备战2023高考英语重难点突破概要写作解题技巧解析版（上海专用）
一．评分标准
1. 本题总分为10分, 其中内容5分, 语言5分。
2. 评分时应注意的主要方面: 内容要点、信息呈现的连贯性和准确性。
3. 词数超过60，酌情扣分。
各档次给分要求:
内容部分
A. 能准确、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵盖主要信息。
B. 能准确概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏个别主要信息。
C. 能概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏部分主要信息。
D. 未能准确概括文章主旨大意，遗漏较多主要信息或留有过多细节信息。
E. 几乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意义的相关信息。
F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。
语言部分
A. 能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。
B. 能用自己的语言较连贯、正确地表述，但有个别语言错误。
C. 基本能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述，但连贯性较差，且有少量不影响表意的语言错误。
D. 基本能用自己的语言表述，但连贯性较差，且严重语言错误较多。
E. 几乎不能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。
F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。
二．写作步骤：
主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。
第一步：阅读
A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作
A. 原文大约为350字左右，摘要大约为50-60字左右。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。
第三步：修改成文
草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。
三．议论文
议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论, 因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句(the topic sentences)、支撑句(supporting sentences)和结论句(conclusion sentences)。 其中最主要的是找准主题句。
概要模板：论点+论据(+结论)
第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。
第二、根据原文的词句(一般指关键词和全文或段落的主题句),进行改写: 或用相应的同义词，或进行句型转换(如主动句改为被动句等等). 千万不要原封不动地抄写原文的词句.
第三、用连词连接各部分，使它连贯；
第四、整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数。
议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。
尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。可以采用如下方法概括：The writer of this article thinks that… 或者你认为本材料的观点代表了一些人的思想，就可以说Some people think… 还可以从中立的角度或用“无人称”的方式来说The article gives the view that…
如议论文的概要通常可以如此开头：
The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students.
The essay/passage/author argues in support of …, stating that …
The essay/passage/author argues that we must not only value those who come first
or are the best in any field but the others whose effort push them to success.
The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email.
The passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home.
The passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking.
四．记叙文的概要模板：
The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.
The author tells us a story about a ________.
The passage is a story about ________.
According to the passage, the hero in the story ________.
记叙文概要分类模板
a.点明写作目的类：
The writer tells us…（主题）by showing us an example of…, who/which…（故事情节）.
b. 作者经历类：
In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his
experience of doing sth, which……
c. 他人经历类：
This passage is mainly about sb’s experience of doing sth…..
五．说明文概述的步骤：
1） 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。
2）寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。
3）重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。
4）重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。
口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。（括：概括性。见：间接引语。短：短的连词。细腻：细节和例子）
2. 写说明文概述要注意的事项：
1) 不能摘抄原文句子, 要用自己的语言“重组” 主要内容；
2) 只保留主要观点，不要细节；
3) 不要发表自己的观点；
4) 不要把列举、描绘性语言当成概述性语言；
5) 一般用第三人称转述；
6) 概述不要太宽泛，缺乏针对性，也不要只针对原文某个细节，概述得太狭窄；
7) 注意段中句子的衔接, 切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子；
8) 保证无语法错误;
说明文Summary 的解题步骤
第一步 通读全文, 领略大意。通常summary 的开头都有一些常用的句子，学生可以积累用。
第二步 小结每一段的大意。用最简练的文字把文章每段的主要内容概括出即可。
第三步 根据每一段的大意以及作者的侧重点, 不要加入自己的个人观点，综合归纳全文的大意。对于说明性或描述性的短文，可以用概括性文字说明某一现象。比如可概括如下： This article points out the common phenomenon…
22年7月上海高考英语真题
71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point( s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Is there a correlation between high IQ and creative genius Really , the phrasing of the question contradicts very much correlation, as “creativity” is in no way measured through IQ standardized testing , and creativity is the greatest determinant of a genius as , like you say , it is genius. Innovation upon any subject requires a drive to create.
As ones IQ increases, there is an increased probability that they are a genius because their level of creativity has a higher probability of ascending( 升高) them to genius level. However if the odds are against them, there is an average probability that they are a genius since they are average percent genius. This is because genius and IQ are composed of different mental constructs as IO measures a standard comprehension level , while creativity measures the way in which this comprehension is used, For example , if your IQ is 180 , the percentage that you are genius is subtracted by the amount of creativity necessary to become a genius. This is inductive of the influence that the brain has on awareness, The brain gains perceptive awareness upon "creating’ thoughts in a continuous cyclic process, and if you were very "intelligent”but could not generate thoughts. you could not be an intellectual being. However one who is alive can never stop thinking, so the correlation of 1Q and genius would objectively appear as a negative exponential function.
