’s walk/ride 走路/开车一小时的路程 eight days’ holiday = an eight-day holiday 八天的假期
2.“of ”所有格的构成。
(1)于无生命的东西。如:a map of the world一张世界地图 the CEO of the IBM IBM的首席执行官
(2)用于名词化的词。如:the livelihood of the poor穷人的生计
(3)修饰语较多时。如:the very long and graceful tail of the old black cat老黑猫又长又优雅的尾巴
(4)用于代词宾格之前。如:five of us.我们当中的五个
3. 双重所有格:表某整体的一部分,强调部分与整体的关系。
(1)a/an/数词/any/some/several/no/few/another/all/many + 名词+of + 名词’s。如:a friend of my father’s
(2)名词+ of + 名词性物主代词。如:a friend of mine
高频考点三 词义辨析
几组常考的名词词义辨析
1、sport、game、match、race 的区别:sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛)。(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别:festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别:journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
4、sound、noise、voice的区别:sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
5、fish的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)
高频考点四:名词作定语
1. 名词作定语,一般用单数。
2. man和woman作定语,其单复数与被修饰词的单复数保持一致。
3. 复合形容词作定语,结构为:数字+(连字符即“ ”)+名词单数。
考点过关☆专项突破
1.(2022·甘肃天水·校联考模拟预测)_______ number of the volunteers in our school is 300 and two thirds of them are _______.
A.A; man teachers B.The; man teachers C.A; men teachers D.The; men teachers
2.(2022·甘肃定西·统考二模)—Is this hat ________
—No, the red hat is ________.
A.Lucy’s; hers B.Lucy; hers
C.Lucy’s; her D.Lucy; her
3.(2022·甘肃金昌·校考一模)—Would you please give me two ________
—Sure, here you are.
A.cup of tea B.cups of teas C.cups of tea D.cup of teas
4.(2022·湖北襄阳·统考一模)—Have you learned “When will the moon be clear and bright With a cup of wine in my hand, I ask the blue sky.”
—Yes. Su Shi wrote the poem for ________.
A.the Spring Festival B.the Mid-Autumn Festival
C.the Lantern Festival D.the Dragon Boat Festival
5.(2022·四川雅安·四川省汉源县第一中学校考一模)At last, the poor boy was ________. But people didn’t know the reason of his ________.
A.died; death B.dead; death C.dead; die D.death; dead
6.(2022·重庆渝北·统考模拟预测)________ Day is a special holiday for us to show our love for our mothers.
A.Mother B.Mothers C.Mother’s D.Mothers’
7.(2022·海南海口·海口市第十四中学校联考模拟预测)I’ve learned a lot from Journey to the West, because the four heroes go through the eighty-one ________ with the strong will.
A.difficulties B.differences C.discussions
8.(2022·湖南岳阳·统考一模)I like this song. It’s by one of my favorite ________.
A.singer B.songs C.singers
9.(2022·广西柳州·统考模拟预测)Wang Yaping and Liu Yang are our ________ in China. We are proud of them.
A.woman astronauts B.women astronaut C.women astronauts
10.(2022·黑龙江哈尔滨·统考二模)Every year, a number of tourists choose to come to China to see ________.
A.the Terracotta Army B.World Trade Center C.the International Museum of Toilets
11.(2022·重庆·统考一模)The hospital is _________ from here.
A.forty minutes’s walk B.forty minute’s walk C.forty minutes walk D.forty minutes’ walk
12.(2022·黑龙江绥化·校考一模)—What’s on the table
—A little ________, but few _________.
A.milk; cakes B.cakes; milk C.milk; cake
13.(2022·广西柳州·统考三模)Most of the teachers in our school are ________.
A.teachers B.woman teacher C.women teachers
14.(2022·江苏苏州·统考二模)I’m sorry that I made you get into a difficult ________. .
A.mess B.humour C.lecture D.situation
15.(2022·安徽·统考一模)—You’re best at English. What’s the ________ to learning it well
—I think reading a lot is the most important.
A.ability B.secret C.task D.guide
16.(2022·西藏·统考中考真题)More and more ________ want to learn about Chinese culture.
A.Germans B.German C.Germany D.Germans’
17.(2022·广西桂林·统考中考真题)Bill has got two ________.
