2014高考英语阅读理解二轮限时训练精品题（16）及答案
文档属性
| 名称 | 2014高考英语阅读理解二轮限时训练精品题（16）及答案 |  | |
| 格式 | zip | ||
| 文件大小 | 645.0KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2014-04-05 21:16:36 | ||
图片预览
文档简介
2014高考英语阅读理解二轮限时训练精品题（16）及答案
【2014高考英语安徽省合肥市质量检测】
阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的四个选项(A ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )、B、C和D)中, 选出最佳选项, 并标在答题卷的相应位置。用答题卡的考生, 先把选出的最佳选项标在试卷的相应位置, 再转涂到答题卡上。
Dogs and cats are not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) for students who live in the dormitory. Just think about the noise, the smell and all that wild behavior, chewing on whatever they can get their teeth on, or knocking over the trash can. But don’t feel sad. There smaller and less destructive pets to make your dormitory life colorful.
Betta fish
They make great pets ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )with their big personality and astonishing colors, ranging from bright red, dark blue to lemon yellow. Unlike many fish, most bettas react to their owner’s presence and become more active when they are nearby, which is unusual in the fish world.
Chinchillas
Without bad s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mell, about the size of a rabbit and with fur so dense that they can't get pests such as fleas (跳蚤), the friendly creature originally from the Andes Mountains in South America makes an ideal indoor pet. Chinchillas are very social animals, even if you are only alone, you will become its family. In cold winter days, only a glance at this fury pet in a dorm will bring you a lot of warmth.
Land hermit crabs
In a society where ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )owners are often asked “Are they tasty ”, land hermit crabs are among the most unlucky animals commonly kept pets. But they are easy to care for, inexpensive and fascinating to watch. And the fact that they don't cause any allergic reactions makes them perfect for college dormitories.
Red-eared sliders
If you're interes ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ted in a lifelong friend, a red-eared slider makes a wonderful pet. If well cared for, they can live for around 40 years. But there are a couple of things you should know. Red-eared can grow to an adult size of up to 30 cm! So you may need a larger tank quickly. In addition, you will need to provide UV lighting, water heater, and a swimming area and a basking (晒太阳) area. Housing a red eared slider is not easy.
60. All the dormitory pets mentioned in the text are ______.
A. active and allergic B. quiet and peaceful
C. colorful and tasty D. small and smelly
61. Which of the following is not true about these creatures
A. Bettas are active and rich in colors.
B. Chinchillas are originally mountain animals.
C. Land hermit crabs are allergic but tasty.
D. Red-eared sliders need more care from the owner.
62. If you want t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o keep the pet as long as possible, you'd better choose ______ .
A. Betta fish B. Chi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nchillas C. Land hermit crabs D. Red-eared sliders
63. The passage is mainly to ______
A. introduce ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the best way to keep pets B. offer useful pictures for choosing pets
C. inform st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )udents of lifestyle of pets D. recommend some dormitory pets
【参考答案】60—63 BCDD
Passage Ten (The Im ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )portance of Independent Thinking)
No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. No that it is solely, of chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. One the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been and many again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended, where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed: where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up fro9m its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be food, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if she s equally unable to refute the reasons of the opposite side; if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world the side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should heat the arguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations, That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them form persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.
1.The best title for this passage is
[A] The Age of Reason The need for Independent Thinking
[C] The Value of Reason [D] Stirring People’s Minds
2.According to the author, it is always advisable to
[A] have opinions which cannot be refuted.
adopt the point of view to which one feels the most inclination.
[C] be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which one disagrees,
[D] suspend heterodox speculation in favor of doctrinaire approaches.
3.According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find
[A] acceptance of truth controversy over principles
[C] inordinate enthusiasm [D] a dread of heterodox speculation
4.According to the author, the person who holds orthodox beliefs without examination may be described in all of the following ways EXCEPT as
[A] enslaved by tradition less than fully rational
[C] determinded on controversy [D] having a closed mind
5.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements
[A] A truly great thinker makes no mistakes.
Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of unorthodox reflection,
[C] The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one’s own teachers.
[D] excessive controversy prevents clear thinking,
Vocabulary
1. stature 高度，境界，状况
2. heterodox 不合乎公认的标准的，异端的，异教的
3. tacit 心照不宣
4. refute 反驳
5. adversary 对立面，对手，敌人
6. plausible 善于花言巧语的/辞令的，似乎有理的/有可能的
7. doctrine 教义，学说
8. profess 表示，明言，承认，自称，信奉
难句译注
1. True gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, then by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think.
[参考译文] 真理甚至从一个经过恰当研究和准备进行独立思考的人的错误中获得更多的东西，而从那些只是因为不予思考却持有正确的观点中获得的少（一种经过恰当的研究和准备进行独立思考的人犯的错误，另一种人是不予思考的却持有正确的观点，真理从前者错误中获得的东西比从后者的正确观点中获得的要多）。
2. mental slavery 思想禁锢，精神受奴役状态
3. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
[结构简析] 这是一句以Never否定词开头的倒装句，正常的句序应把never放在句中，形成：the mind of people was never stirred up from its foundations
[参考译文] 当辩论比开重大课题，重大到足以燃起/激起人们激/热情的课题时，那么一个民族的思想绝不会从天赋的情感和原始的基础上升华，甚至使最普通智力的人上升到优点庄严的思想家水平上。
4. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgement, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which she feels the most inclination.
[参考译文] 对她来说理智的立场是停止判断，而且除非她满足于这一点，否则，她不是为权威人物的观点所左右，后者就像世界上芸芸众生一样，倒向她感觉最倾向的一边。
5. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into teal contact with her own mind.
