2014高考英语阅读理解二轮限时训练精品题（14）及答案
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2014高考英语阅读理解二轮限时训练精品题（14）及答案
阅读理解课堂练学案（17）
Passage Twelve (Reli ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gion and Rationality)
Yet the difference in tome and language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide, this function is performed in the two cases by very different organs. Religions are many, reason one. Religion consists of conscious ideas, hopes, enthusiasms, and objects of worship; it operates by grace and flourishes by prayer. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind. We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, not call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion. Religion brings some order into life by weighting it with new materials. Reason adds to the natural materials only the perfect order which it introduces into them. Rationality is nothing but a form, an ideal constitution which experience may more or less embody. Religion is a part of experience itself, a mass of sentiments and ideas. The one is an inviolate principle, the other a changing and struggling force. And yet this struggling and changing force of religion seems to direct man toward something eternal. It seems to make for an ultimate harmony within the soul and for an ultimate harmony between the soul and all that the soul depends upon. Religion, in its intent, is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society, science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly regarding the foal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive aims. Religion also has an instinctive and blind side and bubbles up in all manner of chance practices and intuitions; soon, however, it feels its way toward the heart of things, and from whatever quarter it may come, veers in the direction of the ultimate.
Nevertheless, we must confess that this religious pursuit of the Life of Reason has been singularly abortive. Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves, to express satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hope for the future; but any one regarding the various religions at once and comparing their achievements with what reason requires, must feel how terrible is the disappointment which they have one and all prepared for mankind. Their chief anxiety has been to offer imaginary remedies for mortal ills, some of which are incurable essentially, while others might have been really cured by well-directed effort. The Greed oracles, for instance, pretended to heal out natural ignorance, which has its appropriate though difficult cure, while the Christian vision of heaven pretended to be an antidote to our natural death—the inevitable correlate of birth and of a changing and conditioned existence. By methods of this sort little can be done for the real betterment of life. To confuse intelligence and dislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness. Nature is soon avenged. An unhealthy exaltation and a one-sided morality have to be followed by regrettable reactions. When these come. The real rewards of life may seem vain to a relaxed vitality, and the very name of virtue may irritate young spirits untrained in and natural excellence. Thus religion too often debauches the morality it comes to sanction and impedes the science it ought to fulfill.
What is the secret of this ineptitude Why does religion, so near to rationality in its purpose, fall so short of it in its results The answer is easy; religion pursues rationality through the imagination. When it explains events or assigns causes, it is an imaginative substitute for science. When it gives precepts, insinuates ideals, or remoulds aspiration, it is an imaginative substitute for wisdom—I mean for the deliberate and impartial pursuit of all food. The condition and the aims of life are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends to arrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses. Hence the depth and importance of religion becomes intelligible no less than its contradictions and practical disasters. Its object is the same as that of reason, but its method is to proceed by intuition and by unchecked poetical conceits.
1. As used in the passage, the author would define “wisdom” as
[A]. the pursuit of rationality through imagination.
. an unemotional search for the truth.
[C]. a purposeful and unbiased quest for what is best.
[D]. a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness
2. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE
[A]. Religion seeks the truth through imagination, reason, in its search, utilizes the emotions.
. Religion has proved an ineffective tool in solving man’s problems.
[C]. Science seeks a piece meal solution to man’s questions.
[D]. The functions of philosophy and reason are the same.
3. According to the author, science differs from religion in that
[A]. it is unaware of ultimate goals. . it is unimaginative.
[C]. its findings are exact and final. [D]. it resembles society and art.
4. The author states that religion differs from rationality in that
[A]. it relies on intuition rather than reasoning .
. it is not concerned with the ultimate justification of its instinctive aims.
[C]. it has disappointed mankind.
[D]. it has inspired mankind.
5. According to the author, the pursuit of religion has proved to be
[A]. imaginative. . a provider of hope for the future.
[C]. a highly intellectual activity [D]. ineffectual.
Vocabulary
1. grace 恩赐，仁慈，感化，感思祷告
2. chide 责备
3. sentiment 情感
4. inviolate 不受侵犯的，纯洁的
5. intent 意义，含义
6. piecemeal 一件件，逐渐的，零碎的
7. bubble up 起泡，沸腾，兴奋
8. veer 改变方向，转向
9. abortive 夭折的，失败的，中断的，流产的。
10. pale 范围，界限
11. draught 要求
12. oracle 神谕宣誓，预言，圣言
13. antidote 解毒药，矫正方法
14. correlate 相互关系
15. dislocate 使离开原来位置，打乱正常秩序
16. gratuitous 无偿的，没有理由的。
17. debauch 使失落，放荡
18. sanction 支持，鼓励，认可
19. impede 妨碍，制止
20. ineptitude 不恰当，无能，愚蠢
21. insinuate 暗示
22. remould 重塑，重铸
23. aspiration 抱负，壮志
24. arrogate 没来由反把……归于（to ）
25. literal 朴实的，字面的
26. intelligible 可以理解的。
27. conceit 幻想，奇想
难句译注
1. Yet the difference in tome and language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide, this function is performed in the two cases by very different organs.
[参考译文] 可是音调和语言的差异必然很快的给我们深刻的印象，就象哲学所说的那样：那种差异应提乡我们，即使宗教的功能和理性的功能恰好相符的话，其功能也是通过不同的器官在两种不同的情况下完成的。
2. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind.
[参考译文] 另一方面，理性知识一种原则或者是潜在的秩序，我们确实可以在此基础上存在于我们心中，没有种种变化，或任何压力。
3. We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, not call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion.
[参考译文] 不论我们是否遵循理性，它不会极力或责备我们，除了以事物的本来面目和比例揭示各种事物而自然而然的激起我们的感情，它并不需要我们付出任何感情。
4. Religion, in its intent, is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society, science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly regarding the foal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive aims.
[参考译文] 宗教在其意义上，比社会，科学，艺术更自觉，更直接的追求“理性生活”，因为这些东西（社会，科学，艺术）暂时而又零星的接近和填补理想的生活，无视目的，也不管其本能的目标是否最终证明正确。
5. one and all 各个都，全部
6. Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves, to express satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hope for the future; but any one regarding the various religions at once and comparing their achievements with what reason requires, must feel how terrible is the disappointment which they have one and all prepared for mankind.
[参考译文] 处于宗教领域范围之内的人民也许会说服自己对其结果表示满意，这要感谢他们在结实过去和对未来希望宽宏要切上的一种偏爱。可是任何迅速关注宗教的人，把其成就和理性所要求的一切做一比较，必然感到这种种宗教为全人类作好的失望是实在太可怕了。
7. To confuse intelligence and dislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness.
[参考译文] 以无理的幻想混淆智力，弄乱正常的情感是一种短视的追求幸福的方法。
8. Thus religion too often debauches the morality it comes to sanction and impedes the science it ought to fulfill.
[参考译文] 因此，宗教常常会使它要支持的道德堕落沦丧，并妨碍它应该执行的科学任务。
9. The condition and the aims of life are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends to arrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses.
