2023届上海市名校高三最新英语试题阅读六选四 -（有答案解析）
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阅读六选四 -2023届上海市名校高三最新英语试题
（2022秋·上海格致中学校考）Proper arrangement of classroom space is important to encouraging interaction. Most of us have noticed how important physical setting is to efficiency and comfort in our work.____1____
We are in the twenty-first century now, but step into almost any college classroom and you step back in time at least a hundred years. Desks are normally in straight rows, so students can clearly see the teacher but not all their classmates._____2_____
With a little imagination and effort, unless desks are fixed to the floor, the teacher can correct this situation and create space that encourages interchange among students. In small or standard-sized classes, chairs, desks, and tables can be arranged in a variety of ways: circles, U-shapes or semicircles. _____3_____ Arrangement of the classroom should also make it easy to divide students into small,groups for discussion or problem-solving exercises. Small classes with movable desks and tables present no problem. Even in large lecture halls, it is possible for students to turn around and form groups of four to six. Breaking a class into small groups provides more opportunities for students to interact with each other, think out loud, and see how other students’ thinking processes operate---all these are essential elements in developing new modes of critical thinking.
_____4_____ A colleague of mine, John, allows students to move around during the first two weeks, until they find a group they are comfortable with. John then asks them to stay in the same seat, with the same group, from that time on. This not only creates a comfortable setting for interaction but helps him learn students’ names and faces.
A．It’s impossible for students to make up small groups in large lecture halls.
B．In courses that regularly use a small group format, students might be asked to stay in the same small groups throughout the course.
C．The assumption behind such an arrangement is obvious: Everything of importance comes from the teacher.
D．College classroom space should be designed to encourage the activity of critical thinking.
E．Large classes, particularly those held in lecture halls, unfortunately, allow much less flexibility.
F．The primary, goal should be: for everyone to be able to see everyone else.
（2022·上海市复兴高级中学校考模拟预测）The Look of Trust
A few years ago, the scientists Claudia Townsend at the University of Miami and Suzanne Shu at UCLA Anderson School of Management conducted a simple investigation into how aesthetics (美学) influence our investment decisions.
They randomly assigned 255 students to receive an annual corporate report. One of these reports was aesthetically pleasing — it had high-quality images and a clear layout. The other report was far less attractive. After leafing through these two reports — both of which contained the exact same factual information — the subjects were asked to estimate the lowest acceptable selling price for shares of the company. ____5____
If investors were rational agents, then the look of the report shouldn’t have mattered — they should be responding only to its content. ____6____ Townsend and Shu found that subjects given the prettier document insisted on an average selling price of $327.01 per share. Those shown less pretty document, meanwhile, concluded that the company’s shares were worth only $162.41. This research suggests that the design of the annual report can significantly influence our sense of value.
____7____ In recent years, scientists have also looked at how aesthetics impacts our perceptions of trust. Do we find prettier Web sites more trustworthy There’s no logical reason why that would be the case, of course, but the human mind is full of illogical peculiarity. ____8____ In a paper, researchers showed that our first impressions of a Web site — they showed subjects screen shots for fifty milliseconds, which is too fast for conscious awareness — shaped our subsequent sense of trustworthiness.
A．While Townsend and Shu looked at paper reports, the same logic applies to Web sites.
B．In essence, they were asked to come up with a valuation of the company based on the information contained in the annual report.
C．When it comes to user assessments of design, function follows form.
D．So far, the evidence suggests that the look of a site is highly correlated with our ratings of trust, a phenomenon often referred to as “the halo effect”. (光环效应)
E．And this pattern doesn’t apply to other aspects.
F．But that’s not what happened.
（2022·上海格致中学·高三专题练习）What Would Happen if the World Suddenly Went Vegetarian
People become vegetarians for a variety of reasons. Some do it to make animal suffering less severe, others because they want to pursue a healthier lifestyle. Still others wish to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ____9____ And the more who make the switch, the more those benefits would appear on a global scale.
Andrew Jarvis and other experts at Colombia’s International Centre for Tropical Agriculture carried out researches to see what might happen if meat dropped off the planet’s menu overnight.
First, they examined climate change. Food production accounts for one-quarter to one-third of all greenhouse gas emissions from human activities worldwide, and the worst responsibility for those numbers falls to the livestock industry. ____10____ In the US, for example, an average family of four produces more greenhouse gases because of the meat they eat than from driving two cars – but it is cars, not steaks, that regularly come up in discussions about global warming.
____11____ Of the world’s approximately 12 billion acres of agricultural land, 68% is devoted to livestock. Should we all go vegetarian, ideally we would give at least 80% of that pastureland (牧场) to the restoration of grasslands and forests, which would capture carbon and further relieve climate change.
The remaining 10 to 20% of former pastureland could be used for growing more crops to fill gaps in the food supply. ____12____ That’s because one-third of the land currently used for crops is given to producing food for livestock—not for humans.
A．Clear solutions already exist for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
B．Despite this, how our dietary choices affect climate change is often underestimated.
C．Food, especially livestock, also takes up a lot of room.
D．In developed countries, vegetarianism would bring all sorts of environmental and health benefits.
E．No matter how much their meat-loving friends might deny it, vegetarians have a point: cutting out meat delivers multiple benefits.
F．Though a relatively small increase in agricultural land, this would more than make up for the loss of meat.
（2022·上海延安中学高三专题练习）Like many other small boys, I was fascinated by cars, especially because my oldest brother was a bit of a car guy and subscribed to cool magazines like Car and Driver and Motor Trend.
Every so often, one of those magazines would run an article on the “Cars of the Future”. ____13____ Yet, frankly, my car doesn’t do anything that my brother’s Studebaker didn’t do. It goes, it stops, it burns gasoline. I still have to steer it, and it still runs into things if I don’t steer it carefully.
But guess what _____14_____ It may not burn gasoline, I may not have to steer it, and it may be a lot better at not running into things.
______15______ In fact, considering the recent news about people occasionally being killed by their airbags in low-speed crashes, they obviously still need some development. But they aren’t going away, and in fact, you can expect to see cars appearing with additional, side-impact airbags, something some European car manufacturers already offer.
Better than systems to minimize injury in the event of an accident, however, are systems that minimize the likelihood of an accident happening in the first place Future cars may be able to remove many of the major causes of accidents, including drunk-driving, and tailgating (与前车距离过近) . Cars could be equipped with sensors that can detect alcohol in a driver’s system and prevent the car from being started, for example. As early as next year, you’ll be able to buy cars with radar-equipped control systems. If the radar determines you’re closing too quickly with the car in front, it will ease up on the throttle (油门).
Scientists are now working on a system that can brake, accelerate and steer a vehicle down a highway on its own. _____16_____
A．Will cars eventually be able to drive themselves
B．Magazine featuring future cars sell especially well.
C．Airbags aren’t the be-all and end-all in safety.
D．Crazy fans look forward to the launch of future cars.
E．All of these things are likely to change in the not-so-distant future.
F．They featured unconventional things like small nuclear reactors as power sources.
（2022·上海松江二中·模拟预测）Silly Mistakes Hit the Headlines
We have probably all had moments when we said the wrong thing. I certainly have. There was the time at university when I met a friend in a coffee bar after class and immediately started complaining about our tutor, who was called Dr Gray. I was going on and on about how miserable she was一strict, boring, unfriendly—and my friend wasn’t really saying much. After a minute or so, she interrupted me and said, “Um, I think I should introduce you”. She then turned to this other student who I hadn’t really noticed up till then and said, ”This is Tracy. Tracy Gray’!
Fortunately, the result of putting my foot in it was only an awkward moment and a stony silence. Maybe my friends thought a little less of me, maybe they thought I was an idiot, but no real harm was done. ____17____
Take Gerald Ratner. He was the multimillionaire owner of a chain of shops that sold cheap jewellery. In what was supposed to be a light-hearted speech to some fellow businessmen, he joked about the quality of some of his products. He said some earrings were ‘cheaper than a sandwich, but probably wouldn’t last as long’. Other products could be sold at such low prices because they were rubbish. ____18____ Ratner had to resign as director and shortly afterwards the company was taken over by a competitor.
In some ways, Ratner could be seen as unfortunate in that he was in a semi-private meeting with friends and colleagues he was at ease with, but there happened to be a journalist there. ____19____ And with the rise of social media, there have been plenty of others who have been caught out by the increasingly vague boundaries between our private and public faces. For example, a group of flight attendants made jokes about the engines on their planes failing and complained about their airline and clients (客户).____20____ Unfortunately, they did it publicly on Facebook and it led to thirteen of them being fired.
A．Unsurprisingly, when his customers heard about the jokes they didn’t see the funny side and the share price of the company crashed.
B．All I can say is that it’s the same with the famous!
C．The same is not true for everyone, particularly if you are famous.
D．What makes things worse for the famous is that these mistakes become even more widely publicised because of 24-hour news channels and websites.
E．This is the kind of thing many people might do privately when they get together with colleagues after work.
F．As a result, what was private suddenly became public.
（2022·上海华师大附中·模拟预测）How to Think Like A Utopian(乌托邦人）
“It’s important that you have some idea of where you want to go, some kind of dream,” says Rutger Bregman, 33, a Dutch historian and author who has written about utopian thinking. ____21____ .Throughout history, many significant milestones--democracy, the elimination of slavery, equal rights for men and women--began as utopian dreams.
To engage in utopian thinking, you can’t just focus on the present There’s nothing Inherent (内在的)about our current political, economic and nodal realities; people made these systems and can make them anew. ____22____ A sensationalistic daily news cycle can restrict your ability to see the world as anything but dangerous, violent and mean.
Utopianism doesn’t require you to be optimistic. In Act, that kind of “don’t worry, everything will work out” view can lead to self-content. ____23____ To be Utopian takes grand ambitious thinking. But when it comes to implementing these ideas into policies and practice, Bregam suggests a humble and careful approach.
____24____ “Dystopias (反面乌托邦的）tend to be much better entertainment,” Bregman says. Notice, though, if those plotlines start eroding your view of human nature. To think like a utopian, it helps to believe that humans are fundamentally decent. Be cautious if your utopias all involve technological fixes or escapist colonies on Mars. The work of imagining features is hard. “In this era of climate breakdown and the extinction of species, it’s obviously easier to think of how it all could end than how it could become much better,” Bregman says. .
A．Instead, be hopeful in a way that moves you toward action.
B．It always starts with people who are first dismissed as unreasonable and unrealistic,” Bregman says.
C．You can be a utopian and still enjoy dystopian fictional narratives.
D．Excessively enthusiastic attachment to utopian blueprints can be dangerous.
E．Don’t underestimate the power of unusual Ideas.
F．To envision something novel, read more history and less news.