There are few exceptionally creative people out there.just as there are few exceptionally intelligent people, and one does not occur with the other. Possessing a high level of intelligence is a platform of understanding for the creative thinking skills to make up originality. When one bears informal thinking skills, they typically occupy heightened intuitive awareness, and vivid imaginative qualities. Critical thinking skills allow one to make sense of the resultant creative output within its surrounding context of knowledge.
However, not all“geniuses”from our subjective intelligence range necessarily have high levels of creativity. One's level of intelligence can be so high that their platform of understanding generalizes ideas where a genius with lower levels of intelligence must use creativity in order to attain a sort of qualitative equivalence. Examples of people like this throughout history include the likes of John von Neumann and Christopher Langan.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考答案】
The higher a person's IQ, the more likely he is to be a genius, IQ measures standard level of comprehension, while creativity measures how comprehension is used. relationship between intelligence and genius is objectively a negative exponential function. Extremely creative people and extremely smart people don't coexist.
22年上海名校模拟真题
一、概要写作
1．（2023·上海·上海市复兴高级中学校考模拟预测）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Selling your stuff online does not only help to declutter(清理) your home and get rid of things you don’t need, but it can also be a great source of income. Books you’re not planning on reading again taking up space on your shelf Sell them online. Upgrading your phone Find a local buyer on social media.Selling online comes with certain pitfalls too, though, and it pays to be diligent when you’re crossing the threshold(门槛) from customer to seller.
One thing you need to consider carefully is the platform on which you are going to advertise. Most big players in the field are so popular with sellers, not just because they can give you access to a bigger pool of potential customers, but also because they offer insurance both to the seller and the buyer, which gives both buyers and sellers more confidence. The downside, however, is that you will generally need to pay an upfront fee(预付费) for using the platform, and may also have to sacrifice a cut of your profit to the company. What’s more, you need to build up a reputation before buyers can trust you-which means you might have to settle for lower prices until you have a high rating.
You can use some platforms that either charge a smaller fee for advertising or even no fee at all-but, in that case, what you will need to keep in mind is your safety, especially if the value of the product you’re selling is high. Most prospective buyers will be genuine, but it’s always best to meet during the day at a public place such as a coffee shop, a library, or a supermarket parking lot-anywhere monitored by security cameras is good. Always keep the product close to you, and check that the money has been released into your account or-if you’re being paid by cash-that you have been given the full amount before relinquishing your items.
A few more things to keep in mind: always be accurate with your descriptions of the items you are selling, especially if advertising on a big platform. The last thing you want is to be accused of fraud and banned from the website. Don’t give out your full name, either- keep your last name private. Identity theft might be rare in such transactions, but it’s always better to be careful.
You might think many of these sound like common sense rules, and they are, but many first-time sellers naively forget to take precautions when selling their stuff online. At the end of the day, it’s up to you to decide the way in which you are comfortable with conducting business online-but remember that a smart, prepared seller is a happy seller.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】(1)Online selling brings extra income but requires careful preparations. First, choose a credible platform with a wider customer base and insurance, and lower the price until you’ve established a fine reputation. Even if you cannot afford the prepaid fee of a platform, make sure transactions take place safely. It’s also essential to provide honest item descriptions and protect personal privacy. (60)
(2) Several things about selling online are worth noting. Firstly, proper platforms ensure customers and insurance, though an upfront fee and a good reputation are required. Secondly, always keep safety in mind, meet buyers in public and keep the product until you receive the payment. Thirdly, avoid inaccurate product description and revealing your full name. Be careful when you sell online.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在网上销售自己不需要东西的时候应注意的一些问题及销售方法。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Selling your stuff online does not only help to declutter(清理) your home and get rid of things you don’t need, but it can also be a great source of income.
②One thing you need to consider carefully is the platform on which you are going to advertise.
③Most big players in the field are so popular with sellers, not just because they can give you access to a bigger pool of potential customers, but also because they offer insurance both to the seller and the buyer, which gives both buyers and sellers more confidence.
④The downside, however, is that you will generally need to pay an upfront fee(预付费) for using the platform, and may also have to sacrifice a cut of your profit to the company.
⑤What’s more, you need to build up a reputation before buyers can trust you-which means you might have to settle for lower prices until you have a high rating.
⑥A few more things to keep in mind: always be accurate with your descriptions of the items you are selling, especially if advertising on a big platform.
⑦Don’t give out your full name, either- keep your last name private. Identity theft might be rare in such transactions, but it’s always better to be careful.