[参考译文] 生活的目标和条件在宗教中诗一般的呈现，但这种诗意往往把宗教所并不具有的朴实真理和道德威力没有来由的归于宗教。
写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇用对比手法写出宗教和理性之差异并着重描述宗教的文章。有各种中焦，理性只有一个，纵然两者在功能和目的上有不相同之处，但由于宗教以直觉，想象力，情感为主，无视目的，虽比科学，社会或艺术更自觉，更直接追求理性生活，结果却是失败和失望，而理性则相反。
答案祥解
1. C. 一种有目的而又不带偏见对最佳事物的探索。答案在最后一段，这种愚蠢的秘密是什么？为什么宗教在目的上那么接近真理，在其结构和结果上，却没有理性的一切？答案很简单：宗教是通过想象来追逐理性，当它解释事件或阐明原因时，以虚构的想象来取代科学，当它训诫，暗示理想或者重塑抱负时，以想象代替智慧——智慧的意思是指有意识而又公正的追求一切好东西。
A. 通过想象力追求理性。 B. 不带感情的探询真理。 C. 追求幸福的短视的方法。
2. A. 宗教通过想象力寻求真理，而理性的探索却运用感情。见难句译注3，理性（智）是非感情的。
B. 在解决人类问题上的宗教是一种无效的工具。 C. 科学寻求逐步解决对人类的问题。 D. 哲学和理性的功能是一样的。
3. A. 宗教没有意识（不知道）其最终目的的。见难句译注4，说明宗教不管（几乎不关注）其目的，或不关心其本能的目标最终真确与否。
B. 宗教没有想象力。 C. 其成果是确切的，最终的。 D. 宗教很象科学和艺术。
4. D. 它激起人类情感。第一段中说“宗教的挣扎与不断变化的力量似乎促使人追求某种永恒的东西，它似乎追求灵魂的最终和谐以及灵魂与灵魂所依赖的一起事物之间的永恒的和谐。”
A. 宗教依赖于直觉而不是推理。第一段最后一句：宗教也有本能和盲目的一面，在各种各样的偶然实践和直觉中沸腾。可不久它又向事物内心摸索前进，然而不论从哪个方向来，都转想最终方向（最终多转想这个方向——直觉），文章的最后一句：宗教的目的和理想的目的一样，而其实现目的方法是通过直觉和无限止的诗一般的幻想来进行的。 B. 它不关心其本能的目标最终是否真确。 C. 它使人类很失望。
5. D. 无效。第二段开始就点出：我们得承认宗教追求理性生活一直是很失败（流产了）。
A. 有想象力的。 B. 为未来提供希望的。 C. 是一个高度的智力活动。
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
It was reported last ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )week that developers could take photos from Apple mobile and Google Android devices without the phone owners knowing that the images were being taken. In Apple’s case, developers can also obtain the location information for each photo.
Senator(参议员) Charles ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Schumer said in a telephone interview that his office had spoken with officials at both Apple and Google on Monday.
“We asked th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )em if they could find a way on their own to prevent Apple from having access to private info,” Mr. Schumer said. “They were friendly and open to the idea that this ought to be changed.”
On Sunday, Mr. Schu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mer said that he planned to send a letter to the Federal Trade Commission(联邦贸易委员会) asking the agency to investigate Apple and Google after the privacy concerns came to light. Claudia Bourne Farrell, an F.T.C. spokeswoman, said the agency had received the letter but she could not comment further.
“It sends shivers ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) up the spine to think that one’s personal photos, address book, and who knows what else can be obtained and even posted online without consent,” Mr. Schumer wrote in his letter to the F.T.C. “If the technology exists to open the door to this kind of privacy invasion, then surely technology exists to close it, and that’s exactly what must happen.”
Mr. Schumer said ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )if Apple and Google could not come to an agreement to fix the problem, then he would be forced to take the issue further.
He said other companie ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s had been willing to work with his office to fix issues. “I’m optimistic that we can get this changed without any regulation,” he said. “If it’s not changed, then we’ll look the F.T.C., and if that doesn’t work then we’ll look at legislative approach.”
The F.T.C. ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s warned companies to try to be more vigilant(警醒的) in their efforts to protect consumers when it comes to privacy.
36.The senators spoke with officials at both Apple and Google .
A. to discus ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s whether it is illegal to have access to private information.
B. to stop them from developing the technology of taking photos.
C. to urge them not to invade consumers’ privacy.
D. to keep them fro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )m obtaining the location information for each photo
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据We aske ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d them if they could find a way on their own to prevent Apple from having access to private info参议员鼓励他们不要侵犯顾客的个人隐私，故选C。
37. Which of the following statements is true
A. Privacy invasion from Apple has existed for a long time.
B. Privacy invasion from Google has existed for a long time.
C. Apple and Google have decided to make a change.
D. Mr. Schumer ta ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )kes the privacy concerns caused by Apple and Google seriously.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据Mr. Schu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mer said that he planned to send a letter to the Federal Trade Commission(联邦贸易委员会) asking the agency to investigate Apple and Google after the privacy concerns came to light. 可知Mr. Schumer对苹果和谷歌引起的个人隐私问题很重视，故选D。
38. Mr. Schumer’s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )letter to the F.T.C. mainly shows that the technology to open the door to privacy invasion .
A. causes people to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) worry about the safety of their personal information .
B. can be used if permitted.
C. causes perso ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nal information to be posted online without permission.
D. causes privacy invasion to happen frequently.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据If the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )technology exists to open the door to this kind of privacy invasion, then surely technology exists to close it, and that’s exactly what must happen.他认为引起人们对于个人安全问题的担心，故选A。
39.If the privacy con ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cerns can’t be solved with the help of the F.T.C., .
A.The companies will be fined.
B. The companies will be closed.
C. The senators will turn to legislation.
D. The senators will force the companies not to invade privacy.
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据if ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that doesn’t work then we’ll look at legislative approach如果个人的隐私问题解决不了将采用立法的问题，故选C。
40.Where can we read about the passage
A.In a science report. B. In a newspaper.
C. In a magazine D. In a textbook.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据短文的内容主要叙述的是对于公司的对于客户的个人隐私的泄露问题的的解决途径，所以这篇文章出现在报纸上，故选B。
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Taxi, the unde ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rground, driving…in London these means of transport are expensive. As a student on a budget, I couldn't afford the 30 pounds (around 300 yuan) fare for a taxi. Even a bus was one pound and 20 pence (about 12 yuan) for a single ticket. I didn't need to travel this way anyway. I had Mabel-- my London bike.
When I moved t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o Beijing, like every foreigner, I was delighted to discover I could take a cab for cheaper than a single journey on the subway. But something was wrong. I missed Mabel. That was when I met Mandarin Mabel also known as Mandy, my Beijing bike.
