(共34张PPT)
by的用法
一
1．句型转换
He studies for a test by working with a group．(对画线部分提问)
________ ________ he study for a test
2．用适当的介词填空
Many traffic accidents are caused ________ careless driving.
How does
by
My grandfather sat down by the door.
我的爷爷坐在门旁边。
Can you finish your homework by 5 o'clock
五点之前你能做完家庭作业吗？
I go to work by bike every day.
我每天骑自行车上班。
The window was broken by my brother.
窗户是被我的弟弟打破的。
I learn new words by looking them up in the dictionary.
我通过查阅词典学习新单词。
【注意】by doing sth.意为“通过……(方法、途径)做某事”，常用来回答how引导的特殊疑问句。
—How do you learn English？你是怎么学习英语的？
—By watching TV.通过看电视。
辨析aloud, loud与loudly
二
选词填空
aloud loud loudly
1．This morning, the teacher asked me to read the text ________．
2．Listening to ________ music a lot can cause hearing loss(丧失), especially if headphones are used.
aloud
loud
① aloud强调把话大声说出来，让别人听见，通常与read, speak等动词连用。
He read the letter aloud to us.
他把信大声念给我们听。
② loud“响亮地；大声或高声地”，侧重发出的音量大、传得远，一般用来修饰 speak, talk, laugh等动词。 loud还可用作形容词。
Speak louder, please, or no one will hear you.
请说大声点，否则没人能听见。
串联教材八年级上册Unit 3
③ loudly“响亮地”，其基本意义与loud相同，还常与ring, knock等动词连用，含有“喧闹”或“嘈杂”之意。
Suddenly the bell on the wall rang loudly.
突然，墙上的铃大声地响了起来。
patient的用法
三
单词拼写
As a teacher, you should be ________(耐心的) with your students.
patient
The doctor is very patient with his patients.
这位医生对他的病人很有耐心。
辨析discover, invent, find, find out与create
四
用方框内单词的适当形式填空
invent discover
1．It is said that a Chinese ruler called Shen Nong was the first to
________ tea as a drink.
2．—Who was the light bulb ________ by
—Edison.
discover
invented
① discover“发现；发觉”，指通过探险或偶然的机会发现了原本存在的东西。
Columbus discovered America in 1492.
在1492年，哥伦布发现了美洲。
串联教材八年级下册Unit 9
② invent“发明；创造”，指通过科学手段制造了原本不存在的东西。
Can you tell me who invented the telephone, Jenny
珍妮，你能告诉我谁发明了电话吗？
串联教材七年级上册Unit 3
③ find“找到；发现”，宾语是丢失的人或物，强调找的结果。常用于find sb./sth. doing结构。
串联教材八年级上册Unit 5
④ find out“查明；弄清”，指通过分析、询问、思考等弄清楚、查明白。常用于find out＋who/what/how等。
⑤ create“创造；创建”，指从无到有的创作或创作出原来不存在的东西，如艺术作品、理论等。
The government plans to create more jobs for young people.
政府计划为年轻人创造更多的就业机会。
put on的用法
五
选词填空
get up put on take off cut down
—Maria, don't forget to ________ the sports shoes. You have a P．E. class today.
—Thanks, mom. I won't.
put on
Eating too much can put on your weight.
吃得太多会增加你的体重。
I have to put on my glasses.我得戴上眼镜。
They are going to put on Hamlet.
他们将上演《哈姆雷特》。
lie的用法
六
用所给单词的适当形式填空
1．The little girl, with a storybook, ___________ (lie) on the sofa for at
least three hours.
2．Linda is an honest girl. She never tells ________(lie)．
has lain
lies
【助记】
The man lying there lied that he had laid the money on the table.
躺在那里的那个人撒谎说他把钱放在桌子上了。
treat的用法
七
单词拼写
It's not right to ________(对待) this serious matter as a joke.
treat
We took the kids to the zoo as a special treat.
作为特别的款待，我们带孩子们到动物园去。
She treats me like one of the family.
她把我当作家人对待。
The doctors were not able to treat this disease.
医生们治不了这种病。
warn的用法
八
用所给单词的适当形式填空
1．My parents have warned me____________ (not ride) my bike on busy
main roads. It's too dangerous.
2．The doctor warned him ________(stay) away from smoking and
drinking.
not to ride
to stay
The teacher warns us not to swim in the river.
老师警告我们不要在河里游泳。
I warned him about the danger.我警告他有危险。
I have warned him that it is not allowed to park the car here.
我已经警告过他，这里不允许停车。
问路的常用句型
九
完成下列对话
1．—Excuse me, can you tell me the way to Dahua Cinema
—____________________________________________________.
