从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。
（一）时间状语从句
表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ,the minute ,the instant), by the time, no sooner … than, hardly (scarcely) … when, every time , the first time ,instantly, immediately ,directly等引导。
e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.
He started as soon as he received the news.
No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.
（二）原因状语从句
原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。特殊引导词：in that(在于，在。。方面) ,seeing that , considering that , given that （既然，考虑到）
Considering that I can’t afford another test fee, I must pass it this time.
所有引导原因状语的单词，都不能和 so 连用。
e.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.
As it is raining, I will not go out.
（三）地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。
e.g. Sit wherever you like.
Make a mark where you have a question.
（四）目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）lest, for fear that等。
e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.
She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.
（五）结果状语从句
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so … that, such … that等引导。
e.g. She was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting.
He was so excited that he could not say a word.
（六）条件状语从句
条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if ) supposing that=suppose that , providing (provided) that, given that。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。
e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.
You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.
So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months.
（七）让步状语从句
让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … or, no matter who (when, what, …) 等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。
e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, I’ll never change my mind.
（八）方式状语从句
方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。
e.g. You must do the exercise as I show you.
He acted as if nothing had happened.
（九）比较状语从句
比较状语从句常用than, so (as) … as, the more … the more等引导。
e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.
He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.
（十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题
1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
e.g. We’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
I’ll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.
2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。
e.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.
If (you are) asked you may come in.
3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。
e.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句）
Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）
I don’t know where he came from.（宾语从句）
Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）
This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）Teaching Aims:
To ask the students to master the usage of Attributive Clauses and use it freely when communicating with each other.
Difficulties and Emphasis:
How to distinguish the Attributive Clauses.
Teaching Progress:
Step 1 Introduction
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）定义：在主从复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句的特点：
1.位置：定语从句一般都紧跟在它所修饰名词的后面。
2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫“先行词”。
3.关系词（引导词）：引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。
Find out the mistakes in the sentences and correct them.
1. I’ll never forget the days that we worked together.
2. I’ll never forget the days when we spent together.
答案:1.that改为when 2.when 改为 that 错误分析:关系代词和关系副词使用混淆
Step 2 Presentation
关系代词和关系副词的作用
正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键。关系词的选择完全取决于关系词在定语从句中所充当的句子成分。关系词一共有9个, 它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。
关系词 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 说明
that 人/物 人/物 √ × √ 不能用于非限制性从句
which 物 物 × √ × which作宾语很少见
who 人 √ √ × × who可代替whom作宾语
whom × 人 × × ×
whose × × × 人/物 ×
when × × × × √
where × × × × √
why × × × × √
as 主要用于非限制性的定语从句和such…as…, the same...as..., as...as...结构中
考点一：如何判断用关系代词还是关系副词
I will never forget the day when I first went to school.
I will never forget the day which/that we spent in Beijing.
实例分析:
1.Is this the museum ____ we held the exhibition
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
2.Is this museum ____ you visited a few days ago
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
Step 3 Explanation
解题步骤：
通读全句，首先判断是什么句型；题干句如果是疑问句式，将其转化为陈述句式；找出从句部分及先行词；分析从句的句子结构，判断从句中所缺的成分，缺主语、宾语或定语用关系代词；不缺主语、宾语或定语时选用关系副词做状语。
考点二:关系代词which 和that的区别
在定语从句中, 当先行词指物时, 下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which:
1.先行词被①形容词最高级；②序数词；③the only, the very, the right ,the same 修饰时。
This is the only book that I bought today.
2.先行词为all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。
Is this all that is left？
3. 先行词中既有人又有物时。
Look at the man and his horse that are walking up the street.
4.先行词在从句中作表语。
Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.
5.当主句中含有疑问词which或who时,为避免重复，常用that 代替who 或which。
Which are the books that you bought for me
6.主句以there be 开头时
There is little that I can do to make up for the lost time.
在定语从句中, 当先行词指物时,只能用which而不能用that 的情况：
1.在介词提前的定语从句中，关系代词只能用which。
This is the house in which Lu Xun used to live.
2.Which 可引导非限制性定语从句，that则不能。
She failed the exam, which made her parents vary angry.