（2022·上海中学校考模拟预测）Changing Someone’s Mind at the Dinner Table
Family gatherings can bring up topics we prefer to avoid. With the festive season in full swing, it might be hard to stay away from some annoying relatives. At some point, you know they will say something like: ”Genetically modified foods are not safe to eat“ or ”Climate change is a conspiracy”. (Surely, all these statements are untrue.)
____25____ “Is it worth making an effort to correct people ” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so. ____26____
Obviously, it is far more difficult to prove false beliefs wrong than to spread them.
Take a classic: “The climate has always changed, it’s nothing to do with humans.” To fight this, you need to explain how the world is now warming at an alarming rate, when otherwise it would be cooling slightly were it not for our carbon dioxide emissions.
____27____ “Parallel” arguments can often highlight logical errors very effectively, says John Cook of George Mason University, Virginia. For instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because people have always stolen from each other, leaving your house unlocked won’t increase the risk of burglary (入室抢劫).
But you need to be aware of the backfire (适得其反的)effect. ____28____ This was discouraging news for the fight against false beliefs. “The last thing you want to do when debunking (驳斥) misinformation is make matters worse,” wrote Cook and Stephan Lewandowsky at the University of Bristol, UK, in The Debunking Handbook, a short guide published in2011. However, more recent studies are far more encouraging. It’s not as common as we initially thought,“ says Lewandowsky.
A．This is the idea that trying to change someone’s false belief can make them believe it more strongly.
B．However, more recent studies are far more encouraging.
C．Anyone can spread a lie, but it usually takes a bit of time and knowledge to explain why a statement is wrong.
D．But sometimes there are shortcuts to make your point convincing.
E．If you are not sure of the facts, do some web browsing on your phone rather than trying to wing it.
F．If this happens, you don’t have to just sit there quiet.
（2022·上海七宝中学中学校考模拟预测）Crayfish (龙虾) appear anxious after moulting (换壳)
When a crayfish moults, it becomes temporarily weak. ____29____ “They worry, they have a fright state that makes them avoid potentially dangerous areas. It’s kind of like anxiety,” says Pascal Fossat at the University of Bordeaux in France.
Fossat and his colleagues collected crayfish near Bordeaux and stored them in individual tanks that were similar to their natural habitat. When the crayfish began to moult, the researchers placed them in an area that had two dark sections and two lit sections, and recorded their behaviour.
Over the following two days, the crayfish showed a strong preference for hiding in the dark regions. ____30____ For comparison, when the crayfish weren’t moulting, they typically spent about 30 percent of their time in the light. “They’re very weak when they remove the old exoskeleton (壳), and the new one is totally soft until they eat the old one to get back the minerals that make the new exoskeleton stronger,” says Fossat.
The team also took crayfish that weren’t moulting and injected them with an ecdysteroid — a class of hormone that controls moulting. They found that the crayfish exhibited the same aiixiety-like behaviour.
To explore whether it was possible to change this behaviour, Fossat and his colleagues took the animals they had treated with the ecdysteroid and injected them with anti-anxiety drugs developed for use in humans. ____31____ “They didn’t have the fright from before,” says Fossat.
Fossat suspects crayfish may be capable of other emotions — although it is a difficult subject to investigate because crayfish are biologically so different from humans.
Robert Elwood at Queen’s University Belfast in the UK says he animals may be acting on basic physiological mechanisms that humans have interpreted as feelings. But he says that new research is helping us understand the range of emotions invertebrates (无脊椎动物) may experience.
“We’ve spent a lot of time worried about animal welfare, asking whether they are in stress or pain,” he says. “____32____”
A．The crayfish returned to spending about one-third of their time in the light.
B．It is surprising that anti-anxiety drugs designed for human use also work on invertebrates.
C．If they did encounter the lit sections, they moved back into the dark in 80 percent of cases.
D．Now there is evidence that this leads to behaviour that resembles anxiety.
E．They last shared a common ancestor with us hundreds of millions of years ago.
F．Now we’re beginning to turn that over and ask if we can say when an animal is happy or cheerful.
（2022·上海市复旦中学统考一模） Robots that serve
Robots used to be found only in science fiction. In the 1960s, the animated (动画片的) space-age family the Jetsons had a robotic maid who could do household tasks. In the 2014 movie Big Hero 6, the robot Baymax could diagnose and heal illnesses instantly. ____33____ In the field of medicine, robot patients help train doctors and nurses by pretending they have a variety of health conditions. Now robots are finding a home in the food service industry.
The globally spread disease and resulting economic crisis have created a lack of restaurant workers. Since restaurants don’t have enough workers, the remaining staff must work harder. ____34____ Some businesspersons are lending a hand—a robotic hand—in the form of server robots. These robots are not exactly modeled after Rosey, the Jetsons’ robotic household servant, but they are pretty clever and very cute.
Server robots come in several different varieties. Many have a design that looks like a rolling cart. One model named Bella even has a cute cat-like face. Many are fairly short and shaped like R2D2 of Star Wars fame. They are designed to deliver dishes to customers in a restaurant. They are also just the right height for customers to easily reach them. ____35____ They can not only deliver delicious food to hungry customers, but also get back dirty dishes at the end of the meal.
____36____ Concerning the price, a server robot costs from a few thousand to several thousand dollars. And in 2021, a restaurant even rented one for as low as US$15 per day. Regarding safety, special sensors on the robots keep them from crashing into customers. Because there aren’t enough restaurant workers, filling positions with these robotic servers is a no-brainer. Don’t be surprised if you see one rolling up to your table soon.
A．Typically, their deliveries have to occur within 30 seconds.
B．Perhaps you’re wondering about issues such as the cost and safety factors.
C．In real life robots function in many manufacturing and household situations.
D．Regardless, customers face longer wait times, fewer menu choices and higher prices.
E．Server robots are planned to be given new functions, such as performing and holding conversations with customers.
F．Restaurant owners are finding server robots ideal for performing repetitive tasks, however many there are.
（2022·上海杨浦·复旦附中统考一模）Touching Emoji(表情符号)
Distancing amid the COVID-19 pandemic has made both physical and social connections a touch more difficult to maintain. For Stanford University graduate student Millie Salvato, being apart from her mother on the opposite coast has proved challenging.
____37____ In a new study, she and her colleagues demonstrated a wearable sleeve that can simulate (模拟) human touch and convey abstract social messages sent electronically. Salvato and her team measured how 37 participants expressed social information in different situations. In each test, one person wore a pressure-sensing device on an arm, and another touched it to respond to situations involving six intended meanings: attention seeking, gratitude, happiness, calming, love and sadness
After collecting 661 touch movements-squeezes, strokes, shakes, pokes, and the like-Salvato and her colleagues mapped the location and pressure of each. ____38____ Finally, they programmed a wearable sleeve to simulate these movements using eight embedded disks that shake when electronically signaled.
“It doesn’t feel like an actual human hand ... but it doesn’t feel like these separate motions either,” Salvato says, as one might expect from large moving disks. “It feels nice, honestly.” ____39____ For comparison, a previous study from Gerling’s laboratory found participants could match situations for touches from real human hands 57 percent of the time.
In the new study, “I think it’s interesting that participants can reliably understand what touch has been delivered to them at a pretty high rate, given the scarce amount of information that they have available to them,” Gerling says.
Previous research has found that social touch is important for physical and mental health. ____40____
A．One can’t help but wonder when new tech will convey emotion through a virtual touch.
B．Even with no training, 30 new study participants correctly matched the simulated touches to the six situations 45 percent of the time.
C．Sometimes a text or video call is not enough, and people in Salvato’s situation often long for a way to send a loving touch or comforting squeeze from afar.
D．In the future, instead of just sending a <3 to a loved one by phone or computer, adding a “touch emoji” might help us feel just a little bit closer.
E．Next, they used a machine-learning software to select the movements that were most reliably part of each response.
F．“It’s a unique work that looks at how our social touch is delivered and then... how to reproduce it,” says Gerling, a touch researcher not involved in the study.
