2023中考英语一轮复习 23. 社会和历史（含解析）

一、完型填空
Do you care about your neighborhood Joseph Beer ____1____ cares about his. When his town went into lockdown（封闭）because of COVID-19, the 15-year-old boy found he had lots of ____2____ in hand. However, he didn’t spend his time playing video games or watching films. He did something ____3____ for his neighborhood.
The outdoor areas in Joseph’s neighborhood were “not in good condition”. Some road signs were dirty and some were covered by branches. Seeing this, Joseph ____4____ to clean the signs and cut the branches.
According to his mom, Joseph would go out in the morning, spend all day going around the neighborhood and ____5____ things, go home by evening, and do it again the next day. He was tired but happy.
Soon enough, people in his ____6____ saw his hard work. They shared before-and-after photos of the signs he cleaned online. Many people were ____7____ by his simple act of kindness. They were so ____8____ him that they even donated（捐赠）money to him. However, Joseph didn’t spend the money on new clippers（剪具）or even anything for himself. He donated it all to a local bank for families in ____9____.
Joseph is happy to see a tidy neighborhood. For him, that’s the best payoff of his hard work. It gives him a strong feeling of ______10______ and he plans to keep going.
1．A．hardly B．probably C．really D．suddenly
2．A．money B．food C．problems D．time
3．A．Meaningful B．powerful C．strange D．popular
4．A．promised B．decided C．managed D．preferred
5．A．giving away B．going over C．looking at D．tidying up
6．A．school B．family C．neighborhood D．country
7．A．moved B．bored C．surprised D．interested
8．A．fond of B．thankful to C．afraid of D．worried about
9．A．need B．surprise C．danger D．silence
10．A．duty B．fashion C．friendship D．pleasure试卷第1页，共3页
二、阅读理解
On Dec. 9, 2021, three Chinese astronauts gave a science lecture 400 kilometers above Earth. Zhai Zhigang, Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu, who are working abroad the Tiangong space station, showed millions of students their life there. They also did some fun science experiments. Let’s take a look at some of them.
Use it or lose it
The human body grows with the pull of Earth’s gravity (重力). But in space, our bones and muscles (肌肉) don’t need to sustain our body’s weight. This will cause bone and muscle loss. NASA says that astronauts can lose up to 20 percent of their muscles after just a couple of weeks. That is dangerous because they will be too weak to work.
Astronauts have different ways to prevent this. During the lecture, Zhai introduced a special uniform Ye was wearing. It’s called a “penguin suit”. There are many elastic bands (弹力带) inside the suit. Wearing it, astronauts use their muscles to stretch the bands. This keeps their muscles strong.
▲
During another experiment, Wang made a water film (膜). Then she added more water drops onto the film to make it a water ball. This can never happen on Earth. Why
We need to first understand the surface tension (表面张力) of water. It is like a “skin” of water. The “skin” is there because water molecules (分子) are drawn to each other. Most of the time, gravity is too strong and it breaks the “skin”. But with zero gravity in space, the “skin” stays strong and the water ball will not break.
Water in space acts differently from water on Earth in other ways. For example, water will not flow downward if you try to pour it into a cup. That’s why astronauts usually drink water through straws in sealed bags.
1．What can we learn about the lecture from space
A．It is a part of the astronauts’ daily work.
B．It took place in the International Space Station.
C．It is one of the astronauts’ ways to ask for help.
D．It took place 400 kilometers above Earth.
2．What does the underlined word “they” in the passage refer to
A．astronauts B．muscles C．bones D．bodies
3．Which of the following is the best to fill in “ ▲ ” in the passage
A．Space water is valuable B．Space water is different
C．Space water is important D．Space water is common
4．What’s the writer’s purpose in this passage
A．To raise people’s interest in space exploration.
B．To explain the importance of space experiments.
C．To ask readers to do more science experiments.
D．To introduce the space lecture given by Chinese astronauts.
三、补全对话（七选五，有两项多余）
A: Do you think the Olympics can change a city even after the Games finish
B: Oh, yes. They can really change a city and help the people who live there.
A: 1. ________
B: Yes, of course. One example is the Beijing Olympics. They built a new swimming centre. 2. ________
A: A great example! Can the Games make money for a city
B: Sure. More people go to those cities even after the Games. 3. ________
A: What about children 4. ________
B: Before the Games, many children preferred to play video games and watch TV. 5. ________
A: It's really a big change.
