备战2023高考英语重难点突破六选四解题技巧解析版（上海专用）
解题时要从三个角度着眼：
看位置：是段首、段尾，还是段中题；
b. 找词汇：锁定选项与文中信息相关联的词汇；
c. 思逻辑：思考选项与文中信息是否符合行文逻辑；
1. 读懂段意定两头——段首、段尾题
(1) 挖空在段首，常是主题句或承上启下句
假如挖空出现在段首，通常为主题句。要认真阅读空后内容，根据段落一致性原则，推断出主题句。若不是主题句，则考虑是承上启下句。
例子1
_____49_____ “If animals become accustomed to tourists and if tourism practices enhance this taming, we might create unintended consequences - affecting the behavior or population of a species and influencing the species’ function in its community,” the researchers write.
A. As animals learn to relax in the presence of humans, they may become bolder in other situations.
F. Interacting with people can cause great change in the characteristics of various species over time.
分析：根据设空位置可知，该空应填本段的段落主旨句。根据后面的“we might create unintended consequences - affecting the behavior or population of a species and influencing the species’ function in its community,”可知，本段主要谈论与人类互动行为对动物的影响”，故选F。
(2) 挖空在段尾，常是结论句或承上启下句
挖空出现在段尾，通常是所在段的结论和概括。解题时注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结的关联词（如：therefore, as a result, thus, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word）或句子
例子2
If Harry Potter and Huckleberry Finn were each to represent British versus American children’s literature, a curious situation would emerge : In a literary competition for the hearts and minds of children, one is a wizard(巫师)- in - training at a boarding school in the Scottish Highlands, while the other is a barefoot boy drifting down the Mississippi, bothered by cheats, slave hunters, and thieves. One defeats evil with a magic stick, the other takes to a raft(筏)to right a social wrong. ___67___
A. It all goes back to each country’s distinct cultural heritage.
F. Both orphans took over the world of children’s literature, but their stories unfold in noticeable different ways.
分析：本空位于段落最后，可推测应该是对前文叙述的总结。空格前面描述了英国和美国的儿童文学的代表作品中的主人公的事迹，此处承接前文语意，对前两种故事的展开方式予以评价，故选F项“两个孤儿都接管了儿童文学的世界，但是他们的故事以明显不同的方式展开”。
b. 承上启下逻辑类
挖空在段尾的空格可以起到承上启下的作用，即通过空格把本段与下一段有机地结合起来。这时，我们不光要看空格前面的句子，对于下一段的内容也要特别关注。(段首类的承上启下句同样适用此法)
例子3
Do you prefer to watch TV or listen to the radio There was a time when some people thought moving pictures would spell the end of tuning into the radio for entertainment and information. But radio survived and boomed. 67.____________
Perhaps the growth in podcasting is not surprising-it offers a digital audio file that can be downloaded and stored for listening at any time. It can also be streamed from the internet and played on a computer or MP3 player. And it’s not just broadcasters, like the BBC, who are producing podcasts: now commercial broadcasters, individuals and companies with no connection to broadcasting are making them. In fact, anyone with something to say, and a few pounds to spend on the equipment, can get involved.
C. And now, despite the growth in smartphones offering high-definition pictures, the popularity of podcasts is booming.
E. Podcasts offer a chance to speak to a very precise selection of people.
分析：本题为段尾题。本句起承上启下的作用，设空所在段提到“有一段时期，一些人认为动画的出现会导致以收音机为娱乐和获取信息的方式的终结。但是收音机幸存了下来，并火了起来。”空后下一段说“或许，播客的增长在意料之中”故选C。
2. 细辨关系定中间——段中题
一般说来，文章的行文通常需要一定的衔接手段来实现，而该题型的衔接手段主要有以下两种渠道： 一是词汇线索，二是行文逻辑。
(1) 从词汇线索上判断
词汇线索主要包括代词和词汇复现两种情况。
a. 代词
英语表达中，代词出现的频率极高。代词主要用于指代前面提到的人或物，有时也是为了区别前面提到的名词或概念。巧妙利用这样的指代关系及差异可以准确而快速地解题。
例子4
A fresh lemon can be purchased for less than $1. But in 2008, Cowan's Auctions in Cincinnati sold a lemon blackened with age for $2,350.
What was so special about this lemon 67 According to a handwritten note in ink attached to a partly sealed bottle containing the lemon, the fruit was picked in May 1842 by Washington's "old gardener" some 43 years after the first president's death
C. It was said to be from a tree planted by George Washington at Mount Vernon.
D. The auction result surely drew the attention from both the business and economics worlds.
分析：本题可利用代词作为解题线索。根据“What was so special about this lemon ”可知，此段主要讲述了被拍卖的柠檬特殊在哪里。C选项中的代词“it”指代前面提到的“this lemon”，故选C。
b. 词汇复现
作者在文章中会对同一个概念重复描述，从而使得同样的意思在文章不同的地方重复出现。词汇复现可以指相同词汇的重复使用、同义词和近义词的复现以及同一范畴词汇的复现。解题时可以利用这些词作为解题线索。
例子5
69.________ Do they choose to rob Do they sit at home and wait What happens to people who rely on their cellphones to process money dealings when cell service and the Internet are interrupted A world affected by terrorism and increasingly violent weather may not yet be ready to abandon currency."
D. Clearing up cash payments has several advantages as well.
E. However, some people doubt what members of a cashless society will do when the power goes off.
分析：本题可利用词汇复现作为解题线索。本段最后一句中的“abandon currency”与E项中a cashless society相呼应，故选E。
(2) 从行文逻辑上判断
英语行文离不开逻辑关系，一篇没有逻辑的文章只能是一盘散沙。逻辑关系主要包括：并列关系、递进关系、因果关系、转折或对比关系等。
a. 并列关系
表示并列关系的词有：first(ly), second(ly) ...; first, then/next ...; in the first place, in the second place ...; for one thing, for another (thing) ...; to begin with, to conclude 等标志性词语，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系，空格处很有可能是个并列的句子。
例子6
In order to finish projects, you must also plan out the steps you will take. Break your big task into smaller ones, and give yourself a short-term deadline for each of them. ___48___.
C. Whatever it is, if you don't know what your goal is, you're not likely to reach it.
E. Then commit to following your plan to the end.
分析：本题可利用并列关系解题。本段主要讲述了要完成项目应该如何有步骤地去做，这里是按照顺序排列，此处应该是第三条，与E项Then… following your plan to the end”相呼应，故选E。
b. 递进关系
递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。表示递进关系的词有：too, also, besides, further, furthermore, moreover, apart from, what's more, in addition, as well, to make matters worse, not ...but ..., not only ...but also等。
例子7
However , there is a negative side to boxing. It is likely to threaten personal safety of people. Although boxers wear gloves during the fights , and amateur boxers even have to wear helmets , there have frequently been accident in both professional and amateur boxing , sometimes with dramatic consequences . Boxers have suffered from head injuries , and occasionally , fighters have even been killed as a result of being knocked out in the ring. ___49___ Sometimes even if a boxer has never been knocked out, he might have suffered severe brain damage without knowing it.
D. Professional boxers are much more at risk than their amateur counterparts.
E. Furthermore , studies have shown that there are often long-term effects of boxing
分析：本题可利用递进关系解题。本段是总分结构，空前和空后均说明了拳击带来的负面影响，故空格处也不例外应该继续说明拳击的负面影响，故选E，
c. 因果关系
表示因果关系的词有：so/therefore, thus, hence, consequently (结果), as a result , for that reason, so/such ...that ...，so that ...等。
例子8
This unequal distribution indicates a situation of severe food injustice in South Africa. Yet from the research with it’s clear that people do not know of the right to food, and don’t see unequal access to nutritious food as an injustice. ______68_____While there are frequent protests around access to jobs, education, housing, water and electricity, we rarely, if ever, see protests about access to food.