2. 缜密深思
把要点1重组；要点2、3、4整合；要点6和要点7重组，整合。
3. 遣词造句
Selling your stuff online not only help declutter your home, but it can also bring extra income.
One thing to consider carefully is the platform. A credible platform usually has a wider customer base and offer insurance.
The downside, however, is that you will generally need to pay an upfront fee for using the platform.
Besides, you have to settle for lower prices so as to build up a good reputation.
Always keep in mind that be accurate with the descriptions of items you are selling and be careful of your provacy.
【点睛】【高分句型1】
First, choose a credible platform with a wider customer base and insurance, and lower the price until you’ve established a fine reputation. （运用了祈使句和时间状语从句）
【高分句型2】
It’s also essential to provide honest item descriptions and protect personal privacy.（运用了it作形式主语）
2．（2023·上海·模拟预测）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
Cities in the Sea
They may be small, but they build big things! Coral polyps (珊瑚虫), which live in the warm, shallow parts of the Earth’s oceans, are probably the biggest builders on the planet. Coral polyps turn calcium from seawater into a hard material called limestone. Slowly, they build up a hard skeleton (骨架) around their bodies. When polyps die, their skeletons remain. Young polyps attach themselves to the old skeletons and make new skeletons. Over time, weird and wonderful shapes are slowly built up into amazing coral reefs (珊瑚礁).
Scientists sometimes think of coral reefs as underwater cities. A quarter of all known marine species live in reef habitats―there are nearly a thousand coral species. Reefs are also home to millions of sea creatures, like fish, crabs, turtles, and sharks.
Humans don’t live in coral reef cities, but we benefit from them. Reefs create jobs for people in the fishing industry and other related businesses. Coral reefs are also popular for divers一many countries benefit from the tourists that they attract. Lastly, chemicals from reef creatures help scientists create new medicines, which help doctors treat different illnesses.
Coral reefs are very important, yet we don’t take good care of them. Environmental problems have already killed about twenty percent of the world’s reefs. About half of the remaining reefs are dying, and experts believe all of Earth’s coral reefs will be in danger by 2050.
Why are the reefs in such trouble For one thing, people catch too many reef fish and often damage the reefs—divers sometimes break off pieces of coral.
Polluted water also causes problems because reef-destroying algae grows in dirty water. Even air pollution hurts coral reefs. Global warming causes warmer ocean water, which can cause polyps to lose helpful algae. Without that algae, coral turns white. This is called "bleaching”，and if it continues, the coral dies.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】One possible version:
Coral reefs, built of skeletons of coral polyps, are called underwater cities, where live many marine species and sea creatures. They provide humans with jobs, scenery and medicines. However, reefs aren’t well protected. One fifth of them have disappeared due to environmental problems. Fishing and diving do harm to them; water pollution and air pollution are to blame too.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了珊瑚礁的成因及对人类的益处以及珊瑚礁受到威胁的各种各样的原因。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Young polyps attach themselves to the old skeletons and make new skeletons. Over time, weird and wonderful shapes are slowly built up into amazing coral reefs
②Scientists sometimes think of coral reefs as underwater cities. A quarter of all known marine species live in reef habitats.
③Humans don’t live in coral reef cities, but we benefit from them.
④Coral reefs are very important, yet we don’t take good care of them. Environmental problems have already killed about twenty percent of the world’s reefs.
⑤people catch too many reef fish and often damage the reefs—divers sometimes break off pieces of coral.
⑥Polluted water also causes problems because reef-destroying algae grows in dirty water.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第4、5、6三个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Coral reefs consists of skeletons of coral polyps, being home to marine species and sea creatures.
We benefit a lot from them.
However, we don’t take care of them because they are threatened by environmental problems, fishing, diving and pollution.
【点睛】[高分句型1]
Coral reefs, built of skeletons of coral polyps, are called underwater cities, where live many marine species and sea creatures.( 运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中where引导的非限制性定语从句，built过去分词作的后置定语等表达高级)
[高分句型2]
One fifth of them have disappeared due to environmental problems. (运用了现在完成时表示已经造成的结果，对第四段进行了概括，due to表示原因，表达恰当)
3．（2022·上海奉贤·统考一模）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Camping Can Be So Much Fun
When you go on holiday, where do you like to stay If you haven’t tried camping, maybe you should join the increasing number of people who are enjoying the simple pleasures of camping.
By grabbing your tent, and some additional things, it’s easy to head off to the countryside and enjoy a night or two under the stars. Many campers are dumping the trappings of their modern, busy life to do this, encouraged by experts who say a few peaceful nights in the middle of nowhere might be a good way to relax and improve our sleep patterns and well-being. It is also, of course, a good low-budget holiday option.
