名师汇编:单元重难点详解
一、重难点单词与短语
1.contain vt.
课文原句:A CD-ROM is a separate disk that contains lots of information.
一个光盘只读存储器是一个可以容纳大量信息的单独的圆盘。
(1)包含;容器盛有
e.g.The box contains a lot of books.
那箱子里装有很多书。
The book contains all the information you need.
这本书包含所有你需要的信息。
(2)(礼堂等能)容纳,(容器等)能装入;容量是
e.g.The stadium is big enough to contain 100 thousand audience.
这个体育场可以容纳十万观众。
How much does your beer mug contain
你的啤酒杯能装多少?(容量多大)
(3)控制(情感等);克制
e.g.An adult should be able to contain oneself.
一个成年人应当能够控制自己。
When he sees some students waste their time, he can’t contain his anger.
当他看到一些学生浪费他们的时间,他无法控制他的愤怒。
辨析: include/contain
(1)两者都有“包含”的意思,但 contain 用于表示包含所含之物的全部或部分;include 则只是包含一部分。
e.g.The book contains all the information you need.
这本书包含了所有你需要的信息。
The book we are using includes a revision module.
我们正在用的书包括一个复习模块。
(2)include 还可表示“使某物包含于……,包含某人在内”。
e.g.I include a computer on the list of necessities of my life.
我把电脑列为我生活的必需品。
He includes Tom among his close friends.
他把汤姆当作是亲密的朋友。
including 可以作介词连接介词短语。试比较:
Many women were waiting to buy that kind of cloth, including my mother.
Many women were waiting to buy that kind of cloth, my mother included.
2.access v. & n.
课文原句:The World Wide Web is a computer network that allows computer users to access information from millions of websites via the Internet.
万维网是一个允许计算机用户通过网络从数百万网页中读取资料的计算机网络。
access 在本句中用作及物动词,意为“(通过计算机)读取;获得(资料等)”。access还可以用作名词。
(1)access表示“(向场所、人等)接近;进入;(资料等的)取得;利用”之意时一般为不可数名词,后接介词to.
e.g.Few men have direct access to the King.
很少人能接近国王。
(2)access表示“接近(取得)的方法;门路;使用(参加)的权利”之意时,既可为可数名词也可为不可数名词,后接介词to.
e.g. I have access to his office.
我可以进出他的办公室。
Students must have access to good books.
学生必须有机会读到好书。
习语:easy /hard /difficult of access 容易/不易接近
gain /obtain access to... 得以接近/进入/会见……
give access to... 接近……
have access to 可以利用;可以进入
access的形容词为accessible,意为“可以使用(或得到)的;能进入的”。
e.g. The Internet is the biggest source of information in the world, and it’s accessible through a computer.
因特网是世界上最大的信息来源,可以通过电脑获取。
As a student, you should put a dictionary where it is easily accessible.
作为一个学生,你应当把词典放在一个容易取阅的位置。
The new mayor is accessible to citizens.
这位新市长很容易和市民接近。
3.via prep.
(1)经由某地(by way of)
e.g. We flew to Athens via Paris.
我们乘飞机经巴黎去雅典。
They went to Beijing via Jinan.
他们经过济南去北京。
(2)通过;以某种方式;以……为媒介(by means of)
e.g. I sent a message to Mary via her sister.
我通过玛丽的妹妹给她带去一封信。
The news reached me via my aunt.
消息是通过我姑妈传到我这里的。
Now we can send and receive television pictures via satellite.
现在我们可以通过卫星发射和接收电视图像。
4.consist of
课文原句:It consists of millions of pages of data. 它是由数百万页资料组成。
consist of 由……组成
(1)没有被动语态
(2)consist of 相当于 be made up of
e.g.The UK consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. (is made up of)
英国由大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国组成。
The beauty of Venice consists in the style of its ancient buildings.(consists in 相当于lies in)
威尼斯之美在于它的古代建筑之风格。
(3)同be made up of 用法的比较
be made up of 的主动形式为:make up
即:A make up B. A组成了B.
被动语态为:B be made up of A. B是由A组成的。
注意:不可写为:B be made up by A.
e.g. Three districts make up Wuhan. 武汉是由三镇组成的。
(被动语态:Wuhan is made up of three districts.)
或:Wuhan consists of three districts.
不可写为:Wuhan is consisted of three districts.
Class Three is made up of 79 students.
三班是由79个学生组成的。(主动语态:79 students make up Class Three.)
5.as well
课文原句:It then became possible for universities to use the system as well.
然后大学利用这种系统也变得可能。
as well意为“也,又”,相当于 too, 通常置于句末。
e.g.My father sent me a letter and some money as well.