A. As a result, questions of hunger are largely absent in South African politics.
B. Handling food injustice requires a transformation of the undesirable structure of the food system.
分析：本题可利用因果关系解题。空格前两句讲述了：“在南非，食物的不均衡分配反映了食物极度不公的现象。然而，对城市农民的调查发现，人们对食物的权益并不了解，并不认为不能平等地获得有营养的食物是一种不公平”；与A项“As a result, questions of hunger are largely absent in South African politics.”相呼应。故选A.
d. 转折或对比关系
表示转折或对比关系的词有：but, however, yet, while/though, or/otherwise, on the contrary, instead, nevertheless (然而), in contrast/comparison 等。
Your personal circumstances are equally important. For example, you may want to be a Pilot but can’t become one because your eyesight is not good enough. 70 You should reassess your goals, and motivate yourself to set a fresh goal.
A. This can affect your work.
C. However, this should not discourage you.
分析：本题可利用转折关系解题。空格前列举了你想成为一名飞行员，但是，你的视力不够好导致你不能成为飞行员的例子；空格后又用了you should 句式表示建议，使结果峰回路转，所以此处空格的感彩应与下一句相呼应，故选C。
e. 表示解释关系
表示解释关系的词有：in other words, in fact, as a mater of fact, for example, for instance, actually, that is to say等；
例子9
68. ________For instance, the printing and handling of money is expensive. Cash payments can be anonymous (匿名的) and it is hard to track criminal activities conducted in secret. Many governments favor reducing cash dealings in order to better monitor and understand the activities of their citizens. The Swedish government has been discussing the removing of cash since 2010.
A. There's no waiting for it and no counting of cash.
D. Clearing up cash payments has several advantages as well.
分析：本题可利用解释关系解题。本空格后由for instance引出无现金支付的2个比较优势，与D项“Clearing up cash payments has several advantages”相呼应，故选D。
22年7月上海高考英语真题
A But studying the chimpanzees of Gombe was not easy. B. Until that time, only humans were thought to create tools. C.These observations disprove the widely held belief that chimpanzees are vegetarian. D. So she learns to be a secretary and works for a time at Oxford University typing documents. E.However Jane loves the toy and names the chimpanzee Jubilee carting it with her everywhere. F. Some scholars and scientists give lane a cold reception and criticize her for giving the chimpanzees names.
When Leakey and lane begin a shady of wild chimpanzees on the shore of Lake Tanganyika, British authorities resist the idea of a young woman living among wild animals in Africa. They finally agree to Leakey’s proposal when Jane’s mother Vanne volunteers to accompany her daughter for the first three months.
On July 14. 1960, Jane and Vanne arrived on the shores of Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve in western Tanzania.
_____________ The animals fed from Jane in fear. With patience and determination she researched the forest every day, deliberately trying not to get too close to the chimpanzees too soon. Gradually the chimpanzees accepted her presence.
Jane observes meat-eating for the first time October 30, 196l. Later, she sees the chimpanzees hunt for meat. (68) _______________
On November 4,1961 . Jane observes David Greybeard and Goliath making tools to extract termites (白蚁)
from their mounds. They would select a thin branch from a tree , strip the leaves and push the branch into the termite mound. After a few seconds they would pull out the termite-covered stick and pick off the tasty termites with their lips.
This becomes one of Jane's most important discoveries. ( 69)_________ On hearing of Jane's observation, Leakey famously says: “ Now we must redefine tool, redefine man, or accept chimpanzees as humans.”
Jane's work in Gombe becomes more widely known and in 1962 she is accepted at Cambridge University as a PhD candidate, one of very few people to be admitted without a university degree. ( 70 )________ “It would have been more scientific to give the numbers", they say.
Jane has lo defend an idea that might now seem obvious: that chimpanzees have emotions, minds and personalities.
Jane in Africa National Geographic decides to sponsor Jane's work and sends photographer and filmmaker Hugo van Lawick to document Jane's life in Gombe. In August 1963, Jane publishes her first article in National Geographic ,“My Life Among Wild Chimpanzees.”
【答案】67-70 ACBF
67.A【解析】句意:但研究贡贝的黑猩猩并不容易。根据上文提及的相关内容可知.Leakey and Jane 开始了对黑猩猩的研究，再结合该空之后提及的相关内容可推知，此处在讲述Jane 在研究过程中遇到的问题，结合相关选项分析，A项表述的内容能够承接上下文，故选入
68.C【解析】句意:这些观察结果推翻了人们普遍认为黑猩猩是素食者的观点。结合该空前提及的lane observes meal-eating for the first time October 30,1961. Later, she sees the chimpanzees hunt for meat可知,此处提及了黑猩猩的饮食情况结合相关选项分析，C项提及了关于“推翻黑猩猩是素食主义者”的观点，这一表述与上文提及的黑猩猩吃肉内容相符，故选C。
69 B【解析】句意:直到那时，人们认为只有人类才能创造工具。结合上段提及的关于黑猩猩借助树枝来享用白蚁的行为，以及该空之后提及的 On hearing of Jane's observation, Leakey famously says: "Now we must redefine tool, redefine Man, or accept chimpanzees as humans.”可推知，该空处讲述的内容与“工具制造”相关,结合选项分析，B项提到了创造工具这一说法，故选B。
F【解析】句意:一些学者和科学家对简冷淡，并批评她给黑猩猩取了名字。结合该空前提及的内容可知，此处在讲述简所取得的成就获得的荣誉，而该空后提及的相关内容则是表达了对简做法的一种反对观点表述。结合相关选项分析，这些人应该是反对者，F项的相关表述提到了相关学者和科学家对简态度和批评观点，故选F。
22年1月上海高考英语真题
A.However,this is not the case when libraries lend e-books. B. This may not be a big issue now, for e-books are minor in publishing. C. Also, publishers assume get more profits from libraries where readers pay them more. D. Publishing contracts often don't specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending. E. Extension alone would do little if the current funds under the schemes were merely re-distributed from books to e-books. F. For this reason, authors and publishers have been talking the Government into extending the Lending Rights Schemes to e-books.
Should Writers Be Paid for Their E-books Lent by Libraries
When libraries lend books to the public, authors and publishers receive remuneration from the Government under the Lending Rights schemes. (67 )________________________ Is this fair
This year, the government has distributed almost a $ 22 million under these Public Lending Rights and Educational Lending Rights Schemes. For each book in public library collections creators receive $ 2.1l and publishers receive $ 0.52.
The amount that each claimant receives is often not very significant, with the majority of authors receiving between S 100-500 annually, Still, a previous study has revealed that this remuneration constitutes the second most important source of income for creators from their creative work..
E-books, however, are not covered by these Lending Rights schemes. (68)____________ But e-book lending is increasing and, according to the Australian Library and Information Association, e-books are likely to reach 20% of library holdings by 2020. Also, most, if not all, self-published titles are done so in digital format only. Such self-published titles , if lent by libraries ,would not qualify for any remuneration.
(69) _____________ Although the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal already in a report of 2013 , nothing has happened of yet.
One of the main reasons why e-books are not covered is that e-book lending is quite different from print book lending. In case of print books, authors and publishers are arguably losing on customers and revenues when libraries loan their books for free.Creators only receive $2. 11 and publishers receive $0. 52 for each book in public library collections.
At present, in the case of -books, many publishers chose not to sell these books to libraries.( 70)_______
While publishers charge libraries high prices for e-books, writers complain that these amounts do not reach them. Publishing contracts often don't specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending.