A. Tourists make money for a city.
B. Can you give us an example
C. Now they begin to do more sports outside.
D. Do you play a lot of sports
E. How can the Olympics change them
F. Many people think the Olympics cost a lot of money.
G. Now it has become a popular place for people to visit.
四．综合填空
The sweetest memory of my childhood is about a round table. When I was still little, my whole family would get together on different traditional 1 to have dinner. We kids would be sitting around or playing hide-and-seek under the table while the grown-ups were having a 2 . When I got a bit older, my aunt brought back her boyfriend and my grandma cheerfully 3 another seat to the round table. It seemed a little more crowded, but we all felt much 4 to each other. When I was twelve, my grandpa passed away. That made us 5 sad. However, when the whole family got together once again, we 6 agreed that his chair, his bowl and his chopsticks should remain the same, even though his seat was empty, we felt like that he had never left us. We all have a table like this in 7 homes. It is a sign of reunion of our family showing our feelings. 8 the reason why we come together may be different, the feelings behind it are the same. Usually different cultures 9 by us around the table.
What’s more, we express the love not only for our family, but also for a community, our nation and even the whole world. The history of our nation has been the stories of looking for or running to the round table 10 we belong to.The round table has been a symbol of the Chinese feelings. It was, it is and will always be.
五、任务型阅读（改编自2021连云港中考题）
There are not many nations that can say their national dish has become international. Italy has two such dishes, spaghetti and pizza. Both are famous all over the world, both have made the history of Italian food. People have been eating pizza, in one form or another ,for centuries. They eat it everywhere---- at home, in the restaurant, or on street corners.
The word“pizza” came from the Latin word“pinsa” meaning flatbread. Long ago, pieces of flatbread, topped with mushroom and herbs, were a simple and tasty meal. (A)They were mostly for those who didn’t have enough money to buy plates, or who were on the go. In the 18th century, Naples, in southern Italy, had become one of the largest cities in Europe , and it was growing fast. Lots of city people were poor and they were always rushing around to look for work. They need food that are cheap and easy to eat. Pizza were cut to meet the customers’ needs. (B)They were inexpensive, used easy-to-find ingredients(原料),and could be make with plenty of flavor.
It was in America that pizza found its second home. ____C_____ Soon, Pizza spread across the country with the rapid development of the city. It was increasingly considered as a fast, fun food. People might like New York-style thin pizza, or Chicago deep-dish thick pizza. Some want extra cheese on their pizza __D___ others only like vegetables. For a lot of people in western countries , when they can not decide what to eat, they order pizzas.
1.将（A） 处画线句子翻译成汉语。
________________________________________________
2.(B) 处的句子中有一处错误，请改正错误并把正确的句子写下来。
________________________________________________________
3.请从所给选项中选出能填入C处的最佳答案。___________
A. Because the secret is almost Americans like eating pizzas.
B . In 1905, the first pizzeria, Lombardi’s was opened in New York City.
C. Some Us travelers who had pizzas in Italy really felt tasty.
D. The Italian government wanted to make the pizza popular all over the whole world.
4. 请在D处填上一个适当的连词。_______________
5. 请给短文拟一个恰当的英语标题（不超过7个词）____________________________
六、翻译句子
据报道这种机器人是三年前一个中学生发明的。
It is reported that the new robot _______ _________ by a middle school student three years ago.
Tom 上课心不在焉，所以他没有听清老师做说的内容。
Tom was not listening carefully, so he failed to hear ______ _______ _______ ______ .
每当看到激动人心的比赛，他就情不自禁的跳起来。
He _______ ________ _________ whenever he sees exciting games.
电脑技术使许多人在家办公成为可能。
Computer technology _______ it ______ for many people to work at home.
很高兴你正在尽最大的努力学习中文。
I am glad that you _______ _______ _______ ________ ________ learn Chinese.
七、根据短文内容及首字母提示，填写所缺单词，使短文意思完整。每空限填一词。
As the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics is around the corner, China has repeated its determination (决心) to host a “Green Olympics” and is preparing to k__1__ that promise.
Beijing will r__2__ venues (场地) from the 2008 Olympics for the 2022 Winter Games. Among these, the National Aquatic Center or “Water Cube”—known as the “Ice Cube” for the upcoming Winter Games—will host curling (冰壶) events, and the National Indoor Stadium will host ice hockey. Opening and closing ceremonies will o__3__ again take place at the Beijing National Stadium, or Bird’s Nest.
The 2022 Winter Olympics will be the first Games in history to totally power all venues with clean e__4__ from renewable sources. Solar and wind power will be produced in the Zhangbei area of Hebei province.
For the first time in the history of the Olympic Games, Beijing will use carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) to make ice. It is an environmentally friendly w__5__ in ice-making. At the same time it will produce a lot of heat which can be used to warm up water. Sportspersons can use the h__6__ water to take a shower. The new ice-making t__7__ will also save electricity.