Turn right at the second turning, and you will see it.
2．—Excuse me, could you tell me how I can get to the museum
—________________________________________.
I'm new here.
OK/Sure/Certainly/Of course/No problem
Sorry, I can't/Sorry, I'm afraid not
【注意】Could you please do/not do sth.？表示委婉地请别人帮忙，意为“请你做/不做某事好吗？”，常用的肯定答语有OK./Sure./Certainly./Of course./No problem.等。常用的否定答语有Sorry, I can't./Sorry, I'm afraid not.。
一、宾语从句
中考中对宾语从句的考查主要涉及引导词的选择及其语序和时态等内容。其次，根据语境来选择疑问词，询问内容用what；询问时间用when；询问地点用where；询问原因用why；询问方式用how等。
1．语序
宾语从句使用陈述语序。
Do you know where Tom lives？你知道汤姆住哪儿吗？
2．引导词
(1)that
用法：在从句中无意义，不充当句子成分，在口语中常可省略
I believe (that) you will succeed. 我相信你会成功。
(2)连接代词(what/which/who/whose/whom等)
用法：在从句中作一定的成分，如作主语、宾语、定语等
Lisa wonders what she should do next.
丽莎想知道她接下来应该做什么。
Do you know whose coat it is
你知道这是谁的外套吗？
(3)连接副词(when/where/why/how等)
用法：在从句中作状语
Jessie hasn't decided when she will leave for Paris.
杰西还没有决定什么时候动身去巴黎。
(4)if/whether
用法：意为“是否”，不作句子成分，不能省略。在口语中whether与if可互换。whether可与not直接连用，但if不能。
I don't know if/whether my sister will come to the party.我不知道我的姐姐是否会来参加聚会。
3．时态
(1)主句：一般现在时
从句：根据实际情况使用相应的时态
I hear Joe left/will leave for Beijing yesterday (tomorrow)．我听说乔昨天去了(明天要去)北京。
(2)主句：一般过去时
从句：使用过去的某种时态
Kate said she was going shopping at this time yesterday.凯特说她昨天这个时候在购物。
(3)从句表示的是客观事实、真理、自然现象等时，不管主句使用什么时态，从句都用一般现在时。
Miss. Hu said that the earth goes around the sun.
胡老师说地球绕着太阳转。
【注意】 宾语从句中的否定转移
当主句的谓语是think, believe, guess, suppose等表示“认为、相信、猜想、期望”等意思的动词， 主句的主语是第一人称， 且时态为一般现在时时， 从句的否定一般要转移到主句上来， 即“否定转移”。
二、感叹句
类别 结构 例句
以how
引导 How＋adj.＋a/an＋单数可数名词＋主语＋谓语！ How clever a boy he is！他是一个多么聪明的男孩！
How＋adj./adv.＋主语＋谓语！ How quickly Tom runs！汤姆跑得真快！
以what
引导 What＋a/an＋adj.＋单数可数名词＋主语＋谓语！ What a beautiful mountain it is！它是一座多么美丽的山啊！
What＋adj.＋复数可数名词＋主语＋谓语！ What great inventions he has made! 他创造了多么伟大的发明！
What＋adj.＋不可数名词＋主语＋谓语！ What bad weather it is today！今天的天气多么糟糕啊！
【助记】
感叹句， 并不难， what或how摆在前。
强调名词用what, 其余用how很简单。
名词若是可数单， 前带冠词a或an。
主语谓语放在后， 省略也是很常见。(共31张PPT)
辨析deal with与do with
一
选词填空
do with deal with
1．It took me almost a whole day to ________ so many e mails.
2．Tom, what did you ________ my documents
deal with
do with
How will you deal with this matter
这件事你将如何处理？
What did you do with that notebook
那本笔记本你怎么处理的？
短语 含义 用法
deal with 处理；应付 强调处理的方式、方法，常与how连用
do with 处理；安置 强调处理的对象，常与what连用
require的用法
二
1.用所给单词的适当形式填空
True friendship requires us ________(show) trust.
2．单词拼写
—Did you finish your homework
—Of course! The teacher r________ us to hand in our homework
this morning.
to show
equired
These pets require a lot of care and attention.
这些宠物需要悉心照顾。
True marriage requires us to be equal to each other .
真正的婚姻有赖于我们相互平等。
You are required by law to wear the seat belt.
法律规定你要系安全带。
influence的用法
三
一、单词拼写
How much movies and television ________(影响) us depends on
how much we watch and what we watch.
二、用适当的介词填空
The media has a powerful influence ________ public opinion.
influence
on
Children are easily influenced by their friends.