【答案】67-70 ABFC
【解析】
A[解析]根据文章标题以及该空前提及的 When libraries lend books to the public, authors and publishers receive remuneration from the Government under the Lending Rights schemes 和该空后提及的 Is this fair 可推知，此处是对两种图书代阅所获收益情况的比较，以判定其是否公平。结合相关选项推知，上文讲述了实体书的借阅收益来源情况，此处应该说明电子书借阅收益情况，故选 A。句意. 然而，当图书馆借出电子书时，情况并非如此。
B [解析]结合该空前提及的 E-books,however,are not covered by these Lending Rights schemes 可知，电子书目前没有受到相关拨款政策的支持，再结合下段内容分析，这里对电子书之后发展收益情况有所担忧。因此结合相关选项分析，此处需要将现在情况与将来情况进行衔接，B 项表述的内容符合文意，故选 B。句意:现在这可能不是一个大问题，因为电子书在出版方面是次要的。
F [解析]结合上段提及的关于电子书将来的发展猜想，以及该空之后提及的Although the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal already in a report of 2013, nothing has happened of yet 可知，相关部门已经提出了建议，但并未得到实施。结合相关选项分析，该空处与“提出相关建议”有关，故选 F。句意:因此，作者和出版商一直在说服政府将借阅权计划扩展到电子书。
70.C [解析]结合该空前提及的 At present,in the case of e-books,many publishers chose not lo sell these books to libraries 和下段内容可知，此处在讲述有关于电子节出版商未将电子书卖给图书馆，而是通过向图书馆收取费用获得相关收益。结合相关选项分析，与电子书收益相关只有 C项符合，故选 C。句意:此外，出版商认为读者支付更多的图书馆会带来更多的利润。
22年上海名校模拟真题
一、六选四
（2023·上海·上海市复兴高级中学校考模拟预测）The Look of Trust
A few years ago, the scientists Claudia Townsend at the University of Miami and Suzanne Shu at UCLA Anderson School of Management conducted a simple investigation into how aesthetics (美学) influence our investment decisions.
They randomly assigned 255 students to receive an annual corporate report. One of these reports was aesthetically pleasing — it had high-quality images and a clear layout. The other report was far less attractive. After leafing through these two reports — both of which contained the exact same factual information — the subjects were asked to estimate the lowest acceptable selling price for shares of the company. ____1____
If investors were rational agents, then the look of the report shouldn’t have mattered — they should be responding only to its content. ____2____ Townsend and Shu found that subjects given the prettier document insisted on an average selling price of $327.01 per share. Those shown less pretty document, meanwhile, concluded that the company’s shares were worth only $162.41. This research suggests that the design of the annual report can significantly influence our sense of value.
____3____ In recent years, scientists have also looked at how aesthetics impacts our perceptions of trust. Do we find prettier Web sites more trustworthy There’s no logical reason why that would be the case, of course, but the human mind is full of illogical peculiarity. ____4____ In a paper, researchers showed that our first impressions of a Web site — they showed subjects screen shots for fifty milliseconds, which is too fast for conscious awareness — shaped our subsequent sense of trustworthiness.
A．While Townsend and Shu looked at paper reports, the same logic applies to Web sites.
B．In essence, they were asked to come up with a valuation of the company based on the information contained in the annual report.
C．When it comes to user assessments of design, function follows form.
D．So far, the evidence suggests that the look of a site is highly correlated with our ratings of trust, a phenomenon often referred to as “the halo effect”. (光环效应)
E．And this pattern doesn’t apply to other aspects.
F．But that’s not what happened.
【答案】1．B 2．F 3．A 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究者发现美学影响我们的投资决策，公司年度报告的外观会影响受试者对公司股价的估计，相同的逻辑也适用于网页。
1．根据前文“the subjects were asked to estimate the lowest acceptable selling price for shares of the company(受试者被要求估计该公司股票的最低可接受售价)”可知，此处是指对公司股票的估价，所以选项B“本质上，他们被要求根据年报中的信息对公司进行估值。”切合文意。故选B。
2．根据前文“If investors were rational agents, then the look of the report shouldn’t have mattered — they should be responding only to its content.(如果投资者是理性的代理人，那么报告的外观就不重要了——他们应该只对报告的内容做出回应。)”和后文“Townsend and Shu found that subjects given the prettier document insisted on an average selling price of $327.01 per share. Those shown less pretty document, meanwhile, concluded that the company’s shares were worth only $162.41. This research suggests that the design of the annual report can significantly influence our sense of value.(Townsend和Shu发现，给了更漂亮文件的受试者坚持每股327.01美元的平均售价。与此同时，那些显示的文件并不那么漂亮，他们得出的结论是，该公司的股票价值仅为162.41美元。这项研究表明，年度报告的设计可以显著影响我们的价值感。)”可知，此处是指事实并不像前文中提到的那样，所以选项F“但事实并非如此。”切合文意。故选F。
3．根据后文“In recent years, scientists have also looked at how aesthetics impacts our perceptions of trust. Do we find prettier Web sites more trustworthy (近年来，科学家还研究了美学如何影响我们的信任感。我们是否发现更漂亮的网站更值得信赖？)”可知，此处是指相同的逻辑也适用于网页，所以选项A“尽管汤森和舒研究的是纸质报告，同样的逻辑也适用于网站。”切合文意。故选A。
4．根据后文“In a paper, researchers showed that our first impressions of a Web site — they showed subjects screen shots for fifty milliseconds, which is too fast for conscious awareness — shaped our subsequent sense of trustworthiness.(在一篇论文中，研究人员表明，我们对网站的第一印象——他们向受试者展示了50毫秒的屏幕截图，这对于有意识的意识来说太快了——塑造了我们随后的可信度。)”可知，此处是指网站的外观与我们的信任度高度相关，所以选项D“到目前为止，证据表明网站的外观与我们的信任度高度相关，这一现象通常被称为“光环效应”。”切合文意。故选D。
（2022秋·上海浦东新·高三统考期末）Eating meat is not a crime against the planet — if it’s done right
I have huge admiration for George Monbiot, a well-known columnist. His work has highlighted the urgent need to reduce our CO2 emissions and switch to greener energy. He has also shown intensive farming’s role in the dramatic levels of species decline and biodiversity loss. Much of what he writes is in line with my stand. ____5____
It is undeniable that the farming revolution of the 1950s has started a war on nature. These intensive ways of producing food are not only polluting our land and waterways, but are heating up our planet and contributing to a crisis in human health. We need to change the way we eat and produce food, and fast.
____6____But in a recent article, he wrote that organic, pasture-fed beef and lamb are the “world’s most damaging farm products.” He criticises “chefs and foodies” like me for focusing on regenerative grazing — farming that aims to repair, rebuild, revitalize and restore ecosystem function. His alternative vision includes a revolution in creating food in labs from microbes and water.
Although not opposed to the idea of lab-grown food, I am much more for small-scale community-driven farming.
____7____Methods that regenerative farmers propose have shown how non-intensive livestock, when managed well, can increase topsoil more than previously thought, which can then build up biomass (carbon) and keep precious rainwater. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, small-scale farmers currently produce about a third of our food.
____8____These inventions in new food technology are heavily patented, pushing the future of our food supply further into the hands of an increasingly small and powerful collection of multinational food players. In our race to look for better systems of food production. We cannot afford to ignore the risks.
A．Thus far Monbiot and I agree.
B．Monbiot’s enthusiasm for creating food in labs worries me.
C．That is because I believe in the potential of food to be a force for good.
D．Regenerative farming has produced untested food through small-scale farms.
E．The health impact of processed foods gets very little attention from the government.
F．However, regarding the solutions needed to change our farming and food systems, we have different views.
