2023年中考英语专题之构词法 知识点及习题（无答案）

构词法
Ⅰ. Introduction
Ⅱ. Presentation(重点，难点，考点，热点呈现)
一、合成 Compounding 两个或更多的词合成一个词。
方式：1. 直接写在一起。 2. 用连字符(-)连接。 3. 由两个分开的词构成。
(1) 合成形容词
方式 例词
1形容词＋形容词 red-hot
2形容词＋名词 first-class, full-time, part-time
3形容词＋现在分词 good-looking, free-thinking,
4形容词＋过去分词 ready-made
5形容词＋名词-ed good-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded
6名词＋名词-ed iron-willed
7名词＋形容词 world-famous, snow-white雪白的
8名词＋现在分词 beauty-loving, freedom-loving, job-hunting,
9名词＋过去分词 man-made, water-covered,
10副词＋形容词 ever-green
11副词＋现在分词 hard-working, far-seeing
12副词＋过去分词 well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known
13数词＋名词 five-year
14数词＋名词+形容词 five-year-old
15数词＋名词-ed four-legged, six-storied
(2)合成动词
构成方式 例词
1名词＋动词 day-dream
2副词＋动词 overcome
3形容词＋动词 white-wash
(3)合成名词
构成方式 例词
1名词＋名词 horseback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone,
2形容词＋名词 back-yard, forehead,
3动名词＋名词 hiding place, reading-room
4动词＋副词 get-off, break in,
5副词＋动词 output, overflow
(4)合成副词however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever
(5)合成代词whoever, whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something, anything,
(6)合成介词within在……之内，without没有，inside在……里边，into进入
二、派生法:所谓派生，即在词根上加前缀或后缀构成另一个与原意略有变化或截然相反的词。
前缀： 前缀通常只改变词义，不改变词性。
前缀 含义 例词
a- 处在…… arise, aside, alone
en- 使可能 enrich, enable, enslave
dis- 不，否定 dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder, disagree
un- 不 做相反动作 unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, unclose, undress, uncover, untie
in- im- ir- il- 不，非 inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impractical irregular, irresponsible illogical,
non- 不，非 non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stop
de- 向相反方向发展 Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解冻）
anti- 反（对） anti-freeze, anti-fascist
mis- 错误的，坏的 misdoings, misunderstand, misfortune
re 重复，再 rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle,
co- 共同 co-exist, co-operate, co-education
ex 以前的 Ex-husband, ex-president
tele 远程 telephone, telegraph, telescope
super- 在上面，超级 supermarket, superpower,
under- 在……之下 underline, underestimate, underground,
inter- 相互，之间 international, interact, inter-change
sub- 下，次 subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent,
trans- 过，穿过，变 transformation(变形), translate
vice- 副 vice-premier, vice-president
semi- 半 semifinal, semicircle, semi-automatic
bi 两个 bicycle, biennial两年一次的
tri 三个 triangle三角形, tricycle三轮脚踏车, triplets三胞胎
mul- 多，多种 multiply, multi-national, multi-coloured
kilo- 千 kilometre, kilogram
后缀： 后缀通常只改变词性，不改变词义。
后 缀 例 词
名 词 -er farmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater
-ess actress, waitress, princess, hostess
-or conductor, sailor, transistor, operator,
-ar beggar
-ese Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese
-ian musician, Egyptian, physician
-ist scientist, dentist, communist, socialist,
-ent/-ant assistant
-ment argument, judgment, government
-ness happiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness
-tion dictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, invention
-ing building, wedding, painting
-ship leadership, friendship, hardship
-age shortage, marriage, leakage
-ty loyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty
-th truth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth
-ance acceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance
-ence dependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence
-ful mouthful, handful, plateful,
-al refusal, denial, arrival
-y difficulty, possibility,
-dom freedom, wisdom, kingdom
-ism socialism, materialism
注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。
-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。
后 缀 例 词
形 容 词 -al central, industrial, national, natural
-an European, American, Australian
-ern eastern, northern, southern
-able reasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable, sensible
-ful careful, cheerful, grateful, faithful,
-ish childish, Swedish, selfish
-ive destructive, collective, active, creative, effective
-y thirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny
-less careless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless
-en golden, wooden, woolen
-ous courageous, famous, continuous, serious, various
-ary imaginary, revolutionary, secondary
-ic realistic, historic, poetic
-some troublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome
-like childlike, womanlike, manlike
-ant ignorant, significant, observant, important
-ent diligent, silent, excellent, frequent
-ly lively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly
-ish childish, foolish
后 缀 例 词
动 词 -ize realize, modernize, mechanize, criticize,
-en widen, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten, quicken, deepen
-fy simplify, beautify, terrify,
后 缀 例 词
副 词 -ward(s) forward, northward, backward, downward
-ly slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendly

三、转化法: 英语单词的词性非常活跃，名词用作动词，动词转化为名词，形容词用作动词等现象非常普遍，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性的方式就叫做词性的转化。阅读中经常出现转化词，只要抓住单词的原始意思，结合句子成分，就容易弄清它们的引申义。下面就将一些常见的变化列举如下：
