人教版（2019）选择性必修第二册unit 2 Bridging Cultures Grammar名词性从句课件（29张ppt)

(共29张PPT)
名词性从句
Who will win the match is still unknown.
I want to know what he has told you.
The fact is that we have lost the game.
The news that we won the game is exciting.
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的作用相当于名词（短语），在复合句中能做主语、表语、宾语和同位语。
同位语从句
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：　　
连接词：that, whether, if
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever，which ，whichever，whose.
连接副词：when, where, how, why
that只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分， 本身也没有词义，宾语从句中有时可省略
引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时that不可省略
一．主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而主从放在句子末尾。
1.连接代词who ，what ，which, whatever, whichever, whoever
What is needed for success is your hard work.
Who will take part in the meeting has not been decided.
Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
Which student will win the first is uncertain.
2.连接副词when，where， how， why等。
Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.
When they will set off is not decided.
Where she is from is unknown.
How we will paint the house has not been decided.
3.从属连词：that， whether等.
that 引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。
That people cut down too many trees
destroyed the balance of nature.
Whether it will rain or not is not clear.
It was not clear whether/if the solid shape would last.
引导主语从句在句首只能用whether,
有it作形式主语的whether/if都可以.
注意: 由that 引导的主语从句有时为了使句子结构平衡, 避免 “头重脚轻”, 常用 it 作形式主语, 而把从句放在后面。 例如:
1. That he will refuse this piece of advice is impossible.
_______________________________________ _______________________________________
2.That they should like each other is natural.
_____________________________________
*it为形式主语
It is natural that they should like each other.
It is impossible that he will refuse this piece of advice.
这样就构成了下面一些常用句型:
1) It is + n. +从句
　 It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是……
　 It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是…
　 It is a fact that… …是事实
It is common knowledge that… …是常识
It is no wonder/no surprise that....
*_______________(很遗憾)we lost the match.
*______________(这是事实)he cheated in the exam.
It is a pity that
It is a fact that
2) It is + adj. +从句
　 It’s certain that… 肯定…
　 It is possible that... 很可能……
　 It is unlikely that... 不可能……
It is obvious that… 很明显…
It is true/surprising/good/funny that。。。
It is necessary \important \natural\... that…
*_________________(很可能)she will come back tomorrow.
*_________________(很明显)this measure is effective.
sb+(should) +do…
It is possible that
It is obvious that
3) It +不及物动词+从句
It happened that... 碰巧……
It occurred to me that…我突然想起…
*________________(刚好)I came into the office at that time.
*____________________(我突然想起)I forget to sent the letter.
It happened that
It occurred to me that
4) It + be +过去分词+从句
It is said that... 据说……
It is known to all that... 众所周知……
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is believed that...据信……;人们相信……
It is suggested that + (should）do... 建议……
It must be admitted that…必须承认……
It cannot be denied that… 不可否认…… 　　
It must be pointed out that…需指出的是…… 　
___________________(据报道)20 people were killed in the accident.
______________________(建议)we should eat more vegetable and do more exercise.
It is reported that
It is suggested that
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不不充当任何成分且不能省略。例如：
1) ______you said yesterday is right.
2) ______she is still alive is a good thing.
It is a good thing that she is still alive.
What
That
2. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
二．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：
I heard that he joined the army.
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：
She did not know what had happened.
I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation.
2. 作介词的宾语，例如：
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.
3. 作形容词或过去分词的宾语，例如：
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.
I am sure (that) he will win the game.
She was surprised/pleased that he had passed the exam.
4. it 可以作为形式宾语
it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：
We thought it good news that the fog had finally gone.
主语+make/think/find/feel/take/consider +it(形宾)+宾补（n./adj.）+that 从句/to do/doing
三．表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。 1.常用的句型：The reason why... is that… ，
It/This/That is because+原因...，
That/This is why+结果...
1) He got up late this morning. This is why he was late for school.
2）He was late for school again. It was because he got up late this morning.
3) The reason why he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
2. 放系动词be，look，seem，sound，appear等后面。
常构成It seems/sounds/looks as if....
At that time，it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word.
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.
3. whether引导的表语从句。(不用if)
The question is whether they will support the plan.