In many ways, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Beijing is made for: It is a flat, easy land compared with hilly London. The cycling city's north/south/east/west square structure is also easier to travel than London's unplanned, twisting streets.
However, Beijing ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )comes completely with its own dangers. The rules of the road are
flexible. Bikes, c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ars, passers-by all float up and down ways in both directions.
Compared with ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )London's terrible cycle paths, in Beijing, every road has huge, wide cycle ways. But cars, taxis and motorbikes see no reason why they shouldn't use the cycle ways as a shortcut, and why they shouldn't announce you to get out of their way when they do.
Beijing traffi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )c is more good-natured. In London, the road is an active war. People shout, quarrel and beat on each other's windows. In Beijing zone, drivers never get actively angry. In fact, often they ignore cyclists. Obviously that means it's up to the cyclists to see them.
Mandy is a t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ree Beijing bike. It is nearly broken, it makes loud noises every time you ride on it, and I have had to make several emergency repair stops for it.
But cycling r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ound Beijing on a sunny day is a joy. It is just me, Mandy and the city.
41. What can we conclude from the first paragraph
A. Bicycles are the most popular means of transport in London.
B. To save money, the author used travel around by bus in London.
C. The expense of p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ublic transport makes some people want to buy a bike.
D. The author didn't travel around London because of lacking a bike.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据Ta ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )xi, the underground, driving…in London these means of transport are expensive.乘坐其他的公共交通费用是高的，所以一些人想要买自行车，故选C。
42. What does the author think of cycling around Beijing
A. The city's ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) twisting streets make it hard for the rider to find the way.
B. Cars, taxis and mo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )torbikes on the cycle lane pose a threat to cyclists.
C. With the flat land ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )and wide cycle lanes, it's safer to cycle in Beijing than in London.
D. Cycling in Bejing is safe because of its flexible rules.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据However, B ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eijing comes completely with its own dangers. But cars, taxis and motorbikes see no reason why they shouldn't use the cycle ways as a shortcut汽车、出租车和摩托车占用自行车的车道对骑自行车的人造成了危险，故选B。
43. What can we infer from the article
A. In the author's view, Beijing drivers drive more safely.
B. In London, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cars, taxis and motorbikes are allowed to use the cycle paths.
C. People in Lon ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )don follow the traffic rules more closely than those in Beijing.
D. Mandy breaks down ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )so easily that it makes the author miss her London bike Mabel.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据In Lond ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on, the road is an active war. People shout, quarrel and beat on each other's windows. In Beijing zone, drivers never get actively angry. In fact, often they ignore cyclists. Obviously that means it's up to the cyclists to see them.可推出在伦敦的人比北京人更加遵守交通规则，故选C。
44. The reason why drivers in Beijing seldom get angry is that______.
A. the cycle ways are fiat
B. they care little about cyclists
C. they can even drive on the cycle ways
D. people in Beijing don't often ride bikes
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据In fact, often they ignore cyclists.因为开车的人很少关心骑自行车的人，故选B。
45. What does the article mainly talk about
A. To tell us what makes the author love cycling.
B. To compare cycling in Beijing with that in London.
C. To introduce the differences between Mabel and Mandy.
D. To explain why Beijing is made for cycling.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。纵观短文的内容可知对于在北京与在伦敦骑自行车的情况作了比较，故选B。
Passage Eleven (T ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he Affect of Electricity on Cancer)
Can electricity cause cancer In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies. The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes into contact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, from power lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate—or the worst kind of paranoia.
Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review, released in draft form late last week, the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence “suggests a casual link” between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields—those having very longwave-lengths—and leukemia, lymphoma and brain cancer, While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans.”
The report is no reason to panic—or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the Whit House. But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.
At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: When an electric current passes through a wire, tit generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects, For many years, scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength of the earth’s own magnetic field, The electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high as 10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate.
How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger The consensus used to be that they could not, and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body. Such “ionizing” radiations have been clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations to control emissions.
But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory work showing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animal tissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths has never been found.
The Pentagon is for from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased the entire document” toward proving a link. “Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that (electromagnetic fields) present in the environment induce or promote cancer,” the Air Force concludes. “It is astonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report.” Then Pentagon’s concern is understandable. There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towers to the defense systems built into every warship and plane.
1.The main idea of this passage is
[A]. studies on the cause of cancer
. controversial view-points in the cause of cancer
[C]. the relationship between electricity and cancer.
[D]. different ideas about the effect of electricity on caner.
2.The view-point of the EPA is
[A]. there is casual link between electricity and cancer.
. electricity really affects cancer.
[C]. controversial.
[D].low frequency electromagnetic field is a possible cause of cancer
3.Why did the Pentagon and Whit House object to the release of the report Because
[A]. it may stir a great deal of debate among the Bush Administration.
. every unit of the modern military has depended on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment.
[C]. the Pentagon’s concern was understandable.
[D]. they had different arguments.
4.It can be inferred from physical phenomenon
[A]. the force of the electromagnetic field is too weak to be harmful.
. the force of the electromagnetic field is weaker than the electric field that the cells generate.
[C]. electromagnetic field may affect health.
[D]. only more powerful radiation can knock electron out of human body.
5.What do you think ordinary citizens may do after reading the different arguments
[A].They are indifferent. . They are worried very much.
[C]. The may exercise prudent avoidance. [C]. They are shocked.
Vocabulary
1. preposterous 反常的，十分荒谬的，乖戾的
2. leukemia 白血病
3. malignancy 恶性肿瘤
4. legitimate 合法的，合理的
5. paranoia 偏执狂，妄想狂。这里指：无根据的担心。
6. lymphoma 淋巴瘤
7. carcinogen 致癌物
8. minuscule 很小的，很不重要
9. consensus 舆论
10. wallop 乱窜，猛冲，冲击力
11. epidemiological 流行病学的
12. blistering 罗嗦的，胡扯的
13. critique 评论，批评
14. imprimatur 出版许可（官方审查后的），批准
难句译注
1. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate—or the worst kind of paranoia.
[参考译文] 由于这问题的证据还不是结论性的，而且常常是矛盾的，所以就难以断定有关电力对身体的影响的顾虑是合乎情理，还是毫无根据的怀疑。
2. EPA——U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 美国环境保护署
3． While the report falls short (缺乏，不够) of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans.”
[参考译文] 虽然报告没有把极低频磁场归类为可能致癌物，但它确实指出通常60赫兹的磁场是“一种虽尚未证实，但可能导致人患癌症的因素。”
4． The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the Whit House
[参考译文] 证据争议性仍然很大，所以报告草案在布什政府内引起巨大的争辩，而环保署无视无角大楼和白宫的强烈反对，公布了这份报告。
5. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate.
[参考译文] 这远比细胞所产生的电磁场低的多。
6. …and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body.