【答案】5．F 6．A 7．C 8．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了作者和专栏作家乔治·蒙比尔特对于食物种植和新食品技术的看法。
5．根据上文“I have huge admiration for George Monbiot, a well-known columnist. His work has highlighted the urgent need to reduce our CO2 emissions and switch to greener energy. He has also shown intensive farming’s role in the dramatic levels of species decline and biodiversity loss. Much of what he writes is in line with my stand.(我非常敬佩著名专栏作家乔治·蒙比尔特。他的工作强调了减少二氧化碳排放和转向绿色能源的迫切需要。他还展示了集约化农业在物种急剧减少和生物多样性丧失方面的作用。他写的很多东西都与我的立场一致)”结合后文论述了作者和乔治·蒙比尔特的不同观点，可知本句与上文构成转折。故F选项“然而，关于改变我们的农业和粮食系统所需要的解决方案，我们有不同的看法”符合语境，故选F。
6．根据后文“But in a recent article, he wrote that organic, pasture-fed beef and lamb are the “world’s most damaging farm products.” He criticises “chefs and foodies” like me for focusing on regenerative grazing — farming that aims to repair, rebuild, revitalize and restore ecosystem function. His alternative vision includes a revolution in creating food in labs from microbes and water.(但在最近的一篇文章中，他写道，有机牧场饲养的牛羊肉是“世界上最具破坏性的农产品”。他批评像我这样的“厨师和美食家”专注于再生放牧——旨在修复、重建、振兴和恢复生态系统功能的农业。他的另一种设想包括在实验室里用微生物和水制造食物的革命)”可知，后文与本句构成转折，后文说明了观点的不同，可知本句是在说明二人都赞成的情况——即上文提到的“It is undeniable that the farming revolution of the 1950s has started a war on nature. These intensive ways of producing food are not only polluting our land and waterways, but are heating up our planet and contributing to a crisis in human health. We need to change the way we eat and produce food, and fast.(不可否认，20世纪50年代的农业革命已经开始了一场对自然的战争。这些密集的粮食生产方式不仅污染了我们的土地和水道，而且使我们的地球升温，并导致人类健康危机。我们需要改变饮食和生产食物的方式，而且要快)”。故A选项“到目前为止，Monbiot和我都同意”符合语境，故选A。
7．根据上文“Although not opposed to the idea of lab-grown food, I am much more for small-scale community-driven farming.(虽然我不反对实验室种植食物的想法，但我更支持小规模的社区农业)”可知，本句承接上文说明作者支持小规模社区农业的原因，故C选项“那是因为我相信食物有潜力成为一种向善的力量”符合语境，故选C。
8．根据后文“These inventions in new food technology are heavily patented, pushing the future of our food supply further into the hands of an increasingly small and powerful collection of multinational food players. In our race to look for better systems of food production. We cannot afford to ignore the risks.(这些新食品技术的发明获得了大量专利，将我们食品供应的未来进一步推向了越来越小而强大的跨国食品公司的手中。在我们寻找更好的粮食生产系统的竞赛中。我们不能忽视这些风险)”可知，后文主要说明了新食品技术发明的风险，即作者的担忧。故B选项“Monbiot在实验室创造食物的热情让我担心”符合语境，故选B。
（2022·上海金山·统考一模）I Am Not a Robot
An annoyance, an important security feature, an uncomfortable request: however you feel about being asked to prove you are not a robot, it has become a daily occurrence for most of us, but perhaps not one we would miss if it were to suddenly go away.
A new feature in the latest versions of iOS and macOS, Apple’s operating systems for smartphones and computers, promises to give the boot to “captchas” once and for all. ____9____
“Sometimes a captcha is just a button to press,” said Apple engineer Tommy Pauly. “But other times it can be a challenge to fill out.”
The term captcha is in fact an acronym (首字母缩略词) for “completely automated public Turing test (图灵测试) to tell computers and humans apart.” To help stop fraud (欺诈), these little tests often pop up when you’re signing up for or onto a website.
____10____ If you get it wrong, it may ask you to start again, leading you to wonder if you really know what a traffic light looks like—or if you might really be a robot after all.
But captchas are now fast becoming unusable, making the Internet a wasteland of difficult puzzles. Users must struggle to do the most basic things. “We’ve literally all found ourselves at one time or another complaining: ‘Those were all the pictures with traffic lights,” said Effie Le Moignan, a researcher in social computing at Newcastle University.
Internet users struggle to tell the difference between a wear of paint on a sidewalk and a formalized crosswalk that’s often requested in a traditional captcha, and worry that one wrong answer may lock them out of an account. ____11____
“You likely don’t enjoy being interrupted by these,” said Apple’s Tommy Pauly. “I certainly don’t. The reason these experiences exist is to prevent dishonest activity. If you run a server, you don’t want it to be defeated by fraud. ____12____”
The company worked with Fastly and Cloudflare to build the new feature. It works by allowing your device to send a statement confirming it is being used by a human to the requesting website.
A．This is becoming a bigger issue as captchas have grown increasingly confusing.
B．Therefore, when faced with something really confusing, many people simply give up.
C．Most attempts to create accounts or to buy products come from common users, but some attempts can also come from attackers.
D．Called “automatic confirmation,” the technology will allow sites to confirm you are not a robot without you having to do anything at all.
E．These tests may ask you to spot all the traffic lights in a picture or to type out some special letters and numbers.
F．Although the service is tied to Apple’s iCloud network, the requesting site will not receive any personal information about the user or their device.
【答案】9．D 10．E 11．B 12．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了互联网用户非常厌烦被要求证明自己不是机器人和为什么互联网用户会被要求证明自己不是机器人，以及苹果推出一个新功能改善体验。
9．根据前文“A new feature in the latest versions of iOS and macOS, Apple’s operating systems for smartphones and computers, promises to give the boot to “captchas” once and for all.(苹果智能手机和电脑操作系统iOS和macOS最新版本的一项新功能承诺将一劳永逸地启动“验证码”)”，可推知，此处对新功能介绍的并不详细，所以空处是对这个功能的进一步说明，D项“Called “automatic confirmation,” the technology will allow sites to confirm you are not a robot without you having to do anything at all.(这项技术被称为“自动确认”，无需你做任何事情，网站就能确认你不是机器人。)”符合文意，是对这个功能的进一步说明。故选D项。
10．根据后文“If you get it wrong, it may ask you to start again, leading you to wonder if you really know what a traffic light looks like—or if you might really be a robot after all.(如果你弄错了，它可能会让你重新开始，让你怀疑你是否真的知道红绿灯的样子——或者你是否真的是个机器人)”可知，可推知，前文是在讲做测试，做错了会有什么后果，所以E项“These tests may ask you to spot all the traffic lights in a picture or to type out some special letters and numbers.(这些测试可能会要求你找出图片中所有的红绿灯，或者输入一些特殊的字母和数字)”符合文意。故选E项。
11．根据前文“Internet users struggle to tell the difference between a wear of paint on a sidewalk and a formalized crosswalk that’s often requested in a traditional captcha, and worry that one wrong answer may lock them out of an account.(互联网用户很难分辨人行道上油漆的磨损和传统通行证中经常要求的正式人行横道之间的区别，并担心一个错误的答案可能会让他们无法登录)”可推知，空处应是对此句话下结论，所以B项“Therefore, when faced with something really confusing, many people simply give up.(因此，当面对一些真正令人困惑的事情时，许多人就放弃了)”符合文意。故选B项。
12．根据前文“I certainly don’t. The reason these experiences exist is to prevent dishonest activity. If you run a server, you don’t want it to be defeated by fraud.(我肯定不喜欢。这些体验存在的原因是为了防止不诚实的行为。如果您运行一个服务器，您不希望它被欺诈打败)”此处属于引用他人说的话，话还未说完，可推知，空处应该是对这些体验存在原因进一步解释，所以C项“Most attempts to create accounts or to buy products come from common users, but some attempts can also come from attackers.(大多数创建账户或购买产品的尝试都来自普通用户，但也有一些尝试来自攻击者)”符合文意。故选C项。
（2023·上海杨浦·统考一模）Touching Emoji(表情符号)
Distancing amid the COVID-19 pandemic has made both physical and social connections a touch more difficult to maintain. For Stanford University graduate student Millie Salvato, being apart from her mother on the opposite coast has proved challenging.
