语法专项突破
专题九 非谓语动词
非谓语动词在句中不可单独用作谓语,不受主语人称和数的限制,在句中可以用作其他句子成分。非谓语动词有三种形式:动词不定式、动名词和分词。
考点一 动词不定式
动词不定式在句中可以作除谓语以外的一切成分:主语、宾语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
1.动词不定式作主语时,往往用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语动词不定式置于句末。常用句式:It is (not)+adj.+(for/of sb.)to do sth.。
To swim in the river is dangerous.=It's dangerous to swim in the river.在河里游泳是危险的。
2.作表语。往往置于连系动词be,seem等之后。
My job is to look after my sister.
我的工作是照看我的妹妹。
3.作宾语。
常见的后面接不定式作宾语的动词有:
agree,begin,start,decide,expect,learn,like,manage,pretend,want,try,wish,forget,remember,help等。
Don't forget to close the door.别忘了关门。
4.作定语。
动词不定式作定语时,要置于被说明和修饰的名词之后。
I have something to tell you.我有事要告诉你。
I need a house to live in.我需要一栋房子住。
5.作状语,表明目的、结果或原因等。
My little sister is too young to go to school.
我的小妹太小而不能上学。(结果状语)
He opened the door for her to come in.
他打开门让她进来。(目的状语)
6.作宾语补足语。
I expect you to write to me.我盼望你给我来信。
I asked him to show me his new dictionary.
我请求他给我看看他的新词典。
温馨提示:①常接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有want,ask,tell,warn,wish,would like,order,use,invite,get,allow,expect,encourage,hate等。但在使役动词(make,let,have)和感官动词(see,hear,watch,notice,feel等)后,要把作宾补的不定式结构中的to省略。
②不定式可以和疑问词who,what,which,why,when,how,where等连用,构成“疑问词+不定式”结构,通常用于下列动词之后:tell,teach,know,wonder,learn,show,find out,ask,understand 等。
When to go there hasn't been decided yet.
什么时候去那儿还没定下来。(作主语)
Can you tell me where to exchange the money?
你能告诉我哪里能换钱吗?(作宾语)
The problem is how to tell her the news.
问题是该怎么把这个消息告诉她。(作表语)
考点二 动名词
动名词由“动词原形+-ing”构成,与现在分词同形。动名词既有动词的性质,也有名词的性质,可作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
1.作主语
Eating too much junk food is bad for our health.
吃太多垃圾食品对我们的身体健康有害。
温馨提示:动名词和动词不定式作主语,在许多情况下可以通用,但动名词作主语多表示抽象或多次的行为,不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。
2.作表语
My mother's job is cooking.我母亲的工作是做饭。
3.作宾语
I don't mind listening to that story again.
我不介意再听一遍那个故事。
温馨提示:其后常接动名词的动词及动词词组有finish,enjoy,practice,mind,keep,consider,miss,avoid(避免),suggest,admit,be worth,have fun(in)/have difficulty(in)/problem(in)/trouble(in),waste time(in),can't help等。
4.作定语,表明它所修饰的词的用途
Let's join the singing group.让我们加入合唱队吧。
a working method 工作方法
5.其后既可以接动名词,也可接动词不定式的动词有 love,like,prefer,begin,start,continue,remember,try,stop,forget,hate,go on等。
考点三 分词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词。
1.区别:
(1)现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动。
The man standing by the window is our teacher.
站在窗边的人是我们的老师。
The building built last year has become our lab.
去年建的楼已成了我们的实验室。
(2)现在分词表示事物本身所具有的性质,意为“令人……的”;过去分词表达由外界引起的内心活动,意为“感到……的”。
the exciting news令人兴奋的消息
the excited look激动的表情
常用的还有:interesting/interested,tiring/tired,boring/bored,surprising/surprised,amazing/amazed。
(3)现在分词表示正在进行的动作,过去分词表示完成的动作。
2.用法:
(1)作定语:单个分词作定语一般放在所修饰的词的前面,短语作定语常放在所修饰的词的后面。
The question being discussed is important to us.
正在被讨论的问题对我们很重要。
The excited people rushed into the building.
激动的人们冲入了大楼。
(2)作状语:分词或分词短语可以作时间、原因、方式、结果、伴随等状语。
Being a student,I must study hard.
作为一名学生,我必须努力学习。(原因状语)
He ran out of the room,crying loudly.
他大声哭着从房间里跑出来。(伴随状语)
(3)作表语。
The movie is interesting.这部电影很有趣。
The door is broken.门破了。
(4)作宾语补足语,一般用在see,hear,notice,feel,have等动词之后与宾语构成复合宾语。
I saw a cat running across the street.