孩子很容易被他们的朋友影响。
辨析take pride in与be proud of
四
完成句子
Thanks to my father and our trip to the factory, now I work in a big company in the city. And my father ______ __________ __________
(为……感到自豪) me.
takes pride in/is proud of
Mrs. Green is proud of her son.＝Mrs. Green takes pride in her son.
格林太太为她儿子感到自豪。
“It is said that...”句型
五
完成句子
________________(据说) Mr. Zhang will visit our school next week.
It is said that
It is said that...表示“据说……”，其中It是形式主语，真正的主语是that从句。
It is believed that eight is a lucky number in China.
在中国，人们认为8是一个幸运的数字。
It is reported that five people have been dead in the fire.
据报道，已有5人在这场火灾中死亡。
doubt的用法
六
完成句子
毫无疑问，中国已经在航空工业方面取得了巨大的进步。
There's ________ ________ that China has made great progress in
its space industry.
no doubt
Without doubt your choice is best.
毫无疑问你的选择是最好的。
I doubt if/whether she will come back tomorrow.
我怀疑她明天是否回来。
I don't doubt that she will come back tomorrow.
我毫不怀疑她明天会回来。
辨析by mistake与by accident
七
完成句子
你的外套和我的如此像，以至我错穿了你的衣服。
Your coat is so much like mine that I put yours on _____ ___________.
by mistake
He put too much salt into the soup by mistake.
他错在汤里放了太多盐。
I read the news on the Internet by accident.
我偶然在互联网上读到这个消息。
短语 含义
by mistake 错误地；无意中
by accident＝by chance 偶然；意外地
“not only... but also...”的用法
八
用适当的连词填空
At school, we are taught ________ ________ knowledge
________ ________ how to behave well.
not only
but also
Not only is she clever, but (also) she is beautiful.
她不仅聪明，而且漂亮。
Not only Tom but also I am fond of watching TV.
不仅汤姆喜欢看电视，我也喜欢。
Shakespeare was not only a writer but (also) an actor.
莎士比亚不仅是个作家，而且还是个演员。
被动语态
主要考查一般现在时、一般过去时和一般将来时的被动语态，选项通常是语态和时态的结合。在解答此类试题时，具体步骤如下：
首先，应判断题目是否考查被动语态，有两种方法：
①根据被动语态的基本结构来判断，若动作的承受者(动作的对象，多是名词或代词)在空前，实施者在空后(有时也省略)，则用被动语态；
②根据主语和谓语之间的逻辑关系来判断，若主语与谓语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，则用被动语态。
其次，根据语境、给出的时间状语或已经发生动作的时态来确定正确的时态。
最后，根据被动语态的结构，选出动词的正确形式。
1．被动语态的构成
(1)一般现在时
结构：主语＋am/is/are＋其他．
This machine is made in China.
这台机器是中国制造的。
(2)一般过去时
结构：主语＋was/were＋其他．
The windows in our classroom were broken yesterday.
昨天我们教室的窗户被打碎了。
(3)一般将来时
结构：主语＋will/shall/be going to be＋其他．
I think the desks will be repaired soon.
我想这些课桌很快就要被修好了。
(4)现在进行时
结构：主语＋am/is/are＋being＋过去分词＋其他．
The car is being repaired.这辆汽车正在修理中。
(5)过去进行时
结构：主语＋was/were＋being＋过去分词＋其他．
The machine was being painted then.
那时那台机器正在上油漆。
(6)现在完成时
结构：主语＋has/have＋been＋过去分词＋其他．
The bank has been built.
银行已经建成了。
(7)过去完成时
结构：主语＋had＋been＋过去分词＋其他．
I had been invited to visit Japan before I came here.
来这儿之前我已经被邀请访问日本了。
(8)过去将来时
结构：主语＋should/would＋be＋过去分词＋其他．
Ann told me she would be sent to America.
安告诉我她将被派往美国。
(9)含情态动词
结构：主语＋情态动词＋be＋过去分词＋其他．
Where can the lost book be found
这本丢失的书能在哪里找到？
Waste paper shouldn't be thrown here.
废纸不应该被扔在这儿。
2．主动语态变被动语态的方法
口诀：宾变主，主变宾，谓语动词用被动。
【注意】常见主动语态变被动语态的特殊情况：
主动语态中有些感官动词(如hear，see，watch，notice等)和使役动词(如make，let等)后用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，变为被动语态时，要把不定式符号to还原。例如：
hear/see sb. do sth.→sb. be heard/seen to do sth. make sb. do sth.→sb. be made to do sth.
3．使用被动语态的情况
(1)不知道动作的执行者是谁。
Rice is grown in the south of China.
中国南方种植水稻。
(2)没有必要指出动作的执行者。
Smoking isn't allowed in the gas station.