____13____ In a new study, she and her colleagues demonstrated a wearable sleeve that can simulate (模拟) human touch and convey abstract social messages sent electronically. Salvato and her team measured how 37 participants expressed social information in different situations. In each test, one person wore a pressure-sensing device on an arm, and another touched it to respond to situations involving six intended meanings: attention seeking, gratitude, happiness, calming, love and sadness
After collecting 661 touch movements-squeezes, strokes, shakes, pokes, and the like-Salvato and her colleagues mapped the location and pressure of each. ____14____ Finally, they programmed a wearable sleeve to simulate these movements using eight embedded disks that shake when electronically signaled.
“It doesn’t feel like an actual human hand ... but it doesn’t feel like these separate motions either,” Salvato says, as one might expect from large moving disks. “It feels nice, honestly.” ____15____ For comparison, a previous study from Gerling’s laboratory found participants could match situations for touches from real human hands 57 percent of the time.
In the new study, “I think it’s interesting that participants can reliably understand what touch has been delivered to them at a pretty high rate, given the scarce amount of information that they have available to them,” Gerling says.
Previous research has found that social touch is important for physical and mental health. ____16____
A．One can’t help but wonder when new tech will convey emotion through a virtual touch.
B．Even with no training, 30 new study participants correctly matched the simulated touches to the six situations 45 percent of the time.
C．Sometimes a text or video call is not enough, and people in Salvato’s situation often long for a way to send a loving touch or comforting squeeze from afar.
D．In the future, instead of just sending a <3 to a loved one by phone or computer, adding a “touch emoji” might help us feel just a little bit closer.
E．Next, they used a machine-learning software to select the movements that were most reliably part of each response.
F．“It’s a unique work that looks at how our social touch is delivered and then... how to reproduce it,” says Gerling, a touch researcher not involved in the study.
【答案】13．C 14．E 15．B 16．D
【导语】本文是说明文。本文讲述了斯坦福大学的研究生米莉·萨尔瓦托以及同事研发的“触摸表情符号”。
13．上文“For Stanford University graduate student Millie Salvato, being apart from her mother on the opposite coast has proved challenging.(对于斯坦福大学的研究生米莉·萨尔瓦托来说，与远在大洋彼岸的母亲分开对她来说是一种挑战。)”提到Millie Salvato与远在大洋彼岸的母亲分开让她感觉很不好，下文“In a new study, she and her colleagues demonstrated a wearable sleeve that can simulate (模拟) human touch and convey abstract social messages sent electronically. Salvato and her team measured how 37 participants expressed social information in different situations.(在一项新的研究中，她和她的同事们展示了一种可穿戴的袖子，它可以模拟人类的触觉，并通过电子方式传递抽象的社会信息。Salvato和她的团队测量了37名参与者在不同情况下表达社会信息的方式。)”提到了一种可以模拟人类触觉的可佩戴式袖子，因此推断C项“有时短信或视频电话是不够的，像塞尔瓦托这样的人常常渴望能从远处传递出爱的触摸或安慰的拥抱。”符合语境，承接上文说明塞尔瓦托想念母亲，渴望获得母亲的爱的触摸和安慰的拥抱，引出下文对模拟人类触觉的可佩戴式袖子的介绍。故选C。
14．上文“After collecting 661 touch movements-squeezes, strokes, shakes, pokes, and the like-Salvato and her colleagues mapped the location and pressure of each.( 萨尔瓦托和她的同事们在收集了661种触摸动作——挤压、抚摸、摇晃、戳戳等等——之后，绘制了每种动作的位置和压力。)”讲述了研发过程，收集动作，绘制动作的位置和压力，下文“Finally, they programmed a wearable sleeve to simulate these movements using eight embedded disks that shake when electronically signaled.(最后，他们设计了一个可佩戴的袖子，用八个嵌入的磁盘模拟这些运动，当电子信号发出时，这些磁盘就会抖动。)”讲述研发最终的结果，因此推断空处也是讲述研发过程，因此推断E项“接下来，他们使用机器学习软件来选择每个反应中最可靠的动作。”next呼应下文的finally，故选E。
15．下文“For comparison, a previous study from Gerling’s laboratory found participants could match situations for touches from real human hands 57 percent of the time.( 相比之下，格林实验室之前的一项研究发现，参与者在57%的情况下能够匹配真人手的触摸。)”中的“For comparison”说明空格处与下文进行对比，说明参与者的匹配情况，因此推断B项“即使没有经过训练，30名新研究参与者在45%的时间也会将模拟触摸与六种情况正确匹配。”符合语境。故选B。
16．上文“Previous research has found that social touch is important for physical and mental health.(之前的研究发现，社交接触对身心健康都很重要。)”说明接触对身心健康很重要，因此推断D项“在未来，与其通过手机或电脑向爱人发送<3，不如添加一个“触摸表情符号”可能会让我们感觉更近一点。”符合语境，说明既然社交触摸对身心健康有好处，那么添加触摸表情符号应该更好。故选D。
（2023·上海·上海中学校考模拟预测）Changing Someone’s Mind at the Dinner Table
Family gatherings can bring up topics we prefer to avoid. With the festive season in full swing, it might be hard to stay away from some annoying relatives. At some point, you know they will say something like: ”Genetically modified foods are not safe to eat“ or ”Climate change is a conspiracy”. (Surely, all these statements are untrue.)
____17____ “Is it worth making an effort to correct people ” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so. ____18____
Obviously, it is far more difficult to prove false beliefs wrong than to spread them.
Take a classic: “The climate has always changed, it’s nothing to do with humans.” To fight this, you need to explain how the world is now warming at an alarming rate, when otherwise it would be cooling slightly were it not for our carbon dioxide emissions.
____19____ “Parallel” arguments can often highlight logical errors very effectively, says John Cook of George Mason University, Virginia. For instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because people have always stolen from each other, leaving your house unlocked won’t increase the risk of burglary (入室抢劫).
But you need to be aware of the backfire (适得其反的)effect. ____20____ This was discouraging news for the fight against false beliefs. “The last thing you want to do when debunking (驳斥) misinformation is make matters worse,” wrote Cook and Stephan Lewandowsky at the University of Bristol, UK, in The Debunking Handbook, a short guide published in2011. However, more recent studies are far more encouraging. It’s not as common as we initially thought,“ says Lewandowsky.
A．This is the idea that trying to change someone’s false belief can make them believe it more strongly.
B．However, more recent studies are far more encouraging.
C．Anyone can spread a lie, but it usually takes a bit of time and knowledge to explain why a statement is wrong.
D．But sometimes there are shortcuts to make your point convincing.
E．If you are not sure of the facts, do some web browsing on your phone rather than trying to wing it.
F．If this happens, you don’t have to just sit there quiet.