参考答案：
1．D 2．C 3．F 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是如何通过课堂桌椅布置培养学生批判性思维。
1．空前说“Proper arrangement of classroom space is important to encouraging interaction. Most of us have noticed how important physical setting is to efficiency and comfort in our work.(合理安排教室空间对鼓励互动很重要。我们大多数人都注意到，物理环境对我们工作的效率和舒适度有多么重要)”，空后说“We are in the twenty-first century now, but step into almost any college classroom and you step back in time at least a hundred years.(我们现在是在21世纪，但是如果你走进任何一所大学的教室，你就会回到至少一百年前)”，因此空格处应提出大学教室的布置应该是怎样的。D选项“College classroom space should be designed to encourage the activity of critical thinking.(大学的课堂空间应该设计成鼓励批判性思维的活动)”说明了大学的教室布置，因此承上启下，符合语境，故选D。
2．空前说“Desks are normally in straight rows, so students can clearly see the teacher but not all their classmates.(桌子通常是排成一排的，这样学生就能清楚地看到老师，而不是所有的同学)”，空格处应说为什么要这样布置。C选项“The assumption behind such an arrangement is obvious: Everything of importance comes from the teacher.(这种安排背后的假设是显而易见的：一切重要的东西都来自老师)”说明了空前所说的布置方式的原因，也就是老师是课堂里最重要的，因此承接上文，符合语境，故选C。
3．空前说“With a little imagination and effort, unless desks are fixed to the floor, the teacher can correct this situation and create space that encourages interchange among students. In small or standard-sized classes, chairs, desks, and tables can be arranged in a variety of ways: circles, U-shapes or semicircles.(只要有一点想象力和努力，除非桌子固定在地板上，否则老师可以纠正这种情况，创造鼓励学生之间交流的空间。在小型或标准规模的班级中，椅子、课桌和桌子可以以各种方式摆放：圆形、U形或半圆形)”，空格处要说明这样摆放的原因或目的。F选项“The primary, goal should be: for everyone to be able to see everyone else.(主要的目标应该是：让每个人都能看到其他人)”说明了像空前所说那样摆放桌椅的目的，因此F选项承接上文，符合语境，故选F。
4．空后说“A colleague of mine, John, allows students to move around during the first two weeks, until they find a group they are comfortable with. John then asks them to stay in the same seat, with the same group, from that time on.(我的一个同事约翰允许学生在前两周四处走动，直到他们找到一个让他们感到舒服的团体。然后约翰要求他们从那时起坐在同一个座位上，和同一组人在一起)”，这是对空格处所说的一种课堂活动所举的例子，空格处应提到“让学生在固定的小组里”。B选项“In courses that regularly use a small group format, students might be asked to stay in the same small groups throughout the course.(在经常使用小组形式的课程中，学生可能会被要求在整个课程中都呆在同一个小组中)”提出了让学生在同一个小组中这种课堂活动形式，其中的the same small groups和空后的the same group相一致，因此B选项引起下文，符合语境，故选B。
5．B 6．F 7．A 8．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究者发现美学影响我们的投资决策，公司年度报告的外观会影响受试者对公司股价的估计，相同的逻辑也适用于网页。
5．根据前文“the subjects were asked to estimate the lowest acceptable selling price for shares of the company(受试者被要求估计该公司股票的最低可接受售价)”可知，此处是指对公司股票的估价，所以选项B“本质上，他们被要求根据年报中的信息对公司进行估值。”切合文意。故选B。
6．根据前文“If investors were rational agents, then the look of the report shouldn’t have mattered — they should be responding only to its content.(如果投资者是理性的代理人，那么报告的外观就不重要了——他们应该只对报告的内容做出回应。)”和后文“Townsend and Shu found that subjects given the prettier document insisted on an average selling price of $327.01 per share. Those shown less pretty document, meanwhile, concluded that the company’s shares were worth only $162.41. This research suggests that the design of the annual report can significantly influence our sense of value.(Townsend和Shu发现，给了更漂亮文件的受试者坚持每股327.01美元的平均售价。与此同时，那些显示的文件并不那么漂亮，他们得出的结论是，该公司的股票价值仅为162.41美元。这项研究表明，年度报告的设计可以显著影响我们的价值感。)”可知，此处是指事实并不像前文中提到的那样，所以选项F“但事实并非如此。”切合文意。故选F。
7．根据后文“In recent years, scientists have also looked at how aesthetics impacts our perceptions of trust. Do we find prettier Web sites more trustworthy (近年来，科学家还研究了美学如何影响我们的信任感。我们是否发现更漂亮的网站更值得信赖？)”可知，此处是指相同的逻辑也适用于网页，所以选项A“尽管汤森和舒研究的是纸质报告，同样的逻辑也适用于网站。”切合文意。故选A。
8．根据后文“In a paper, researchers showed that our first impressions of a Web site — they showed subjects screen shots for fifty milliseconds, which is too fast for conscious awareness — shaped our subsequent sense of trustworthiness.(在一篇论文中，研究人员表明，我们对网站的第一印象——他们向受试者展示了50毫秒的屏幕截图，这对于有意识的意识来说太快了——塑造了我们随后的可信度。)”可知，此处是指网站的外观与我们的信任度高度相关，所以选项D“到目前为止，证据表明网站的外观与我们的信任度高度相关，这一现象通常被称为“光环效应”。”切合文意。故选D。
9．E 10．B 11．C 12．F
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如果世界上的人都吃素，会发生什么呢
9．根据上文“People become vegetarians for a variety of reasons. Some do it to make animal suffering, others because they want to pursue a healthier lifestyle.(人们成为素食者的原因有很多。有些人这样做是为了让动物受苦，另一些人是因为他们想追求更健康的生活方式。)”以及下文“And the more who make the switch, the more those perks would manifest on a global scale.(而且，转换的人越多，所获得的好处在全球范围内越明显。)”可知，本段讲述的是吃素食的好处。所以选择项E“No matter how much their meat-loving friends might deny it, vegetarians have a point: cutting out meat delivers multiple benefits.(不管他们的食肉朋友们有多大的拒绝，素食者有一个观点：切断肉可以带来多种好处。)”符合上下文语境。故选E。
10．根据上文“First, they examined climate change. Food production accounts for one-quarter to one-third of all greenhouse gas emissions from human activities worldwide, and the worst responsibility for those numbers falls to the livestock industry. (首先，他们研究了气候变化。粮食生产占全世界人类活动温室气体排放量的四分之一至三分之一，而对这些排放量最坏的责任落在畜牧业身上。)”和下文“In the US, for example, an average family of four produces more greenhouse gases because of the meat they eat than from driving two cars – but it is cars, not steaks, that regularly come up in discussions about global warming.(例如，在美国，一个四口之家因食用肉类而产生的温室气体比开两辆车产生的温室气体还要多——但在有关全球变暖的讨论中，经常出现的是汽车，而不是牛排。)”可知，人们低估了饮食的选择对气候变化的影响。所以选择项B“Despite this, how our dietary choices affect climate change is often underestimated. (尽管如此，我们的饮食选择如何影响气候变化往往被低估。)”符合上下文语境。故选 B。
11．根据下文“Of the world’s approximately 12 billion acres of agricultural land, 68% is used for livestock. Should we all go vegetarian, ideally we would give at least 80% of that pastureland (牧场) to the restoration of grasslands and forests, which would capture carbon and further relieve climate change. (在全球约120亿英亩的农业用地中，68%用于畜牧业。如果我们都成为素食主义者，理想情况下，我们将至少80%的牧场用于恢复草原和森林，这将捕获碳，进一步缓解气候变化。)” 可知，本段讲述的是用来养殖家禽家畜的土地占比太大,因此如果吃素食的话，那么这些土地可以恢复为绿地与森林进而可以缓解气候变化。所以选择项C“Food, especially livestock, also takes up a lot of room. (食物，尤其是牲畜，也占据很大的空间。)”符合上下文语境。故选 C。
12．根据上文“The remaining 10to 20% of former pastureland could be used for growing more crops to fill gaps in the food supply.(剩下的10%到20%的以前的牧场可以用来种植更多的作物来填补粮食供应的缺口。)”以及下文“That’s because one-third of the land currently used for crops is dedicated to producing food for livestock-not for humans.(这是因为目前三分之一的农作物用地是专门为牲畜而非人类生产食物的。)”可知，空格后的句子讲述了原因,即当前1/3的土地种植的庄稼是给饲养的动物吃的。所以选择项F“Though a relatively small increase in agricultural land, this would more than make up for the loss of meat. (虽然农业用地的增加相对较小，但这足以弥补肉类的损失。)”符合上下文语境。故选F。
13．F 14．E 15．C 16．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了未来汽车的一些特点。
13．根据上文“Every so often, one of those magazines would run an article on the “Cars of the Future”.( 每隔一段时间，这些杂志就会刊登一篇关于“未来汽车”的文章)”可知，本句承接上文继续说明这些文章的内容，且F中的They代指前面的cars of the future。故F选项“他们采用了非常规的东西，比如小型核反应堆作为动力来源”符合语境，故选F。
14．根据上文“But guess what (但你猜怎么着？)”以及后文“It may not burn gasoline, I may not have to steer it, and it may be a lot better at not running into things.(它可能不烧汽油，我可能不需要驾驶它，它可能在不撞东西方面做得更好)”可知，后文主要对未来汽车的性能和特点进行了设想，说明是可以实现的。故E选项“所有这些都可能在不远的将来发生改变”符合语境，故选E。
15．根据后文“In fact, considering the recent news about people occasionally being killed by their airbags in low-speed crashes, they obviously still need some development. But they aren’t going away, and in fact, you can expect to see cars appearing with additional, side-impact airbags, something some European car manufacturers already offer.(事实上，考虑到最近关于人们偶尔在低速碰撞中被安全气囊杀死的新闻，它们显然还需要一些发展。但它们不会消失，事实上，你可以期待看到汽车出现额外的侧面碰撞安全气囊，一些欧洲汽车制造商已经提供了这种气囊)”可知，后文提到了人们偶尔在低速碰撞中被安全气囊杀死的新闻，说明安全气囊并不能完全保证安全。故C选项“安全气囊并不是安全的全部”符合语境，故选C。
16．根据上文“Scientists are now working on a system that can brake, accelerate and steer a vehicle down a highway on its own.(科学家们目前正在研究一种能够在高速公路上自动刹车、加速和驾驶车辆的系统)”可知，本句为本段最后一句，应对上文进行总结，且空格前面的内容其实代表的是autonomous driving，即自动驾驶，故A选项“汽车最终会自动驾驶吗？”符合语境，故选A。
17．C 18．A 19．F 20．E
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要通过举例子的方式描述了一些人不分场合，时间，地点的随意讲一些本该私下交流的事情，最终可能会导致严重的后果。
17．上文“Maybe my friends thought a little less of me, maybe they thought I was an idiot, but no real harm was done.”（可能我的朋友会看轻我，可能他们认为我很傻，但对我并没有实质的伤害）说明我的举动虽然尴尬，但没有实质性害处。结合下文Gerald Ratner的例子，说明他在公开场合不合宜的言论给他的公司带来实质性的损害。故C项“The same is not true for everyone, particularly if you are famous.”（这样的结果并不适用每一个人，尤其是当你是名人的时候。）承上启下，符合句意。故选C项。
18．下文“Ratner had to resign as director and shortly afterwards the company was taken over by a competitor.”（Ratner不得不辞去董事长的职位，不久他的公司就被竞争对手接管了。）可知，他在公开场合不合宜的言论导致了他的破产。A项“Unsurprisingly, when his customers heard about the jokes they didn’t see the funny side and the share price of the company crashed.”（不幸的是，当他的客户听到他的玩笑后，他们看到的不是事情有趣的一面，公司股票价格也随之一落千丈。）表明了客户听到他的言论后的反应，最终导致了Ratner的辞职。故选A项。
19．上文“In some ways, Ratner could be seen as unfortunate in that he was in a semi-private meeting with friends and colleagues he was at ease with, but there happened to be a journalist there. ”（从某种程度看，Ratner不幸的原因在于他参加的是一个半私密的会议，有相处融洽的朋友和同事，但是碰巧还有记者。）说明Ratner不幸的原因是在记者面前谈论了私密的事情，记者会把这些公之于众。故F项“As a result, what was private suddenly became public.”（结果，私密的事突然变成了公开使事。）说明了记者在场的后果，符合句意。故选F项。