我的父亲给我寄了一封信,还有一些钱。
We are going to the cinema tonight, why don’t you come as well
我们今晚去看电影,你不一起去吗?
拓展:as well as 还有;不但……,而且……
e.g.I can speak Japanese as well as English.
我不但会说英语,也会说日语。(重点在于会说日语)
▲在 A as well as B 结构中,重点在前者。
e.g.The student as well as his parents was invited to attend the meeting.
不但那位学生,连他的父母都被邀请出席了会议。
注意:在 A as well as B 结构作主语时,谓语动词的单复数视 A 确定。
6.become known as
课文原句:NSF-Network became known as the Inter-Network, or “Internet”. NSF-Network 作为互联网络或“因特网”而变得著名。
become / be known/famous as 作为……而出名
be 强调状态,become 强调由不为人所知到为人所知的变化。
e.g.Qingdao is known as a coastal city.
青岛作为一个海滨城市而出名。
Often English became known as a website on learning English.
奥风英语作为一个英语学习网站而知名。
拓展:
★be known/famous for 以/因……而出名
e.g.Jiuzhaigou is known for its beautiful scenery.
九寨沟以它的美丽景色而闻名。
The place is known for its fruit, especially its seedless grapes.
这个地方因其水果而闻名,尤其是无籽葡萄。
★be known to 为……所熟知
e.g.He is known to the police.
他是警察所熟知的罪犯。
It is known to us all that theory comes from practice.
众所周知理论来自实践。
7.go down
课文原句:At the moment, about 80 percentage of web traffic is in English, but this percentage is going down.
现在,百分之八十的网络信息是英文的,但是这一比例正在下降。
go down ( 价格、价值、程度、数量等 ) 下降;降低
e.g.It is said that the price of salt will go down.
据说盐的价格要下降。
He has gone down in my opinion since I discovered his dishonesty.
自从我发现他的不诚实后,他在我心目中的形象下降了。
Her temperature has gone down.
她的体温已经降下来了。
8.come up with
课文原句:He came up with the idea of the World Wide Web in 1989 while he was working in Switzerland.
1989年在瑞士工作时,他产生了互联网的想法。
come up with 赶上;想出,提出;找出(答案、计划等)
e.g.He’s come up with his classmates ahead of him, after months of patient diligence.
经过几个月坚持不懈的努力,他赶上了前面的同学。
The policeman came up with the robber.
那位警察追上了劫匪。
She came up with a new suggestion to solve the problem as well.
她也提出了一项解决问题的新建议。
We have to come up with the practical measures to prevent the air pollution.
我们必须找到防止空气污染的切实可行的办法。
It’s wonderful for you to come up with such a good idea.
你能想出这样一个好主意,太棒了!
9.concentrate on
课文原句:Concentrate on the good things about the Internet.
用心思考互联网的益处。
concentrate on/upon 集中精力、思想于(某事上);专心做;专注于
e.g.I must concentrate on my new task.
我必须专注于我的新任务。
She is too distracted to concentrate properly on her study.
她过于心烦意乱,无法集中精力学习。
A driver should concentrate on the road when driving.
开车时驾驶员的注意力要集中在路上。
10.compared with
课文原句:Two percent of the total population of China have access to the Internet, compared with 45 percent in the USA and 15 percent in Japan.
比起美国的百分之四十五和日本的百分之十五,中国上网人数只有总人口的百分之二。
compared with/to 与……比起来
e.g. Statistics show a 20% reduction in traffic accident compared with last year.
数据显示,交通事故比去年下降了百分之二十。
Compared with Tom's composition, hers is really well done.
与汤姆的作文比起来,她的真的写的不错。
二、句子解析
1.It then became possible for universities to use the system as well.
然后大学利用这种系统也变得可能。
句型“It be /become +adj.+ for sb./sth. to do sth.”中的形容词通常强调不定式的行为属性,如:important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。
e.g. It’s difficult for us to finish the work within two hours.
我们要在两小时之内完成工作是很难的。
It’s reasonable for them to run away so quickly.
他们这么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。
It is important for the students to learn English well.
对学生们来说学好英语很重要。
注意:句型“It be + adj. + of sb. + to do sth.”中的形容词多是表示人物性格和特征。如:kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。
e.g.It’s kind of you to think so much of us.
难为你这么为我们着想。
It’s silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket.
这个男孩真傻,一直往篮子里倒水。
上两句型中it是作形式主语,后面的动词不定式短语是真正的主语。
2.At the moment,about 80 percent of web traffic is in English,but this percentage is going down.
目前,大约有80%的网络用英语,但这个百分比正在下降。
(1)at the moment=at the present time;now 此刻;现在
e.g.The number is engaged at the moment. Try again later.