【答案】17．F 18．C 19．D 20．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如何在餐桌上改变某人的想法。
17．根据后文““Is it worth making an effort to correct people ” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so.(“值得努力去纠正别人吗？”英国埃克塞特大学的Jason Reifler说，他研究的是如何挑战误解。我想是的。)”可知，后文提到Jason Reifler纠正别人是值得的，所以针对第一段发生的情况，不必只是坐在那里。故F选项“如果发生这种情况，你不必只是安静地坐在那里”符合语境，故选F。
18．根据上文““Is it worth making an effort to correct people ” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so.(“值得努力去纠正别人吗？”英国埃克塞特大学的Jason Reifler说，他研究的是如何挑战误解。我想是的。)”可知，上文提到Jason Reifler研究的是如何挑战误解，且鼓励人们去澄清误解，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明如何来解释一个陈述是错误的情况。故C选项“任何人都可以散布谎言，但通常需要一些时间和知识来解释为什么一个陈述是错误的”符合语境，故选C。
19．根据后文““Parallel” arguments can often highlight logical errors very effectively, says John Cook of George Mason University, Virginia. For instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because people have always stolen from each other, leaving your house unlocked won’t increase the risk of burglary (入室抢劫).(弗吉尼亚州乔治梅森大学的约翰·库克说，“平行”论证常常能非常有效地突出逻辑错误。例如，“气候总是在变化”的神话就像是声称因为人们总是互相偷东西，所以不锁房子不会增加入室盗窃的风险)”可知，后文提到“平行”论证常常能非常有效地突出逻辑错误，即有其它方法可以让自己的观点更令人信服。故D选项“但是有时候有捷径可以让你的观点令人信服”符合语境，故选D。
20．根据上文“But you need to be aware of the backfire (适得其反的) effect.(但你需要注意适得其反的效果)”以及后文“This was discouraging news for the fight against false beliefs.(对于打击错误信念的斗争来说，这是一个令人沮丧的消息)”可知，本句进一步论述会产生何种适得其反的效果：试图改变一个人的错误信念可以让他们更坚定地相信它。故A选项“这个观点认为，试图改变一个人的错误信念可以让他们更坚定地相信它”符合语境，故选A。备战2023高考英语重难点突破六选四解题技巧原卷版（上海专用）
重难点10
解题时要从三个角度着眼：
看位置：是段首、段尾，还是段中题；
b. 找词汇：锁定选项与文中信息相关联的词汇；
c. 思逻辑：思考选项与文中信息是否符合行文逻辑；
1. 读懂段意定两头——段首、段尾题
(1) 挖空在段首，常是主题句或承上启下句
假如挖空出现在段首，通常为主题句。要认真阅读空后内容，根据段落一致性原则，推断出主题句。若不是主题句，则考虑是承上启下句。
例子1
_____49_____ “If animals become accustomed to tourists and if tourism practices enhance this taming, we might create unintended consequences - affecting the behavior or population of a species and influencing the species’ function in its community,” the researchers write.
A. As animals learn to relax in the presence of humans, they may become bolder in other situations.
F. Interacting with people can cause great change in the characteristics of various species over time.
(2) 挖空在段尾，常是结论句或承上启下句
挖空出现在段尾，通常是所在段的结论和概括。解题时注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结的关联词（如：therefore, as a result, thus, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word）或句子
例子2
If Harry Potter and Huckleberry Finn were each to represent British versus American children’s literature, a curious situation would emerge : In a literary competition for the hearts and minds of children, one is a wizard(巫师)- in - training at a boarding school in the Scottish Highlands, while the other is a barefoot boy drifting down the Mississippi, bothered by cheats, slave hunters, and thieves. One defeats evil with a magic stick, the other takes to a raft(筏)to right a social wrong. ___67___
A. It all goes back to each country’s distinct cultural heritage.
F. Both orphans took over the world of children’s literature, but their stories unfold in noticeable different ways.
b. 承上启下逻辑类
挖空在段尾的空格可以起到承上启下的作用，即通过空格把本段与下一段有机地结合起来。这时，我们不光要看空格前面的句子，对于下一段的内容也要特别关注。(段首类的承上启下句同样适用此法)
例子3
Do you prefer to watch TV or listen to the radio There was a time when some people thought moving pictures would spell the end of tuning into the radio for entertainment and information. But radio survived and boomed. 67.____________
Perhaps the growth in podcasting is not surprising-it offers a digital audio file that can be downloaded and stored for listening at any time. It can also be streamed from the internet and played on a computer or MP3 player. And it’s not just broadcasters, like the BBC, who are producing podcasts: now commercial broadcasters, individuals and companies with no connection to broadcasting are making them. In fact, anyone with something to say, and a few pounds to spend on the equipment, can get involved.
C. And now, despite the growth in smartphones offering high-definition pictures, the popularity of podcasts is booming.
E. Podcasts offer a chance to speak to a very precise selection of people.
2. 细辨关系定中间——段中题
一般说来，文章的行文通常需要一定的衔接手段来实现，而该题型的衔接手段主要有以下两种渠道： 一是词汇线索，二是行文逻辑。
(1) 从词汇线索上判断
词汇线索主要包括代词和词汇复现两种情况。
a. 代词
英语表达中，代词出现的频率极高。代词主要用于指代前面提到的人或物，有时也是为了区别前面提到的名词或概念。巧妙利用这样的指代关系及差异可以准确而快速地解题。
例子4
A fresh lemon can be purchased for less than $1. But in 2008, Cowan's Auctions in Cincinnati sold a lemon blackened with age for $2,350.
What was so special about this lemon 67 According to a handwritten note in ink attached to a partly sealed bottle containing the lemon, the fruit was picked in May 1842 by Washington's "old gardener" some 43 years after the first president's death
C. It was said to be from a tree planted by George Washington at Mount Vernon.
D. The auction result surely drew the attention from both the business and economics worlds.
b. 词汇复现
作者在文章中会对同一个概念重复描述，从而使得同样的意思在文章不同的地方重复出现。词汇复现可以指相同词汇的重复使用、同义词和近义词的复现以及同一范畴词汇的复现。解题时可以利用这些词作为解题线索。
例子5
69.________ Do they choose to rob Do they sit at home and wait What happens to people who rely on their cellphones to process money dealings when cell service and the Internet are interrupted A world affected by terrorism and increasingly violent weather may not yet be ready to abandon currency."
D. Clearing up cash payments has several advantages as well.
E. However, some people doubt what members of a cashless society will do when the power goes off.
(2) 从行文逻辑上判断
英语行文离不开逻辑关系，一篇没有逻辑的文章只能是一盘散沙。逻辑关系主要包括：并列关系、递进关系、因果关系、转折或对比关系等。
a. 并列关系
表示并列关系的词有：first(ly), second(ly) ...; first, then/next ...; in the first place, in the second place ...; for one thing, for another (thing) ...; to begin with, to conclude 等标志性词语，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系，空格处很有可能是个并列的句子。
例子6
In order to finish projects, you must also plan out the steps you will take. Break your big task into smaller ones, and give yourself a short-term deadline for each of them. ___48___.
C. Whatever it is, if you don't know what your goal is, you're not likely to reach it.
E. Then commit to following your plan to the end.
b. 递进关系
递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。表示递进关系的词有：too, also, besides, further, furthermore, moreover, apart from, what's more, in addition, as well, to make matters worse, not ...but ..., not only ...but also等。
例子7
However , there is a negative side to boxing. It is likely to threaten personal safety of people. Although boxers wear gloves during the fights , and amateur boxers even have to wear helmets , there have frequently been accident in both professional and amateur boxing , sometimes with dramatic consequences . Boxers have suffered from head injuries , and occasionally , fighters have even been killed as a result of being knocked out in the ring. ___49___ Sometimes even if a boxer has never been knocked out, he might have suffered severe brain damage without knowing it.