加油站里不允许吸烟。
(3)需要强调和突出动作的承受者。
Your work must be finished today.
你(们)的工作今天必须完成。
(4)句子的主语是物。
Many houses were washed away by the flood.
许多房屋被洪水冲走了。
4．主动结构表示被动意义的情况
(1)open, lock, write, read, sell, clean, watch, cut, burn, drive等词作不及物动词且它们的主语为物时，可用主动结构表示被动意义。
This kind of pen writes very smoothly.
这种钢笔写起来很流畅。
(2)look, sound, taste, smell等感官动词用主动结构表示被动意义。
Mooncakes taste very delicious.月饼尝起来很好吃。
(3)be worth doing用主动结构表示被动意义。
This book is worth reading.
这本书值得一读。
(4)want/need/require＋doing相当于want/need/require＋to be done。to be done为不定式的被动结构。
Your car needs washing.＝Your car needs to be washed.你的车需要清洗了。(共25张PPT)
regret的用法
一
用所给词的适当形式填空
1．I've never regretted ________(work) with you in China.
2．We regret ________(tell) you that the flights to Turpan have
been canceled.
working
to tell
I have no regret marrying you.
我不后悔嫁给你。
We regret to inform you that your application has not been successful.
我们很遗憾地通知您，您的申请未通过。
keep的用法
二
完成句子
面临危险的时候保持冷静是非常必要的。(keep)
It's necessary ________ ________ ________ when we are in danger.
to keep calm
Her grandchildren keep her young.
她的孙子孙女让她保持年轻。
You must keep healthy.你必须保持健康。
I kept telling myself to keep calm.
我不断叮嘱自己要保持冷静。
The heavy snow kept me from going out.
大雪阻止了我出去。
Let's keep in touch. 咱们保持联系。
support的用法
三
单词拼写
—Well done, Lily. You finally make it.
—Thanks. But I won't succeed without your s________. You helped
me a lot.
upport
We offer free technical support.
我们免费提供技术支持。
If you raise it at the meeting, I'll support you.
如果你在会议上提出这个问题，我将支持你。
He works hard to support his family.
他努力工作去养家。
情态动词
情态动词考查角度一般为：①情态动词的基本用法；②情态动词表示推测。解答情态动词相关试题时，首先要分析语境，判断该题考查情态动词的基本用法还是表示推测的用法，然后结合语境中的关键信息确定正确答案。
(一)情态动词的基本用法
1．can/can't/could
单词 含义及用法
can 表示能力，意为“能，会”(＝be able to)
(疑问句中)表示请求
表示允许，意为“可以”
can't 意为“不会，不能”
could can的过去式，意为“能，会”，表示过去的能力
在疑问句中表示委婉的请求
Jim can sing songs.吉姆会唱歌。
Can I play basketball now？我现在可以打篮球吗？
You can play basketball on weekends.
你可以周末去打篮球。
I can't give you an answer now.我现在不能给你答复。
Lily could swim at the age of 5.
莉莉五岁的时候就会游泳了。
Could you tell me the way to the post office
你能告诉我去邮局的路吗？
2．must/have to/mustn't
单词/短语 含义及用法
must 表示主观看法，意为“必须，一定”
have to 意为“不得不，必须”，多表示客观需要，有人称、时态和数的变化，有时可与must互换
mustn't 意为“一定不要，禁止”
I must work hard.
我必须努力学习。
I have to get up early tomorrow.
我明天不得不早起。
You mustn't play football on the road.
你(们)一定不要在马路上踢足球。
3．may/might
单词 含义及用法
may 表示请求、许可，意为“可以”
might may的过去式，表示请求、许可，语气比may更委婉
May I speak to Amy？我可以和艾米通话吗？
Might I ask you a question？我可以问你一个问题吗？
4．need/needn't
单词 含义及用法
need 作情态动词时，意为“需要”，常用于否定句和疑问句中
needn't need的否定式，意为“不需要”，常用于must提问的否定回答
Alex needn't attend the meeting.