[参考译文] 而且几十年来，科学家专注于更为强大的辐射类别，如Ｘ光射线，其聚合的冲击力足以把电子从组成人体的分子中撞出来。
7. But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect.
[参考译文] 可是流行病学的研究发现，几组资料在数据方面有所关联，却没有证实其因果关系。
8. a body of laboratory work 一批研究成果。
9. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased the entire document” toward proving a link.
[参考译文] 在长达33页的对环保署文件的十分尖锐的批评中，空军方面的科学家指责，作者歪曲整个文件以证明癌症和电磁场之间的关联。
10. It is astonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report.
[参考译文] 令人惊讶的是环保署竟然批准许可这份报告的出笼。
写作方法与文章大意
文章以问答的方式，对比的写作方法，写出了围绕电力是否影响健康——是否致癌因素的两种观点，及其观点的依据。一种是美国环境保护署为代表的：极低频磁场是一种可能但还未被证实的致癌因素，而且无视白宫和五角大楼反对，公布了这份报告。理由是科学证据提出了两者之间的关联偶然性。另一种以空军中科学家为主的观点：电磁场不会诱发或触发癌症，而且以歪曲整个文件来证明两者之关系，批评了环保署。其理由人人皆知。因军队中任一单位都有点——从地面雷达到舰艇飞机防卫系统。
答案祥解
1. D 电力对癌症影响的不同观点。文章一开始就提出了“电会致癌吗？”这个问题。十多年来，一大批科学家和新闻界人士都指出：研究结果似乎表示：接触电磁场可能会增加患白血病和其他恶性肿瘤的危险性。所以说到目前为止还难以确定电力对健康的影响究竟是理性的，还是杞人忧天。见难句注释1。第二段公布了环保署的报告，见难句注释3。第三段说明：即使有致癌危险也是极微的。但应予以认真对待，进行更多的研究。而第七段中空军方面的科学家还没有被说服（见难句注释9），明确提出，我们的评论员认为没有迹象说明环境中存在的电力会诱发或促发癌症。
A. 对致癌因素的研究。 B. 致癌原因方面有争议的观点，这两项根本部队，和文内电力毫无关系。 C. 电力和癌症的关系，文中涉及的是电力究竟会不会致癌的两种观点，而不是两者之关系。
2. A. 电和致癌有一定难以确定的关系。答案在第二段第三句，环保署目前的结论是据科学证据指出极低频电磁场——具有长波的电磁场——和白血病，淋巴瘤及脑癌之间有着难以确定的联系，见难句注释3。
A. 电确实致癌，不对。 C. 有争议的。说的不够清楚，争议什么。 D. 低频磁场是一个可能致癌因素。这只是论点的一面。
3. B. 现代军事的任何部门都一直依赖于应用大量应用电子设备。五角大楼和白宫所以反对环保署公布报告之理由就在此。空军方面的专家所以说环保署方面的报告“歪曲了整个文件以证明两者之间的关系”也在此。见难句注释4。所以文内说“角大楼的关注是可以理解的。”
A. 报告会在布什政府内引起大规模的辩论，这是结果。 C. 五角大楼的关注是可以理解的，这不是原因。 D. 他们有不同的观点。
4. A.磁场力太弱不会产生有害作用。答案在第四段第二，三句，当电流通过电缆，产生磁场，对周围物体产生（影响）力。许多年来，科学家把任何有关“这些力可能有害的想法”置于一边（不予考虑），主要是因为它们（所产生的力）非常弱。
B. 磁场力比细胞产生的电磁场弱。只是明确指出的事实。 C. 磁场力对人的健康有害。不对。 D. 只有更强的辐射才能把人体中的电子击出来。不对。
5. C. 他们会采取谨慎小心避开电器的途径。因为他们不可能象A项那样漠不关心。这种问题直接影响人的生命。
B. 他们非常担忧。 D. 他们感到震惊，这两项都不可能，因为还在争议中，唯一的途径是尽量避开和电器接触。
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
When you’re an e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mployee of a company, no matter the size, it’s common to see co-workers promoted, or transferred to a different department. But there is another way to move around—by creating a new position for yourself. I did this several years ago, though I wasn’t actively looking for a different job.
In 2007, I was hire ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d at the Transamerica Life Insurance Company, as a customer service representative in the distributions services department. I processed requests for distributions from our annuity(养老金)policy holders around the country. Someone might have forgotten to sign a form, for example, or might have omitted security information. To solve the problem, I’d mail the person a letter.
The company had b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )een through several combinations, so in our department alone we had a collection of about 140 templates(模板) for letters related to distributions. The longer I worked with the letters, the more I saw how they could be improved. Some had overlapping information and could be combined. Some had incorrect grammar or needed updating. I also noticed that industry terminology(专业术语) wasn’t standard across all the versions.
When I told my dep ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )artment supervisor about this in 2008, she agreed that the letters needed revamping. She said I should stop what I’d been doing and start the new work. In a relatively short time, I was able to make numerous improvements and reduce the number of letters to 70. It was an informal job change until a managers’ meeting several months later.
At that meeting, a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )vice president who was unaware of my new work mentioned that the division’s entire stock of 1,700 letters should be reviewed. My manager told her that she knew the perfect person for the job—me. The position was still considered temporary when I took on the extra tasks, but I was able to show that the work had value, and I was officially promoted and given a raise in November 2009.
31. Accordin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g to Paragraph 1, which of the following statements is true
A .The author admired those who got a promotion in his company.
B. The author tried his best to get a promotion in his company
C. The author was eager to seek another job.
D. It is no surprise to see people around us change their positions.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据it’s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )common to see co-workers promoted, or transferred to a different department.可知看见我们周围的人们改变工作或职位是不奇怪的。故选D。
32. Which of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the following problems with the letters is NOT mentioned in the passage
A. Some information needed to be united.
B. Some information was overlooked.
C. Some had grammatical mistakes.
D. Industry terminology didn’t meet the standard.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据Some ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )had overlapping information and could be combined. Some had incorrect grammar or needed updating. I also noticed that industry terminology(专业术语) wasn’t standard across all the versions.一些信息需要统一，一些有语法错误，一些行业术语没有达到要求，只有选项B，没有提到，故选B。
33. The underlin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed word “revamping” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to .
A. improving ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )B. rebuilding C. repeating D. strengthening
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据I was able to make numerous improvements可知这些信需要提高，故选A。
34.The author started to review the letters when .