D. Professional boxers are much more at risk than their amateur counterparts.
E. Furthermore , studies have shown that there are often long-term effects of boxing
c. 因果关系
表示因果关系的词有：so/therefore, thus, hence, consequently (结果), as a result , for that reason, so/such ...that ...，so that ...等。
例子8
This unequal distribution indicates a situation of severe food injustice in South Africa. Yet from the research with it’s clear that people do not know of the right to food, and don’t see unequal access to nutritious food as an injustice. ______68_____While there are frequent protests around access to jobs, education, housing, water and electricity, we rarely, if ever, see protests about access to food.
A. As a result, questions of hunger are largely absent in South African politics.
B. Handling food injustice requires a transformation of the undesirable structure of the food system.
d. 转折或对比关系
表示转折或对比关系的词有：but, however, yet, while/though, or/otherwise, on the contrary, instead, nevertheless (然而), in contrast/comparison 等。
Your personal circumstances are equally important. For example, you may want to be a Pilot but can’t become one because your eyesight is not good enough. 70 You should reassess your goals, and motivate yourself to set a fresh goal.
A. This can affect your work.
C. However, this should not discourage you.
e. 表示解释关系
表示解释关系的词有：in other words, in fact, as a mater of fact, for example, for instance, actually, that is to say等；
例子9
68. ________For instance, the printing and handling of money is expensive. Cash payments can be anonymous (匿名的) and it is hard to track criminal activities conducted in secret. Many governments favor reducing cash dealings in order to better monitor and understand the activities of their citizens. The Swedish government has been discussing the removing of cash since 2010.
A. There's no waiting for it and no counting of cash.
D. Clearing up cash payments has several advantages as well.
22年7月上海高考英语真题
A But studying the chimpanzees of Gombe was not easy. B. Until that time, only humans were thought to create tools. C.These observations disprove the widely held belief that chimpanzees are vegetarian. D. So she learns to be a secretary and works for a time at Oxford University typing documents. E.However Jane loves the toy and names the chimpanzee Jubilee carting it with her everywhere. F. Some scholars and scientists give lane a cold reception and criticize her for giving the chimpanzees names.
When Leakey and lane begin a shady of wild chimpanzees on the shore of Lake Tanganyika, British authorities resist the idea of a young woman living among wild animals in Africa. They finally agree to Leakey’s proposal when Jane’s mother Vanne volunteers to accompany her daughter for the first three months.
On July 14. 1960, Jane and Vanne arrived on the shores of Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve in western Tanzania.
_____________ The animals fed from Jane in fear. With patience and determination she researched the forest every day, deliberately trying not to get too close to the chimpanzees too soon. Gradually the chimpanzees accepted her presence.
Jane observes meat-eating for the first time October 30, 196l. Later, she sees the chimpanzees hunt for meat. (68) _______________
On November 4,1961 . Jane observes David Greybeard and Goliath making tools to extract termites (白蚁)
from their mounds. They would select a thin branch from a tree , strip the leaves and push the branch into the termite mound. After a few seconds they would pull out the termite-covered stick and pick off the tasty termites with their lips.
This becomes one of Jane's most important discoveries. ( 69)_________ On hearing of Jane's observation, Leakey famously says: “ Now we must redefine tool, redefine man, or accept chimpanzees as humans.”
Jane's work in Gombe becomes more widely known and in 1962 she is accepted at Cambridge University as a PhD candidate, one of very few people to be admitted without a university degree. ( 70 )________ “It would have been more scientific to give the numbers", they say.
Jane has lo defend an idea that might now seem obvious: that chimpanzees have emotions, minds and personalities.
Jane in Africa National Geographic decides to sponsor Jane's work and sends photographer and filmmaker Hugo van Lawick to document Jane's life in Gombe. In August 1963, Jane publishes her first article in National Geographic ,“My Life Among Wild Chimpanzees.”
22年1月上海高考英语真题
A.However,this is not the case when libraries lend e-books. B. This may not be a big issue now, for e-books are minor in publishing. C. Also, publishers assume get more profits from libraries where readers pay them more. D. Publishing contracts often don't specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending. E. Extension alone would do little if the current funds under the schemes were merely re-distributed from books to e-books. F. For this reason, authors and publishers have been talking the Government into extending the Lending Rights Schemes to e-books.
Should Writers Be Paid for Their E-books Lent by Libraries
When libraries lend books to the public, authors and publishers receive remuneration from the Government under the Lending Rights schemes. (67 )________________________ Is this fair
This year, the government has distributed almost a $ 22 million under these Public Lending Rights and Educational Lending Rights Schemes. For each book in public library collections creators receive $ 2.1l and publishers receive $ 0.52.
The amount that each claimant receives is often not very significant, with the majority of authors receiving between S 100-500 annually, Still, a previous study has revealed that this remuneration constitutes the second most important source of income for creators from their creative work..
E-books, however, are not covered by these Lending Rights schemes. (68)____________ But e-book lending is increasing and, according to the Australian Library and Information Association, e-books are likely to reach 20% of library holdings by 2020. Also, most, if not all, self-published titles are done so in digital format only. Such self-published titles , if lent by libraries ,would not qualify for any remuneration.
(69) _____________ Although the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal already in a report of 2013 , nothing has happened of yet.
One of the main reasons why e-books are not covered is that e-book lending is quite different from print book lending. In case of print books, authors and publishers are arguably losing on customers and revenues when libraries loan their books for free.Creators only receive $2. 11 and publishers receive $0. 52 for each book in public library collections.
At present, in the case of -books, many publishers chose not to sell these books to libraries.( 70)_______
While publishers charge libraries high prices for e-books, writers complain that these amounts do not reach them. Publishing contracts often don't specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending.
22年上海名校模拟真题
一、六选四
（2023·上海·上海市复兴高级中学校考模拟预测）The Look of Trust
A few years ago, the scientists Claudia Townsend at the University of Miami and Suzanne Shu at UCLA Anderson School of Management conducted a simple investigation into how aesthetics (美学) influence our investment decisions.
They randomly assigned 255 students to receive an annual corporate report. One of these reports was aesthetically pleasing — it had high-quality images and a clear layout. The other report was far less attractive. After leafing through these two reports — both of which contained the exact same factual information — the subjects were asked to estimate the lowest acceptable selling price for shares of the company. ____1____
If investors were rational agents, then the look of the report shouldn’t have mattered — they should be responding only to its content. ____2____ Townsend and Shu found that subjects given the prettier document insisted on an average selling price of $327.01 per share. Those shown less pretty document, meanwhile, concluded that the company’s shares were worth only $162.41. This research suggests that the design of the annual report can significantly influence our sense of value.
____3____ In recent years, scientists have also looked at how aesthetics impacts our perceptions of trust. Do we find prettier Web sites more trustworthy There’s no logical reason why that would be the case, of course, but the human mind is full of illogical peculiarity. ____4____ In a paper, researchers showed that our first impressions of a Web site — they showed subjects screen shots for fifty milliseconds, which is too fast for conscious awareness — shaped our subsequent sense of trustworthiness.
A．While Townsend and Shu looked at paper reports, the same logic applies to Web sites.
B．In essence, they were asked to come up with a valuation of the company based on the information contained in the annual report.
C．When it comes to user assessments of design, function follows form.
D．So far, the evidence suggests that the look of a site is highly correlated with our ratings of trust, a phenomenon often referred to as “the halo effect”. (光环效应)
E．And this pattern doesn’t apply to other aspects.
F．But that’s not what happened.