亚历克斯不必参加会议。
—Must I pay for the book in advance？我必须提前为这本书付款吗？
—No, you needn't.不，你不需要。
【注意】
(1)回答由could引出的一般疑问句时，用can，不用could。
—Could I use your mobile phone？我可以用你的手机吗？
—Yes, you can./No, you can't.是的，你可以。/不，你不可以。
(2)由must引出的一般疑问句，肯定回答常用must；否定回答常用needn't/don't have to/doesn't have to/didn't have to。
—Must I hand in my homework this afternoon？我今天下午必须交家庭作业吗？
—Yes, you must./No, you needn't/don't have to.是的，你必须。/不，你不必。
(3)由may或might引出的一般疑问句，肯定回答用may/can；否定回答用can't/mustn't。
—May/Might I sit here？我可以坐在这儿吗？
—Yes, you may/can./No, you can't/mustn't.是的，你可以。/不，你不能。
(4)由need引出的一般疑问句，肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn't。
—Need I do the work at once？我需要立刻做这项工作吗？
—Yes，you must./No, you needn't.是的，你必须。/不，你不必。
5．should (ought to)/shouldn't
单词/短语 含义及用法
should/
ought to 用于肯定句和否定句中时，should和ought to可互换使用，意为“应该”，表示要求和命令，也可以表示劝告或建议
表示征询意见，用于疑问句中，只能用should，不能用ought to
shouldn't 意为“不应该”
You should/ought to come to school on time.
你应该按时到校。
Should I go to her party？我应该去参加她的聚会吗？
We shouldn't waste water.我们不应该浪费水。
6．shall/will/would/had better
单词/短语 含义及用法
shall 常用于疑问句，多用于第一人称、第三人称，表示请求或征求对方意见
表示决心、警告、命令，多用于第二人称
will 表示意愿或请求，用于疑问句中，常用于第二人称
would 表示自愿做或主动提出做某事，如意志、愿望或决心等
had better 意为“最好”，没有人称和数的变化，常缩写为 'd better
Shall we go to the zoo？我们去动物园，好吗？
You shall not bring your mobile phones to the classroom in the exam.在考试时你们不许把手机带进教室。
Will you please pass the book to me
请把这本书递给我，好吗？
Jane said she would not go with Tom, for she didn't like him.
简说她不愿和汤姆一起去，因为她不喜欢他。
You'd better come back early today.
你今天最好早点儿回来。
(二)情态动词表示推测的用法
单词 用法
can't 表示十分有把握的否定推测，意为“一定不，不可能”
could 表示推测，意为“有可能，也许”(20%～80%的可能性)，语气缓和、较委婉
may 表示把握不大的肯定推测，意为“有可能，也许”
might 表示推测，意为“有可能，也许”，可能性低于may
must 表示非常有把握的肯定推测(100%的可能性)，意为“一定，肯定”
It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.
屋里很冷，他们肯定已经把暖气关了。
It can't/couldn't be the headmaster. He has gone to America.
这不可能是校长，他已经去美国了。
He may not/might not know the scientist.
他也许不认识那位科学家。(共24张PPT)
prefer的用法
一
完成句子
1．比起饺子我更喜欢面条。
I ________ noodles to dumplings.
2．我喜欢步行胜过骑自行车。
I ________ walking ________ cycling.
prefer
prefer
to
【注意】 prefer的过去式和过去分词为preferred，第三人称单数形式为prefers，现在分词为preferring。
pity的用法
二
1．单词拼写
What a p________！ Our team has lost the game! I am so sad.
2．完成句子
真遗憾，他现在不能继续他的梦想了！
________ ________ ________ it is that he can't continue his dream now!
ity
What a pity
It's a pity that you can't stay longer.
你不能多停留些时间，真是可惜。
It's a pity to waste food.
浪费食物真可惜。
—I have to go today.
我今天就得走。
—Oh, what a pity!
哦，真遗憾！
take off的用法
三
选词填空
take care take place take after take off
—It's hot today, isn't it
—Yes, it is. Why not ________ your jacket
take off
Take off your black coat and put on the red one.
脱下你的黑色外套，穿上那件红色的。
The plane will take off soon.
飞机很快就会起飞。
worth的用法
四
用所给单词的适当形式填空
The spirit of Lei Feng is worth __________(spread) forever.
spreading
It isn't worth much.这不值多少钱。
It's worth making an appointment before you go.
你去之前预约一下是值得的。
Our house is worth about ￡100，000.
我们的房子大约值10万英镑。
辨析except, besides与but
五
选词填空
besides except
1．—The paper cutting is pretty lively. Who made it
—It must be Amy. None of us ________ her is able to do it.
2．I want to learn a second foreign language ________ English.
except
besides
① except“除……之外”，表示一种排除关系，except后跟的内容(与整体是同类)不包括在内，常与all, no, everyone等不定代词连用。
We all went to the park last Sunday except Jane.
除了简以外，上个星期天我们都去公园了。
② besides“除……之外(还)”，表示一种累加关系，besides后跟的内容包括在内。
Amy is good at dancing besides singing.
除唱歌外，艾米还擅长跳舞。
③ but“除了”，常与nobody/nothing/no one等表示否定意义的不定代词连用，与except同义。
Nobody knew his name but/except me.
