Unit1 A new start 语法-精讲破
一、句子的基本成分
英语的句子成分可分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语及独立成分等。
1.主语
观察
Jane is good at playing the piano.简擅长弹钢琴。
She went out in a hurry.她匆忙出去了。
The old should hand on the torch of knowledge to the young.老年人应该把知识的火炬传递给年轻人。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
Smoking is bad for health.吸烟有害健康。
归纳
主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。通常由①________词、②________词、数词、名词化的形容词、③________、④________以及主语从句等充当。
2.谓语
观察
We love China.我们爱中国。
He can speak English.他会说英语。
We have finished reading this book.我们看完了这本书。
归纳
谓语说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由动词或动词短语充当,位于主语之后。⑤________动词可以单独作谓语;⑥________动词和⑦________动词需要和实义动词一起构成谓语。
3.表语
观察
His words sounded reasonable.他的话听起来是合理的。
She is in good health.她很健康。
My father is a professor.我父亲是一位教授。
归纳
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征或状态。一般位于系动词之后,由⑧________词、代词、⑨________词、分词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、⑩________词短语、副词及表语从句充当。
4.宾语
观察
She has a very pleasant smile.她笑得很灿烂。
I think(that)he is fit for his office.我认为他适合这个职务。
Lend me your dictionary, please. 请借给我你的词典。
间接宾语 直接宾语
归纳宾语表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词或介词后面。常由 ________词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或相当于名词的词组和 ________等充当。
(1)直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果,通常指 ________间接宾语表示动作的接受者或指向,通常指 ________,它位于直接宾语之前;位于直接宾语之后时,其前面则常加介词to或for。
5.宾语补足语
观察
His father named him Dongming.他的父亲给他取名叫东明。
They painted their boat white.他们把船漆成白色。
归纳
补充说明宾语的成分叫宾语补足语。一般由 ________词、 ________词、动词不定式(短语)、副词、分词和介词短语等充当。
6.定语
观察
China is a developing country while America is a developed country.
中国是一个发展中国家,而美国是一个发达国家。
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.
我们的班长总是第一个进入教室的。
归纳
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。一般由 ________词、形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、动名词、 ________词、介词短语和从句等充当。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前;短语和从句作定语时常放在它所修饰的名词之后。
7.状语
观察
I am very pleased to see you.见到你我非常高兴。
I'll be back in a while.我一会儿就回来。
归纳
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫作状语。一般由 ________词、形容词、动词不定式、分词、 ________词短语、独立主格和从句等充当。
二、七种基本句型
1.主谓(SV)
观察
S V(不及物动词)
Time flies.
归纳
此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫作________动词。
2.主谓状(SVA)
观察
S V(不及物动词) A
She sings beautifully.
归纳
不及物动词后面可以跟________词、介词短语、状语从句等。
3.主谓宾(SVO)
观察
S V(及物动词) O
Who knows the answer
归纳
该句型的句子有一个共同特点,谓语动词都是________动词,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。
4.主谓宾状(SVOA)
观察
S V(及物动词) O A
I wrote a letter yesterday.
归纳
句型特点:谓语动词是及物动词,其后接宾语。名词、副词、介词短语等作________语。
5.主谓双宾语(SVIODO)
观察
S V(及物动词) IO(间接宾语,多指人) DO(直接宾语,多指物)
I told him how to run the machine.
归纳
此句型的句子有一个共同特点,谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是________宾语,另一个是________宾语,两个宾语之间的位置一般可通过增加介词而互换。
注意:常跟双宾语的动词:①需借助于to的动词:bring、give、lend、hand、offer、pass、promise、return、send、show、teach、tell等;②需借助于for的动词:buy、cook、find、get、make、order、spare等。
6.主谓宾宾补(SVOC)
观察
S V(及物动词) O C
We keep the table clean.
归纳
此句型的句子有一个共同特点,动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足________语,才能使意思完整,且宾语和补充成分的位置不能互换。
7.主系表(SVP)
观察
S LV(系动词) P
Everything looks different.
