课件28张PPT。聚焦中考——英语(普版)第23讲
名词、代词、冠词名 词名词是中考考查的重点,考查内容主要为:
1.常用专有名词表示方法;
2.可数名词单、复数变化规则及其用法;
3.不可数名词量的表示方法;
4.名词所有格的运用方法;
5.名词作主语时主谓一致问题;
6.名词词义的辨析。高频考向一 常用专有名词
1.人名。如:Jackie Chan,Yao Ming
2.地名。如:New York,the Great Wall
3.国名。如:China,America
4.一周七天。如:Monday,Tuesday
5.一年十二个月。如:May,September
6.节日。如:Teachers' Day,Mother's Day,Christmas Day
7.专有名词缩写形式。如:USA,CD
高频考向二 名词辨析
名词词义辨析主要指考生在不同的语言环境中,通过对上下文的理解或者对一些词义相同的名词准确地掌握其意义,然后作出正确的选择。近年来,这一考点成为了考查名词的主要形式之一,并且越来越受到各地的欢迎。
—What is Miss Gao's favourite ________?
—She is always in pink.Don't you know?(2013,安徽)
A.color B.book C.song D.movie
解析:由答语中的“她总是穿粉色的衣服”可知,问句句意应为“高老师最喜欢的颜色是什么?”
答案:__A__
高频考向三 名词的数
名词分可数名词与不可数名词两类。可数名词有单、复数变化形式。a用于以辅音音素开头的单数名词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单数名词前。如:an uncle,a university,an honest man,an hour,a useful book,an apple等。其复数形式分为规则和不规则两种:
1.可数名词的复数规则变化
构成方法
例子
①一般情况下,在名词的末尾加-s
desk→desks,apple→apples
②以s,x,sh,ch结尾的名词,在词尾加-es
class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches
③以辅音+y结尾的名词,把y变为i,再加-es
country→countries,factory→factories
④以f或fe结尾的名词,把f或fe变为v,再加-es
knife→knives,wife→wives,leaf→leaves
⑤以o结尾表示有生命的名词,在词尾加-es
tomato→tomatoes,hero→heroes
⑥以o结尾表示无生命的名词,在词尾加-s
radio→radios.photo→photos
2.可数名词的复数不规则变化
?元音或词尾发生变化。
如:man→men;woman→women;Frenchman→Frenchmen;tooth→teeth;foot→feet;child→children
?单复数形式相同。
如:sheep→sheep;fish(鱼的条数) →fish;Chinese(中国人)→Chinese;Japanese(日本人)→Japanese;deer(鹿)→deer
2.可数名词的复数不规则变化
?元音或词尾发生变化。
如:man→men;woman→women;Frenchman→Frenchmen;tooth→teeth;foot→feet;child→children
?单复数形式相同。
如:sheep→sheep;fish(鱼的条数) →fish;Chinese(中国人)→Chinese;Japanese(日本人)→Japanese;deer(鹿)→deer
?视为整体时,谓语用单数;视为个体时,谓语用复数。
如:family,class,team,group
?形式为复数,意思为单数。
如:news,maths,physics,the United States等。
?只用复数形式pants,shorts,clothes,glasses (眼镜)等。
?由man,woman构成的合成名词,变复数时将名词及man,woman都变成复数。
如:man driver→men drivers,woman teacher→women teachers
但其他合成名词,只需把合成名词中的中心词变为复数形式。
如:a banana tree→banana trees;a shoe factory→shoe factories
注意:①可数名词的单复数要与句子结构保持一致。
②可数名词一般不单独使用,表类别时可用复数形式,或用不定冠词和定冠词加单数名词。如:oranges,the/an orange。
③修饰可数名词复数的词有these,those,many,(a) few,a/the number of,some/any,a lot of等。常用they,them来替代
3.不可数名词
不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词,它们一般没有复数形式。如果要表示不可数名词的数量则要借助于“a+量词(可数名词)+of+不可数名词”短语,变复数时把a变为具体数词,量词变为复数形式。如:a bowl of water一碗水;two cups of tea两杯茶
初中阶段常见的不可数名词有:water,rice,tea,milk,food,fruit,meat,fish(鱼肉),chicken(鸡肉),beef,mutton,orange(橙汁),sugar,salt,paper(纸),porridge,bread,sand,juice,news,music,time(时间),information,fun,advice等。
注意:①有些名词既可作不可数名词,又可作可数名词,如:time(时间/次数,倍数),fish(鱼肉/鱼),room(空间/房间),noise(噪音/响声),paper(纸/试卷,文件),chicken(鸡肉/鸡),experience(经验/经历)
②表示不定数量时,不可数名词常用much,(a)little,a lot of,some,any等修饰。常用it来替代。
高频考向四 名词所有格
①有生命的东西的名词所有格,一般用在词尾加“'s”这种形式来表示。
如:It's my mother's handbag.这是我妈妈的手提包。
②以-s或-es结尾的名词末尾只加“'”。有些表示时间、距离、国家、城镇等无生命的事物的名词,也可以加“'s”构成所有格。如:
It's only twenty minutes' walk.这只是步行20分钟的路程。
Who won the girls' 100-meter race?谁赢了女子100米赛跑?