A. he was hired by the company
B. his department supervisor agreed his idea
C. he was recommended at a managers’ meeting
D. he was promoted
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据W ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )When I told my department supervisor about this in 2008, she agreed that the letters needed revamping. At that meeting, a vice president who was unaware of my new work mentioned that the division’s entire stock of 1,700 letters should be reviewed.他的部门监督同意了他的观点，故选B。
35. Which of the following is the best title for the passage
A. Where there is will, there is a way.
B. Don’t let the chance go, when it comes.
C. Creating a position, and earning a promotion.
D. Ways to get a promotion.
【答案】C
【解析】标题归纳题。根据短文的内容主要叙述了人们可以换一种职位而得到提升，故选C。
阅读理解课堂练学案（17）
Passage Twelve (Reli ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gion and Rationality)
Yet the difference in tome and language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide, this function is performed in the two cases by very different organs. Religions are many, reason one. Religion consists of conscious ideas, hopes, enthusiasms, and objects of worship; it operates by grace and flourishes by prayer. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind. We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, not call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion. Religion brings some order into life by weighting it with new materials. Reason adds to the natural materials only the perfect order which it introduces into them. Rationality is nothing but a form, an ideal constitution which experience may more or less embody. Religion is a part of experience itself, a mass of sentiments and ideas. The one is an inviolate principle, the other a changing and struggling force. And yet this struggling and changing force of religion seems to direct man toward something eternal. It seems to make for an ultimate harmony within the soul and for an ultimate harmony between the soul and all that the soul depends upon. Religion, in its intent, is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society, science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly regarding the foal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive aims. Religion also has an instinctive and blind side and bubbles up in all manner of chance practices and intuitions; soon, however, it feels its way toward the heart of things, and from whatever quarter it may come, veers in the direction of the ultimate.
Nevertheless, we must confess that this religious pursuit of the Life of Reason has been singularly abortive. Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves, to express satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hope for the future; but any one regarding the various religions at once and comparing their achievements with what reason requires, must feel how terrible is the disappointment which they have one and all prepared for mankind. Their chief anxiety has been to offer imaginary remedies for mortal ills, some of which are incurable essentially, while others might have been really cured by well-directed effort. The Greed oracles, for instance, pretended to heal out natural ignorance, which has its appropriate though difficult cure, while the Christian vision of heaven pretended to be an antidote to our natural death—the inevitable correlate of birth and of a changing and conditioned existence. By methods of this sort little can be done for the real betterment of life. To confuse intelligence and dislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness. Nature is soon avenged. An unhealthy exaltation and a one-sided morality have to be followed by regrettable reactions. When these come. The real rewards of life may seem vain to a relaxed vitality, and the very name of virtue may irritate young spirits untrained in and natural excellence. Thus religion too often debauches the morality it comes to sanction and impedes the science it ought to fulfill.
What is the secret of this ineptitude Why does religion, so near to rationality in its purpose, fall so short of it in its results The answer is easy; religion pursues rationality through the imagination. When it explains events or assigns causes, it is an imaginative substitute for science. When it gives precepts, insinuates ideals, or remoulds aspiration, it is an imaginative substitute for wisdom—I mean for the deliberate and impartial pursuit of all food. The condition and the aims of life are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends to arrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses. Hence the depth and importance of religion becomes intelligible no less than its contradictions and practical disasters. Its object is the same as that of reason, but its method is to proceed by intuition and by unchecked poetical conceits.
1. As used in the passage, the author would define “wisdom” as
[A]. the pursuit of rationality through imagination.
. an unemotional search for the truth.
[C]. a purposeful and unbiased quest for what is best.
[D]. a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness
2. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE
[A]. Religion seeks the truth through imagination, reason, in its search, utilizes the emotions.
. Religion has proved an ineffective tool in solving man’s problems.
[C]. Science seeks a piece meal solution to man’s questions.
[D]. The functions of philosophy and reason are the same.
3. According to the author, science differs from religion in that
[A]. it is unaware of ultimate goals. . it is unimaginative.
[C]. its findings are exact and final. [D]. it resembles society and art.
4. The author states that religion differs from rationality in that
[A]. it relies on intuition rather than reasoning .
. it is not concerned with the ultimate justification of its instinctive aims.
[C]. it has disappointed mankind.
[D]. it has inspired mankind.
5. According to the author, the pursuit of religion has proved to be
[A]. imaginative. . a provider of hope for the future.
[C]. a highly intellectual activity [D]. ineffectual.
Vocabulary
1. grace 恩赐，仁慈，感化，感思祷告
2. chide 责备
3. sentiment 情感
4. inviolate 不受侵犯的，纯洁的
5. intent 意义，含义
6. piecemeal 一件件，逐渐的，零碎的
7. bubble up 起泡，沸腾，兴奋
8. veer 改变方向，转向
9. abortive 夭折的，失败的，中断的，流产的。
10. pale 范围，界限
11. draught 要求
12. oracle 神谕宣誓，预言，圣言
13. antidote 解毒药，矫正方法
14. correlate 相互关系
15. dislocate 使离开原来位置，打乱正常秩序
16. gratuitous 无偿的，没有理由的。
17. debauch 使失落，放荡
18. sanction 支持，鼓励，认可
19. impede 妨碍，制止
20. ineptitude 不恰当，无能，愚蠢
21. insinuate 暗示
22. remould 重塑，重铸
23. aspiration 抱负，壮志
24. arrogate 没来由反把……归于（to ）
25. literal 朴实的，字面的
26. intelligible 可以理解的。
27. conceit 幻想，奇想
难句译注
1. Yet the difference in tome and language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide, this function is performed in the two cases by very different organs.
[参考译文] 可是音调和语言的差异必然很快的给我们深刻的印象，就象哲学所说的那样：那种差异应提乡我们，即使宗教的功能和理性的功能恰好相符的话，其功能也是通过不同的器官在两种不同的情况下完成的。
2. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind.
[参考译文] 另一方面，理性知识一种原则或者是潜在的秩序，我们确实可以在此基础上存在于我们心中，没有种种变化，或任何压力。
3. We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, not call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion.
[参考译文] 不论我们是否遵循理性，它不会极力或责备我们，除了以事物的本来面目和比例揭示各种事物而自然而然的激起我们的感情，它并不需要我们付出任何感情。
4. Religion, in its intent, is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society, science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly regarding the foal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive aims.
[参考译文] 宗教在其意义上，比社会，科学，艺术更自觉，更直接的追求“理性生活”，因为这些东西（社会，科学，艺术）暂时而又零星的接近和填补理想的生活，无视目的，也不管其本能的目标是否最终证明正确。
5. one and all 各个都，全部
6. Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves, to express satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hope for the future; but any one regarding the various religions at once and comparing their achievements with what reason requires, must feel how terrible is the disappointment which they have one and all prepared for mankind.
[参考译文] 处于宗教领域范围之内的人民也许会说服自己对其结果表示满意，这要感谢他们在结实过去和对未来希望宽宏要切上的一种偏爱。可是任何迅速关注宗教的人，把其成就和理性所要求的一切做一比较，必然感到这种种宗教为全人类作好的失望是实在太可怕了。
7. To confuse intelligence and dislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness.
[参考译文] 以无理的幻想混淆智力，弄乱正常的情感是一种短视的追求幸福的方法。
8. Thus religion too often debauches the morality it comes to sanction and impedes the science it ought to fulfill.
[参考译文] 因此，宗教常常会使它要支持的道德堕落沦丧，并妨碍它应该执行的科学任务。
9. The condition and the aims of life are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends to arrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses.