For the adventurous, wild camping is an ideal way to escape from reality. Armed with just some food and a sleeping bag, you’re free from rules, away from other people, and able to enjoy the back-to-basics experience. But for those who still want some home comforts, a campsite is a more suitable place to fix your tent. Here you have facilities such as washrooms, a shop and maybe even a restaurant. And for the most luxurious camping experience, you could try glamping, a type of camping associated with extreme comforts and luxury.
More recently, sales of camping equipment have jumped as more people have chosen a vacation spent at hometown due to travel restrictions caused by the pandemic. One camping retailer, Halfords, reported a sharp rise in demand for products such as stoves, cool boxes and camping chairs. With the addition of soft pillows, powerful torches and lamps to light up your tent and a better selection of easy-to-cook food, you can almost guarantee a comfortable and enjoyable camping expedition. So maybe it’s time to give camping a try.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Nowadays, a growing number of people choose to camp outdoors in that it’s easy to access and with low-budget. Moreover, various types of camping cater to our different needs, such as adventurous wild camping, cozy campsite camping and luxurious camping, which brings us peace and benefits our health. With the travel restrictions during the pandemic, sales of camping equipment soar. (60字)
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了露营的意义和露营的种类，以及在疫情的影响下，露营装备销量暴增的现象。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①If you haven’t tried camping, maybe you should join the increasing number of people who are enjoying the simple pleasures of camping.
②By grabbing your tent, and some additional things, it’s easy to head off to the countryside and enjoy a night or two under the stars.
③It is also, of course, a good low-budget holiday option.
④For the adventurous, wild camping is an ideal way to escape from reality. But for those who still want some home comforts, a campsite is a more suitable place to fix your tent.
⑤Here you have facilities such as washrooms, a shop and maybe even a restaurant. And for the most luxurious camping experience, you could try glamping, a type of camping associated with extreme comforts and luxury.
⑥More recently, sales of camping equipment have jumped as more people have chosen a vacation spent at hometown due to travel restrictions caused by the pandemic.
2. 缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4、5、6要点进行整合。
3. 遣词造句
It might be fun to consider joining others and enjoy the simple pleasure of camping.
It’s easy and also cheap to head off to the countryside and have a holiday.
Wild camping can be fun the adventurous while different types of campsites can also be found if you’re looking for a more comfortable environment.
Due to the pandemic, the sales of camping equipment have increased a lot.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Nowadays, a growing number of people choose to camp outdoors in that it’s easy to access and with low-budget.(运用中in that引导原因状语从句)
【高分句型2】Moreover, various types of camping cater to our different needs, such as adventurous wild camping, cozy campsite camping and luxurious camping, which brings us peace and benefits our health.(用which引导了非限制性定语从句)
4．（2022秋·上海浦东新·高三校考期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own word as far as possible.
Cooperative learning May Change Your Mind about Group Work
Two heads are better than one. It means that two people working together have a better chance of solving a problem than one person alone. But not everyone likes working with others ---especially when that means working in a group.
There can be a number of reasons why people dislike group work. Some may feel nervous or uneasy in group situations. Others might have had a bad experience with individuals who did not work well as a team. Another criticism is that teachers or supervisors fail to assign roles to group members. This may create a situation where everyone or no one wants to lead. Whatever the issue, the result is the same: the group does not realize its goal.
Cooperative learning is an educational method that can help to solve this problem. There are many methods of cooperative learning. One of them is to each person in a small group a specific duty to reach a shared goal. For example, if learners are divided into groups of four people each, their roles might be: leader, writer, checker and speaker. The “writer writes down important information from the task. They may also write down the ideas for the speaker to present This structure helps ensure everyone takes part equally in group work. lt also allows each member to play a meaningful part in completing the shared goal.
Retired educator Michelle Manville has written several books about education and learning standards. Many of her books note that cooperative learning creates a supportive group structure and lessens the problem of competitiveness. Studies have also shown that cooperative learning improves learner achievement. This includes one study by American researcher Robert Slavin.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】As we all know, working together contributes to solving problems better. But everyone doesn’t like working together. The reason is that some people suffered from different experiences of group work. Whatever it is, it all causes bad results. Fortunately, cooperative learning can handle the issues by playing different roles in group work, which has proved helpful by some experts.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍团队合作有利于解决问题，但是由于种种原因很多人并不是很喜欢这种工作模式，在教育方法中，合作式学习可以用来帮助解决这一问题，让小组内的每一位成员都有自己的分工，这些都已经得到了很多专家的研究论证。
【详解】1 要点摘录①Two heads are better than one. It means that two people working together have a better chance of solving a problem than one person alone.