除了我之外，没人知道他的名字。
【注意】
(1)besides还可以作副词，意为“而且；此外”。
(2)except还可以作连词，意为“除了；只是”，后接从句。
定语从句
在复合句中作定语的从句叫定语从句，被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，通常位于定语从句之前。引导定语从句的有关系代词that, which, who, whom，whose和关系副词when, where, why。在解答此类试题时，可按以下步骤进行：
首先，根据语境，分析句子结构，找出先行词；
其次，判断先行词是指人还是指物，缩小关系代词的选择范围；
最后，把先行词还原到定语从句中，明确先行词在定语从句中所作的成分。如果从句缺少主干成分，用关系代词；如果从句不缺主干成分，用关系副词。
1．关系代词的基本用法
(1)that
在句中所作成分：主语、宾语
先行词：人、物
I love movies that are funny.(作主语)
我喜欢有趣的电影。
Everything (that) you learn becomes part of you and changes you.(作宾语)
你所学的一切都成为你的一部分并改变你。
(2)which
在句中所作成分：主语、宾语
先行词：事、物
The book which is on the table is mine.(作主语)
桌子上的那本书是我的。
I'll never forget the days(which) we spent together. (作宾语)
我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。
(3)who
在句中所作成分：主语、宾语
先行词：人
I'd like to congratulate all the students who are here today.
我要祝贺今天在座的所有学生。
(4)whom
在句中所作成分：宾语
先行词：人
He's the boy (whom) I talked with just now.
他就是我刚才和他谈话的那个男孩。
(5)whose
在句中所作成分：定语
先行词：人、物
He is the writer whose name is Jerry.
他就是那个名叫杰瑞的作家。
The room whose window is open is mine.
窗户开着的房间是我的。
2．关系副词的基本用法
(1)where
在句中所作成分：地点状语
先行词：地点
This is the town where he was born.
这就是他出生的城镇。
(2)when
在句中所作成分：时间状语
先行词：时间
I remember the day when we met for the first time.
我记得我们第一次见面的那一天。
(3)why
在句中所作成分：原因状语
先行词：原因
I want to know the reason why you didn't come to school this morning.
我想知道你今天早上没来上学的原因。
3．只能用that，不能用which的情况
(1)先行词为不定代词anything, nothing, all, much, few, any, little等或the one时。
Is there anything that I can do for you
有什么我能为你效劳的吗？
(2)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the first book that I bought.
这是我买的第一本书。
(3)先行词被the only, the very, the last等修饰时。
The only thing that I want to do is to have a good rest. 我唯一想做的事就是好好休息。
(4)先行词既有人又有物时。
The film star and her film that you just talked about are really well known.
你们刚刚谈到的那个影星和她的电影真的很出名。
(5)当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。
Which is the hotel that you like best
哪个是你最喜欢的旅馆？
4．只能用which，不能用that的情况
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时。
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here. 那棵400年的树在这里很有名。
(2)关系词前有介词时。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
我们依靠土地来获得食物。(共34张PPT)
make的用法
一
用所给单词的适当形式填空
1．Ms. Lee makes our lessons ________(live) and interesting.
2．Danny did all kinds of things to make the baby ________(stop) crying.
lively
stop
The new dress made the little girl very happy.
这条新裙子使这个小女孩很开心。
She always makes me laugh.她总是让我发笑。
Can you make yourself understood in Russian
你能用俄语表达你的意思吗？
【注意】 make sb. do sth.变为被动语态时，需要加to，构成be made to do sth.。
by the time的用法
二
1．用所给单词的适当形式填空
By the time we reached home, he _____________(leave)．
2．完成句子
当他们到达机场时，飞机已经起飞。
________ ________ ________ they got to the airport, the plane
________ ________ ________．
had left
By the time
had taken off
by the time意为“到……时候(为止)”，是一个介词短语，在句中经常起连词作用，引导时间状语从句。主要用法如下：
(1)如果从句中的谓语动词是一般过去时，那么主句中的谓语动词通常用过去完成时，表示“截止到从句动作发生时，主句动作已经完成，即过去的过去”。
By the time I got to the station, the train had already gone.当我到达车站的时候，火车已经离开了。
(2)如果从句中的谓语动词为一般现在时或现在完成时(表示将来)，那么主句中的谓语动词常为将来完成时，表示“截止到将来某一时间为止，主句动作将已经完成”。
By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for 5 years.
截止到明年我毕业，我将在这里居住5年了。
非谓语动词
(一)动词不定式
动词不定式的基本形式是“to＋动词原形”，否定形式是在动词不定式前加not。动词不定式具有动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，但没有人称与数的变化，动词不定式及其宾语和状语构成动词不定式短语。
1．动词不定式的功能
(1)作主语
To keep the classroom clean is important.