20．上文“For example, a group of flight attendants made jokes about the engines on their planes failing and complained about their airline and clients”（举例来说，一群乘务员开玩笑说飞机引擎坠落了，抱怨他们的航行和客户。）说明乘务员在公开谈论不合宜的事情，与E项“This is the kind of thing many people might do privately when they get together with colleagues after work.”（对于在这种事情，许多人会在下班之后聚在一起私下交流。）中“This is the kind of thing”形成照应，并给出了应对这样的事情的正确办法，符合题意。故选E项。
21．E 22．F 23．A 24．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何进行乌托邦式的思考。
21．根据后句“Throughout history, many significant milestones—democracy, the elimination of slavery, equal rights for men and women—began as utopian dreams.(纵观历史，许多重要的里程碑——民主、废除奴隶制、男女权利平等——都始于乌托邦的梦想。)”可知，历史上许多不寻常的想法都始于乌托邦的梦想，所以不要低估这些不寻常的想法。所以选择项E“Don’t underestimate the power of unusual Ideas.(不要低估不寻常想法的力量。)”符合上下文语境。故选E。
22．根据后句“A sensationalistic daily news cycle can restrict your ability to see the world as anything but dangerous, violent and mean. (每日耸人听闻的新闻循环会限制你看待世界的能力，让你看不到危险、暴力和卑鄙。)”可知，作者建议要少读新闻。所以选择项F“To envision something novel, read more history and less news. (为了想象一些新奇的东西，多读历史，少读新闻。)”符合上下文语境。故选F。
23．根据前句“In Act, that kind of “don’t worry, everything will work out” view can lead to self-content.(在行动中，这种“别担心，一切都会解决”的观点会导致自我满足。)”和后文“To be Utopian takes grand ambitious thinking. But when it comes to implementing these ideas into policies and practice, Bregam suggests a humble and careful approach. (要成为乌托邦主义者，需要有宏伟的雄心壮志。但当涉及到将这些想法落实到政策和实践中时，布雷甘建议采取谦逊而谨慎的方法。)”可知，这里介绍行动时应具有的态度。所以选择项A“Instead, be hopeful in a way that moves you toward action.(相反，抱着希望去行动吧。)”符合上下文语境。故选A。
24．根据后句““Dystopias (反面乌托邦的）tend to be much better entertainment,” Bregman says. (“反乌托邦往往是更好的娱乐，”布雷格曼说。)”可知，这里与反乌托邦有关。所以选择项C“You can be a utopian and still enjoy dystopian fictional narratives.(你可以是一个乌托邦，但仍然享受反乌托邦的虚构叙事。)”符合上下文语境。选择项中的dystopian与后句中的Dystopias相一致。故选C。
25．F 26．C 27．D 28．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如何在餐桌上改变某人的想法。
25．根据后文““Is it worth making an effort to correct people ” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so.(“值得努力去纠正别人吗？”英国埃克塞特大学的Jason Reifler说，他研究的是如何挑战误解。我想是的。)”可知，后文提到Jason Reifler纠正别人是值得的，所以针对第一段发生的情况，不必只是坐在那里。故F选项“如果发生这种情况，你不必只是安静地坐在那里”符合语境，故选F。
26．根据上文““Is it worth making an effort to correct people ” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so.(“值得努力去纠正别人吗？”英国埃克塞特大学的Jason Reifler说，他研究的是如何挑战误解。我想是的。)”可知，上文提到Jason Reifler研究的是如何挑战误解，且鼓励人们去澄清误解，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明如何来解释一个陈述是错误的情况。故C选项“任何人都可以散布谎言，但通常需要一些时间和知识来解释为什么一个陈述是错误的”符合语境，故选C。
27．根据后文““Parallel” arguments can often highlight logical errors very effectively, says John Cook of George Mason University, Virginia. For instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because people have always stolen from each other, leaving your house unlocked won’t increase the risk of burglary (入室抢劫).(弗吉尼亚州乔治梅森大学的约翰·库克说，“平行”论证常常能非常有效地突出逻辑错误。例如，“气候总是在变化”的神话就像是声称因为人们总是互相偷东西，所以不锁房子不会增加入室盗窃的风险)”可知，后文提到“平行”论证常常能非常有效地突出逻辑错误，即有其它方法可以让自己的观点更令人信服。故D选项“但是有时候有捷径可以让你的观点令人信服”符合语境，故选D。
28．根据上文“But you need to be aware of the backfire (适得其反的) effect.(但你需要注意适得其反的效果)”以及后文“This was discouraging news for the fight against false beliefs.(对于打击错误信念的斗争来说，这是一个令人沮丧的消息)”可知，本句进一步论述会产生何种适得其反的效果：试图改变一个人的错误信念可以让他们更坚定地相信它。故A选项“这个观点认为，试图改变一个人的错误信念可以让他们更坚定地相信它”符合语境，故选A。
29．D 30．C 31．A 32．F
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了龙虾换壳时会感到焦虑，科学家在努力尝试缓解这种焦虑。
29．根据上文“When a crayfish moults, it becomes temporarily weak. (当龙虾换壳时，它会变得暂时虚弱)”可知，上文告诉我们当龙虾换壳时，它会变得暂时虚弱。由此可知，D项“现在有证据表明，这会导致类似焦虑的行为。”能够承接上文，因为龙虾换壳时会变得暂时虚弱，这种状态会导致类似焦虑的行为。故选D。
30．根据上文“Over the following two days, the crayfish showed a strong preference for hiding in the dark regions. (在接下来的两天里，龙虾表现出了强烈的隐藏在黑暗区域的偏好)”可知，在龙虾换壳期间，它们更喜欢待在黑暗区域。由此可知，C项“如果它们确实遇到了亮的部分，80%的情况下它们会回到黑暗中。”能够承接上文，在龙虾换壳期间，即使它们遇到了亮的部分，80%的情况下也会回到黑暗中。故选C。
31．根据上文“To explore whether it was possible to change this behaviour, Fossat and his colleagues took the animals they had treated with the ecdysteroid and injected them with anti-anxiety drugs developed for use in humans. (为了探究是否有可能改变这种行为，Fossat和他的同事们用蜕皮激素治疗了这些动物，并给它们注射了用于人类的抗焦虑药物)”可知，Fossat和他的同事们尝试给龙虾用药，来缓解它们在换壳期间的焦虑，由此可知，A项“龙虾恢复了三分之一的时间在光亮下。”能够承接上文，讲述了用药后的效果，用药之后，龙虾缓解了焦虑，恢复了三分之一的时间在光亮下。故选A。
32．根据上文““We’ve spent a lot of time worried about animal welfare, asking whether they are in stress or pain,” he says. (“我们花了很多时间担心动物的安全与健康，问它们是否处于压力或痛苦中，”他说)”可知，我们之前一直担心动物是否处于压力或痛苦中。由此可知，F项“现在我们开始把这个问题翻转过来，问我们是否能说出动物何时快乐或高兴。”能够承接上文，过去我们担心动物是否处于压力或痛苦中，现在我们在努力探索动物何时快乐或高兴。故选F。
33．C 34．D 35．F 36．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了机器人正在食品服务业找到归宿。
33．上文“Robots used to be found only in science fiction.(机器人过去只在科幻小说中出现)”说明过去机器人只出现在科幻小说中，以及下文“In the field of medicine, robot patients help train doctors and nurses by pretending they have a variety of health conditions. Now robots are finding a home in the food service industry.(在医学领域，机器人患者通过假装自己有各种健康状况来帮助培训医生和护士。现在，机器人正在食品服务业找到归宿)”说明现在机器人在现实生活中发挥作用，C项“在现实生活中，机器人在许多制造和家庭环境中发挥作用。”承上启下，符合题意。故选C。
34．上文“The globally spread disease and resulting economic crisis have created a lack of restaurant workers. Since restaurants don’t have enough workers, the remaining staff must work harder.(全球蔓延的疾病和由此引发的经济危机造成了餐馆员工的短缺。由于餐馆没有足够的员工，剩下的员工必须更加努力)”说明餐馆面临员工短缺问题，D项“无论如何，顾客面临着更长的等待时间、更少的菜单选择和更高的价格。”说明员工短缺导致的问题，承接上文，符合题意。故选D。
35．下文“They can not only deliver delicious food to hungry customers, but also get back dirty dishes at the end of the meal.(它们不仅可以为饥饿的顾客传送美味的食物，还可以在用餐结束时取回脏盘子)”说明机器人可以做的具体工作，句中They指代“服务机器人”，结合常识，在餐馆里，传送食物和用餐结束取回脏盘子是重复性任务，并且这种任务很多，F项“餐馆老板发现服务机器人非常适合执行重复性任务，尽管任务有很多。”说明服务机器人适合执行下文提及的任务，符合题意。故选F。
36．下文“Concerning the price, a server robot costs from a few thousand to several thousand dollars.(关于价格，服务机器人的价格从几千美元到几千美元不等)”以及“Regarding safety, special sensors on the robots keep them from crashing into customers.(关于安全，机器人上的特殊传感器会防止它们撞到顾客)”说明有关服务机器人的价格和安全的问题，B项“也许你想知道成本和安全因素等问题。”引出下文，符合题意。故选B。
37．C 38．E 39．B 40．D
【导语】本文是说明文。本文讲述了斯坦福大学的研究生米莉·萨尔瓦托以及同事研发的“触摸表情符号”。
37．上文“For Stanford University graduate student Millie Salvato, being apart from her mother on the opposite coast has proved challenging.(对于斯坦福大学的研究生米莉·萨尔瓦托来说，与远在大洋彼岸的母亲分开对她来说是一种挑战。)”提到Millie Salvato与远在大洋彼岸的母亲分开让她感觉很不好，下文“In a new study, she and her colleagues demonstrated a wearable sleeve that can simulate (模拟) human touch and convey abstract social messages sent electronically. Salvato and her team measured how 37 participants expressed social information in different situations.(在一项新的研究中，她和她的同事们展示了一种可穿戴的袖子，它可以模拟人类的触觉，并通过电子方式传递抽象的社会信息。Salvato和她的团队测量了37名参与者在不同情况下表达社会信息的方式。)”提到了一种可以模拟人类触觉的可佩戴式袖子，因此推断C项“有时短信或视频电话是不够的，像塞尔瓦托这样的人常常渴望能从远处传递出爱的触摸或安慰的拥抱。”符合语境，承接上文说明塞尔瓦托想念母亲，渴望获得母亲的爱的触摸和安慰的拥抱，引出下文对模拟人类触觉的可佩戴式袖子的介绍。故选C。
38．上文“After collecting 661 touch movements-squeezes, strokes, shakes, pokes, and the like-Salvato and her colleagues mapped the location and pressure of each.( 萨尔瓦托和她的同事们在收集了661种触摸动作——挤压、抚摸、摇晃、戳戳等等——之后，绘制了每种动作的位置和压力。)”讲述了研发过程，收集动作，绘制动作的位置和压力，下文“Finally, they programmed a wearable sleeve to simulate these movements using eight embedded disks that shake when electronically signaled.(最后，他们设计了一个可佩戴的袖子，用八个嵌入的磁盘模拟这些运动，当电子信号发出时，这些磁盘就会抖动。)”讲述研发最终的结果，因此推断空处也是讲述研发过程，因此推断E项“接下来，他们使用机器学习软件来选择每个反应中最可靠的动作。”next呼应下文的finally，故选E。
39．下文“For comparison, a previous study from Gerling’s laboratory found participants could match situations for touches from real human hands 57 percent of the time.( 相比之下，格林实验室之前的一项研究发现，参与者在57%的情况下能够匹配真人手的触摸。)”中的“For comparison”说明空格处与下文进行对比，说明参与者的匹配情况，因此推断B项“即使没有经过训练，30名新研究参与者在45%的时间也会将模拟触摸与六种情况正确匹配。”符合语境。故选B。
40．上文“Previous research has found that social touch is important for physical and mental health.(之前的研究发现，社交接触对身心健康都很重要。)”说明接触对身心健康很重要，因此推断D项“在未来，与其通过手机或电脑向爱人发送<3，不如添加一个“触摸表情符号”可能会让我们感觉更近一点。”符合语境，说明既然社交触摸对身心健康有好处，那么添加触摸表情符号应该更好。故选D。
（2022秋·上海格致中学校考）Proper arrangement of classroom space is important to encouraging interaction. Most of us have noticed how important physical setting is to efficiency and comfort in our work.____1____
We are in the twenty-first century now, but step into almost any college classroom and you step back in time at least a hundred years. Desks are normally in straight rows, so students can clearly see the teacher but not all their classmates._____2_____
With a little imagination and effort, unless desks are fixed to the floor, the teacher can correct this situation and create space that encourages interchange among students. In small or standard-sized classes, chairs, desks, and tables can be arranged in a variety of ways: circles, U-shapes or semicircles. _____3_____ Arrangement of the classroom should also make it easy to divide students into small,groups for discussion or problem-solving exercises. Small classes with movable desks and tables present no problem. Even in large lecture halls, it is possible for students to turn around and form groups of four to six. Breaking a class into small groups provides more opportunities for students to interact with each other, think out loud, and see how other students’ thinking processes operate---all these are essential elements in developing new modes of critical thinking.