这个号现在占线,随后再试试吧。
(2)百分数的表达法:百分数由“基数词+percent (per cent ) 构成”。如:53%读作fifty—three percent,应注意的是percent不能用复数形式。若百分数部分用作主语,其谓语动词要依其后的名词意义来决定。
e.g.About sixty percent of the apple is bad.
这个苹果约60%坏了。
About sixty percent of apples are bad.
这些苹果中约60%坏了。
I think it’s ninety percent probable.
我想有90%的可能。
注意:用percent构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词应根据of后的名词确定。
3.Berners-Lee built his first computer while he was at university using an old television!
读大学时,贝尔纳斯·李利用一台旧式电视机制成了他的第一台电脑。
本句中的using an old television是动词-ing充当方式状语。
现在分词在句中作状语可以表示为以下几种情况:
(1)时间状语
e.g. While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.
他一边看书,一边不时地点头。
(2)条件或让步状语
e.g. Staying here for some time, you'll find the people here are friendly.
若在此呆上一段时间,你会发现这里的人们很友好。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
尽管知道了一切情况,他们还是要我赔偿损失。
(3)原因状语
e.g. Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.
因为不知道他的地址,我不能把这本书送给他。
(4)伴随状语
e.g. He sat in the armchair, reading the newspaper.
他坐在扶手椅上读报纸。
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.
他们在那儿站了半小时,观察着天上的星星。
4.Berners-Lee made it possible for everyone to use the Internet, no just universities and the army.
贝尔纳斯·李使所有人不仅是大学和军队使用“因特网”成为可能。
make it possible for everyone to use…中it作形式宾语,possible是形容词作宾补,to use是不定式短语作真正的宾语。
e.g. Modern technology has made it possible to fly in space.
现代技术使得在太空飞行成为可能。
We find it necessary for us to grasp another foreign language.
我们发现掌握另一门外语是有必要的。
We do not think it proper for you to say such a thing.
我们觉得你说这种事情不合适。
注意:it作形式主语或形式宾语时,不能换成this或that等。
5 / 9名师指导:冠词使用易错点
一、a与one的对比
1. 尽管a和one这两个在意义上有些相似,但它们几乎不能互换使用。
2. 在连续记数时,习惯上,用one而不用a。
3. 在名词前使用one往往表示数量上的对比。
4. 用在某些固定词组中。
e.g. all of a sudden(突然),as a matter of fact(事实上),in a hurry,in a word,do sb. a favour,pay a visit to,a hand of(少量的),a length of(一根、一段),a variety of(种种),a depth of(深度为),an article of(一件),a total of(总共),an average of(平均),one by one,one after another,one day
二、不定冠词的基本用法
1. 具有泛指的概念,表示“一类”或“其中的一个”。
2. 初次提到某人或某物。
3. 速度、比率、价格等,其意义相等于one或every。
4. 用在某些物质名词前,该物质名词便具体化了。
a coffee, a heavy rain
5. 用在某些抽象名词前,该抽象名词前便具体化了。
He has a knowledge of chemistry. The get-together was a great success.
6. 用在专有名词前,表示类似的一个或某一个。
He is a Kong Fansen. A Mrs Smith wishes to speak to you.
7. 表示“同一个”的意思。
The two boys are of an age.
These umbrellas are of a (=the same) colour and size.
8. 不定冠词的特殊位置:how/so/as/too+形容词+不定冠词+名词
so kind a man = such a kind man too difficult a book
三、定冠词的主要用法
1. 表示特指和第二次提到的人或物。
2. 表示世界上独一无二的事物。
3. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前面。
4. 用在江河湖海、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠等地理名词前。
5. 用在形容词或过去分词前表示一类人。
6. 用在表示国家和民族的形容词前表示泛指该国的人民。
7. 用在姓氏的复数前,表示该夫妇俩或全家人。
8. 乐器、通讯设备前一定要加定冠词。
9. 用于某些缩略词之前。 the PRC
10. 用在表示发明物的单数可数名词之前。
11. 固定搭配。 in the morning on the other hand
四、不用冠词的几种情况
1. 季节、节日、星期、三餐等之前,一般不加冠词。
the Spring Festival (除外)
2. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格等限定词修饰时,一般不加冠词。
3. 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前,一般不加。
4. 球类、棋类、学科等名称前,一般不加冠词。
5. 称呼、头衔、职务等表示抽象性质的名词前,不加冠词。
6. 在与by连用交通工具名称前不加冠词。]
7. 在turn,go(变成、成为)变成后面的名词做短语时,名词前不加冠词。但become后面的名词前一定要加冠词。
8. 在一个以“普通名词+as”所引导的让步状语从句中,该普通名词前不加冠词。
9. 泛指复数名词前不用冠词。
10. 固定搭配。
