【备战2014,教师原创】2014年高考英语语法备考 名词 课件

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名称 【备战2014,教师原创】2014年高考英语语法备考 名词 课件
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更新时间 2014-03-24 19:36:31

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课件47张PPT。

词名词:表示人或者事物名称的词二、名词的数
名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词又有单复数之分而不可数名词没有,它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。
※以下名词通常用作不可数名词:
fun
advice
weather
progress
information
bread
butter
baggage/luggage
equipment
furniture
homework





luck
music
practice
wealth
health
word
wood
glass
English
America
work
jewellery






可数名词复数形式的构成规则:
1)直接加s
2)以s, sh, ch, x结尾的加 es 但是:stomachs
3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为 i+es
4)大部分以 f/fe结尾的改 f/fe为 v+es
5)不规则变化
man→ men
但是: German→ Germans Roman→ Romans
woman→ women child→ children
mouse→ mice ox→ oxen
goose→ geese/tooth→ teeth/ foot→f eet
bacterium →bacteria/ medium→ media
phenomenon → phenomena
oasis→ oases/ basis→ bases
Englishman Frenchman Englishwoman Frenchwoman 怎样变?
趣味记忆法
1.以o结尾的名词变成复数时通常在其后面+ s.
但是:下列单词在其后+es
hero Negro potato tomato
(英雄和黑人吃马铃薯和西红柿)
2.以f/fe结尾的常改f/fe为ves
thief wife life self leaf wolf shelf beef loaf knife half
(小偷之妻生活难,自己扫叶来做饭,忽见一狼躲架后, 想吃牛肉面包块,取刀把它劈两半)
3.以f/fe结尾的有的既可以改成ves也可以直接+s
scarf handkerchief dwarf wharf turf oaf hoof
(带着围巾、手帕和矮子去码头修草皮者畸形儿 蹄也)


4.下列以f/fe结尾只能+s
roof gulf cliff(悬崖) reef( 暗礁) chief(首领,酋长) proof belief safe
不管是在屋顶上海湾里悬崖上还是碰到暗礁
酋长都有他的证据和信念 守住那保险箱
合成词单数变复数的规则:
1.man-doctor→men-doctors
woman-teacher→women-teachers
2.go-betweens
touch-me-nots
forget-me-nots
grown-ups
fathers-in-law
brides-to-be
passers-by
lookers-on
look-outs
editors-in-chief
film-goers
wrong-doers
fault-finders
单复数同形的词:

Chinese/Japanese
people
sheep
deer
fish
means
crossroads (十字路口)
species(物种,种类)
offspring(后代)
series(系列)
cattle(牛)
spacecraft(太空船)



单复数表示不同的含义
fish---fishes
fruit---fruits
food---foods
work---works
water---waters
custom---customs
content---contents
good---goods
iron---irons
green---greens
damage---damages(赔偿金)
air---airs(架子)put on/throw off
pain---pains
brain---brains(头脑 智能)
arm---arms
look---looks






下列名词总是用复数形式
shake hands with sb. take measures/steps
as follows ( 如下) give regards to
take turns to do sth by turns
hurt one’s feelings(伤人感情) take notes.
take pains(下功夫) have words with
in high/low spirits make preparations for
see sights(观光) go to the pictures
working conditions(工作条件)
travel expenses(路费) come to terms with
be on good/bad terms with lazybones
belongings surroundings congratulations
ashes savings(储蓄) outskirts(市郊) earnings(薪水)两部分构成的东西只能用复数形式:
trousers pants shorts jeans tights
scissors boots compasses scales glasses
gloves socks slippers earphones
上述单词做主语时谓语只能用复数,但是如果与量词连用时则根据其单复数进行变化。
My trousers are new.
This pair of trousers is new.
These pairs of trousers are new.
有的不可数名词和抽象名词前面加上不定冠词表示“一阵, 一份,一件,一种,一场”等:
a heavy rain
a famous tea
a fine paper
a brandy
a great anger
a beauty
a success/failure
a surprise
a pleasure
总是在一起使用的两个名词第二个名词前的冠词一定要省去:
a knife and fork( 一副刀叉)
a watch and chain(一块带链的表)
a horse and cart(一辆马车)
put the cart before the horse( 本末倒置/黑白颠倒)
bread and butter(奶油面包/ 生计)有一些名词可数与不可数意思不一样:
单词 不可数 可数
character 性格 人物/角色
exercise 锻炼 练习
word 消息 字/话
will 意志 遗嘱
relation 关系 亲戚
youth 青春 青年人
wonder 惊奇 奇观/奇迹
necessity 必要性 必需品
time 时间 时代/次数/倍数
experience 经验 经历
cloth 布 (特殊用途的)布
paper 纸 论文/报纸/试卷