_____4_____ A colleague of mine, John, allows students to move around during the first two weeks, until they find a group they are comfortable with. John then asks them to stay in the same seat, with the same group, from that time on. This not only creates a comfortable setting for interaction but helps him learn students’ names and faces.
A．It’s impossible for students to make up small groups in large lecture halls.
B．In courses that regularly use a small group format, students might be asked to stay in the same small groups throughout the course.
C．The assumption behind such an arrangement is obvious: Everything of importance comes from the teacher.
D．College classroom space should be designed to encourage the activity of critical thinking.
E．Large classes, particularly those held in lecture halls, unfortunately, allow much less flexibility.
F．The primary, goal should be: for everyone to be able to see everyone else.
（2022·上海市复兴高级中学校考模拟预测）The Look of Trust
A few years ago, the scientists Claudia Townsend at the University of Miami and Suzanne Shu at UCLA Anderson School of Management conducted a simple investigation into how aesthetics (美学) influence our investment decisions.
They randomly assigned 255 students to receive an annual corporate report. One of these reports was aesthetically pleasing — it had high-quality images and a clear layout. The other report was far less attractive. After leafing through these two reports — both of which contained the exact same factual information — the subjects were asked to estimate the lowest acceptable selling price for shares of the company. ____5____
If investors were rational agents, then the look of the report shouldn’t have mattered — they should be responding only to its content. ____6____ Townsend and Shu found that subjects given the prettier document insisted on an average selling price of $327.01 per share. Those shown less pretty document, meanwhile, concluded that the company’s shares were worth only $162.41. This research suggests that the design of the annual report can significantly influence our sense of value.
____7____ In recent years, scientists have also looked at how aesthetics impacts our perceptions of trust. Do we find prettier Web sites more trustworthy There’s no logical reason why that would be the case, of course, but the human mind is full of illogical peculiarity. ____8____ In a paper, researchers showed that our first impressions of a Web site — they showed subjects screen shots for fifty milliseconds, which is too fast for conscious awareness — shaped our subsequent sense of trustworthiness.
A．While Townsend and Shu looked at paper reports, the same logic applies to Web sites.
B．In essence, they were asked to come up with a valuation of the company based on the information contained in the annual report.
C．When it comes to user assessments of design, function follows form.
D．So far, the evidence suggests that the look of a site is highly correlated with our ratings of trust, a phenomenon often referred to as “the halo effect”. (光环效应)
E．And this pattern doesn’t apply to other aspects.
F．But that’s not what happened.
（2022·上海格致中学·高三专题练习）What Would Happen if the World Suddenly Went Vegetarian
People become vegetarians for a variety of reasons. Some do it to make animal suffering less severe, others because they want to pursue a healthier lifestyle. Still others wish to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ____9____ And the more who make the switch, the more those benefits would appear on a global scale.
Andrew Jarvis and other experts at Colombia’s International Centre for Tropical Agriculture carried out researches to see what might happen if meat dropped off the planet’s menu overnight.
First, they examined climate change. Food production accounts for one-quarter to one-third of all greenhouse gas emissions from human activities worldwide, and the worst responsibility for those numbers falls to the livestock industry. ____10____ In the US, for example, an average family of four produces more greenhouse gases because of the meat they eat than from driving two cars – but it is cars, not steaks, that regularly come up in discussions about global warming.
____11____ Of the world’s approximately 12 billion acres of agricultural land, 68% is devoted to livestock. Should we all go vegetarian, ideally we would give at least 80% of that pastureland (牧场) to the restoration of grasslands and forests, which would capture carbon and further relieve climate change.
The remaining 10 to 20% of former pastureland could be used for growing more crops to fill gaps in the food supply. ____12____ That’s because one-third of the land currently used for crops is given to producing food for livestock—not for humans.
A．Clear solutions already exist for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
B．Despite this, how our dietary choices affect climate change is often underestimated.
C．Food, especially livestock, also takes up a lot of room.
D．In developed countries, vegetarianism would bring all sorts of environmental and health benefits.
E．No matter how much their meat-loving friends might deny it, vegetarians have a point: cutting out meat delivers multiple benefits.
F．Though a relatively small increase in agricultural land, this would more than make up for the loss of meat.
（2022·上海延安中学高三专题练习）Like many other small boys, I was fascinated by cars, especially because my oldest brother was a bit of a car guy and subscribed to cool magazines like Car and Driver and Motor Trend.
Every so often, one of those magazines would run an article on the “Cars of the Future”. ____13____ Yet, frankly, my car doesn’t do anything that my brother’s Studebaker didn’t do. It goes, it stops, it burns gasoline. I still have to steer it, and it still runs into things if I don’t steer it carefully.
But guess what _____14_____ It may not burn gasoline, I may not have to steer it, and it may be a lot better at not running into things.
______15______ In fact, considering the recent news about people occasionally being killed by their airbags in low-speed crashes, they obviously still need some development. But they aren’t going away, and in fact, you can expect to see cars appearing with additional, side-impact airbags, something some European car manufacturers already offer.
Better than systems to minimize injury in the event of an accident, however, are systems that minimize the likelihood of an accident happening in the first place Future cars may be able to remove many of the major causes of accidents, including drunk-driving, and tailgating (与前车距离过近) . Cars could be equipped with sensors that can detect alcohol in a driver’s system and prevent the car from being started, for example. As early as next year, you’ll be able to buy cars with radar-equipped control systems. If the radar determines you’re closing too quickly with the car in front, it will ease up on the throttle (油门).
Scientists are now working on a system that can brake, accelerate and steer a vehicle down a highway on its own. _____16_____
A．Will cars eventually be able to drive themselves
B．Magazine featuring future cars sell especially well.
C．Airbags aren’t the be-all and end-all in safety.
D．Crazy fans look forward to the launch of future cars.
E．All of these things are likely to change in the not-so-distant future.
F．They featured unconventional things like small nuclear reactors as power sources.
（2022·上海松江二中·模拟预测）Silly Mistakes Hit the Headlines
We have probably all had moments when we said the wrong thing. I certainly have. There was the time at university when I met a friend in a coffee bar after class and immediately started complaining about our tutor, who was called Dr Gray. I was going on and on about how miserable she was一strict, boring, unfriendly—and my friend wasn’t really saying much. After a minute or so, she interrupted me and said, “Um, I think I should introduce you”. She then turned to this other student who I hadn’t really noticed up till then and said, ”This is Tracy. Tracy Gray’!
Fortunately, the result of putting my foot in it was only an awkward moment and a stony silence. Maybe my friends thought a little less of me, maybe they thought I was an idiot, but no real harm was done. ____17____
Take Gerald Ratner. He was the multimillionaire owner of a chain of shops that sold cheap jewellery. In what was supposed to be a light-hearted speech to some fellow businessmen, he joked about the quality of some of his products. He said some earrings were ‘cheaper than a sandwich, but probably wouldn’t last as long’. Other products could be sold at such low prices because they were rubbish. ____18____ Ratner had to resign as director and shortly afterwards the company was taken over by a competitor.
In some ways, Ratner could be seen as unfortunate in that he was in a semi-private meeting with friends and colleagues he was at ease with, but there happened to be a journalist there. ____19____ And with the rise of social media, there have been plenty of others who have been caught out by the increasingly vague boundaries between our private and public faces. For example, a group of flight attendants made jokes about the engines on their planes failing and complained about their airline and clients (客户).____20____ Unfortunately, they did it publicly on Facebook and it led to thirteen of them being fired.
A．Unsurprisingly, when his customers heard about the jokes they didn’t see the funny side and the share price of the company crashed.
B．All I can say is that it’s the same with the famous!
C．The same is not true for everyone, particularly if you are famous.
D．What makes things worse for the famous is that these mistakes become even more widely publicised because of 24-hour news channels and websites.
E．This is the kind of thing many people might do privately when they get together with colleagues after work.
F．As a result, what was private suddenly became public.
（2022·上海华师大附中·模拟预测）How to Think Like A Utopian(乌托邦人）
“It’s important that you have some idea of where you want to go, some kind of dream,” says Rutger Bregman, 33, a Dutch historian and author who has written about utopian thinking. ____21____ .Throughout history, many significant milestones--democracy, the elimination of slavery, equal rights for men and women--began as utopian dreams.
To engage in utopian thinking, you can’t just focus on the present There’s nothing Inherent (内在的)about our current political, economic and nodal realities; people made these systems and can make them anew. ____22____ A sensationalistic daily news cycle can restrict your ability to see the world as anything but dangerous, violent and mean.
Utopianism doesn’t require you to be optimistic. In Act, that kind of “don’t worry, everything will work out” view can lead to self-content. ____23____ To be Utopian takes grand ambitious thinking. But when it comes to implementing these ideas into policies and practice, Bregam suggests a humble and careful approach.
____24____ “Dystopias (反面乌托邦的）tend to be much better entertainment,” Bregman says. Notice, though, if those plotlines start eroding your view of human nature. To think like a utopian, it helps to believe that humans are fundamentally decent. Be cautious if your utopias all involve technological fixes or escapist colonies on Mars. The work of imagining features is hard. “In this era of climate breakdown and the extinction of species, it’s obviously easier to think of how it all could end than how it could become much better,” Bregman says. .
A．Instead, be hopeful in a way that moves you toward action.
B．It always starts with people who are first dismissed as unreasonable and unrealistic,” Bregman says.
C．You can be a utopian and still enjoy dystopian fictional narratives.
D．Excessively enthusiastic attachment to utopian blueprints can be dangerous.
E．Don’t underestimate the power of unusual Ideas.
F．To envision something novel, read more history and less news.
（2022·上海中学校考模拟预测）Changing Someone’s Mind at the Dinner Table
Family gatherings can bring up topics we prefer to avoid. With the festive season in full swing, it might be hard to stay away from some annoying relatives. At some point, you know they will say something like: ”Genetically modified foods are not safe to eat“ or ”Climate change is a conspiracy”. (Surely, all these statements are untrue.)