[参考译文] 生活的目标和条件在宗教中诗一般的呈现，但这种诗意往往把宗教所并不具有的朴实真理和道德威力没有来由的归于宗教。
写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇用对比手法写出宗教和理性之差异并着重描述宗教的文章。有各种中焦，理性只有一个，纵然两者在功能和目的上有不相同之处，但由于宗教以直觉，想象力，情感为主，无视目的，虽比科学，社会或艺术更自觉，更直接追求理性生活，结果却是失败和失望，而理性则相反。
答案祥解
1. C. 一种有目的而又不带偏见对最佳事物的探索。答案在最后一段，这种愚蠢的秘密是什么？为什么宗教在目的上那么接近真理，在其结构和结果上，却没有理性的一切？答案很简单：宗教是通过想象来追逐理性，当它解释事件或阐明原因时，以虚构的想象来取代科学，当它训诫，暗示理想或者重塑抱负时，以想象代替智慧——智慧的意思是指有意识而又公正的追求一切好东西。
A. 通过想象力追求理性。 B. 不带感情的探询真理。 C. 追求幸福的短视的方法。
2. A. 宗教通过想象力寻求真理，而理性的探索却运用感情。见难句译注3，理性（智）是非感情的。
B. 在解决人类问题上的宗教是一种无效的工具。 C. 科学寻求逐步解决对人类的问题。 D. 哲学和理性的功能是一样的。
3. A. 宗教没有意识（不知道）其最终目的的。见难句译注4，说明宗教不管（几乎不关注）其目的，或不关心其本能的目标最终真确与否。
B. 宗教没有想象力。 C. 其成果是确切的，最终的。 D. 宗教很象科学和艺术。
4. D. 它激起人类情感。第一段中说“宗教的挣扎与不断变化的力量似乎促使人追求某种永恒的东西，它似乎追求灵魂的最终和谐以及灵魂与灵魂所依赖的一起事物之间的永恒的和谐。”
A. 宗教依赖于直觉而不是推理。第一段最后一句：宗教也有本能和盲目的一面，在各种各样的偶然实践和直觉中沸腾。可不久它又向事物内心摸索前进，然而不论从哪个方向来，都转想最终方向（最终多转想这个方向——直觉），文章的最后一句：宗教的目的和理想的目的一样，而其实现目的方法是通过直觉和无限止的诗一般的幻想来进行的。 B. 它不关心其本能的目标最终是否真确。 C. 它使人类很失望。
5. D. 无效。第二段开始就点出：我们得承认宗教追求理性生活一直是很失败（流产了）。
A. 有想象力的。 B. 为未来提供希望的。 C. 是一个高度的智力活动。
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
It was reported last ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )week that developers could take photos from Apple mobile and Google Android devices without the phone owners knowing that the images were being taken. In Apple’s case, developers can also obtain the location information for each photo.
Senator(参议员) Charles ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Schumer said in a telephone interview that his office had spoken with officials at both Apple and Google on Monday.
“We asked th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )em if they could find a way on their own to prevent Apple from having access to private info,” Mr. Schumer said. “They were friendly and open to the idea that this ought to be changed.”
On Sunday, Mr. Schu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mer said that he planned to send a letter to the Federal Trade Commission(联邦贸易委员会) asking the agency to investigate Apple and Google after the privacy concerns came to light. Claudia Bourne Farrell, an F.T.C. spokeswoman, said the agency had received the letter but she could not comment further.
“It sends shivers ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) up the spine to think that one’s personal photos, address book, and who knows what else can be obtained and even posted online without consent,” Mr. Schumer wrote in his letter to the F.T.C. “If the technology exists to open the door to this kind of privacy invasion, then surely technology exists to close it, and that’s exactly what must happen.”
Mr. Schumer said ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )if Apple and Google could not come to an agreement to fix the problem, then he would be forced to take the issue further.
He said other companie ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s had been willing to work with his office to fix issues. “I’m optimistic that we can get this changed without any regulation,” he said. “If it’s not changed, then we’ll look the F.T.C., and if that doesn’t work then we’ll look at legislative approach.”
The F.T.C. ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s warned companies to try to be more vigilant(警醒的) in their efforts to protect consumers when it comes to privacy.
36.The senators spoke with officials at both Apple and Google .
A. to discus ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s whether it is illegal to have access to private information.
B. to stop them from developing the technology of taking photos.
C. to urge them not to invade consumers’ privacy.
D. to keep them fro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )m obtaining the location information for each photo
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据We aske ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d them if they could find a way on their own to prevent Apple from having access to private info参议员鼓励他们不要侵犯顾客的个人隐私，故选C。
37. Which of the following statements is true
A. Privacy invasion from Apple has existed for a long time.
B. Privacy invasion from Google has existed for a long time.
C. Apple and Google have decided to make a change.
D. Mr. Schumer ta ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )kes the privacy concerns caused by Apple and Google seriously.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据Mr. Schu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mer said that he planned to send a letter to the Federal Trade Commission(联邦贸易委员会) asking the agency to investigate Apple and Google after the privacy concerns came to light. 可知Mr. Schumer对苹果和谷歌引起的个人隐私问题很重视，故选D。
38. Mr. Schumer’s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )letter to the F.T.C. mainly shows that the technology to open the door to privacy invasion .
A. causes people to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) worry about the safety of their personal information .
B. can be used if permitted.
C. causes perso ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nal information to be posted online without permission.
D. causes privacy invasion to happen frequently.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据If the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )technology exists to open the door to this kind of privacy invasion, then surely technology exists to close it, and that’s exactly what must happen.他认为引起人们对于个人安全问题的担心，故选A。
39.If the privacy con ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cerns can’t be solved with the help of the F.T.C., .
A.The companies will be fined.
B. The companies will be closed.
C. The senators will turn to legislation.
D. The senators will force the companies not to invade privacy.
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据if ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that doesn’t work then we’ll look at legislative approach如果个人的隐私问题解决不了将采用立法的问题，故选C。
40.Where can we read about the passage
A.In a science report. B. In a newspaper.
C. In a magazine D. In a textbook.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据短文的内容主要叙述的是对于公司的对于客户的个人隐私的泄露问题的的解决途径，所以这篇文章出现在报纸上，故选B。
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Taxi, the unde ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rground, driving…in London these means of transport are expensive. As a student on a budget, I couldn't afford the 30 pounds (around 300 yuan) fare for a taxi. Even a bus was one pound and 20 pence (about 12 yuan) for a single ticket. I didn't need to travel this way anyway. I had Mabel-- my London bike.
When I moved t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o Beijing, like every foreigner, I was delighted to discover I could take a cab for cheaper than a single journey on the subway. But something was wrong. I missed Mabel. That was when I met Mandarin Mabel also known as Mandy, my Beijing bike.