②There can be a number of reasons why people dislike group work.
③Whatever the issue, the result is the same: the group does not realize its goal.
④Cooperative learning is an educational method that can help to solve this problem.
⑤Studies have also shown that cooperative learning improves learner achievement. This includes one study by American researcher Robert Slavin.
2.缜密构思
将第①要点进行重组，将第②、③两个要点整合，将④、⑤两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
As we all know, working together contributes to solving problems better.
But everyone doesn’t like working together.
The reason is that some people suffered from different experiences of group work.
Whatever it is, it all causes bad results.
Fortunately, cooperative learning can handle the issues by playing different roles in group work, which has proved helpful by some experts.
【点睛】[高分句型1] As we all know, working together contributes to solving problems better. 用as引导的非限制性定语从句对第一段内容进行总结。
[高分句型2]：Fortunately, cooperative learning can handle the issues by playing different roles in group work, which has proved helpful by some experts. 用which引导的非限制性定语从句对第三段内容进行总结。
5．（2023·上海·上海中学校考模拟预测）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Paper Architect
For a long time, Zaha Hadid was known as “the paper architect,” someone whose grand designs never left the page to become real buildings. But in recent years her buildings have sprung up like mushrooms all over the world: the Guangzhou Opera House in China, a car factory in Germany, a contemporary art museum in Rome, a transportation museum in Scotland, and the Aquatics Center for the 2012 Olympics in London.
Pinning down her individual style is difficult. Certainly Hadid has been influenced by the modem trend in architecture that likes to play with the traditional shape of buildings and fragment (分解) them, creating unpredictable angles and surfaces. Working in this way, she and her fellow architects have produced some spaceship-like structures that seem to go against the normal laws of engineering.
The idea of offering the viewer multiple perspectives from within the building is a theme that runs through Hadid’s work. Her most famous building, MAXXI—a museum for the 21st century— in Rome, is a great example. It is a complex and spectacular structure of interlocking concrete shapes. Inside spaces interconnect Tike winding streets, so that the visitor is surprised and charmed at each turn. The Rosenthal Center in Cincinnati produces a similar effect. Like an extension of the street it sits on, it draws you in, with walkways directing you this way and that, and windows inviting you to sample the view. “It’s about promenading” says Hadid, “being able to pause, to look out, look above, look sideways.”
So what inspires someone like Hadid to produce such different buildings She speaks in complimentary terms about the work of her contemporaries. She also cites the natural landscape and organic geological patterns as an influence. But it is not a question that she seems too concerned with and nor perhaps should we be. Hadid is an artist, sharing with us her vision of what buildings should be like and always, as she does so, trying to keep human interests—our interests as users and viewers—at heart.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】 Recent years have seen an increasing number of Zaha Hadid’s buildings globally. By breaking down traditional building shapes to produce seemingly impossible structures, Hadid has formed her own style. She hopes people inside her works can appreciate them from different angles. As an artist, she wants people to know more buildings, which is why she has produced such distinct works.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国女建筑师扎哈·哈迪德。近年来，扎哈·哈迪德的建筑作品出现在全球各地，她的作品打破传统的建筑造型，创造出看似不可能的结构，她希望人们能够从不同的角度欣赏她的作品。同时，作为一名建筑师，她也希望人们更多地了解建筑。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①But in recent years her buildings have sprung up like mushrooms all over the world: the Guangzhou Opera House in China, a car factory in Germany, a contemporary art museum in Rome, a transportation museum in Scotland, and the Aquatics Center for the 2012 Olympics in London.
②Certainly Hadid has been influenced by the modem trend in architecture that likes to play with the traditional shape of buildings and fragment (分解) them, creating unpredictable angles and surfaces.
③Working in this way, she and her fellow architects have produced some spaceship-like structures that seem to go against the normal laws of engineering.
④The idea of offering the viewer multiple perspectives from within the building is a theme that runs through Hadid’s work.
⑤So what inspires someone like Hadid to produce such different buildings She speaks in complimentary terms about the work of her contemporaries.
⑥Hadid is an artist, sharing with us her vision of what buildings should be like and always, as she does so, trying to keep human interests—our interests as users and viewers—at heart.
2.缜密构思
将第②和③两个要点进行重组，将第⑤和⑥两个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
①Recently, Hadid’s buildings have sprung up all over the world.
②Hadid broke down traditional building shapes to produce seemingly impossible structures, which made her form her own style.
③Hadid’s works can offer the viewer multiple perspectives from within the building.
④Hadid has produced such distinct works, because she wants people to know more buildings.