保持教室干净是重要的。
It's important to protect the environment.
保护环境很重要。
(2)作表语
My job is to teach English.我的工作是教英语。
(3)作宾语或宾语补足语
I want to keep the classroom clean.
我想保持教室干净。
Our teacher advises us to keep the classroom clean.
我们的老师建议我们保持教室干净。
(4)作定语
I have a lot of homework to do.
我有许多家庭作业要做。
(5)作状语
Mrs. Wang went to Shanghai to see her daughter.
王太太去上海看她的女儿。(目的)
We're glad to meet you here.
我们很高兴在这儿见到你。(原因)
He is too tired to work on.
他太累了不能继续工作了。(结果)
【注意】
①动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语——动词不定式则被后置。
It is important to keep the classroom clean.
保持教室干净是重要的。
②若动词不定式位于句首作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
To help others makes James happy.
帮助别人使詹姆斯开心。
③主语和表语都是非谓语动词时，两者在形式上应一致。
To see is to believe./Seeing is believing.
眼见为实。
2．“疑问词＋动词不定式”的用法
(1)动词不定式与疑问词连用可作主语、宾语或表语。
When to go to Beijing hasn't been decided yet.
什么时候去北京还没定下来。(作主语)
I haven't decided when to leave Beijing.
我还没决定什么时候离开北京。(作宾语)
My question is how to go to Beijing.
我的问题是如何去北京。(作表语)
(2)“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语时可以转化为宾语从句。
Can you tell me where to buy a cup ＝
Can you tell me where I can buy a cup
你能告诉我在哪里能买到杯子吗？
3．后接动词不定式作宾语的常见动词(短语)
afford负担得起 agree同意 begin开始
choose选择 decide决定 expect期望
fail未做到 hope希望 learn学习
like喜欢 manage设法做成
offer主动提出 plan计划 prepare准备
promise承诺 refuse拒绝 start开始
try努力 wish希望
would like想要
4．后接动词不定式作宾语补足语的常见动词
allow允许 ask要求 advise建议
encourage鼓励 expect期望 force强迫
help帮助 invite邀请 order命令
remind提醒 require要求 teach教
tell告诉 want想要 warn警告
wish希望
5．动词不定式的常用结构及句型
(1)too... to...表示“太……而不能……”。
The boy is too young to look after himself.
这个男孩太小了以至不能照顾自己。
(2)adj.＋enough to...表示“足够……去做……”。
He is old enough to go to school.
他到了上学的年龄了。
(3)It's one's turn to do sth.表示“轮到某人做某事了”。
It's my turn to clean the classroom.
轮到我打扫教室了。
(4)It takes/took sb. some money/time to do sth.表示“花费某人……金钱/时间做某事”。
It took me three hours to finish the task on my own.
独自完成这项任务花费了我三个小时。
(5)It＋be＋adj.＋of/for sb.＋to do sth.表示“某人做某事是……/对某人来说做某事是……”。
It's kind of you to help me with my study.
你能在我的学习上帮助我真是太好了。
It's hard for you to carry the machine by yourself.
你自己搬运这个机器是困难的。
(6)prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 表示“宁愿做某事而不愿做某事”。
She prefers to receive a small and meaningful gift rather than receive a lot of money.她宁愿收到一份有意义的小礼物也不愿收到一大笔钱。
(7)It＋be＋one's duty＋to do sth.表示“做某事是某人的职责”。
It's my duty to look after my little sister.
照顾我的小妹妹是我的职责。
(二)动名词
动名词一般由“动词原形＋ ing”构成，与现在分词同形。动名词既有动词的性质，也有名词的性质。
1．动名词的功能
(1)作主语
Teaching English is interesting.教英语是有趣的。
(2)作宾语
She likes teaching English.她喜欢教英语。(动词的宾语)
She is good at teaching English.
她擅长教英语。(介词的宾语)
(3)作表语
Her job is teaching English in a middle school.
她的工作是在一所中学教英语。
(4)作定语
She wants to buy a washing machine.