我看见一只猫跑过街道。
I must have the bike repaired.我必须找人修修自行车。
温馨提示:不定式与分词都可跟在某些动词之后作宾语补足语。不定式作宾语补足语,表示动作发生的全过程;现在分词作宾语补足语,强调动作正在发生;过去分词作宾语补足语,侧重于表示被动的概念。
When they went into the school,they saw some boys playing football.
当他们走进校园时,他们看见一些男孩在踢足球。(正在做)
Do you often see them play basketball?
你常看他们打篮球吗?(全过程)
He spoke loudly to make himself heard clearly.
他大声说以便让别人听清他的话。(他的话被听)
1.(2012湖南怀化中考,28)Remember______off the lights when you leave the classroom.
A.turn B.to turn C.turning
2.(2012湖南永州中考,27)Please tell me ______ next.
A.how to do it B.what to do it C.how do it
3.(2012福建宁德中考,37)Please tell the students______ quiet in class.
A.keep B.keeping C.to keep
4.(2012湖南衡阳中考,26)Try to sing more English songs,and you will find it interesting ______ a foreign language.
A.learning B.learns C.to learn
5.(2012 湖南湘潭中考,24)It is polite ______ a gift when you visit somebody for the first time.
A.take B.taking C.to take
6.(2012四川成都中考,37)Parents often ask their kids ______ their internet friends because the kids may be in danger.
A.to meet B.not to meet C.meeting
7.(2012黑龙江齐齐哈尔中考,33)Lisa is a little poor at Chinese.I think she needs ______it every day.
A.practice to speak B.to practice speaking C.practice speaking
8.The house is too small for his family ______.
A.to live in B.living in C.live in
9.Fang Fang is old enough______to school.
A.goes B.to go C.went
10.Lucy kept me______for over twenty minutes.
A.to wait B.waiting C.waited
11.The boy______in the teacher's office was found______yesterday.
A.standing;smoke B.standing;smoking C.stood;smoke
12.—Where's Mr Yang,do you know?
—Well,it's hard to say.But I saw him ______ a football game just now.
A.was watching B.watching C.had watched
13.John was made______the truck for a week as a punishment.
A.wash B.washing C.to wash
14.The old man didn't know ______ when the house caught fire.
A.what to do B.how to do C.what to do it
15.—How do you feel when you watch the national flag go up?
—It makes me ______ very proud.
A.felt B.to feel C.feel
16.People spent two hours ______ the fire.
A.to put off B.putting out C.putting on
17.No one knew why the women kept ______ at the party.
A.laugh B.to laugh C.laughing
18.—Science is so difficult!
—I think you should keep on ______ hard.
A.study B.to study C.studying
19.The old man is ill and he doesn't feel like ______.
A.to eat something B.to eat anything C.eating anything
20.—Tom,your hair is too long,and you should have it ______ this weekend.
—OK,I will do it this Sunday.
A.cutted B.cut C.to cut
参考答案
专题九 非谓语动词
专题提升演练
1.B remember to do sth.“记得去做某事”。
2.A 考查“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语。B项应该去掉it;C项how后跟动词不定式。故选A项。
3.C tell sb.to do sth.“告诉某人做某事”。
4.C it在此作形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。
5.C It's+adj.+to do sth.“做某事……”。故选C项。
6.B ask sb.not to do sth.“要求某人不要做某事”。
7.B need 作实义动词其后跟动词不定式作宾语;practice doing sth.“练习做某事”。故选B项。
8.A 句意:这个房子对他的家庭来说住在里面太小了。本题考查动词不定式作后置定语。
9.B 句意:芳芳上学足够大了。enough...to do sth.意思是“足够……干某事了”。
10.B 句意:露西让我等了二十多分钟。keep sb.doing sth.意思是“让某人一直干某事”。
11.B 句意:站在办公室里的男孩昨天被发现吸烟了。第一个空考查现在分词短语作后置定语;第二个空考查现在分词smoking作主语补足语。
12.B 句意:——你知道杨先生在哪里吗?——哦,很难说。但是我刚才看见他看足球比赛了。现在分词watching在此作宾语补足语,表示动作正在进行。
13.C 句意:约翰被迫洗一个周的卡车作为惩罚。make sb.do sth.意为“让某人做某事”,在主动语态中省略to,用动词原形作宾补,在被动语态中to 要保留。
14.A 及物动词do后有宾语it时不能用what,无it时不能用how;根据句意判断选A项,didn't know what to do意为“不知所措”。
15.C make sb. do sth.“使得某人做某事”,使役动词后用省略to的动词不定式作宾补。
16.B spend time doing sth.“花时间做某事”;put off “推迟,拖延”;put out“扑灭”;put on“穿上”。
17.C keep doing sth.“一直做某事”。
18.C keep on doing sth.“不断做某事”。
19.C feel like doing sth.“想做某事”,肯定句中用something,否定句中用anything。
20.B have sth. done意思是“让别人做某事”,但不涉及找的是谁。