【点睛】[高分句型1] By breaking down traditional building shapes to produce seemingly impossible structures, Hadid has formed her own style. （运用了“by doing”结构在句中作状语，对原文第二段进行了概括）
[高分句型2] As an artist, she wants people to know more buildings, which is why she has produced such distinct works.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句，对原文第四段进行了概括）备战2023高考英语重难点突破概要写作解题技巧原卷版（上海专用）
一．评分标准
1. 本题总分为10分, 其中内容5分, 语言5分。
2. 评分时应注意的主要方面: 内容要点、信息呈现的连贯性和准确性。
3. 词数超过60，酌情扣分。
各档次给分要求:
内容部分
A. 能准确、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵盖主要信息。
B. 能准确概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏个别主要信息。
C. 能概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏部分主要信息。
D. 未能准确概括文章主旨大意，遗漏较多主要信息或留有过多细节信息。
E. 几乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意义的相关信息。
F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。
语言部分
A. 能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。
B. 能用自己的语言较连贯、正确地表述，但有个别语言错误。
C. 基本能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述，但连贯性较差，且有少量不影响表意的语言错误。
D. 基本能用自己的语言表述，但连贯性较差，且严重语言错误较多。
E. 几乎不能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。
F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。
二．写作步骤：
主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。
第一步：阅读
A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作
A. 原文大约为350字左右，摘要大约为50-60字左右。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。
第三步：修改成文
草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。
三．议论文
议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论, 因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句(the topic sentences)、支撑句(supporting sentences)和结论句(conclusion sentences)。 其中最主要的是找准主题句。
概要模板：论点+论据(+结论)
第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。
第二、根据原文的词句(一般指关键词和全文或段落的主题句),进行改写: 或用相应的同义词，或进行句型转换(如主动句改为被动句等等). 千万不要原封不动地抄写原文的词句.
第三、用连词连接各部分，使它连贯；
第四、整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数。
议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。
尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。可以采用如下方法概括：The writer of this article thinks that… 或者你认为本材料的观点代表了一些人的思想，就可以说Some people think… 还可以从中立的角度或用“无人称”的方式来说The article gives the view that…
如议论文的概要通常可以如此开头：
The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students.
The essay/passage/author argues in support of …, stating that …
The essay/passage/author argues that we must not only value those who come first
or are the best in any field but the others whose effort push them to success.
The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email.
The passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home.
The passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking.
四．记叙文的概要模板：
The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.
The author tells us a story about a ________.
The passage is a story about ________.
According to the passage, the hero in the story ________.
记叙文概要分类模板
a.点明写作目的类：
The writer tells us…（主题）by showing us an example of…, who/which…（故事情节）.
b. 作者经历类：
In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his
experience of doing sth, which……
c. 他人经历类：
This passage is mainly about sb’s experience of doing sth…..
五．说明文概述的步骤：
1） 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。
2）寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。
3）重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。
4）重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。
口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。（括：概括性。见：间接引语。短：短的连词。细腻：细节和例子）
2. 写说明文概述要注意的事项：
1) 不能摘抄原文句子, 要用自己的语言“重组” 主要内容；
2) 只保留主要观点，不要细节；
3) 不要发表自己的观点；
4) 不要把列举、描绘性语言当成概述性语言；
5) 一般用第三人称转述；
6) 概述不要太宽泛，缺乏针对性，也不要只针对原文某个细节，概述得太狭窄；
7) 注意段中句子的衔接, 切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子；
8) 保证无语法错误;
说明文Summary 的解题步骤
第一步 通读全文, 领略大意。通常summary 的开头都有一些常用的句子，学生可以积累用。
第二步 小结每一段的大意。用最简练的文字把文章每段的主要内容概括出即可。
第三步 根据每一段的大意以及作者的侧重点, 不要加入自己的个人观点，综合归纳全文的大意。对于说明性或描述性的短文，可以用概括性文字说明某一现象。比如可概括如下： This article points out the common phenomenon…
22年7月上海高考英语真题
71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point( s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Is there a correlation between high IQ and creative genius Really , the phrasing of the question contradicts very much correlation, as “creativity” is in no way measured through IQ standardized testing , and creativity is the greatest determinant of a genius as , like you say , it is genius. Innovation upon any subject requires a drive to create.