____25____ “Is it worth making an effort to correct people ” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so. ____26____
Obviously, it is far more difficult to prove false beliefs wrong than to spread them.
Take a classic: “The climate has always changed, it’s nothing to do with humans.” To fight this, you need to explain how the world is now warming at an alarming rate, when otherwise it would be cooling slightly were it not for our carbon dioxide emissions.
____27____ “Parallel” arguments can often highlight logical errors very effectively, says John Cook of George Mason University, Virginia. For instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because people have always stolen from each other, leaving your house unlocked won’t increase the risk of burglary (入室抢劫).
But you need to be aware of the backfire (适得其反的)effect. ____28____ This was discouraging news for the fight against false beliefs. “The last thing you want to do when debunking (驳斥) misinformation is make matters worse,” wrote Cook and Stephan Lewandowsky at the University of Bristol, UK, in The Debunking Handbook, a short guide published in2011. However, more recent studies are far more encouraging. It’s not as common as we initially thought,“ says Lewandowsky.
A．This is the idea that trying to change someone’s false belief can make them believe it more strongly.
B．However, more recent studies are far more encouraging.
C．Anyone can spread a lie, but it usually takes a bit of time and knowledge to explain why a statement is wrong.
D．But sometimes there are shortcuts to make your point convincing.
E．If you are not sure of the facts, do some web browsing on your phone rather than trying to wing it.
F．If this happens, you don’t have to just sit there quiet.
（2022·上海七宝中学中学校考模拟预测）Crayfish (龙虾) appear anxious after moulting (换壳)
When a crayfish moults, it becomes temporarily weak. ____29____ “They worry, they have a fright state that makes them avoid potentially dangerous areas. It’s kind of like anxiety,” says Pascal Fossat at the University of Bordeaux in France.
Fossat and his colleagues collected crayfish near Bordeaux and stored them in individual tanks that were similar to their natural habitat. When the crayfish began to moult, the researchers placed them in an area that had two dark sections and two lit sections, and recorded their behaviour.
Over the following two days, the crayfish showed a strong preference for hiding in the dark regions. ____30____ For comparison, when the crayfish weren’t moulting, they typically spent about 30 percent of their time in the light. “They’re very weak when they remove the old exoskeleton (壳), and the new one is totally soft until they eat the old one to get back the minerals that make the new exoskeleton stronger,” says Fossat.
The team also took crayfish that weren’t moulting and injected them with an ecdysteroid — a class of hormone that controls moulting. They found that the crayfish exhibited the same aiixiety-like behaviour.
To explore whether it was possible to change this behaviour, Fossat and his colleagues took the animals they had treated with the ecdysteroid and injected them with anti-anxiety drugs developed for use in humans. ____31____ “They didn’t have the fright from before,” says Fossat.
Fossat suspects crayfish may be capable of other emotions — although it is a difficult subject to investigate because crayfish are biologically so different from humans.
Robert Elwood at Queen’s University Belfast in the UK says he animals may be acting on basic physiological mechanisms that humans have interpreted as feelings. But he says that new research is helping us understand the range of emotions invertebrates (无脊椎动物) may experience.
“We’ve spent a lot of time worried about animal welfare, asking whether they are in stress or pain,” he says. “____32____”
A．The crayfish returned to spending about one-third of their time in the light.
B．It is surprising that anti-anxiety drugs designed for human use also work on invertebrates.
C．If they did encounter the lit sections, they moved back into the dark in 80 percent of cases.
D．Now there is evidence that this leads to behaviour that resembles anxiety.
E．They last shared a common ancestor with us hundreds of millions of years ago.
F．Now we’re beginning to turn that over and ask if we can say when an animal is happy or cheerful.
（2022·上海市复旦中学统考一模） Robots that serve
Robots used to be found only in science fiction. In the 1960s, the animated (动画片的) space-age family the Jetsons had a robotic maid who could do household tasks. In the 2014 movie Big Hero 6, the robot Baymax could diagnose and heal illnesses instantly. ____33____ In the field of medicine, robot patients help train doctors and nurses by pretending they have a variety of health conditions. Now robots are finding a home in the food service industry.
The globally spread disease and resulting economic crisis have created a lack of restaurant workers. Since restaurants don’t have enough workers, the remaining staff must work harder. ____34____ Some businesspersons are lending a hand—a robotic hand—in the form of server robots. These robots are not exactly modeled after Rosey, the Jetsons’ robotic household servant, but they are pretty clever and very cute.
Server robots come in several different varieties. Many have a design that looks like a rolling cart. One model named Bella even has a cute cat-like face. Many are fairly short and shaped like R2D2 of Star Wars fame. They are designed to deliver dishes to customers in a restaurant. They are also just the right height for customers to easily reach them. ____35____ They can not only deliver delicious food to hungry customers, but also get back dirty dishes at the end of the meal.
____36____ Concerning the price, a server robot costs from a few thousand to several thousand dollars. And in 2021, a restaurant even rented one for as low as US$15 per day. Regarding safety, special sensors on the robots keep them from crashing into customers. Because there aren’t enough restaurant workers, filling positions with these robotic servers is a no-brainer. Don’t be surprised if you see one rolling up to your table soon.
A．Typically, their deliveries have to occur within 30 seconds.
B．Perhaps you’re wondering about issues such as the cost and safety factors.
C．In real life robots function in many manufacturing and household situations.
D．Regardless, customers face longer wait times, fewer menu choices and higher prices.
E．Server robots are planned to be given new functions, such as performing and holding conversations with customers.
F．Restaurant owners are finding server robots ideal for performing repetitive tasks, however many there are.
（2022·上海杨浦·复旦附中统考一模）Touching Emoji(表情符号)
Distancing amid the COVID-19 pandemic has made both physical and social connections a touch more difficult to maintain. For Stanford University graduate student Millie Salvato, being apart from her mother on the opposite coast has proved challenging.
____37____ In a new study, she and her colleagues demonstrated a wearable sleeve that can simulate (模拟) human touch and convey abstract social messages sent electronically. Salvato and her team measured how 37 participants expressed social information in different situations. In each test, one person wore a pressure-sensing device on an arm, and another touched it to respond to situations involving six intended meanings: attention seeking, gratitude, happiness, calming, love and sadness
After collecting 661 touch movements-squeezes, strokes, shakes, pokes, and the like-Salvato and her colleagues mapped the location and pressure of each. ____38____ Finally, they programmed a wearable sleeve to simulate these movements using eight embedded disks that shake when electronically signaled.
“It doesn’t feel like an actual human hand ... but it doesn’t feel like these separate motions either,” Salvato says, as one might expect from large moving disks. “It feels nice, honestly.” ____39____ For comparison, a previous study from Gerling’s laboratory found participants could match situations for touches from real human hands 57 percent of the time.
In the new study, “I think it’s interesting that participants can reliably understand what touch has been delivered to them at a pretty high rate, given the scarce amount of information that they have available to them,” Gerling says.
Previous research has found that social touch is important for physical and mental health. ____40____
A．One can’t help but wonder when new tech will convey emotion through a virtual touch.
B．Even with no training, 30 new study participants correctly matched the simulated touches to the six situations 45 percent of the time.
C．Sometimes a text or video call is not enough, and people in Salvato’s situation often long for a way to send a loving touch or comforting squeeze from afar.
D．In the future, instead of just sending a <3 to a loved one by phone or computer, adding a “touch emoji” might help us feel just a little bit closer.
E．Next, they used a machine-learning software to select the movements that were most reliably part of each response.
F．“It’s a unique work that looks at how our social touch is delivered and then... how to reproduce it,” says Gerling, a touch researcher not involved in the study.