In many ways, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Beijing is made for: It is a flat, easy land compared with hilly London. The cycling city's north/south/east/west square structure is also easier to travel than London's unplanned, twisting streets.
However, Beijing ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )comes completely with its own dangers. The rules of the road are
flexible. Bikes, c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ars, passers-by all float up and down ways in both directions.
Compared with ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )London's terrible cycle paths, in Beijing, every road has huge, wide cycle ways. But cars, taxis and motorbikes see no reason why they shouldn't use the cycle ways as a shortcut, and why they shouldn't announce you to get out of their way when they do.
Beijing traffi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )c is more good-natured. In London, the road is an active war. People shout, quarrel and beat on each other's windows. In Beijing zone, drivers never get actively angry. In fact, often they ignore cyclists. Obviously that means it's up to the cyclists to see them.
Mandy is a t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ree Beijing bike. It is nearly broken, it makes loud noises every time you ride on it, and I have had to make several emergency repair stops for it.
But cycling r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ound Beijing on a sunny day is a joy. It is just me, Mandy and the city.
41. What can we conclude from the first paragraph
A. Bicycles are the most popular means of transport in London.
B. To save money, the author used travel around by bus in London.
C. The expense of p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ublic transport makes some people want to buy a bike.
D. The author didn't travel around London because of lacking a bike.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据Ta ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )xi, the underground, driving…in London these means of transport are expensive.乘坐其他的公共交通费用是高的，所以一些人想要买自行车，故选C。
42. What does the author think of cycling around Beijing
A. The city's ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) twisting streets make it hard for the rider to find the way.
B. Cars, taxis and mo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )torbikes on the cycle lane pose a threat to cyclists.
C. With the flat land ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )and wide cycle lanes, it's safer to cycle in Beijing than in London.
D. Cycling in Bejing is safe because of its flexible rules.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据However, B ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eijing comes completely with its own dangers. But cars, taxis and motorbikes see no reason why they shouldn't use the cycle ways as a shortcut汽车、出租车和摩托车占用自行车的车道对骑自行车的人造成了危险，故选B。
43. What can we infer from the article
A. In the author's view, Beijing drivers drive more safely.
B. In London, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cars, taxis and motorbikes are allowed to use the cycle paths.
C. People in Lon ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )don follow the traffic rules more closely than those in Beijing.
D. Mandy breaks down ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )so easily that it makes the author miss her London bike Mabel.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据In Lond ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on, the road is an active war. People shout, quarrel and beat on each other's windows. In Beijing zone, drivers never get actively angry. In fact, often they ignore cyclists. Obviously that means it's up to the cyclists to see them.可推出在伦敦的人比北京人更加遵守交通规则，故选C。
44. The reason why drivers in Beijing seldom get angry is that______.
A. the cycle ways are fiat
B. they care little about cyclists
C. they can even drive on the cycle ways
D. people in Beijing don't often ride bikes
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据In fact, often they ignore cyclists.因为开车的人很少关心骑自行车的人，故选B。
45. What does the article mainly talk about
A. To tell us what makes the author love cycling.
B. To compare cycling in Beijing with that in London.
C. To introduce the differences between Mabel and Mandy.
D. To explain why Beijing is made for cycling.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。纵观短文的内容可知对于在北京与在伦敦骑自行车的情况作了比较，故选B。
Passage Eleven (T ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he Affect of Electricity on Cancer)
Can electricity cause cancer In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies. The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes into contact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, from power lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate—or the worst kind of paranoia.
Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review, released in draft form late last week, the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence “suggests a casual link” between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields—those having very longwave-lengths—and leukemia, lymphoma and brain cancer, While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans.”
The report is no reason to panic—or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the Whit House. But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.
At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: When an electric current passes through a wire, tit generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects, For many years, scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength of the earth’s own magnetic field, The electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high as 10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate.
How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger The consensus used to be that they could not, and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body. Such “ionizing” radiations have been clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations to control emissions.
But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory work showing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animal tissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths has never been found.
The Pentagon is for from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased the entire document” toward proving a link. “Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that (electromagnetic fields) present in the environment induce or promote cancer,” the Air Force concludes. “It is astonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report.” Then Pentagon’s concern is understandable. There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towers to the defense systems built into every warship and plane.
1.The main idea of this passage is
[A]. studies on the cause of cancer
. controversial view-points in the cause of cancer
[C]. the relationship between electricity and cancer.
[D]. different ideas about the effect of electricity on caner.
2.The view-point of the EPA is
[A]. there is casual link between electricity and cancer.
. electricity really affects cancer.
[C]. controversial.
[D].low frequency electromagnetic field is a possible cause of cancer
3.Why did the Pentagon and Whit House object to the release of the report Because
[A]. it may stir a great deal of debate among the Bush Administration.
. every unit of the modern military has depended on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment.
[C]. the Pentagon’s concern was understandable.
[D]. they had different arguments.
4.It can be inferred from physical phenomenon
[A]. the force of the electromagnetic field is too weak to be harmful.
. the force of the electromagnetic field is weaker than the electric field that the cells generate.
[C]. electromagnetic field may affect health.
[D]. only more powerful radiation can knock electron out of human body.
5.What do you think ordinary citizens may do after reading the different arguments
[A].They are indifferent. . They are worried very much.
[C]. The may exercise prudent avoidance. [C]. They are shocked.
Vocabulary
1. preposterous 反常的，十分荒谬的，乖戾的
2. leukemia 白血病
3. malignancy 恶性肿瘤
4. legitimate 合法的，合理的
5. paranoia 偏执狂，妄想狂。这里指：无根据的担心。
6. lymphoma 淋巴瘤
7. carcinogen 致癌物
8. minuscule 很小的，很不重要
9. consensus 舆论
10. wallop 乱窜，猛冲，冲击力
11. epidemiological 流行病学的
12. blistering 罗嗦的，胡扯的
13. critique 评论，批评
14. imprimatur 出版许可（官方审查后的），批准
难句译注
1. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate—or the worst kind of paranoia.
[参考译文] 由于这问题的证据还不是结论性的，而且常常是矛盾的，所以就难以断定有关电力对身体的影响的顾虑是合乎情理，还是毫无根据的怀疑。
2. EPA——U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 美国环境保护署
3． While the report falls short (缺乏，不够) of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans.”
[参考译文] 虽然报告没有把极低频磁场归类为可能致癌物，但它确实指出通常60赫兹的磁场是“一种虽尚未证实，但可能导致人患癌症的因素。”
4． The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the Whit House
[参考译文] 证据争议性仍然很大，所以报告草案在布什政府内引起巨大的争辩，而环保署无视无角大楼和白宫的强烈反对，公布了这份报告。
5. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate.
[参考译文] 这远比细胞所产生的电磁场低的多。
6. …and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body.