③不以-s或-es结尾的复数名词末尾仍要加“'s”。如:Where's the People's Hospital,please?请问人民医院在哪儿?
It's the policemen's bedroom.这是警察宿舍。
④表示两个或多个人共同拥有的人或物时,只需在并列名词的后一个名词词尾加“'s”。若表示两者各自所拥有时,则每个名词后均加“'s”。试比较:
Lily and Lucy's father is a worker.莉莉和露茜的父亲是工人。
Lily's and Lucy's fathers are both workers.莉莉的父
亲和露茜的父亲都是工人。
⑤有些名词如:诊所、家、店铺等名词所有格后加“'s”后,可以省去表示相关处所的名词。如:the doctor's(医生诊所),Mr.White's(怀特先生家),the book-seller's(书店)。
⑥of所有格主要表示无生命的东西。如:
a map of China一幅中国地图
⑦既表示所属关系又表示数量时要用双重所有格。如:an old friend of my uncle's,a photo of Jim's family等。
【例6】 Look at the man over there.He is ________ uncle.(2013,贺州)
A.Jim's and Tim's B.Jim's and Tim
C.Jim and Tim D.Jim and Tim's
解析:A项表示吉姆和蒂姆各自的叔叔,后接复数名词;B项是错误的表达法;C项不可直接作定语;D项表示吉姆和蒂姆两个人共同的叔叔,后接单数名词。
答案:__D__
【例7】 —How far is your home from school?
—It's about two ________ walk.(2013,潍坊)
A.hours B.hours' C.hour's D.hour
解析:由答语“两个小时的步行路程”可知,此处应用名词所有格形式。hour为可数名词,在基数词后应使用复数形式hours,以-s结尾的复数名词的所有格直接在词尾加“'”构成。
答案:__B__
冠 词【考点梳理】
中考中对冠词的考查主要为:
1.冠词的基本用法;
2.零冠词的情况;
3.习惯用语中冠词的位置及使用。
高频考向一 不定冠词a,an
①不定冠词an用于以元音音素开头的单词前,而a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前。如:
an apple 一个苹果 an hour一小时
a book一本书 a university一所大学
②泛指某一类人或物。如:
A horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物。
③表示数量“一”,但没有one强。如:
I would like a cup of coffee.我想要一杯咖啡。
④用在文中第一次提到某人或某物时。如:
—What's this?这是什么?
—It's a bike.这是一辆自行车。
⑤用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前有“每一”的意思,相当于every。如:
three times a week
⑥用于某些固定短语中。如:
a lot of许多,have a cold感冒,have a good time玩得高兴/过得愉快,in a hurry匆忙,take a bus乘坐公共汽车
【例1】 —Who's that young man on the poster?
