怀仁七中九年级英语第二轮专题复习学案-被动语态及非谓语动词

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怀仁七中九年级英语第二轮专题复习学案
英语组 云幸
被动语态及非谓语动词
一、语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
考点1.被动语态的构成：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词（助动词有人称、数和时态的变化）
1).一般现在时：is /am /are +过去分词
English is spoken by many people.
Tea is grown in Southeast China.
Are they made in China
Where is it made
2).一般过去时：was / were +过去分词
A lot of flowers were planted along the street last month.
Another classroom building was built last year .
Some new computers were inverted by scientists.
3).现在进行时：is / am /are + being+过去分词
A new bridge is being built over there .
The flowers are being watered by Mr Li now .
4).现在完成时：have / has +been+过去分词
Man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries in the world.
The work has been finished on time.
5).一般将来时：will /shall/be going to+be+过去分词
The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.
The wind will be stopped from blowing the earth away.
6).含有情态动词的被动语态：can /may /must +过去分词
The work can be finished in a month.
A large hole must be dug .
Books can’t be taken out of the reading room .
考点2、主动语态变被动语态
1).主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语。（宾语是人称代词时，要将宾格变为主格）
2).主动结构的谓语动词由主动语态变为被动语态。
3).主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语，放在被动结构中谓语动词之后，在动作的执行者无须说明或不必强调时，by短语可以省略。
4).主动语态变为被动语态，时态要保持一致。
We repaired the motor.→The motor was repaired by us.
考点3、被动语态的用法
1).当我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁时.
Those books are written for children.
This jacket is made of cotton.
2).动作的承受者是谈话的中心，并用介词by引导动作的执行者。
Food is needed by us all .
The room is cleaned by me every day .
The book was translated into English by me .
This song was written by a friend of mine .
The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday evening .
The tree was blown down by the strong wind .
3).一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也可用于被动结构中，因此短语动词是一个不可分割的词组，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
The child is taken good care of by his grandparents .
Why can’t the word be looked up in this dictionary
The lights must be turned off .
A short play will be put on at the party .
4).带双宾语（即直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动语态变为被动语态时，可将其中的一个宾语变为被动句的主语，另一个不变。一般把间接宾语变为被动语态的主语显得自然些，把直接宾语留作被动句的宾语。如果把直接宾语变为被动句的主语，则要在间接宾语前加介词（一般是for或to）
He gave me a book. →I was given a book (by him )
→A book was given to me (by him).
5).主动句中动词make , let ,have ,see ,hear , feel 等后接不定式作宾语补足语时，动词不定式都需去掉to，即后接不带的动词不定式。但变为被动语态时，后面的不定式须加上to .
I often hear her sing .→She is often heard to sing.
His parents made him clean his teeth after every meal.
→He was made to clean his teeth after every meal by his parents.
6).疑问词作主语的句子变为被动语态。
Who spoke English in the next room a moment ago
→By whom was English spoken in the next room a moment ago
Or: Who was English spoken by in the next room a moment ago
7)有些动词的主动语态表被动含义。
Great changes have taken place in our country since 1979.
This kind of car sells well .
What happened yesterday
The shop opens at seven .
Young trees need watering well .
The window wants repairing.
8)need , require , want当“需要”讲时，后加动名词，用主动形式表示被动意义，也可用动词不定式表示被动意义。
This desk needs repairing/ to be repaired .
9)有些被动语态结构成了习惯用法。
It is said that…据说……
It is (was) reported that…据报道……
It is well-known that…众所周知……
二、非谓语动词
非谓语动词也叫动词的非限定形式，包括现在分词、动名词、过去分词和不定式，它们不能独立充当谓语动词，而是与一定的助动词结合构成进行时、完成时、被动语态，或在句子中担任主语、表语、宾语、补语、状语等，在形式上不受主语的人称和数的制约。
考点1、动名词：动名词是由动词+ -ing构成的，其作用相当于名词，可用来作主语、宾语。
Taking a walk after supper is good for your health .
Betty likes reading books very much .
考点2、动词不定式：动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能做谓语。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语，它还具有动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语。它的形式是to+动词原形，否定式为not to+动词原形。
(1)作主语：动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语（it无词义），而将动词不定式放在后面，其形式为：It+be+形容词+（for sb.）+ 动词不定式
To learn a foreign language is important now.
→It is important to learn a foreign language.
It’s necessary for the students to do eye exercises twice a day.
It’s too heavy for the boy to carry the box. .
It takes him a quarter to cut the hair .
(2)作宾语和宾语补足语
①动词不定式一般不作介词宾语，常作及物动词的宾语，这些动词有want,begin ,start , like ,forget ,ask ,learn, decide , wish等
The boy wants to go to school.
He began to learn French three years ago .
②动词不定式在句中作宾语补足语用得很广泛，如：
He asked me to help him.
Tell him not to be late .
My parents tell me to study English hard .
I would like you to meet my English teacher .
③动词不定式在感官动词see,watch,hear,feel和使役动词let, make,have等词后作宾语补足语时，常省去不定式符号to 。另外在had better后也不带to ，help后可带可不带to .
I hear him sing every night .
Let’s go to school together .
Her mother makes her do her homework every evening .
You’d better stay at home .
I often help my mother (to) do some washing .
④疑问词+不定式作宾语，如：
He didn’t know where he should go .
→He didn’t know where to go .
I don’t know what I should do .
→I don’t know what to do .
We haven’t decided when we’ll leave here .
→We haven’t decided when to leave here .
(3)作表语，在系动词之后作表语
Her work is to look after the babies.
(4)作定语，动词不定式作定语，需放在被修饰的名词之后。
I have quite a lot of homework to do .
(5)作状语，表示目的、原因、结果
He came here to see his father .
I’m sorry to hear that .
Tom is too young to go to school.
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