As ones IQ increases, there is an increased probability that they are a genius because their level of creativity has a higher probability of ascending( 升高) them to genius level. However if the odds are against them, there is an average probability that they are a genius since they are average percent genius. This is because genius and IQ are composed of different mental constructs as IO measures a standard comprehension level , while creativity measures the way in which this comprehension is used, For example , if your IQ is 180 , the percentage that you are genius is subtracted by the amount of creativity necessary to become a genius. This is inductive of the influence that the brain has on awareness, The brain gains perceptive awareness upon "creating’ thoughts in a continuous cyclic process, and if you were very "intelligent”but could not generate thoughts. you could not be an intellectual being. However one who is alive can never stop thinking, so the correlation of 1Q and genius would objectively appear as a negative exponential function.
There are few exceptionally creative people out there.just as there are few exceptionally intelligent people, and one does not occur with the other. Possessing a high level of intelligence is a platform of understanding for the creative thinking skills to make up originality. When one bears informal thinking skills, they typically occupy heightened intuitive awareness, and vivid imaginative qualities. Critical thinking skills allow one to make sense of the resultant creative output within its surrounding context of knowledge.
However, not all“geniuses”from our subjective intelligence range necessarily have high levels of creativity. One's level of intelligence can be so high that their platform of understanding generalizes ideas where a genius with lower levels of intelligence must use creativity in order to attain a sort of qualitative equivalence. Examples of people like this throughout history include the likes of John von Neumann and Christopher Langan.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
22年上海名校模拟真题
一、概要写作
1．（2023·上海·上海市复兴高级中学校考模拟预测）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Selling your stuff online does not only help to declutter(清理) your home and get rid of things you don’t need, but it can also be a great source of income. Books you’re not planning on reading again taking up space on your shelf Sell them online. Upgrading your phone Find a local buyer on social media.Selling online comes with certain pitfalls too, though, and it pays to be diligent when you’re crossing the threshold(门槛) from customer to seller.
One thing you need to consider carefully is the platform on which you are going to advertise. Most big players in the field are so popular with sellers, not just because they can give you access to a bigger pool of potential customers, but also because they offer insurance both to the seller and the buyer, which gives both buyers and sellers more confidence. The downside, however, is that you will generally need to pay an upfront fee(预付费) for using the platform, and may also have to sacrifice a cut of your profit to the company. What’s more, you need to build up a reputation before buyers can trust you-which means you might have to settle for lower prices until you have a high rating.
You can use some platforms that either charge a smaller fee for advertising or even no fee at all-but, in that case, what you will need to keep in mind is your safety, especially if the value of the product you’re selling is high. Most prospective buyers will be genuine, but it’s always best to meet during the day at a public place such as a coffee shop, a library, or a supermarket parking lot-anywhere monitored by security cameras is good. Always keep the product close to you, and check that the money has been released into your account or-if you’re being paid by cash-that you have been given the full amount before relinquishing your items.
A few more things to keep in mind: always be accurate with your descriptions of the items you are selling, especially if advertising on a big platform. The last thing you want is to be accused of fraud and banned from the website. Don’t give out your full name, either- keep your last name private. Identity theft might be rare in such transactions, but it’s always better to be careful.
You might think many of these sound like common sense rules, and they are, but many first-time sellers naively forget to take precautions when selling their stuff online. At the end of the day, it’s up to you to decide the way in which you are comfortable with conducting business online-but remember that a smart, prepared seller is a happy seller.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2．（2023·上海·模拟预测）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
Cities in the Sea
They may be small, but they build big things! Coral polyps (珊瑚虫), which live in the warm, shallow parts of the Earth’s oceans, are probably the biggest builders on the planet. Coral polyps turn calcium from seawater into a hard material called limestone. Slowly, they build up a hard skeleton (骨架) around their bodies. When polyps die, their skeletons remain. Young polyps attach themselves to the old skeletons and make new skeletons. Over time, weird and wonderful shapes are slowly built up into amazing coral reefs (珊瑚礁).
Scientists sometimes think of coral reefs as underwater cities. A quarter of all known marine species live in reef habitats―there are nearly a thousand coral species. Reefs are also home to millions of sea creatures, like fish, crabs, turtles, and sharks.
Humans don’t live in coral reef cities, but we benefit from them. Reefs create jobs for people in the fishing industry and other related businesses. Coral reefs are also popular for divers一many countries benefit from the tourists that they attract. Lastly, chemicals from reef creatures help scientists create new medicines, which help doctors treat different illnesses.
Coral reefs are very important, yet we don’t take good care of them. Environmental problems have already killed about twenty percent of the world’s reefs. About half of the remaining reefs are dying, and experts believe all of Earth’s coral reefs will be in danger by 2050.
Why are the reefs in such trouble For one thing, people catch too many reef fish and often damage the reefs—divers sometimes break off pieces of coral.