—Justin Bieber,________ excellent singer.(2013,绍兴)
A.a B.an C.the D./
解析:表泛指,且以元音音素开头。
答案:__B__
【例2】Lin is ________ good basketball player in the NBA.(2012,重庆)
A.a B.an C.the D./
解析:表数量“一”。
答案:__A__
【例3】 Do you know a spaceship flies at about nineteen kilometers ________ second?(2013,兰州)
A.the B.a C./ D.an
解析:用在时间“second”前,表示“每一”。
答案:__B__
【例4】 Lianyungang is ________ attractive city.It's such ________ nice place that many tourists come here every summer.(2013,连云港)
A.a;a B.the;/ C.an;/ D.an;a
解析:表泛指,第一个空后以元音音素开头,第二个空后面以辅音音素开头。
答案:__D__
高频考向二 定冠词the
①谈话双方都知道的人或物。如:
The girl is Lucy's sister.这个女孩是露茜的妹妹。
②用于特指某人或某物。如:
The man in the car is my teacher.坐在车里的那个人是我的老师。
③用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如:
The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
④用在乐器名称前。如:
She is playing the piano.她正在弹钢琴。
⑤用在序数词或形容词的最高级前。如:
Tom is the tallest in his class.汤姆在他班上个子最高。
⑥用在姓氏的复数前,表示“一家人或夫妇二人”。如:
The Browns are having dinner.布朗一家正在吃晚饭。
⑦用在上文已提到的人或物前。如:
Nancy has a cat.The cat is very cute.南希有一只猫,这只猫很可爱。
⑧用在表示海洋、江河、山脉、群岛、国家和党派等名词前,或由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:
the Huai River淮河,the United Kingdom英国,the Great Wall长城
⑨用在某些形容词前表示一类人。如:
the old老人,the young年轻人,the rich富人,the poor 穷人
⑩用于the+比较级,the+比较级及the+比较级+of+两者的句型中。如:
The more he thinks of it,the sadder he will be.他越想越难过。
Maria is the thinner of the two girls.玛利亚是两个女孩中较瘦的那一个。
?the用在某个世纪的某个年代。如:
in the l980s 20世纪80年代
?用在某些固定短语中。如:
at the age of在……岁时,all the time一直,by the way顺便说一下,in the end最后,终于,in the morning在早上,on the right在右边,in the middle of在……中间
【例5】 —How do you like ________ color of my dress?
—Wonderful!I like it very much.(2013,重庆)
A.a B.an C.the D./
解析:在特指的名词前用定冠词。
答案:__C__
【例6】 —How is ________ film you saw last night?
—You mean ________ one,Lost in Thailand?That's wonderful!(2013,内江)
A.a;the B.the;the
C.the;不填 D.不填;the
解析:本题两空都应用定冠词the。第一空表示特指,第二空表示在上文中已提到的物。
答案:__B__
【例7】 Mary was born in 1998 and she began to play ________ guitar at the age of seven.(2013,长沙)
A.a B.不填 C.the
解析:在西洋乐器名词前应用定冠词。
答案:__C__
高频考向三 零冠词
①复数名词和不可数名词表示一般意义而不特指具体的人或事物时前面不用冠词。如:
Blood is thicker than water.血浓于水。
②在某些专有名词前不用冠词,如国名、人名等。如:
China has a long history.中国拥有悠久的历史。
③在星期、日期、月份、季节、节日前不用冠词。如:
October 1st is National Day.十月一日是国庆节。注:若特指某年的某月或某季节时,则要在月份、季节前加定冠词the。如:
In the winter of 2010,he moved to China.在2010年的冬天,他搬到了中国。
④在三餐、球类运动及娱乐活动的名词之前不用冠词。如:
He went to school without breakfast this morning.
他今天早晨没有吃早饭就去上学了。
Davy likes playing basketball.戴维喜欢打篮球。
⑤当名词前有this,that,these,those,every,his,your,some,any等限定词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词。如:
Jenny's sister is my friend.珍妮的妹妹是我的朋友。
Those students often play football after school.那些学生放学后经常踢足球。
⑥在表示职位和称呼前不用冠词。如:
He was elected manager of our company last year.去年他当选为我们公司的经理。
⑦与by连用的表示交通工具的名词前不用冠词。如:
by bus坐公共汽车
by train坐火车
注:动词take或介词in,on后接表示交通工具的名词前要加冠词。如:
take a bus坐公共汽车
on a/the bus坐公共汽车
in a/the car乘小汽车
⑧用在某些习惯用语中。如:
go to school去上学
at home在家
at once立刻,马上
on time按时
in trouble陷入困境
watch TV看电视
on foot步行
by mistake错误地
day and night日日夜夜
at first首先
【例8】________ man in a black hat is my PE teacher.He often plays ________ football with us.(2013,滨州)
A.A;the B.The;a C.The;/ D.A;/
解析:第一个空表示特指,故应用冠词the;球类名词前不能用任何冠词。
答案:__C__
【例9】 It is a good habit to go to ________ bed early and get up early.(2013,丽水)
A.a B.an C.the D.不填
解析:go to bed意为“上床睡觉”,是固定搭配,不用冠词。
答案:__D__
【例10】 Chairman Xi Jinping had ________ friendly talk with US President Obama in ________ America.(2013,大庆)
A.a;/ B.the;/ C./;the D.a;an
解析:have a talk with sb.与某人谈话,为固定搭配;表示国家的专有名词前不能用冠词。
答案:__A__
考点跟踪突破23 名词和冠词
名词
一、单项选择。
1.Please pick me up at the ________.My plane arrives at 8:00 am.