归纳
此句型的句子有一个共同特点,句子的谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的________语,才能表达完整的意思。
链接高考
写出黑体部分所作的句子成分
1.(2019江苏,26)Nowadays the priority for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.( )
2.(2019天津,7)We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made an impact on our lives in many ways.( )
3.(2019江苏,22)The musician along with his band members has given ten performances in the last three months.( )
4.(2019天津,3)A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than those who are not.( )
5.(2019江苏,27)Favorable policies are in effect to encourage employees' professional development.( )
6.(2019江苏,28)Unlike traditional gyms, app-backed gyms offer people flexible options to exercise.( )
7.(2019天津,2)I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.( )
8.(2019江苏,30)To enjoy the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.( )
9.(2019天津,4)Learning to think critically is an important skill today's children will need for the future.( )
10.(2019江苏,21)We have entered into an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true.( )
写出下列简单句所使用的句型结构
11.(2018北京改编,14)I'd like to make an appointment for next Wednesday afternoon.( )
12.(2018江苏,33)China's soft power grows in line with the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally.( )
13.(2018天津改编,3)At first Robert wouldn't let his daughter go diving.( )
14.(2018江苏改编,25)Developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic project.( )
15.(2018天津改编,7)I will have to have my photograph taken.( )
16.(2017天津改编,3)I want to see Mr. White.( )
17.(2017天津改编,14)The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment.( )
18.(2017北京改编,32)Jim has retired.( )
19.(2017天津改编,7)Michael was late for Mr. Smith's chemistry class this morning.( )
20.(2016天津改编,13)You are waiting at a wrong place.( )
完成句子
21.(2020全国I,书面表达)我们周围有很多值得尊敬的人。
We have a lot of respectable people ________ ________.
22.(2020全国Ⅱ,书面表达)上周末,在学生会的组织下,一群志愿者到希望农场帮助农民摘桃子。
Organized by the student union, a group of volunteers went to Hope Farm ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ last weekend.
23.(2019课标全国I,书面表达)而且,我能用英语交流得很好。
What's more, I can________ ________ ________ ________.
24.(2019江苏,书面表达)我的目的就是让中国走向世界,并让世界了解中国。
My aim is to let China go to the world and________ ________ ________ ________ ________.
25.(2019课标全国Ⅲ,书面表达)我想邀请你加入我们并欢迎你表演节目。
I'd like to ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ and you are welcome to show your performance.
26.(2017课标全国I,书面表达)为了更好地了解唐诗,我建议你提前学习一些唐代简史。
In order to acquire a better understanding of Tang poems, I ________ ________ ________ ________ some brief history of the Tang Dynasty in advance.
27.(2016浙江,2)比赛获胜者的奖励是到巴黎度假两周。
The prize for the winner of the competition is ________ ________ ________ in Paris.
28.(2016天津,12)我打算利用这次旅行来探索这个城堡的历史。
I'm going to take advantage of this tour ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________.
29.同时,他强调了用自己双手劳动的重要性。
Meanwhile, he stressed ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________.
30.现在,我代表同学们,祝你们假期愉快。
Now, on behalf of my schoolmates, I ________ ________ ________ ________ ________.
31.在过去几年里我们学校发生了巨大变化。
Great changes ________ ________ ________ in our school in the last few years.
32.这个小学生挽着他的奶奶的胳膊,扶她过了马路。
The little pupil took his grandma by the arm and ________ ________ ________ ________ ________.
33.令我高兴的是,我从几百名申请者中被选出来去参加开幕式。
To my delight, I ________ ________ from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.
参考答案:
①名②代③动词不定式④动名词⑤实义⑥情态⑦助⑧名⑨形容⑩介 名 从句 物 人 名 形容 动词不定式(短语) 分 副 介不及物副及物状直接间接宾表
1.主语2.谓语3.宾语4.定语5.表语6.状语7.间接宾语8.宾语9.主语10.谓语11.主谓宾状12.主谓状13.主谓宾宾补14.主系表15.主谓宾宾补16.主谓宾17.主谓宾18.主谓19.主系表20.主谓状
21.around us
22.to help the farmers pick peaches
municate well in English
24.let the world understand China
25.invite you to join us
26.advise you to learn
27.a two-week holiday
28.to explore the history of the castle
29.the importance of working with our own hands
30.wish you a happy holiday
31.have taken place
32.walked her across the street
33.was chosen
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