(共26张PPT)
高考专题之名词
目
录
02
常考考点
03
常考结构
01
基本规则
基本规则
基本规则
1. 名词,表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。名词分为专有名词(人名、地名、机构名)和普通名词,语法填空考查的都是普通名词。
2. 普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单复数的变化(如book,books),在句子中用单数还是复数,取决于名词在句中所指代的数量或固定结构。不可数名词在具体化的情况下会变成可数名词(如a knowledge of English,a better understanding towards English,his failures during the experiment)。
1. 可数名词复数变化规则:
规则 范例
一般情况加s books、houses、girls、boys、students、neighbors
以s,sh,ch,x结尾的加es classes、boxes、matches、brushes
以辅音字母+y结尾的词,把y变i加es studies、cites、countries、parties、factories、families
以f,fe结尾的词,把f,fe变v再加es wives、thieves、shelves、knives、wolves、halves、leaves、lives
以f,fe结尾直接加s的词 gulfs、roofs、chiefs、handkerchiefs、beliefs、proofs
以o结尾加es的词 negroes、heroes、volcanoes、potatoes、tomatoes
以o结尾加s的词 zoos、bamboos、pianos、radios、photos
2. 常见的不可数名词:news、information、advice、weather、fun、furniture、equipment、baggage、luggage、knowledge、homework、housework、progress、work、paper、money、change、food、water、music、joy、hair、traffic、bread、milk、air等;
3. 常见的以可数名词复数出现的词: repairs、preparations、wishes、goods、clothes、politics、congratulations、tears、thanks、means等;4. 食物类名词要小心:如果表示吃的“食物(food),鱼肉(fish),鸡肉(chicken),饮料(drink),水果(fruit)”,则不可数;如果表示种类,则可数,通常以复数形式表示多种多样;“青菜”通常都用复数vegetables。
5. 名词在句子中可以充当主语、同位语、动词宾语、介词宾语、表语、状语,例如:My classmate1, Li Hua2, gave a little gift3 to me this morning4 and the gift5 is a symbol6 of our friendship7. 1. 主语;2. 同位语;3. 动词宾语;4. 状语;5. 主语;6. 表语;7. 介词宾语
6. 不可数名词和可数名词复数表泛指的时候,可以在句中单独使用(其他情况需要在名词前面加上限定词)。例如:(1)Knowledge sets people apart.(2)One should read books every day.可数名词单数绝对不能在句子中单独使用,前面一定要加上限定词,即可数名词单数不能“裸奔”。
7. 限定词修饰名词时,限定词与被修饰名词的关系: 冠词:a/an/the + 可数名词单数/抽象名词具体化 形容词性物主代词:my、your、his、her、its、our、their + 可数名词单数/复数、不可数名词 指示代词:this、that、these、those、such + 名词 不定限定词:some、any、a lot of、enough、plenty of、a large quantity of +可数名词单数/复数或不可数名词
不定限定词:each、every、either、neither、another、many a、more than one等+可数名词单数 不定限定词:both、other、many、several、a few、few、a number of等+可数名词复数 不定限定词:much、a little、little、a great deal of、a large amount of等+不可数名词 数词:基数词=1+可数名词单数;基数词≠1+可数名词复数;序数词+可数名词单数/不可数名词 名词所有格:名词所有格+可数名词单数/可数名词复数/不可数名词
常考考点
1. 名词在句子中充当主语、同位语、动词宾语、介词宾语、表语、状语。(1) A lot of (equip) is imported from other countries.解题要点提示:主语;常考结构是不定限定词后跟名词;不可数。(2) He is interested in sports, especially ball (game).解题要点提示:同位语。(3) Through constant practice, you can improve your (capable) to analyze data.解题要点提示:动词宾语;通过定语 to do判断是几种能力;常考结构是形容词性物主代词后跟名词。
(4) Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with (patient).解题要点提示:介词宾语;不可数。(5) My mother says the greatest quality in a child is (honest).解题要点提示:表语;不可数。(6) Remember to water the flowers every few (day) if you want to save them.解题要点提示:状语;不定限定词后跟名词;注意单复数。
2. 所填写的名词是可数名词时,要注意使用单数形式还是复数形式。判断的依据有:谓语动词的单复数;限定词的使用规则;定语、同位语、例子等解释性信息暗含的单复数;其他固定搭配。
(1) Although he is crazy about English songs, English is not his (strong).解题要点提示:谓语动词是单数形式。(2) Recent (study) show that we are far more productive if there is enough light in the workplace.解题要点提示:谓语动词是复数形式。
(3) It is reported that many new (build) are under construction in the disaster area.解题要点提示:many后面跟可数名词复数,谓语动词也用复数。(4) It is reported that many a new (build) is under construction in the disaster area.解题要点提示:many a意思是“很多”,但后面跟可数名词单数,谓语动词也用单数。
(5) The Summer Camp has largely improved my (able), including communicating in English and cooperating with each other.解题要点提示:通过解释性信息判断是几种能力。(6) As for him, Arithmetic is one of the most challenging (subject) in primary education.解题要点提示:常考结构one of (the+形容词最高级)+可数名词复数。
常考结构
1. 如果所给提示词是名词,要填写的也是名词,则根据考题规律,一般都是填写名词的复数形式;
2. 如果给的是动词或其他词性,要填写的是名词,则一般只是填写名词就可以,极少数要判断单复数。
结构(所给提示词:名词;动词;形容词) 范例
限定词+(形容词)名词 a(great) suggestion;everyfew days
介词+(限定词)(形容词)名词 as natural architects;
with patience;a sense of achievement
主语+be动词+名词(说明主语的内容) His main quality is honesty.
One of the (+形容词最高级)+可数名词复数 one of the (greatest) heroes
(限定词)可数名词复数+like/as/such as/doing… improve my abilities such as writing and speaking
平行并列结构前后词性对称:名词 and 名词 need courage and imagination
常见的名词后缀★ -tion,-sion,-cation 表示动作、行为attraction 有吸引力的人或物;景点
action 行动
collection 收藏品
connection 连接:联系
association 协会;联合;联想
fascination 迷恋
information 信息
solution 解决;解决方案
description 描述
★ -ment 表示动作、行为或具体事物achievement成就;达成
accomplishment成就;达成
development 发展fulfillment履行;满足(感)
movement 运动
equipment 设备improvement 改善
management 管理
argument争论;论据
★ -ness 加在形容词后变成抽象名词willingness 心甘情愿
happiness 幸福
illness 疾病kindness 善良
darkness 黑暗
helplessness 无助carelessness 粗心
carefulness 细心
blindness 失明
★ -er,-or,-ee,-ist,-ant,-ian 表示人或机器beginner 初学者 reader 读者
driver 司机 actor 演员
doctor医生;博士 director 导演;主任employer 雇主 employee 雇员
interviewer 面试官 interviewee 面试者
pianist 钢琴家 artist 艺术家
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