（1）动词转化为名词: A.有大量动词可以转化为名词，有时意思没变化。
We stopped there for a swim. 我们在那停下来游了一会儿泳。
B.有时意思有一定的变化。
Women have an equal say in everything. 妇女在各个方面都有同等的发言权。
He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
（2）名词转化为动词
A.有相当多的名词可以用作动词，特别是许多表示物体的名词用作动词来表示动作
Have you booked your ticket 你的票订好了吗？
B.一些表示身体某部位的名词也可以作为动词
Hand in your book, please. 请把书交上来。
C.一些表示某类人的名词也可做动词
If so, we shall be badly fooled. 如果这样我们就会上大当。
D.一些表示其它实物的名词也可用作动词
Each apartment can house a family of six. 每套房间可以住一户六口人的人家。
E.此外，还有一些抽象名词可以用作动词
Through my childhood, I had hungered for education. 我从小就盼望上学。
（3）形容词转化为动词,有少数形容词也可以用作动词。
The train slowed down to half its speed. 火车速度减慢了一半。
This will help warm up the soil. 这可以帮助土地暖和起来。
We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们会尽力改善我们的生活状况。
(4) 副词转化为动词
有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如：
Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。
(5)形容词转化为名词
表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下①)；某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数(如下②)。例如：
①You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中应该穿黑色衣服。
②The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
四、截短法(缩略法)
截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1．截头：telephone→phone，aeroplane→plane，omnibus→bus。
2．去尾：mathematics→math，co－operate→co－op，
examination→exam，kilogram→kilo，laboratory→lab，taxicab→taxi。
3．截头去尾：influenza→flu，refrigerator→fridge，prescription→script。
五、混合法(混成法)
混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast→newscast新闻广播
television broadcast→telecast电视播送
smoke and fog→smog烟雾
helicopter airport→heliport直升机停机坪
六、首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即：各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。
very important person→VIP (读字母音)要人；大人物
television→TV (读字母音)电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
CD ( compact disk) CCTV( China Central Television) UN( United Nations)
NBA (National Basketball Association) UFO( unidentified flying object)
ID( identification) USA( United States of America)
Ⅲ、Consolidation(巩固练习)
用词的正确形式填空
1. The mother didn’t know why her daughter was crying _______. (noise)
2. He was one of the best _______ in yesterday’s football match. (play)
3. Look! How _________ Kate is laughing! (happy)
4. It snowed _________ last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy)
5. Edison was a great _________. During his life he had many _________. (invent)
6. More and more _________ have come to visit China over these years. （foreign）
7. We want _________ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy)
8. Please give me some reference work. It will _________ my task. (simple)
9. The boy had the _______ of being half starved. (appear)
10. The police have _______ a plot against the President. (cover)
11. The doctor said that Mary’s mother needed an _______.(operate)
12. She hoped that her son would become a _______. (music)
13. Few ______ words made us excited. (speak)
14. The days on the moon get hotter than ______ water. (boil)
15. Thank you for your _________. (kind)
16. Many college students work while they are studying because they want to make some money for their college ____________. (expensive)
17. Most international _________ letters are written in English, too. (busy)
18. The boy noticed an ___________ mistake on his paper, but he decided not to say anything about it. (correct)
19. When in Rome, do as the _________ do. (Rome)
20. The teacher was pleased with her __________. (honest)
选词填空
because heard quietly took museum silent his themselves coatroom
One afternoon, I went into an art museum while waiting for my husband. I hoped to enjoy the works of art（54）　 　.
A young couple walked in front of me and talked about the paintings between （55）________　 　 all the time. The lady did almost all the talking, but the man kept listening to her. I thought the man was very patient （56）　 　nobody would like to be bothered（打扰） while enjoying the paintings.
I met them several times as I moved through the different rooms of the art museum. Each time I（57）　 　 her talking, I moved a way quickly.
I was paying for some gifts at the museum shop when the couple walked slowly to the exit（出口）. Before they left, the man took out a cane(拐杖). Then he tapped（轻敲） his way to the（58）　 　to get the jacket for his wife.
"He is a brave man," the worker of the shop said. "He decided not to change his life after （59）　 　eyes got hurt.. Though he is blind now, he never gives up. He and his wife come here whenever there is a new art show."
"But what can he get out of the art He can't see!" I asked.
"You are wrong. He sees a lot, more than you and I do." The worker said, "His wife describes every painting so he can see it in his mind."
I fell （60）　 　. Then I realized that I learnt something about patience, courage and love that day.
课后作业大挑战
完型填空
I used to feel hopeless and frustrated. Last year my mother became（1）　 　ill and had an operation on her brain. I felt my whole world turn upside down and I had no（2）　 　what I could do to help her to reduce her pain. My eyes were filled with tears （3）　 　I was alone.