in debt,in good (bad) health,in good condition,in great demand,in great need of,in time of danger,in office(就职),in honour of,in trouble (difficulty),in favour of,with anger,in general,in size,in character(在性格上),in sight,in (out of) order,on business,on holiday, on leave,on watch,on fire,heart and soul,knife and fork,at sea,husband and wife,brother and sister,from morning till night,on horseback
五、特殊情况
1. 部分词组中有冠词和没有冠词其含义不同。一般说来,名词前无冠词,则表示抽象意义;名词前有冠词,则表示具体意义。
out of problem(不成问题),out of the problem(不可能),take place,take the place of,in hospital,in the hospital,at table,at the table,in front of,in the front of,three of us,the three of us,on earth,on the earth,of age(成年),of an age(同岁数),lose colour(脸色苍白),lose the colour(褪色),
2. 有些诉组中用定冠词the还是不定冠词a ,意义不同。
a number of the number of
3. 注意当单数可数名词被so、as、how、too等词修饰时,冠词的位置要放在形容词后面。比较such。
4. 注意习惯用法。在某些词组、成语中,名词前不用冠词。
六、表示类别的三种情况
1. 定冠词+单数可数名词(用特指的那一类事物代表一类事物)。
2. 不定冠词+单数可数名词(用“任意一个”“某一个”所具有的特性、特征表示一类事物)。
3. 可数名词复数或不可数名词,指“类别”。(考虑到同一类中的各个情况)。
4 / 4名师指导: 英语合成词的用法
合成词也称复合词,顾名思义,就是由两个或两个以上的词合在一起构成的词,可分别用做形容词或副词。合成词从表面结构上看不拘一格,种类繁多,无论记忆还是使用都十分困难,那么我们除了简单记忆这些词是由哪些词构成之外,还有没有举一反三的规律可循呢?下面我们将一一道来。
I. 复合形容词 (COMPOUND ADJECTIVES)
1. 含有分词的复合形容词
复合形容词中的现在分词与过去分词均源于定语从句中的谓语动词。
例如:
●Australia is a country which speaks English. (country 由定语从句修饰)
澳大利亚是一个讲英语的国家。
Australia is a country speaking English. (country 由现在分词短语修饰)
Australia is an English-speaking country. (country 由复合形容词修饰)
以上三个句子中,我们分别用了三种不同的方法修饰country,三种不同的修饰语与country的逻辑关系都是country speaks English,因为country是动作speak的发出者,按照修饰动作发出者用现在分词的原则,合成词应该使用English-speaking。然而短语spoken English (英语口语)是不同的,这个短语中被修饰词English是动作speak的承受者,因此,用过去分词spoken, 以上两种不同的逻辑关系必须分清。
我们再来看几个例子:
●earthshaking changes = changes which shake the earth
翻天覆地的变化(changes 是动作shake的发出者)
UN peacekeeping forces=forces which keep peace
联合国维和部队(forces 是动作keep的发出者)
record-breaking destroy=destroy which breaks record 破记录的毁坏
peace-loving people= people who love peace爱好和平的
epoch-making decision=decision which makes epoch开新纪元的/划时代的决策
fine-sounding words=words which sound fine 甜言蜜语
soft-feeling materials=materials which feel soft 手感柔软的面料
good-looking gentleman=gentleman who looks good 仪表堂堂的男士
hard-working students=students who study hard刻苦读书的学生
far-reaching influence=influence which reaches far广泛深远的影响
easygoing person=person who goes easy 随和容易相处的人
well-being children=children who are well 健康的孩子
state-owned enterprises=enterprises which are owned by state国有企业
hand-made goods=goods which were made by hand 手工制品
heart-felt thanks=thanks which are felt by heart 衷心的感谢
fast-developing industry=industry which develops fast 高速发展的产业
highly-developed countries=countries have developed highly 高度发达的国家
newly-arrived visitors=visitors who have arrived newly 刚刚抵达的参观者
well-known university=university which is known very well著名的大学
ready-made clothes=clothes which are made and ready to be used做好的, 现成的衣服
self-employed person=person who is employed by oneself非受雇于人的,从事个体职业的人
snow-covered fields=feilds which are covered by snow白雪覆盖的田野
newly-built airport=airport which is built newly新建的飞机场
从以上例子可以看出,要了解和掌握含有分词的复合形容词,首先必须了解正确使用及物动词的现在分词和过去分词的关键:
① 准确了解及物动词的分词与所修饰的名词关系,修饰动作发出者用现在分词表示主动,修饰动作承受者用过去分词表示被动。
② 准确了解不及物动词的所用时态,用现在分词表示主动含义或动作正在进行,用过去分词表示动作业已完成。
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