参考答案：
1．D 2．C 3．F 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是如何通过课堂桌椅布置培养学生批判性思维。
1．空前说“Proper arrangement of classroom space is important to encouraging interaction. Most of us have noticed how important physical setting is to efficiency and comfort in our work.(合理安排教室空间对鼓励互动很重要。我们大多数人都注意到，物理环境对我们工作的效率和舒适度有多么重要)”，空后说“We are in the twenty-first century now, but step into almost any college classroom and you step back in time at least a hundred years.(我们现在是在21世纪，但是如果你走进任何一所大学的教室，你就会回到至少一百年前)”，因此空格处应提出大学教室的布置应该是怎样的。D选项“College classroom space should be designed to encourage the activity of critical thinking.(大学的课堂空间应该设计成鼓励批判性思维的活动)”说明了大学的教室布置，因此承上启下，符合语境，故选D。
2．空前说“Desks are normally in straight rows, so students can clearly see the teacher but not all their classmates.(桌子通常是排成一排的，这样学生就能清楚地看到老师，而不是所有的同学)”，空格处应说为什么要这样布置。C选项“The assumption behind such an arrangement is obvious: Everything of importance comes from the teacher.(这种安排背后的假设是显而易见的：一切重要的东西都来自老师)”说明了空前所说的布置方式的原因，也就是老师是课堂里最重要的，因此承接上文，符合语境，故选C。
3．空前说“With a little imagination and effort, unless desks are fixed to the floor, the teacher can correct this situation and create space that encourages interchange among students. In small or standard-sized classes, chairs, desks, and tables can be arranged in a variety of ways: circles, U-shapes or semicircles.(只要有一点想象力和努力，除非桌子固定在地板上，否则老师可以纠正这种情况，创造鼓励学生之间交流的空间。在小型或标准规模的班级中，椅子、课桌和桌子可以以各种方式摆放：圆形、U形或半圆形)”，空格处要说明这样摆放的原因或目的。F选项“The primary, goal should be: for everyone to be able to see everyone else.(主要的目标应该是：让每个人都能看到其他人)”说明了像空前所说那样摆放桌椅的目的，因此F选项承接上文，符合语境，故选F。
4．空后说“A colleague of mine, John, allows students to move around during the first two weeks, until they find a group they are comfortable with. John then asks them to stay in the same seat, with the same group, from that time on.(我的一个同事约翰允许学生在前两周四处走动，直到他们找到一个让他们感到舒服的团体。然后约翰要求他们从那时起坐在同一个座位上，和同一组人在一起)”，这是对空格处所说的一种课堂活动所举的例子，空格处应提到“让学生在固定的小组里”。B选项“In courses that regularly use a small group format, students might be asked to stay in the same small groups throughout the course.(在经常使用小组形式的课程中，学生可能会被要求在整个课程中都呆在同一个小组中)”提出了让学生在同一个小组中这种课堂活动形式，其中的the same small groups和空后的the same group相一致，因此B选项引起下文，符合语境，故选B。
5．B 6．F 7．A 8．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究者发现美学影响我们的投资决策，公司年度报告的外观会影响受试者对公司股价的估计，相同的逻辑也适用于网页。
5．根据前文“the subjects were asked to estimate the lowest acceptable selling price for shares of the company(受试者被要求估计该公司股票的最低可接受售价)”可知，此处是指对公司股票的估价，所以选项B“本质上，他们被要求根据年报中的信息对公司进行估值。”切合文意。故选B。
6．根据前文“If investors were rational agents, then the look of the report shouldn’t have mattered — they should be responding only to its content.(如果投资者是理性的代理人，那么报告的外观就不重要了——他们应该只对报告的内容做出回应。)”和后文“Townsend and Shu found that subjects given the prettier document insisted on an average selling price of $327.01 per share. Those shown less pretty document, meanwhile, concluded that the company’s shares were worth only $162.41. This research suggests that the design of the annual report can significantly influence our sense of value.(Townsend和Shu发现，给了更漂亮文件的受试者坚持每股327.01美元的平均售价。与此同时，那些显示的文件并不那么漂亮，他们得出的结论是，该公司的股票价值仅为162.41美元。这项研究表明，年度报告的设计可以显著影响我们的价值感。)”可知，此处是指事实并不像前文中提到的那样，所以选项F“但事实并非如此。”切合文意。故选F。
7．根据后文“In recent years, scientists have also looked at how aesthetics impacts our perceptions of trust. Do we find prettier Web sites more trustworthy (近年来，科学家还研究了美学如何影响我们的信任感。我们是否发现更漂亮的网站更值得信赖？)”可知，此处是指相同的逻辑也适用于网页，所以选项A“尽管汤森和舒研究的是纸质报告，同样的逻辑也适用于网站。”切合文意。故选A。
8．根据后文“In a paper, researchers showed that our first impressions of a Web site — they showed subjects screen shots for fifty milliseconds, which is too fast for conscious awareness — shaped our subsequent sense of trustworthiness.(在一篇论文中，研究人员表明，我们对网站的第一印象——他们向受试者展示了50毫秒的屏幕截图，这对于有意识的意识来说太快了——塑造了我们随后的可信度。)”可知，此处是指网站的外观与我们的信任度高度相关，所以选项D“到目前为止，证据表明网站的外观与我们的信任度高度相关，这一现象通常被称为“光环效应”。”切合文意。故选D。
9．E 10．B 11．C 12．F
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如果世界上的人都吃素，会发生什么呢
9．根据上文“People become vegetarians for a variety of reasons. Some do it to make animal suffering, others because they want to pursue a healthier lifestyle.(人们成为素食者的原因有很多。有些人这样做是为了让动物受苦，另一些人是因为他们想追求更健康的生活方式。)”以及下文“And the more who make the switch, the more those perks would manifest on a global scale.(而且，转换的人越多，所获得的好处在全球范围内越明显。)”可知，本段讲述的是吃素食的好处。所以选择项E“No matter how much their meat-loving friends might deny it, vegetarians have a point: cutting out meat delivers multiple benefits.(不管他们的食肉朋友们有多大的拒绝，素食者有一个观点：切断肉可以带来多种好处。)”符合上下文语境。故选E。
10．根据上文“First, they examined climate change. Food production accounts for one-quarter to one-third of all greenhouse gas emissions from human activities worldwide, and the worst responsibility for those numbers falls to the livestock industry. (首先，他们研究了气候变化。粮食生产占全世界人类活动温室气体排放量的四分之一至三分之一，而对这些排放量最坏的责任落在畜牧业身上。)”和下文“In the US, for example, an average family of four produces more greenhouse gases because of the meat they eat than from driving two cars – but it is cars, not steaks, that regularly come up in discussions about global warming.(例如，在美国，一个四口之家因食用肉类而产生的温室气体比开两辆车产生的温室气体还要多——但在有关全球变暖的讨论中，经常出现的是汽车，而不是牛排。)”可知，人们低估了饮食的选择对气候变化的影响。所以选择项B“Despite this, how our dietary choices affect climate change is often underestimated. (尽管如此，我们的饮食选择如何影响气候变化往往被低估。)”符合上下文语境。故选 B。
11．根据下文“Of the world’s approximately 12 billion acres of agricultural land, 68% is used for livestock. Should we all go vegetarian, ideally we would give at least 80% of that pastureland (牧场) to the restoration of grasslands and forests, which would capture carbon and further relieve climate change. (在全球约120亿英亩的农业用地中，68%用于畜牧业。如果我们都成为素食主义者，理想情况下，我们将至少80%的牧场用于恢复草原和森林，这将捕获碳，进一步缓解气候变化。)” 可知，本段讲述的是用来养殖家禽家畜的土地占比太大,因此如果吃素食的话，那么这些土地可以恢复为绿地与森林进而可以缓解气候变化。所以选择项C“Food, especially livestock, also takes up a lot of room. (食物，尤其是牲畜，也占据很大的空间。)”符合上下文语境。故选 C。
12．根据上文“The remaining 10to 20% of former pastureland could be used for growing more crops to fill gaps in the food supply.(剩下的10%到20%的以前的牧场可以用来种植更多的作物来填补粮食供应的缺口。)”以及下文“That’s because one-third of the land currently used for crops is dedicated to producing food for livestock-not for humans.(这是因为目前三分之一的农作物用地是专门为牲畜而非人类生产食物的。)”可知，空格后的句子讲述了原因,即当前1/3的土地种植的庄稼是给饲养的动物吃的。所以选择项F“Though a relatively small increase in agricultural land, this would more than make up for the loss of meat. (虽然农业用地的增加相对较小，但这足以弥补肉类的损失。)”符合上下文语境。故选F。
13．F 14．E 15．C 16．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了未来汽车的一些特点。
13．根据上文“Every so often, one of those magazines would run an article on the “Cars of the Future”.( 每隔一段时间，这些杂志就会刊登一篇关于“未来汽车”的文章)”可知，本句承接上文继续说明这些文章的内容，且F中的They代指前面的cars of the future。故F选项“他们采用了非常规的东西，比如小型核反应堆作为动力来源”符合语境，故选F。
14．根据上文“But guess what (但你猜怎么着？)”以及后文“It may not burn gasoline, I may not have to steer it, and it may be a lot better at not running into things.(它可能不烧汽油，我可能不需要驾驶它，它可能在不撞东西方面做得更好)”可知，后文主要对未来汽车的性能和特点进行了设想，说明是可以实现的。故E选项“所有这些都可能在不远的将来发生改变”符合语境，故选E。
15．根据后文“In fact, considering the recent news about people occasionally being killed by their airbags in low-speed crashes, they obviously still need some development. But they aren’t going away, and in fact, you can expect to see cars appearing with additional, side-impact airbags, something some European car manufacturers already offer.(事实上，考虑到最近关于人们偶尔在低速碰撞中被安全气囊杀死的新闻，它们显然还需要一些发展。但它们不会消失，事实上，你可以期待看到汽车出现额外的侧面碰撞安全气囊，一些欧洲汽车制造商已经提供了这种气囊)”可知，后文提到了人们偶尔在低速碰撞中被安全气囊杀死的新闻，说明安全气囊并不能完全保证安全。故C选项“安全气囊并不是安全的全部”符合语境，故选C。
16．根据上文“Scientists are now working on a system that can brake, accelerate and steer a vehicle down a highway on its own.(科学家们目前正在研究一种能够在高速公路上自动刹车、加速和驾驶车辆的系统)”可知，本句为本段最后一句，应对上文进行总结，且空格前面的内容其实代表的是autonomous driving，即自动驾驶，故A选项“汽车最终会自动驾驶吗？”符合语境，故选A。
17．C 18．A 19．F 20．E
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要通过举例子的方式描述了一些人不分场合，时间，地点的随意讲一些本该私下交流的事情，最终可能会导致严重的后果。
17．上文“Maybe my friends thought a little less of me, maybe they thought I was an idiot, but no real harm was done.”（可能我的朋友会看轻我，可能他们认为我很傻，但对我并没有实质的伤害）说明我的举动虽然尴尬，但没有实质性害处。结合下文Gerald Ratner的例子，说明他在公开场合不合宜的言论给他的公司带来实质性的损害。故C项“The same is not true for everyone, particularly if you are famous.”（这样的结果并不适用每一个人，尤其是当你是名人的时候。）承上启下，符合句意。故选C项。
18．下文“Ratner had to resign as director and shortly afterwards the company was taken over by a competitor.”（Ratner不得不辞去董事长的职位，不久他的公司就被竞争对手接管了。）可知，他在公开场合不合宜的言论导致了他的破产。A项“Unsurprisingly, when his customers heard about the jokes they didn’t see the funny side and the share price of the company crashed.”（不幸的是，当他的客户听到他的玩笑后，他们看到的不是事情有趣的一面，公司股票价格也随之一落千丈。）表明了客户听到他的言论后的反应，最终导致了Ratner的辞职。故选A项。