Last month I（4）　 　a watch, which was an 18﹣year﹣old birthday gift from my father. I could not fall asleep for a couple of nights because I felt（5）　 　about the loss.
There have been many bad things like these in my life． I could never know how to deal with such tough things（6）　 　I read"If You Have a Lemon, Make Lemonade".
"When the wise man is handed a lemon, he says, ‘What（7）　 　can I get from this How can I improve my situation How can I turn this lemon into a lemonade '" the author wrote．
I suddenly（8）　 　that life is full of ups and downs, so I need to stay positive all the time． Now when I think of my past, I wish I could have done with things （9）　 　. When my mother was fighting against her illness, I should have held her hands in mine， telling her things would get better（10）　 　hiding and crying．
Several weeks ago, I took part in a school singing competition. I didn't（11）　 　a prize. If I had not read this article, I would certainly have felt （12）　 　again. But instead, I smiled after the competition. I was happy that（13）　 　I had got some stage experience.
Life is not just a bed of roses. There are thorns （刺） （14）　 　, but these thorns help us become brave and strong. When life （15）　 　us a lemon, let's try to make a lemonade．
（1）A． exactly B． seriously C． possibly D． hardly
（2）A． hope B． wonder C． idea D． doubt
（3）A． whatever B． wherever C． whenever D． whoever
（4）A． received B． sold C． fixed D． lost
（5）A． unbelievable B． comfortable C． angry D． terrible
（6）A． when B． until C． whether D． since
（7）A． lesson B． lemonade C． decision D． challenge
（8）A． realized B． thought C． discovered D． predicted
（9）A． silently B． differently C． easily D． suddenly
（10）A． because of B． except for C． instead of D． away from
（11）A． expect B． miss C． win D． refuse
（12）A． embarrassed B． disappointed C． excited D． scared
（13）A． at once B． at times C． at last D． at least
（14）A． too B． either C． also D． though
（15）A． shows B． makes C． gives D． sends
阅读理解
The morning had been a disaster. My tooth was aching, and I'd been in an argument with a friend. Her words still hurt："The trouble with you is that you won't put yourself in my place. Can't you see things from my point of view "I shook my head stubbornly﹣and felt the ache in my tooth. I'd thought I could hold out till my dentist came back from holiday, but the pain was really unbearable. I started calling the dentists in the phone book, but no one could see me immediately. Finally, at about lunchtime, I got lucky.
"If you come by right now," the receptionist said,"the dentist will fit you in."
I look my purse and keys and rushed to my car． But suddenly I began to doubt about the dentist. What kind of dentist would be so eager to treat someone at such short notice Why wasn't he as busy as the others
In the dentist's office, I sat down and looked around. I saw nothing but the bare walls and I became even more worried. The assistant noticed my nervousness and placed her warm hand over my ice﹣cold one.
When I told her my fears, she laughed and said ,"Don't worry. The dentist is very good."
"How long do I have to wait for him "I asked impatiently.
"Come on, he is coming. Just lie down and relax. And enjoy the artwork," the assistant said.
"The artwork "I was puzzled.
The chair went back, suddenly I smiled. There was a beautiful picture, right where I could enjoy it: on the ceiling. How considerate the dentist was ! At that moment, I began to understand what my friend meant by her words.
What a relief!
61． Which of the following best describes the author's feeling that morning 　 　
A． Cheerful． B． Nervous． C． Satisfied． D． Upset．
62． When could she see a dentist？　 　
A． She could see a dentist tomorrow．
B． She could never see a dentist．
C． She could see a dentist later that day．
D． She couldn't see a dentist until her dentist came back from holiday．
63． What made the author begin to doubt about the dentist 　 　
A． The dentist's agreeing to treat her at very short notice．
B． The dentist's being as busy as the other dentists．
C． The surroundings of the dentist's office．
D． The laughing assistant of the dentist．
64． Why did the author suddenly smile 　 　
A． Because the dentist came at last． B． because she saw a picture on the ceiling．
C． Because she could relax in the chair． D． Because the assistant kept comforting her．
65． What did the author learn from her experience most probably 　 　
A． Strike while the iron is hot． B． Have a good word for one's friend．
C． Put oneself in others' shoes． D． A friend in need is a friend indeed．
听歌练听力
cry on my shoulder
If the hero never comes to you
If you need someone you’re feeling ________
If you’re away from love and you’re alone
If you call your friends and nobody’s home
You can ____________ but you can’t _________
Through a storm and through a __________ night
Then I show you there’s a _________
The best things in life
They’re free
But if you wanna cry
Cry on my shoulder
If you need someone who ____________ you
If you’re feeling sad your heart gets colder
Yes I show you what real love can do
If your sky is ___________oh let me know
There’s a place in __________ where we’ll go
If heaven is a ____________ years away
Oh just call me and I make your day
When the nights are getting cold and blue
When the days are getting hard for you
I will always stay here by your side
I ___________you I’ll never hide
But if you wanna cry
Cry on my shoulder
If you need someone who cares for you
If you’re feeling sad your heart gets colder
Yes I show you what real love can do
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