（2022秋·上海浦东新·高三统考期末）Eating meat is not a crime against the planet — if it’s done right
I have huge admiration for George Monbiot, a well-known columnist. His work has highlighted the urgent need to reduce our CO2 emissions and switch to greener energy. He has also shown intensive farming’s role in the dramatic levels of species decline and biodiversity loss. Much of what he writes is in line with my stand. ____5____
It is undeniable that the farming revolution of the 1950s has started a war on nature. These intensive ways of producing food are not only polluting our land and waterways, but are heating up our planet and contributing to a crisis in human health. We need to change the way we eat and produce food, and fast.
____6____But in a recent article, he wrote that organic, pasture-fed beef and lamb are the “world’s most damaging farm products.” He criticises “chefs and foodies” like me for focusing on regenerative grazing — farming that aims to repair, rebuild, revitalize and restore ecosystem function. His alternative vision includes a revolution in creating food in labs from microbes and water.
Although not opposed to the idea of lab-grown food, I am much more for small-scale community-driven farming.
____7____Methods that regenerative farmers propose have shown how non-intensive livestock, when managed well, can increase topsoil more than previously thought, which can then build up biomass (carbon) and keep precious rainwater. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, small-scale farmers currently produce about a third of our food.
____8____These inventions in new food technology are heavily patented, pushing the future of our food supply further into the hands of an increasingly small and powerful collection of multinational food players. In our race to look for better systems of food production. We cannot afford to ignore the risks.
A．Thus far Monbiot and I agree.
B．Monbiot’s enthusiasm for creating food in labs worries me.
C．That is because I believe in the potential of food to be a force for good.
D．Regenerative farming has produced untested food through small-scale farms.
E．The health impact of processed foods gets very little attention from the government.
F．However, regarding the solutions needed to change our farming and food systems, we have different views.
（2022·上海金山·统考一模）I Am Not a Robot
An annoyance, an important security feature, an uncomfortable request: however you feel about being asked to prove you are not a robot, it has become a daily occurrence for most of us, but perhaps not one we would miss if it were to suddenly go away.
A new feature in the latest versions of iOS and macOS, Apple’s operating systems for smartphones and computers, promises to give the boot to “captchas” once and for all. ____9____
“Sometimes a captcha is just a button to press,” said Apple engineer Tommy Pauly. “But other times it can be a challenge to fill out.”
The term captcha is in fact an acronym (首字母缩略词) for “completely automated public Turing test (图灵测试) to tell computers and humans apart.” To help stop fraud (欺诈), these little tests often pop up when you’re signing up for or onto a website.
____10____ If you get it wrong, it may ask you to start again, leading you to wonder if you really know what a traffic light looks like—or if you might really be a robot after all.
But captchas are now fast becoming unusable, making the Internet a wasteland of difficult puzzles. Users must struggle to do the most basic things. “We’ve literally all found ourselves at one time or another complaining: ‘Those were all the pictures with traffic lights,” said Effie Le Moignan, a researcher in social computing at Newcastle University.
Internet users struggle to tell the difference between a wear of paint on a sidewalk and a formalized crosswalk that’s often requested in a traditional captcha, and worry that one wrong answer may lock them out of an account. ____11____
“You likely don’t enjoy being interrupted by these,” said Apple’s Tommy Pauly. “I certainly don’t. The reason these experiences exist is to prevent dishonest activity. If you run a server, you don’t want it to be defeated by fraud. ____12____”
The company worked with Fastly and Cloudflare to build the new feature. It works by allowing your device to send a statement confirming it is being used by a human to the requesting website.
A．This is becoming a bigger issue as captchas have grown increasingly confusing.
B．Therefore, when faced with something really confusing, many people simply give up.
C．Most attempts to create accounts or to buy products come from common users, but some attempts can also come from attackers.
D．Called “automatic confirmation,” the technology will allow sites to confirm you are not a robot without you having to do anything at all.
E．These tests may ask you to spot all the traffic lights in a picture or to type out some special letters and numbers.
F．Although the service is tied to Apple’s iCloud network, the requesting site will not receive any personal information about the user or their device.
（2023·上海杨浦·统考一模）Touching Emoji(表情符号)
Distancing amid the COVID-19 pandemic has made both physical and social connections a touch more difficult to maintain. For Stanford University graduate student Millie Salvato, being apart from her mother on the opposite coast has proved challenging.
____13____ In a new study, she and her colleagues demonstrated a wearable sleeve that can simulate (模拟) human touch and convey abstract social messages sent electronically. Salvato and her team measured how 37 participants expressed social information in different situations. In each test, one person wore a pressure-sensing device on an arm, and another touched it to respond to situations involving six intended meanings: attention seeking, gratitude, happiness, calming, love and sadness
After collecting 661 touch movements-squeezes, strokes, shakes, pokes, and the like-Salvato and her colleagues mapped the location and pressure of each. ____14____ Finally, they programmed a wearable sleeve to simulate these movements using eight embedded disks that shake when electronically signaled.
“It doesn’t feel like an actual human hand ... but it doesn’t feel like these separate motions either,” Salvato says, as one might expect from large moving disks. “It feels nice, honestly.” ____15____ For comparison, a previous study from Gerling’s laboratory found participants could match situations for touches from real human hands 57 percent of the time.
In the new study, “I think it’s interesting that participants can reliably understand what touch has been delivered to them at a pretty high rate, given the scarce amount of information that they have available to them,” Gerling says.
Previous research has found that social touch is important for physical and mental health. ____16____
A．One can’t help but wonder when new tech will convey emotion through a virtual touch.
B．Even with no training, 30 new study participants correctly matched the simulated touches to the six situations 45 percent of the time.
C．Sometimes a text or video call is not enough, and people in Salvato’s situation often long for a way to send a loving touch or comforting squeeze from afar.
D．In the future, instead of just sending a <3 to a loved one by phone or computer, adding a “touch emoji” might help us feel just a little bit closer.
E．Next, they used a machine-learning software to select the movements that were most reliably part of each response.
F．“It’s a unique work that looks at how our social touch is delivered and then... how to reproduce it,” says Gerling, a touch researcher not involved in the study.
（2023·上海·上海中学校考模拟预测）Changing Someone’s Mind at the Dinner Table
Family gatherings can bring up topics we prefer to avoid. With the festive season in full swing, it might be hard to stay away from some annoying relatives. At some point, you know they will say something like: ”Genetically modified foods are not safe to eat“ or ”Climate change is a conspiracy”. (Surely, all these statements are untrue.)
____17____ “Is it worth making an effort to correct people ” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so. ____18____
Obviously, it is far more difficult to prove false beliefs wrong than to spread them.
Take a classic: “The climate has always changed, it’s nothing to do with humans.” To fight this, you need to explain how the world is now warming at an alarming rate, when otherwise it would be cooling slightly were it not for our carbon dioxide emissions.
____19____ “Parallel” arguments can often highlight logical errors very effectively, says John Cook of George Mason University, Virginia. For instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because people have always stolen from each other, leaving your house unlocked won’t increase the risk of burglary (入室抢劫).
But you need to be aware of the backfire (适得其反的)effect. ____20____ This was discouraging news for the fight against false beliefs. “The last thing you want to do when debunking (驳斥) misinformation is make matters worse,” wrote Cook and Stephan Lewandowsky at the University of Bristol, UK, in The Debunking Handbook, a short guide published in2011. However, more recent studies are far more encouraging. It’s not as common as we initially thought,“ says Lewandowsky.
A．This is the idea that trying to change someone’s false belief can make them believe it more strongly.
B．However, more recent studies are far more encouraging.
C．Anyone can spread a lie, but it usually takes a bit of time and knowledge to explain why a statement is wrong.
D．But sometimes there are shortcuts to make your point convincing.
E．If you are not sure of the facts, do some web browsing on your phone rather than trying to wing it.
F．If this happens, you don’t have to just sit there quiet.