[参考译文] 而且几十年来，科学家专注于更为强大的辐射类别，如Ｘ光射线，其聚合的冲击力足以把电子从组成人体的分子中撞出来。
7. But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect.
[参考译文] 可是流行病学的研究发现，几组资料在数据方面有所关联，却没有证实其因果关系。
8. a body of laboratory work 一批研究成果。
9. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased the entire document” toward proving a link.
[参考译文] 在长达33页的对环保署文件的十分尖锐的批评中，空军方面的科学家指责，作者歪曲整个文件以证明癌症和电磁场之间的关联。
10. It is astonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report.
[参考译文] 令人惊讶的是环保署竟然批准许可这份报告的出笼。
写作方法与文章大意
文章以问答的方式，对比的写作方法，写出了围绕电力是否影响健康——是否致癌因素的两种观点，及其观点的依据。一种是美国环境保护署为代表的：极低频磁场是一种可能但还未被证实的致癌因素，而且无视白宫和五角大楼反对，公布了这份报告。理由是科学证据提出了两者之间的关联偶然性。另一种以空军中科学家为主的观点：电磁场不会诱发或触发癌症，而且以歪曲整个文件来证明两者之关系，批评了环保署。其理由人人皆知。因军队中任一单位都有点——从地面雷达到舰艇飞机防卫系统。
答案祥解
1. D 电力对癌症影响的不同观点。文章一开始就提出了“电会致癌吗？”这个问题。十多年来，一大批科学家和新闻界人士都指出：研究结果似乎表示：接触电磁场可能会增加患白血病和其他恶性肿瘤的危险性。所以说到目前为止还难以确定电力对健康的影响究竟是理性的，还是杞人忧天。见难句注释1。第二段公布了环保署的报告，见难句注释3。第三段说明：即使有致癌危险也是极微的。但应予以认真对待，进行更多的研究。而第七段中空军方面的科学家还没有被说服（见难句注释9），明确提出，我们的评论员认为没有迹象说明环境中存在的电力会诱发或促发癌症。
A. 对致癌因素的研究。 B. 致癌原因方面有争议的观点，这两项根本部队，和文内电力毫无关系。 C. 电力和癌症的关系，文中涉及的是电力究竟会不会致癌的两种观点，而不是两者之关系。
2. A. 电和致癌有一定难以确定的关系。答案在第二段第三句，环保署目前的结论是据科学证据指出极低频电磁场——具有长波的电磁场——和白血病，淋巴瘤及脑癌之间有着难以确定的联系，见难句注释3。
A. 电确实致癌，不对。 C. 有争议的。说的不够清楚，争议什么。 D. 低频磁场是一个可能致癌因素。这只是论点的一面。
3. B. 现代军事的任何部门都一直依赖于应用大量应用电子设备。五角大楼和白宫所以反对环保署公布报告之理由就在此。空军方面的专家所以说环保署方面的报告“歪曲了整个文件以证明两者之间的关系”也在此。见难句注释4。所以文内说“角大楼的关注是可以理解的。”
A. 报告会在布什政府内引起大规模的辩论，这是结果。 C. 五角大楼的关注是可以理解的，这不是原因。 D. 他们有不同的观点。
4. A.磁场力太弱不会产生有害作用。答案在第四段第二，三句，当电流通过电缆，产生磁场，对周围物体产生（影响）力。许多年来，科学家把任何有关“这些力可能有害的想法”置于一边（不予考虑），主要是因为它们（所产生的力）非常弱。
B. 磁场力比细胞产生的电磁场弱。只是明确指出的事实。 C. 磁场力对人的健康有害。不对。 D. 只有更强的辐射才能把人体中的电子击出来。不对。
5. C. 他们会采取谨慎小心避开电器的途径。因为他们不可能象A项那样漠不关心。这种问题直接影响人的生命。
B. 他们非常担忧。 D. 他们感到震惊，这两项都不可能，因为还在争议中，唯一的途径是尽量避开和电器接触。
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
When you’re an e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mployee of a company, no matter the size, it’s common to see co-workers promoted, or transferred to a different department. But there is another way to move around—by creating a new position for yourself. I did this several years ago, though I wasn’t actively looking for a different job.
In 2007, I was hire ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d at the Transamerica Life Insurance Company, as a customer service representative in the distributions services department. I processed requests for distributions from our annuity(养老金)policy holders around the country. Someone might have forgotten to sign a form, for example, or might have omitted security information. To solve the problem, I’d mail the person a letter.
The company had b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )een through several combinations, so in our department alone we had a collection of about 140 templates(模板) for letters related to distributions. The longer I worked with the letters, the more I saw how they could be improved. Some had overlapping information and could be combined. Some had incorrect grammar or needed updating. I also noticed that industry terminology(专业术语) wasn’t standard across all the versions.
When I told my dep ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )artment supervisor about this in 2008, she agreed that the letters needed revamping. She said I should stop what I’d been doing and start the new work. In a relatively short time, I was able to make numerous improvements and reduce the number of letters to 70. It was an informal job change until a managers’ meeting several months later.
At that meeting, a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )vice president who was unaware of my new work mentioned that the division’s entire stock of 1,700 letters should be reviewed. My manager told her that she knew the perfect person for the job—me. The position was still considered temporary when I took on the extra tasks, but I was able to show that the work had value, and I was officially promoted and given a raise in November 2009.
31. Accordin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g to Paragraph 1, which of the following statements is true
A .The author admired those who got a promotion in his company.
B. The author tried his best to get a promotion in his company
C. The author was eager to seek another job.
D. It is no surprise to see people around us change their positions.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据it’s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )common to see co-workers promoted, or transferred to a different department.可知看见我们周围的人们改变工作或职位是不奇怪的。故选D。
32. Which of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the following problems with the letters is NOT mentioned in the passage
A. Some information needed to be united.
B. Some information was overlooked.
C. Some had grammatical mistakes.
D. Industry terminology didn’t meet the standard.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据Some ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )had overlapping information and could be combined. Some had incorrect grammar or needed updating. I also noticed that industry terminology(专业术语) wasn’t standard across all the versions.一些信息需要统一，一些有语法错误，一些行业术语没有达到要求，只有选项B，没有提到，故选B。
33. The underlin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed word “revamping” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to .
A. improving ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )B. rebuilding C. repeating D. strengthening
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据I was able to make numerous improvements可知这些信需要提高，故选A。
34.The author started to review the letters when .
A. he was hired by the company
B. his department supervisor agreed his idea
C. he was recommended at a managers’ meeting
D. he was promoted
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据W ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )When I told my department supervisor about this in 2008, she agreed that the letters needed revamping. At that meeting, a vice president who was unaware of my new work mentioned that the division’s entire stock of 1,700 letters should be reviewed.他的部门监督同意了他的观点，故选B。
35. Which of the following is the best title for the passage
A. Where there is will, there is a way.
B. Don’t let the chance go, when it comes.
C. Creating a position, and earning a promotion.
D. Ways to get a promotion.
【答案】C
【解析】标题归纳题。根据短文的内容主要叙述了人们可以换一种职位而得到提升，故选C。