2023年中考英语句子成分分析讲解及习题

句 子 成 分
（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
China is a very big country.（名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is an exciting thing.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to learn English well.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
He plays basketball every morning.
He got on the bus yesterday.
2、复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
You may keep the book for two weeks.
Tom didn’t finish homework on time.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。
We are students.
My favorite movies are actions movies.
（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours （代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one （数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
Tom must be in bed.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he is right.（表语从句）
（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面,名词、代词(宾格)、数词、不定式、动名词或相当于名词的词，短语或从句都可以做宾语。例如：
They went to see animals yesterday.（名词）
The rain stopped me from coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He wanted to meet me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is from France.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）(直物间人)，例如：Buy me a book, please.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They made him a singer.
（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有主谓关系，这是判断宾语补足语的主要依据。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They made their baby cry.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You must not force allow him to play football.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the room in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由形容词、代词、数词、名词、动名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
An excited man brought an exciting news.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to get A+ .（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six （时间状语）
Last night she did not go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）
I shall go there if it does not rain.（条件状语）
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to(为了) catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep at once.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
独立成分：
与句子没有关系或关系不密切，独立于句子之外的成分称为独立成分。称呼语、感叹语和插入语是英语中常见的三种独立成分。
(1)称呼语：指称呼人的用语，它的位置比较随便，可置于句首、句中或句尾。
Say hello to our new classmates, everyone.
(2)感叹语：感叹语多由一个简单的感叹词成句，表示喜怒哀乐等表情，多置于句首，也可以位于句中或句末。如： Oh，dear! She is a such beautiful girl.
(3)插入语：在叙事中往往插入一些词语，对一句话作一些附加的解释，这类词语称为插入语，它可置于句首、句中或句末。常用插入语有：I think, I believe, after all, you know, as a result, by the way 等。 如：He is right, I think.
练习一：分析下列句子中划线部分的成分.
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. They went hunting early in the morning.
5. His job is to train swimmers.
6. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
7. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
8. His wish is to become a scientist.
9. He managed to finish the work in time.
10. Tom came to ask me for advice.
11. He found it important to learn English.
12. Do you have anything else to say
13. To be honest(老实说)， your English is not so good.
14. Would you please tell me your telephone number
15. He sat there reading a newspaper.
16. It is our duty(责任) to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
17. He noticed a man enter the room. 18. The apples tasted sweet.
练习二：分析下列句子的结构。
1. Our school is not far from my home.
2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you
3. All of us considered him honest.
4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
5. He broke a piece of glass.
6. He made it clear that he would leave the city．
7. Trees turn green when spring comes.
8. They pushed the door open.
9. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
10. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.
11. All the students think highly of(高度评价) his teaching
12. We need a place twice larger than this one.
13. He asked us to sing an English song.
14. We will make our school more beautiful.
15. That is why he didn't know．
16. She showed us many of her pictures.
17. The old man lives a lonely life.
18. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.
19. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany．
20. There are so many people in the hall.
21. We must do whatever the people want us to do.
22. Would you please pass me the cup
23. Mary handed her homework to the teacher.
24. Do you know the latest news about him
25. I will get my hair cut tomorrow.
四分析下列句子成分
1. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 2. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
3. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 4. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
5. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 6. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 形式宾语 it＋ 宾语补足语+宾语
7. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 8. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语
9. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 10. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
11 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 12. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语
13. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 14. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语
15. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 16. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
17. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 18. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词
19. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 20. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
21. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 22. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
23. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
24. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 25. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语