A.sister B.brothers C.student
18.(2022·湖南益阳·统考中考真题)Look! There are some ________ eating grass on the hill.
A.sheep B.cow C.horse
19.(2022·湖南湘西·统考中考真题)I’m not hungry at all because I just ate much ________.
A.apples B.bananas C.bread
20.(2022·湖南邵阳·统考中考真题)— Would you like some ________
— Yes, madam.
A.egg B.juice C.milk teas
21.(2022·黑龙江哈尔滨·统考中考真题)The ________ is China’s national treasure. It’s a kind of cute animal that likes eating bamboo.
A.panda B.tiger C.elephant
22.(2022·江苏徐州·统考中考真题)From my ________ on the top of the TV tower, I can have a perfect view of our city.
A.tradition B.condition C.position D.situation
23.(2022·甘肃定西·统考中考真题)The ________ rang and Pat answered it. It was his son calling from New York.
A.telephone B.doorbell C.clock D.bike
24.(2022·重庆·统考中考真题)This year, the family went camping on ________ Day, June 1st.
A.Child B.Child’s C.Children D.Children’s
25.(2022·山东滨州·统考中考真题)—How did you put together the model plane so perfectly
—It's easy. I just followed the ________.
A.instructions B.instruments
C.interviews D.inventions
26.(2022·黑龙江哈尔滨·统考中考真题)—There will be ________ tomorrow. We can’t eat out.
—Well, we have to stay at home.
A.rainy B.rain C.raining
27.(2022·黑龙江绥化·统考中考真题)________ father is a pilot. He has been to many countries around the world.
A.Tony and Peter’s B.Tony’s and Peter C.Tony’s and Peter’s
28.(2022·黑龙江绥化·统考中考真题)With the introduction of the “double reduction” policy (双减政策), one of the ________ ________ that the students have less homework.
A.changes; is B.change; is C.changes; are
29.(2022·江苏常州·常州市清潭中学校考一模)The factory cannot continue its level of ________ because the cost of the material has risen a lot.
A.instruction B.production C.contribution D.celebration
30.(2022·江苏常州·校考一模)—To tell you the truth. I don’t want to join in the speech competition.
—Come on. You need more practice to build up your ________.
A.challenge B.confidence C.instruction D.personality
31.(2022·江苏南通·统考一模)The number of the words in your article isn’t important, but the _________ of it matters.
A.ability B.size C.quality D.energy
32.(2022·云南玉溪·统考一模)The _________ of space industry has improved a lot in China.
A.develop B.developed C.developing D.development
33.(2022·黑龙江绥化·统考一模)—What are you going to do during the ________ holiday after the final exam
—I’d like to go to Europe to enjoy plenty of culture there.
A.two-months B.two-month C.two months
34.(2022·广西河池·统考三模)—I hear there are three foreign students in your class.
—Yes. One is an ________ and the other two are ________.
A.Australian, Germans B.Australians, Germen
C.Australians, Germans D.Australian, Germen
35.(2022·甘肃武威·统考一模)Uncle Wang is an excellent engineer. He is a friend of ________.
A.my father B.my father’s C.my fathers D.my fathers’
36.(2022·内蒙古呼伦贝尔·统考一模)The government has made some _________ in environment protection.
A.mistake B.decision C.change D.progress
37.(2022·江苏南京·统考二模)—Samon always reads for half an hour before bedtime every day.
—That’s a good ________. Reading makes a full man.
A.habit B.dream C.sleep D.wish
38.(2022·辽宁丹东·统考一模)—In China, we put lucky money in red envelopes because red means good luck.
—That’s interesting! I want to know more about Chinese ________.
A.notices B.articles C.traditions D.instructions
39.(2022·江苏无锡·统考二模)—I have never made a pizza before, so it is just an ________.
—But it tastes really good! I would like to have another piece.
A.experiment B.invention C.exhibition D.operation
40.(2022·辽宁营口·校考模拟预测)—What would you like to eat, honey
—__________.
A.Chicken with vegetables and two bowls of rices
B.Chicken with vegetables and two bowls of rice
C.Chickens with vegetables and two bowls of rice
D.Chickens with vegetable and two bowls of rices
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