三、名词的阴性和阳性:
1)schoolgirl schoolboy girlfriend boyfriend
salesgirl salesboy girlstudent boystudent
2) man-doctor woman-doctor
3)he-cat she-cat
4)male-elephant female-elephant
5)host-hostess
waiter-waitress
master-mistress headmaster-headmistress
actor-actress
6) bride-bridegroom widow-widower
bull-cow hero-heroin
ballerina- ballerino
prince-princess nephew-niece名词作定语:
1)通常用单数
bookstore/shoestore/ coffee cup/summer holiday
stone bridge /paper money/weather report
heart trouble(disease)/convenience food
2)常用复数的情况
communications technology( 通讯技术)
careers adviser/guidance(职业顾问/指导)
foreign languages department benefits packages
a goods train(一列货车) parents meeting
a sports man a sales manager
savings bank(储蓄银行) human resources manager
animal rights group(动物权利组织)
greetings telegram(问候电报) works facilities(工程设施)

四、名词的格:
1.有生命的+’s
2.无生命的采用of短语
3.表时间、地点、国家、天体的直接+’s
each other’s father-in-law’s
5. Jack and Tom’s room---Jack’s and Tom’s rooms
6.在表示店铺或者人家的名词后+’s
1) at the doctor’s at the butcher’s
at the tailor’s at the barber’s
at the Greens’ to my uncle’s
7. 双重所有格
the latest works of my father’s
that dog of my friend’s
a few books of mine
8. 其它所属关系
1)介词to表示所有关系
the key to the door
(其它短语见动名词语法)
the secretary to the mayor
the visitors to the Great Wall
a journey to the moon
2)介词for表所有关系
a chair for visitors medicine for cough
a gift for my mother films for adults
3)介词with 表所有关系(具有某种特征)
a girl with a round face a room with furniture
a child with big ears a cup with a handle
a man with glasses a book with a white cover
五、no 短语
1.no way
2.no trouble
3.no problem
4. no wonder
5.no doubt
6.no matter
7.no entry
8.no photos
9.no smoking
10.no parking
11.no littering/no litter
12.no talking
13.no fishing
14.no hurry
六、 be of +n.句型
1.表特性
adj.=of +n.
useful=be of use
important___importance
beneficial___benefit
interesting___interest

2.表同一性
be of the same age/class/height…
be of different color…
注意:
1)very+adj.=be of great +n.
2) be not +adj.=be of no +n.
补充:
1. Valentine’s Day
Dragon Boat Festival
Tomb Sweeping Day
Thanksgiving Day
Halloween
Easter
Carnival
Jews
Gypsy
Eskimo
2.在进行书面表达时一定要注意:可数名词在句中绝不能单独出现。11.(2009.天津卷原创解析) 1. I’m trying to break the _______ of getting up too late .
A. tradition B. convenience C. habit D. leisure【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。由关键词getting up too late “起的晚和习惯”搭配合适,意思是“晚起的习惯”;tradition传统;convenience方便,便利;leisure休闲,空闲,均不和句意。Habit习惯,选C合适。12. (2009.安徽卷) China has got a good ______for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.
A. reputation B. influence
C. impression D. knowledge【答案】A
【解析】本题考察名词的用法,四个近义词来区分.从句意及空格后面的介词入手,表达”中国在.....上面有着较好的声誉”应接介词for. influence后接on. impression后接on. Knowledge后接of.
13. (2009.山东卷) . -------He says that my new car is a ____________ of money.
-------Don’t you think those words are just sour grapes?
A. lack B. load C. question D. waste 【答案】D 
【解析】本题考查单词的区别:lack缺乏;load负担;question疑问;waste 浪费;根据句意,尤其是下句的sour grapes(酸葡萄)可知答案选D。
14. (2009.陕西卷) From their ________ on the top of the TV Tower, visitors can have a better view of the city.
A. stage B. position C. condition D. situation 【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析;stage:舞台,时期,阶段;position:位置;condition:条件,情况;situation:形式,情况;情景;根据空前的物主代词their可以推断出此处选B。题干意思是:从他们在电视塔顶部的位置,游客们可以更好地看到这个城市的景色。
15.. (2009.江西卷) The ____________ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into __________ car.
A. girl’s; Tom’s B. girls’; Toms’ C. girls’; Tom’s D. girl’s; Toms’【答案】C
【解析】本题考查名词所有格形式。根据题干后半部分的them可知对应复数girls。此题较易
16.. (2009.湖北卷) Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for ______ building.
A. respect B. friendship
C. reputation D. character【答案】D.
【解析】考查名词。根据常识便可知运动既可增强体质也可强健个性,不会增强尊敬或名声,友谊可以增强,但与前面health不搭配,故答案为character。
17(2009.湖北卷) .In our class, when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was a ______ for everyone to stand up.
A. signal B. chance C. mark D. measure【答案】A.
【解析】考查名词。根据句意可知打铃及老师合上书本,这是下课的暗示,选项中只能选择signal。chance“机会”,mark“分数,痕迹”,measure“方法,措施”。
18. (2009.福建卷) The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any ______when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April, 2009.
A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。delay:耽搁,延误;effort:努力;schedule:时间表;consideration:考虑,体谅;关心。题干意思是:当H1N1型2009年4月袭击墨西哥时,世界卫生组织毫不犹豫地向人们提出了警告。选A。
19. (2009.辽宁卷原创解析) Children need friends ______ their own age to play with.
A. of B. for C. in D. at
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词双重所有格。friends of their own age意思是“他们自己年龄的朋友”,选A符合,其他选项不能构成所有关系。