All venues can be reached by green public transportation. Spectators (观众) at the 2022 Winter Olympics will be encouraged to t__8__ by public transport across the three competition areas—downtown Beijing, its suburban Yanqing district and co-host Zhangjiakou in Hebei province. The three areas are c__9__ by an electric-powered high-speed railway.
The Beijing Winter Olympics Village is a green village. The b__10__ are mainly made of steel (钢), which makes it easy to rebuild them after the Games. After the Games, the village will be turned into public rental housing.
八．作文
假如你是李华，上个月你校举行了“祖国在我心中”的主题活动（theme event），请你根据以下提供的信息并结合你参加这个主题活动的经历，写一篇英语短文向你校英语报投稿。
注意：1. 短文必须包括导图的所有要点，并适当发挥。
文中不得出现真实的人名和校名。
词数80-100，标题已给出，不计入总词数。
参考答案
一．完形填空
1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 5．D 6．C 7．A 8．B 9．A 10．D
解析
文章是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了Joseph Beer在疫情期间为邻居们做好事的故事。
1．句意：约瑟夫·比尔真的很在乎他的街区。
hardly几乎不；probably可能；really确实；suddenly突然地。根据“He did something...for his neighborhood.”可知，他很在乎他的街区。故选C。
2．句意：当他所在的城镇因COVID-19而进入封锁状态时，这个15岁的男孩发现自己有很多时间。
money钱；food食物；problems问题；time时间。根据“However, he didn’t spend his time playing video games or watching films.”可知，这个15岁的男孩发现自己有很多时间。故选D 。
3．句意：他为他的社区做了一些有意义的事情。
meaningful有意义的；powerful有力量的；strange奇怪的；popular受欢迎的。根据下文内容“clean the signs and cut the branches”可知，他为他的社区做了一些有意义的事情。故选A。
4．句意：看到这些，约瑟决定把招牌打扫干净，剪掉树枝。
promised承诺；decided决定；managed管理；preferred更喜欢。根据“Joseph would go out in the morning, spend all day going around the neighborhood”可知，约瑟决定把招牌打扫干净，剪掉树枝。故选B。
5．句意：据他的母亲说，约瑟夫早上出去，一整天都在附近转悠，打扫这些东西，晚上回家，第二天再这样做。
giving away捐赠；going over复习；looking at看；tidying up打扫。根据上文“clean the signs”可知，约瑟夫打扫东西。故选D。
6．句意：很快，邻居们就看到了他的辛勤工作。
school学校；family家庭；neighborhood街区；country国家。根据上文瑟夫很在乎他的街区和下文为街区打扫卫生可知，邻居们看到了他的辛勤工作。故选C。
7．句意：许多人都被他简单的善举所感动。
moved感动的；bored无聊的；surprised惊讶的；interested感兴趣的。根据“they even donated（捐赠）money to him”可知，许多人都被他简单的善举所感动。故选A。
8．句意：他们非常感谢他，甚至捐钱给他。
fond of喜欢；thankful to对……感激；afraid of 害怕；worried about担忧。根据“they even donated（捐赠）money to him”和为邻居做的一些事情可知，邻居非常感谢他。故选B。
9．句意：他把钱都捐给了当地一家银行，帮助有需要的家庭。
need需要；surprise惊喜；danger危险；silence安静。根据“donated it all to a local bank for families”可知，钱都捐给了当地一家银行，帮助有需要的家庭。故选A。
10．句意：这给了他一种强烈的愉悦感，他计划继续进行。
duty责任；fashion时尚；friendship友谊；pleasure快乐。根据“For him, that’s the best payoff of his hard work.”可知，他努力工作有了回报，于是给了他一种强烈的愉悦感。故选D。
阅读理解
1—4 DABD
这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述中国宇航员在地球上空400千米的地方举行的太空讲座。
[小题1]
细节理解题。根据第一段“three Chinese astronauts gave a science lecture 400 kilometers above Earth”可知，讲座发生在地球以-上400千米的地方。D选项表述正确。故选D。
[小题2]
词义猜测题。根据前文“astronauts can lose up to 20 percent of their muscles after just a couple of weeks"可知，宇航员在- -两周之后就会 失去高达20%的肌肉。根据“too weak to work" 可知，句子表达宇航员太虚弱不能工作。“they" 指的是“astronauts"。故选A。
[小题3]
推理判断题。根据“This can never happen on Earth”及“Water in space acts differently from water on Earth in other ways”可知，讲述的是太空的水和地球_上的水的行动方式不同。小标题可概 括为“Space water is different太空的水是不同的”。故选B。
[小题4]
推理判断题。文章的目的是为了讲述中国宇航员在地球.上空400千米的地方举行的太空讲座。故选D.