Polluted water also causes problems because reef-destroying algae grows in dirty water. Even air pollution hurts coral reefs. Global warming causes warmer ocean water, which can cause polyps to lose helpful algae. Without that algae, coral turns white. This is called "bleaching”，and if it continues, the coral dies.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3．（2022·上海奉贤·统考一模）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Camping Can Be So Much Fun
When you go on holiday, where do you like to stay If you haven’t tried camping, maybe you should join the increasing number of people who are enjoying the simple pleasures of camping.
By grabbing your tent, and some additional things, it’s easy to head off to the countryside and enjoy a night or two under the stars. Many campers are dumping the trappings of their modern, busy life to do this, encouraged by experts who say a few peaceful nights in the middle of nowhere might be a good way to relax and improve our sleep patterns and well-being. It is also, of course, a good low-budget holiday option.
For the adventurous, wild camping is an ideal way to escape from reality. Armed with just some food and a sleeping bag, you’re free from rules, away from other people, and able to enjoy the back-to-basics experience. But for those who still want some home comforts, a campsite is a more suitable place to fix your tent. Here you have facilities such as washrooms, a shop and maybe even a restaurant. And for the most luxurious camping experience, you could try glamping, a type of camping associated with extreme comforts and luxury.
More recently, sales of camping equipment have jumped as more people have chosen a vacation spent at hometown due to travel restrictions caused by the pandemic. One camping retailer, Halfords, reported a sharp rise in demand for products such as stoves, cool boxes and camping chairs. With the addition of soft pillows, powerful torches and lamps to light up your tent and a better selection of easy-to-cook food, you can almost guarantee a comfortable and enjoyable camping expedition. So maybe it’s time to give camping a try.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4．（2022秋·上海浦东新·高三校考期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own word as far as possible.
Cooperative learning May Change Your Mind about Group Work
Two heads are better than one. It means that two people working together have a better chance of solving a problem than one person alone. But not everyone likes working with others ---especially when that means working in a group.
There can be a number of reasons why people dislike group work. Some may feel nervous or uneasy in group situations. Others might have had a bad experience with individuals who did not work well as a team. Another criticism is that teachers or supervisors fail to assign roles to group members. This may create a situation where everyone or no one wants to lead. Whatever the issue, the result is the same: the group does not realize its goal.
Cooperative learning is an educational method that can help to solve this problem. There are many methods of cooperative learning. One of them is to each person in a small group a specific duty to reach a shared goal. For example, if learners are divided into groups of four people each, their roles might be: leader, writer, checker and speaker. The “writer writes down important information from the task. They may also write down the ideas for the speaker to present This structure helps ensure everyone takes part equally in group work. lt also allows each member to play a meaningful part in completing the shared goal.
Retired educator Michelle Manville has written several books about education and learning standards. Many of her books note that cooperative learning creates a supportive group structure and lessens the problem of competitiveness. Studies have also shown that cooperative learning improves learner achievement. This includes one study by American researcher Robert Slavin.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5．（2023·上海·上海中学校考模拟预测）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
The Paper Architect
For a long time, Zaha Hadid was known as “the paper architect,” someone whose grand designs never left the page to become real buildings. But in recent years her buildings have sprung up like mushrooms all over the world: the Guangzhou Opera House in China, a car factory in Germany, a contemporary art museum in Rome, a transportation museum in Scotland, and the Aquatics Center for the 2012 Olympics in London.
Pinning down her individual style is difficult. Certainly Hadid has been influenced by the modem trend in architecture that likes to play with the traditional shape of buildings and fragment (分解) them, creating unpredictable angles and surfaces. Working in this way, she and her fellow architects have produced some spaceship-like structures that seem to go against the normal laws of engineering.
The idea of offering the viewer multiple perspectives from within the building is a theme that runs through Hadid’s work. Her most famous building, MAXXI—a museum for the 21st century— in Rome, is a great example. It is a complex and spectacular structure of interlocking concrete shapes. Inside spaces interconnect Tike winding streets, so that the visitor is surprised and charmed at each turn. The Rosenthal Center in Cincinnati produces a similar effect. Like an extension of the street it sits on, it draws you in, with walkways directing you this way and that, and windows inviting you to sample the view. “It’s about promenading” says Hadid, “being able to pause, to look out, look above, look sideways.”
So what inspires someone like Hadid to produce such different buildings She speaks in complimentary terms about the work of her contemporaries. She also cites the natural landscape and organic geological patterns as an influence. But it is not a question that she seems too concerned with and nor perhaps should we be. Hadid is an artist, sharing with us her vision of what buildings should be like and always, as she does so, trying to keep human interests—our interests as users and viewers—at heart.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