4. that引导
The trouble is that I have lost his address.
5.what 引导表从
The girl was not what she was ten years ago.
He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.
6. 连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever连接副词 where，when，how，why
The problem is who can replace her.
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
7. 使用虚拟语气的表语从句
在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形” 表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice，suggestion，order，proposal，demand，request,requirement等。
例句：My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow.
四．同位语从句
1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that，whether引导。常放fact,news,idea,truth,hope,problem,information等抽象名词后面
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) We'll discuss the problem whether the meeting will be held on time
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
2. 同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.
3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述它的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行具体内容的补充说明。例如：
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）
同位语从句 定语从句
that（连词）只起连接的作用,不充当句子成分 that(关系代词) 充当一定的句子成分(主，宾，表）
同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，表示这个名词的内容 定语从句对先行词起修饰作用，表示“…的”。
同位语从句的that 一般不能省 而定语从句中的关系代词that，当其在从句中做宾语时，常常可以省略
that在同位语从句 与定语从句的区别
（I）试比较下面两个例句:
1.The suggestion that he raised at the meeting is very good.
2.The suggestion that the students should have plenty of exercise is very good.
（that引导定语从句, 作宾语, 可以省略）
（that引导同位语从句,在从句中不担当任何成分，但不可以省略）
名词性从句中 what 和 that 区别
what:充当主，宾，指代物
that：只起连接作用，不充当任何成分，也没有任何意义。常可省略。
whether 与 if 均为 “是否” 的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被 if 所取代：
1.主语从句放句首
Whether he will come is unknown.
2. 表语从句，如：
The question is whether you should accept it.
3. 同位语从句，如：
The question whether he’ll attend the meeting is not decided.
4. 从句作介词的宾语，如：
I’m not interested in whether they’ll go or not.
It depends on whether we have got enough money.
5. 直接跟不定式连用，如：
She hasn’t decided whether to go or not.
用if 或whether 填空
1. I don’t know __________ I’ll be free tomorrow.
2. I don’t know _______ or not I’ll be free tomorrow.
3. The question is ______ this book is worth writing. 4. It depends on ______ we will have enough money.
5. ______ they can do it matters little to us.
6._______ you are not free tomorrow , I’ll go without you.
whether/if
whether
whether
whether
Whether
If
辨别下列名词性从句的类别：
1.How the book will sell depends on its author.
2.John said that he was leaving for London on
Wednesday.
3.The fact is that he has not been seen recently.
4.The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
5.He will talk to us about what he saw in U.S.
6.It is impossible that I go and attend the meeting.
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
宾语从句
主语从句
1.what / that
a.____ he said at the meeting surprised us.
b._____ he didn’t say a word at the meeting surprised us.
2. if / whether
_______you go or stay at home won’t make any differences.
3.We are ready to do ______ the country wants us to do.
A. what B. which C. no matter what
D. whatever
What
That
Whether
D
1.It is important that ______ our education in all available ways.
A. we must develop B. we shall develop
C. we would develop D. we should develop
2.It is necessary that ______ by the end of the week.
A. we got everything ready B. we have got everything ready
C. we get everything ready D. we must get everything ready
3.It was natural that _______.
A. my pictures would surprise them
B. my pictures surprised them
C. my pictures should surprise them
D. my pictures would have surprised them
4.I wonder _______.
A. whether or not I’ll catch the last bus
B. if or not I’ll catch the last bus
C. that I’ll catch the last bus or not
D. that I’ll catch the last bus
5.We all thought ______ a pity that we had missed the lesson.
A. so B. such C. it D. that
6.I took ______ for granted （想当然）that they were not coming.
A. that B. this C. it D. so
7.I heard ______ said that he had great concern（关心） for his classmates.
A. and B. that C. was D. it
综合运用：
1. ____ is known to everybody, the earth is round.
As
2. ______ the earth is round is known to everybody.
That
3. ____ is known to everybody that the earth is round.
It
4. Everybody knows _____ the earth is round.
that
5. _____ surprised us very much that our teacher left
without a word.
It
6. ______ surprised us very much was that our teacher
left without a word.
What