她想买一台洗衣机。
2．后接动名词作宾语的常见动词(短语)
advise/suggest建议 avoid避免
consider考虑 enjoy喜欢
finish完成 imagine想象
keep坚持 mind介意
miss错过 stop停止
practice练习 risk冒险
stand忍受 feel like想要
succeed in成功 give up放弃
be busy忙于 be good at擅长
be interested in对……感兴趣
can't help禁不住 put off推迟
【拓展】
(1)若动名词位于句首作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
(2)有一些动词后面既可以接动名词，也可以接动词不定式，但是意思有区别，常见的有：
(3)若to为动词不定式符号，后接动词原形；若to为介词，后接名词、代词或动名词。以下短语中的to为介词：
be/get/become used to习惯于
hold on to守住；保住 stick to坚持
lead to导致；引起；通向 turn to求助于
look forward to盼望；期待
look up to 敬仰；尊敬
pay attention to 注意
(三)分词
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种形式。现在分词由“v.＋ ing”构成，表示主动、进行之意；过去分词由“v.＋ ed”构成，表示被动、完成之意。
1．现在分词的功能
(1)作定语
The crying girl can't find her mother.
那个正在哭的女孩找不到她的妈妈了。
(2)作表语
The story is interesting.这个故事很有趣。
(3)作宾语补足语
I saw him studying in the classroom.
我看到他正在教室里学习。
(4)作状语
Studying hard, you will pass the exam.
只要你努力学习，就会通过考试。
2．过去分词的功能
(1)作定语
The boy wore a pair of faded jeans.
那个男孩穿了一条褪色的牛仔裤。
They are working on removing the fallen tree.
他们正在移走那棵倒下的大树。
(2)作表语
She is very tired.她很疲劳。
(3)作宾语补足语
She found the village greatly changed.
她发现这个村庄变化很大。
(4)作状语
Given more time, I can make a better cake.
给我更多时间，我可以做一个更好的蛋糕。
3．现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别
(1)现在分词作定语与它所修饰的名词存在逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动或者进行。
a sleeping child一个正在睡觉的孩子
a developing country一个发展中国家
boiling water正在沸腾的水
a surprising look一个令人吃惊的表情
(2)过去分词作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系，表示该动作的被动或者完成。
the novel written by Lu Xun鲁迅写的那篇小说
a singer surrounded by a group of fans被一群粉丝包围的歌手
fallen leaves落叶
a snow covered city一座被雪覆盖的城市
4．过去分词的常见搭配
(1)主语＋have/get sth. done“使……被……”。
I want to have/get these chairs fixed.
我想把这些椅子修理一下。
(2)“It be＋过去分词＋that...”句型：
It is said that...据说……
It is reported that...据报道……
It is hoped that...人们希望……
It is well known that...众所周知……
It is suggested that...有人建议……
It is required that...人们要求……
It is claimed that...据称……(共11张PPT)
afford的用法
一
用所给单词的适当形式填空
He could not afford ________(buy) a house.
to buy
It is too expensive, and I can't afford it.
它太贵了，我买不起。
We can't afford to go abroad this summer.
今年夏天我们没有足够的钱去国外。
【注意】 afford常与can, could, be able to等连用，多用于否定句和疑问句中。
与time相关的句型
二
用所给单词的适当形式填空
It's my first time __________(write) a letter in English.
to write
Tom, it's time to get up.汤姆，该起床了。
Be quiet, everyone. It's time for class.
大家安静，该上课了。
It's the first time for me to visit Disneyland. I feel so excited.＝It's the first time that I visit Disneyland. I feel so excited.
这是我第一次参观迪士尼乐园。我感到很兴奋。
congratulate的用法
三
单项选择
—I won a prize at the school sports day.
—________！
A．What a pity!
B．Congratulations!
C．I'm sorry to hear that.
D．It all depends.
B
①congratulate意为“祝贺”，通常用于congratulate sb. on sth.，表示“为某事而祝贺某人”。
Let's congratulate him on his great success.让我们祝贺他取得的巨大成功。
②congratulation是congratulate的名词形式，其复数形式常单独使用。
I can't wait to send congratulations to him on his success.我迫不及待地对他的成功表示祝贺。
Congratulations on your exam results！祝贺你考出了好成绩！
过去完成时
1．过去完成时的构成：主语＋had＋过去分词＋其他．
2．过去完成时的用法：
(1)表示过去某一时刻或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作(即过去的过去)。因此，使用过去完成时必须以过去某一时间为前提，通常用by，before短语或when，before，after，until等引导的从句来表示。
After the sun had set, we decided to return home.
太阳落山以后，我们决定回家。
(2)用于宾语从句，从句表示在主句之前发生的动作。
She wondered who had left the door open.
她想知道是谁让门开着的。
【拓展】现在完成时与过去完成时的区别
现在完成时与过去完成时的用法相同，只是作为衡量标准的时间不同；现在完成时是以现在这个时刻作为衡量标准，而过去完成时是以过去某个时间作为衡量标准。
He has traveled to most of the cities in China in the past five years.
在过去的五年里，他已经游遍了中国的大部分城市。
When we got there, the football match had already started.
当我们赶到那里的时候，足球比赛已经开始了。