A.hotel B.airport C.museum D.theater
2.—Oh,dear!There isn't enough ________ for us in the lift.
—No hurry.Let's wait for the next.
A.floor B.seat C.room D.ground
3.It's your ________ as a teacher to protect your students.
A.duty B.hobby C.habit D.manner
4.He was born in Italy,but he has made China his ________.(2013,河南)
A.family B.address C.house D.home
5.—Which room does Tom live in?(2013,大庆)
—Sorry,I can't remember his room ________.
A.address B.number C.size D.style
6.—What ________ are those sweaters?
—They are yellow.(2013,漳州)
A.color B.size
C.shape D.materials
7.—It's a wise ________ to wear the white tie.It matches your shirt well.
—Thank you very much.(2013,连云港)
A.choice B.support C.mixture D.honour
8.The food safety is a serious ________ in our country.We should try to solve it.(2013,泰安)
A.subject B.program C.problem D.opinion
9.—Look at my stamps.(2013,天津)
—They are beautiful!You've got a wonderful .
A.instruction B.description
C.collection D.expression
10.—Someone called you just now.
—I know.But I was busy at that moment.When I called back,there was no ________.(2013,黄冈)
A.voice B.sound C.answer D.result
11.—How far is your cousin's home from here?
—It's about two ________ ride.(2013,随州)
A.hour's B.hours C.hours' D.hour
12.—What kind of porridge would you like,Alice?
—I would like ________.(2013,贺州)
A.egg porridge B.eggs porridge
C.fish porridges D.fishes porridge
冠词
二、单项选择。
13.Li Na is one of ________ most popular tennis players in China.
A.a B.an C.the D.不填
14.—Oh,no.Where is my purse?
—Don't worry.I saw ________ black one in the drawer.Is it yours?
A.a B.an C.the D./
15.—What do you want to be when you grow up,Daming?
—Well,________ scientist like Yuan Longping,I think.
A.the B.an C.a D.不填
16.They want their daughter to go to ________ university,but they also want her to get ________ summer job.
A.不填;a B.the;a C.an;a D.a;the
17.—Let's play ________ soccer.
—I don't have ________ soccer ball.(2013,宜宾)
A.不填;a B.the;a
C.a;the D.不填;the
18.She has got two cats now.________ black and white one is called Rosie and ________ brown one Joseph.(2013,河南)
A.The;a B.A;the C.The;the D.A;a
19.There is ________ American boy in our class and ________ boy can speak good Chinese.(2013,聊城)
A.an;the B.an;an C.a;an D.a;the
20.—Lily,there is ________ schoolbag near the window.Is it yours?
—Yes.it is.Thank you!
A.a B.an C.the D.不填
21.Don't give him too much homework.He is just ________ eleven-year-old boy.(2013,株洲)
A.a B.an C.the
22.—Is ________ dictionary on the desk yours?
—No,I don't have ________ English-Chinese dictionary.(2013,呼和浩特)
A.the;an B.an;the C.an;an D.the;the
第23讲 名词和冠词
名词
中考热身
1~4.CCBD
考向导航
【例1】B 【例2】A 【例3】A 【例4】D 【例5】C
【例6】D 【例7】B
语法演练
一、1~5.BBADD 6~10.CCBCB
冠词
中考热身
1~5.DCAAD
考向导航
【例1】B 【例2】A 【例3】B 【例4】D 【例5】C
【例6】B 【例7】C 【例8】C 【例9】D 【例10】A
语法演练
一、1~5.CBAAC 6~10.BACBB 11~12.BB