三、补全对话
BGAEC
四．选词填空
1答案：festivals
解析：句意：在我还小的时候，我们全家会在不同的传统节日里聚在一起吃晚餐。
考察：名词复数
2.答案：discussion
解析：句意：当大人们在谈话讨论的时候，我们这些孩子会围坐在一起或者在桌子底下玩捉迷藏。
考察：结合上下文，考察词性转换
3.答案：added
解析：句意：等我长大一点，我的姑姑把男朋友带回来，奶奶高兴地在圆桌上又加了一个座位。
考察：动词时态 (一般过去时)add sth.to sth.把…加到…上
4.答案：closer
解析：句意：它看起来有点拥挤，但我们都觉得彼此更近了。
考察：形容词比较级 (much修饰比较级)
5.答案：feel
解析：句意：我十二岁的时候，爷爷去世了，这让我们感到难过。
考察：固定结构：make sb.do sth.让某人做某事
6.答案：totally
解析：totally adv.完全；彻底
考察：形容词变副词
7.答案：our
解析：句意：我们家里都有一张这样的桌子。
考察：代词变形物代
8.答案：Although解析：句意：虽然我们相聚在一起的原因可能不同，但背后的情感是一样的。
考察：连词 (让步状语从句)
9.答案：are accepted
解析：句意：通常不同的文化会被我们所接受。
考察：被动语态 (一般现在时的被动)
10.答案：which
解析：句意：我们国家的历史一直都是在寻找或奔向属于我们的圆桌故事。
考察：定语从句引导词
五．任务型阅读
1.它们主要为了那些买不起盘子，或者正在路上赶路的人提供食物。
2.make---- made
3. B
4. while
5.略
翻译句子
was invented
what the teacher said
can’t help jumping
makes possible
are trying your best to
首字母填空
1．(k)eep
2．(r)euse
3．(o)nce
4．(e)nergy
5．(w)ay
6．(h)ot
7. (t)echnology
8．(t)ravel
9．(c)onnected
10．(b)uildings
【分析】
本文主要介绍了中国如何让北京冬奥会成为一次“绿色奥运”。
1．句意：中国重申了举办“绿色奥运”的决心，并准备兑现这一承诺。keep the promise“信守诺言，履行承诺”，固定短语，此处指履行举办“绿色奥运”的承诺；prepare to do sth.“准备做某事”，因此keep用原形。故填(k)eep。
2．句意：北京将把2008年奥运会的场馆重新用于2022年冬季奥运会。空处应填一动词，作谓语，根据“...venues from the 2008 Olympics for the 2022 Winter Games.”以及首字母可知，2008年的场地会被重新使用，reuse“重复利用”符合语境；助动词will后接动词原形。故填(r)euse。
3．句意：开幕式和闭幕式将再次在北京国家体育场“鸟巢”举行。once again“再一次”，固定短语，符合语境。故填(o)nce。
4．句意：2022年冬奥会将是历史上第一届完全利用可再生能源为所有场馆提供清洁能源的奥运会。形容词“clean干净的”后接名词，根据“Solar and wind power”以及首字母可知，太阳能和风能都属于清洁能源，energy表示“能源”，不可数名词。故填(e)nergy。
5．句意：这是一种环保的制冰方法。根据“Beijing will use carbon dioxide to make ice”可知，这是一种制冰的方法，结合所给首字母，way“方法”符合语境；不定冠词“an”修饰可数名词单数。故填(w)ay。
6．句意：运动员可以用这些热水洗澡。名词“water”前应填一形容词作定语，根据“...to warm up water.”可知，水被加热后成为热水，结合所给首字母，hot“热的”符合语境。故填(h)ot。
7．句意：这一新的制冰技术也将节约电力。空处缺少名词作主语，根据“Beijing will use carbon dioxide to make ice”以及首字母可知，这是一种新的制冰技术，technology表示“技术”，可数名词，由语境可知，用单数即可。故填(t)echnology。
8．句意：2022年冬奥会的观众将被鼓励乘坐公共交通工具穿越三个比赛区域。be encouraged to do sth.“被鼓励做某事”，因此空处应填一动词原形；根据“by public transport across the three competition areas”可知，此处表示在三个赛区穿行，结合所给首字母，travel“旅行，行进”符合语境。故填(t)ravel。
9．句意：这三个区域由一条电力高速铁路连接起来。根据“...by an electric-powered high-speed railway.”可知，高速铁路连接这三个区域，connect表示“连接”，作谓语；句子主语和谓语构成被动关系，are后用过去分词connected。故填(c)onnected。
10．句意：这些建筑主要由钢材制成，因此在奥运会结束后很容易重建。定冠词“The”后接名词，作主语，根据“easy to rebuild”以及首字母可知，空处指的是“building建筑物”；谓语是are，building变为复数buildings。故填(b)uildings。