19．上文“In some ways, Ratner could be seen as unfortunate in that he was in a semi-private meeting with friends and colleagues he was at ease with, but there happened to be a journalist there. ”（从某种程度看，Ratner不幸的原因在于他参加的是一个半私密的会议，有相处融洽的朋友和同事，但是碰巧还有记者。）说明Ratner不幸的原因是在记者面前谈论了私密的事情，记者会把这些公之于众。故F项“As a result, what was private suddenly became public.”（结果，私密的事突然变成了公开使事。）说明了记者在场的后果，符合句意。故选F项。
20．上文“For example, a group of flight attendants made jokes about the engines on their planes failing and complained about their airline and clients”（举例来说，一群乘务员开玩笑说飞机引擎坠落了，抱怨他们的航行和客户。）说明乘务员在公开谈论不合宜的事情，与E项“This is the kind of thing many people might do privately when they get together with colleagues after work.”（对于在这种事情，许多人会在下班之后聚在一起私下交流。）中“This is the kind of thing”形成照应，并给出了应对这样的事情的正确办法，符合题意。故选E项。
21．E 22．F 23．A 24．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何进行乌托邦式的思考。
21．根据后句“Throughout history, many significant milestones—democracy, the elimination of slavery, equal rights for men and women—began as utopian dreams.(纵观历史，许多重要的里程碑——民主、废除奴隶制、男女权利平等——都始于乌托邦的梦想。)”可知，历史上许多不寻常的想法都始于乌托邦的梦想，所以不要低估这些不寻常的想法。所以选择项E“Don’t underestimate the power of unusual Ideas.(不要低估不寻常想法的力量。)”符合上下文语境。故选E。
22．根据后句“A sensationalistic daily news cycle can restrict your ability to see the world as anything but dangerous, violent and mean. (每日耸人听闻的新闻循环会限制你看待世界的能力，让你看不到危险、暴力和卑鄙。)”可知，作者建议要少读新闻。所以选择项F“To envision something novel, read more history and less news. (为了想象一些新奇的东西，多读历史，少读新闻。)”符合上下文语境。故选F。
23．根据前句“In Act, that kind of “don’t worry, everything will work out” view can lead to self-content.(在行动中，这种“别担心，一切都会解决”的观点会导致自我满足。)”和后文“To be Utopian takes grand ambitious thinking. But when it comes to implementing these ideas into policies and practice, Bregam suggests a humble and careful approach. (要成为乌托邦主义者，需要有宏伟的雄心壮志。但当涉及到将这些想法落实到政策和实践中时，布雷甘建议采取谦逊而谨慎的方法。)”可知，这里介绍行动时应具有的态度。所以选择项A“Instead, be hopeful in a way that moves you toward action.(相反，抱着希望去行动吧。)”符合上下文语境。故选A。
24．根据后句““Dystopias (反面乌托邦的）tend to be much better entertainment,” Bregman says. (“反乌托邦往往是更好的娱乐，”布雷格曼说。)”可知，这里与反乌托邦有关。所以选择项C“You can be a utopian and still enjoy dystopian fictional narratives.(你可以是一个乌托邦，但仍然享受反乌托邦的虚构叙事。)”符合上下文语境。选择项中的dystopian与后句中的Dystopias相一致。故选C。
25．F 26．C 27．D 28．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如何在餐桌上改变某人的想法。
25．根据后文““Is it worth making an effort to correct people ” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so.(“值得努力去纠正别人吗？”英国埃克塞特大学的Jason Reifler说，他研究的是如何挑战误解。我想是的。)”可知，后文提到Jason Reifler纠正别人是值得的，所以针对第一段发生的情况，不必只是坐在那里。故F选项“如果发生这种情况，你不必只是安静地坐在那里”符合语境，故选F。
26．根据上文““Is it worth making an effort to correct people ” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so.(“值得努力去纠正别人吗？”英国埃克塞特大学的Jason Reifler说，他研究的是如何挑战误解。我想是的。)”可知，上文提到Jason Reifler研究的是如何挑战误解，且鼓励人们去澄清误解，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明如何来解释一个陈述是错误的情况。故C选项“任何人都可以散布谎言，但通常需要一些时间和知识来解释为什么一个陈述是错误的”符合语境，故选C。
27．根据后文““Parallel” arguments can often highlight logical errors very effectively, says John Cook of George Mason University, Virginia. For instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because people have always stolen from each other, leaving your house unlocked won’t increase the risk of burglary (入室抢劫).(弗吉尼亚州乔治梅森大学的约翰·库克说，“平行”论证常常能非常有效地突出逻辑错误。例如，“气候总是在变化”的神话就像是声称因为人们总是互相偷东西，所以不锁房子不会增加入室盗窃的风险)”可知，后文提到“平行”论证常常能非常有效地突出逻辑错误，即有其它方法可以让自己的观点更令人信服。故D选项“但是有时候有捷径可以让你的观点令人信服”符合语境，故选D。
28．根据上文“But you need to be aware of the backfire (适得其反的) effect.(但你需要注意适得其反的效果)”以及后文“This was discouraging news for the fight against false beliefs.(对于打击错误信念的斗争来说，这是一个令人沮丧的消息)”可知，本句进一步论述会产生何种适得其反的效果：试图改变一个人的错误信念可以让他们更坚定地相信它。故A选项“这个观点认为，试图改变一个人的错误信念可以让他们更坚定地相信它”符合语境，故选A。
29．D 30．C 31．A 32．F
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了龙虾换壳时会感到焦虑，科学家在努力尝试缓解这种焦虑。
29．根据上文“When a crayfish moults, it becomes temporarily weak. (当龙虾换壳时，它会变得暂时虚弱)”可知，上文告诉我们当龙虾换壳时，它会变得暂时虚弱。由此可知，D项“现在有证据表明，这会导致类似焦虑的行为。”能够承接上文，因为龙虾换壳时会变得暂时虚弱，这种状态会导致类似焦虑的行为。故选D。
30．根据上文“Over the following two days, the crayfish showed a strong preference for hiding in the dark regions. (在接下来的两天里，龙虾表现出了强烈的隐藏在黑暗区域的偏好)”可知，在龙虾换壳期间，它们更喜欢待在黑暗区域。由此可知，C项“如果它们确实遇到了亮的部分，80%的情况下它们会回到黑暗中。”能够承接上文，在龙虾换壳期间，即使它们遇到了亮的部分，80%的情况下也会回到黑暗中。故选C。
31．根据上文“To explore whether it was possible to change this behaviour, Fossat and his colleagues took the animals they had treated with the ecdysteroid and injected them with anti-anxiety drugs developed for use in humans. (为了探究是否有可能改变这种行为，Fossat和他的同事们用蜕皮激素治疗了这些动物，并给它们注射了用于人类的抗焦虑药物)”可知，Fossat和他的同事们尝试给龙虾用药，来缓解它们在换壳期间的焦虑，由此可知，A项“龙虾恢复了三分之一的时间在光亮下。”能够承接上文，讲述了用药后的效果，用药之后，龙虾缓解了焦虑，恢复了三分之一的时间在光亮下。故选A。
32．根据上文““We’ve spent a lot of time worried about animal welfare, asking whether they are in stress or pain,” he says. (“我们花了很多时间担心动物的安全与健康，问它们是否处于压力或痛苦中，”他说)”可知，我们之前一直担心动物是否处于压力或痛苦中。由此可知，F项“现在我们开始把这个问题翻转过来，问我们是否能说出动物何时快乐或高兴。”能够承接上文，过去我们担心动物是否处于压力或痛苦中，现在我们在努力探索动物何时快乐或高兴。故选F。
33．C 34．D 35．F 36．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了机器人正在食品服务业找到归宿。
33．上文“Robots used to be found only in science fiction.(机器人过去只在科幻小说中出现)”说明过去机器人只出现在科幻小说中，以及下文“In the field of medicine, robot patients help train doctors and nurses by pretending they have a variety of health conditions. Now robots are finding a home in the food service industry.(在医学领域，机器人患者通过假装自己有各种健康状况来帮助培训医生和护士。现在，机器人正在食品服务业找到归宿)”说明现在机器人在现实生活中发挥作用，C项“在现实生活中，机器人在许多制造和家庭环境中发挥作用。”承上启下，符合题意。故选C。
34．上文“The globally spread disease and resulting economic crisis have created a lack of restaurant workers. Since restaurants don’t have enough workers, the remaining staff must work harder.(全球蔓延的疾病和由此引发的经济危机造成了餐馆员工的短缺。由于餐馆没有足够的员工，剩下的员工必须更加努力)”说明餐馆面临员工短缺问题，D项“无论如何，顾客面临着更长的等待时间、更少的菜单选择和更高的价格。”说明员工短缺导致的问题，承接上文，符合题意。故选D。
35．下文“They can not only deliver delicious food to hungry customers, but also get back dirty dishes at the end of the meal.(它们不仅可以为饥饿的顾客传送美味的食物，还可以在用餐结束时取回脏盘子)”说明机器人可以做的具体工作，句中They指代“服务机器人”，结合常识，在餐馆里，传送食物和用餐结束取回脏盘子是重复性任务，并且这种任务很多，F项“餐馆老板发现服务机器人非常适合执行重复性任务，尽管任务有很多。”说明服务机器人适合执行下文提及的任务，符合题意。故选F。
36．下文“Concerning the price, a server robot costs from a few thousand to several thousand dollars.(关于价格，服务机器人的价格从几千美元到几千美元不等)”以及“Regarding safety, special sensors on the robots keep them from crashing into customers.(关于安全，机器人上的特殊传感器会防止它们撞到顾客)”说明有关服务机器人的价格和安全的问题，B项“也许你想知道成本和安全因素等问题。”引出下文，符合题意。故选B。
37．C 38．E 39．B 40．D
【导语】本文是说明文。本文讲述了斯坦福大学的研究生米莉·萨尔瓦托以及同事研发的“触摸表情符号”。
37．上文“For Stanford University graduate student Millie Salvato, being apart from her mother on the opposite coast has proved challenging.(对于斯坦福大学的研究生米莉·萨尔瓦托来说，与远在大洋彼岸的母亲分开对她来说是一种挑战。)”提到Millie Salvato与远在大洋彼岸的母亲分开让她感觉很不好，下文“In a new study, she and her colleagues demonstrated a wearable sleeve that can simulate (模拟) human touch and convey abstract social messages sent electronically. Salvato and her team measured how 37 participants expressed social information in different situations.(在一项新的研究中，她和她的同事们展示了一种可穿戴的袖子，它可以模拟人类的触觉，并通过电子方式传递抽象的社会信息。Salvato和她的团队测量了37名参与者在不同情况下表达社会信息的方式。)”提到了一种可以模拟人类触觉的可佩戴式袖子，因此推断C项“有时短信或视频电话是不够的，像塞尔瓦托这样的人常常渴望能从远处传递出爱的触摸或安慰的拥抱。”符合语境，承接上文说明塞尔瓦托想念母亲，渴望获得母亲的爱的触摸和安慰的拥抱，引出下文对模拟人类触觉的可佩戴式袖子的介绍。故选C。
38．上文“After collecting 661 touch movements-squeezes, strokes, shakes, pokes, and the like-Salvato and her colleagues mapped the location and pressure of each.( 萨尔瓦托和她的同事们在收集了661种触摸动作——挤压、抚摸、摇晃、戳戳等等——之后，绘制了每种动作的位置和压力。)”讲述了研发过程，收集动作，绘制动作的位置和压力，下文“Finally, they programmed a wearable sleeve to simulate these movements using eight embedded disks that shake when electronically signaled.(最后，他们设计了一个可佩戴的袖子，用八个嵌入的磁盘模拟这些运动，当电子信号发出时，这些磁盘就会抖动。)”讲述研发最终的结果，因此推断空处也是讲述研发过程，因此推断E项“接下来，他们使用机器学习软件来选择每个反应中最可靠的动作。”next呼应下文的finally，故选E。
39．下文“For comparison, a previous study from Gerling’s laboratory found participants could match situations for touches from real human hands 57 percent of the time.( 相比之下，格林实验室之前的一项研究发现，参与者在57%的情况下能够匹配真人手的触摸。)”中的“For comparison”说明空格处与下文进行对比，说明参与者的匹配情况，因此推断B项“即使没有经过训练，30名新研究参与者在45%的时间也会将模拟触摸与六种情况正确匹配。”符合语境。故选B。
40．上文“Previous research has found that social touch is important for physical and mental health.(之前的研究发现，社交接触对身心健康都很重要。)”说明接触对身心健康很重要，因此推断D项“在未来，与其通过手机或电脑向爱人发送<3，不如添加一个“触摸表情符号”可能会让我们感觉更近一点。”符合语境，说明既然社交触摸对身心健康有好处，那么添加触摸表情符号应该更好。故选D。