考点三：as与which引导的定语从句
二者都可以引导非限制定语从句，指代从句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换。
He married her, as /which was natural.
在下列情况下一般只能用as：
(1) as 放在句首，而which不能。
(2) as 本身有“正如……；正像……”之意，而which 没有；
此时as常和 know, see, expect, announce, suggest, hope, believe 等连用。
e.g. As we all know, the earth is round.
由as构成的常用短语
As everybody knows/As is known to everybody
As we can see
As is often the case
As is reported in the newspaper
(3) 当先行词被the same, such修饰时，定语从句需用as引导
e.g. Such books as you tell me are interesting.
I have the same plan as you.
the same …as(指同类的东西) the same …that(指同一个东西)
This is the same watch as I lost.
This is the same watch that I lost.
Translate the following two sentences.
1.众所周知，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。
As is known to everyone, China is a country that has the largest population in the world.
2.他戴着你昨天买的同样手表。
He is wearing the same watch as you bought yesterday.
考点四：whose 用法及转换形式
1. whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物。
Do you know the woman whose husband is a doctor
This is a book whose cover is green.
2. Whose引导的从句可转换为“ of +关系代词”型，如：
即whose+名词=the +n + of which/whom
=of which/whom + the + n.
He lives in the room whose window faces south.
= He lives in the room, the window of which faces south.
= He lives in the room, of which the window faces south.
考点五：介词+关系代词
提醒: 介词﹢关系代词(whom/which)引导的定语从句, 关键是判断介词的选择.
The teacher for whom you are waiting is coming.
This is the room in which Lu Xun used to live.
方法一:根据从句中动词的习惯搭配
He came to a farm, on which he finally settled.
The speed at which light travels is 3000,000 km per second.
方法二:根据先行词的习惯搭配
The colorless gas is called oxygen, in which fires burn much better.
The colorless gas is called oxygen, without which we could not live.
方法三:根据句子所需要的意思
介词+关系代词时介词的位置
The man whom you spoke to was a scientist.
The city which she lives in is far away.
提醒who、that 不能用与介词之后
Is this the watch that you are looking for
The old man whom I am looking after is better .
注意：含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面，不能提前。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。
使用定语从句时应注意的问题
1.I don’t like the way ______ he speaks.
A.that B.which C.how D.who
答案B 提醒：当先行词为way时，意为“方式，方法”，引导词可以为that, in which 或省略
2. Miss Chen is the only one of the few teachers who _____(give) us wonderful English lessons in our school.
It is one of the best films that______(have) been shown recently.
答案：gives, have 提醒：定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。
one of +复数名词+关系代词+复数动词
the only one of +复数名词+关系代词+单数动词
3. Let me think of a proper situation _______ this sentence can be used.
答案A 提醒：先行词是situation,point case, scene,stage…，引导词一般用where,或用in which
4.This is the man ______ I believe is honest.
We feel the children ______ we think are hungry.
答案：who, who 提醒：定语从句中加插入语：关系代词和动词之间有时有一个插入语，常用做插入语的动词有 believe,think,suppose,guess,say等解题时应注意把插入语成分取出。
5.分隔式定语从句
A fast food restaurant is the place where, just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly.
注意：定语从句有时不直接紧靠着先行词，中间由一个定语，状语或谓语隔开。
Step 4 Practice
练习：
1.Yesterday she sold her car, ____ she bought a month ago.
A.whom B.where C.that D.which
2.The science Museum, ____we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions.
A.which B.what C.that D.where
3.All the neighbors admire this family,_____the parents are treating their child like a friend.
A.why B.where C.which D. that
4. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further,____New York is an example.
A.for which B.in which C.of which D.from which
5.By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, ____appeared a rare rainbow soon.
A.of which B.on which C.from which D.above which
Step 5 Homework
2010年高考题
1. （10福建24） Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually.
A. that B. where C. which D. whose
答案：B
2. （10湖南28） I've become good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the
English speech contest last year.
A. who B. where C. when D. which
3.（10江西31） The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister
______ she would stay for an hour.
A where B who C which D what
4. （10山东24） That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen.
A. that B. which C. whose D. What
5. （10山东38）Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near future.
A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which