[结构简析] do justice to 公平对待，适当处理。 Bring……into contact with 使和……接触／联系。
[参考译文] 这不是对正确观点评价的方法，也不能使自己的思想真正接触到论点的实质。
6. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty.
[结构简析] most plausible and persuasive form 很善于辞令和有说服力形式。 possess oneself of 获得，据有，把……占为己有。 them=arguments。 else 否则的话。
7. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.
[结构简析] throw oneself into…position 设身处地，使自己处于……位置／地点。
写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇由一般到具体，重要采用正反对比，推理的写作方法的文章，逻辑性强，正反论证，句子结构复杂冗长，分两段给出内容，第一段重点在：伟大的思想家的首要责任是奠定遵循自己智力所得出的结论。由此引起思想家和思想活跃的人民同时代环境的关系。只有思想后月的时期，才有伟大的思想家和活跃的人民，因为他们可以讨论重大主题，而在思想禁锢时期，只能产生个别伟大思想家。第二段具体的论证了独立思考涉及两方面，既如自己一方种种，也得知对手的一方种种（内容，推理，论点），才能真正获得真理。
答案详解
１. B 独立思考的必要性。见难句译注１。这里说明进行独立思考的人即使犯错误，真理也能从中获得东西，而那些懒于思考人，即使持有正确的观点，真理也难以获得东西。第一段还点明思想禁锢时期，即不能进行独立思考时期，难以讨论重大议题，产生不了活跃的人民，绝不会出现像辉煌的文艺复兴那种时期（见第二题注）。第二段也是围绕独立思考而写，只是从具体点着眼：人只知自己，不知对方无法获得真理，只有独立思考两方，才能不为权威所左右，不会跟着自己感觉走，最终知道自己的真正主张。
A. 理性时代。 C. 驳斥的价值。 D. 激发人民的思想。
２. C 熟悉有利于自己不同意／反对观点的论点。这是作者在第二段讲述的重要论点。他认为一个人只知自己一方，推理极好，无人能反驳，却不知对方的推理，也不能够予以反驳的话，他就无权选择两方的任一论点，其理智位置是停止判断。否则她就会（像世界上芸芸众生那样）不是为权威所“引导”，就是跟着感觉（的倾向）走。其二，作者提出：光听自己的老师讲述对立面的论点，以及他们所提出的反驳论点。只是不够的，必须倾听那些人（他们真正相信对立的观点）的论点，并为此积极热情，竭尽全力辩护，才能使自己的思想和独立论点接触，公正的作出公正的判断。
A. 具有不能驳斥的观点。 B. 采取个人感觉最倾向的观点。 D. 停止有利于教条主义研究的异端思考。
３. B 辩论原则问题。答案在第一段：在思想禁锢的气氛中，过去，现在可能会产生个别的思想家，但绝不会有思想活跃的人民，在那里有一种心照不宣的惯律：原则决不能讨论——认为占据人类心灵的最重大问题的讨论应封闭，我们不能期望看到一般高级的思想活动。这种思想活动曾使历史上某些时期光辉灿烂。而文艺复兴就是思想活动的顶峰时期，必然会讨论原则问题，所以选B 。
A. 接受真理，周经过讨论才能接受真理。 C. 过度的热情。 D. 害怕异端思考。
４. C. 在辩论上，坚定不移。这是一道推断题，一般讲：持有未经检验的正统信仰的人不会独立思考，更不会怀疑他所信仰的东西。
A. 为传统所奴役。 B. 不怎么理智。 D. 头脑闭塞。这种人必然受传统思想控制，不理智更不愿接受外界新鲜事物。
５. B. 在思想方面取得成就的时期就是进行非正统反思的时期。见３题注释。
A. 一个真正的思想家不犯错误。 C. 一个人的老师最能提供所接受思想观点的反驳。 D. 过度的辩论会制止清晰的思考。
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
English is an impor ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tant global language, but that doesn’t mean it’s easy to learn. Many experts have tried to make English easier for students to learn – but they weren’t always successful.
In 1930, Professo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r CK Ogden of Cambridge University invented Basic English. It had only 850 words (and just eighteen verbs) and Ogden said most people could learn it in just thirty hours. The problem was that people who learned Basic English could write and say simple messages, but they couldn’t understand the answers in ‘real’ English! It was also impossible to explain a word if it wasn’t in the Basic English word list. For example, if you wanted a watermelon, you asked for ‘a large green fruit with the form of an egg, which has a sweet red inside and a good taste’!
RE Zachrisson, a uni ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )versity professor in Sweden, decided that the biggest problem for learners of English was spelling, so he invented a language called Anglic. Anglic was similar to English, but with much simpler spelling. ‘Father’ became ‘faadher, ‘new’ became ‘nue’ and ‘years’ became ‘yeerz’. Unfortunately for some students of English, Anglic never became popular.
Even easier is the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) language which ships’ captains use: it’s called ‘Seaspeak’. Seaspeak uses a few simple phrases for every possible situation. In Seaspeak, for example you don’t say, ‘I’m sorry what did you say ’ or ‘I didn’t understand, can you repeat that ’ ... it’s just, ‘Say again.’ No more grammar!
In the age of inter ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )national communication through the Internet who knows ... a new form of English might appear. A large number of the world’s e-mails are in English and include examples of ‘NetLingo’ like OIC (Oh, I see) and TTYL (Talk to you later). In another fifty years, English as we know it might not exist ... we will probably all speak fluent Internetish!
61. The best title for the passage would be ______.
Seaspeak B ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). Basic English C. Easy English D. Internetish
【答案】C
【解析】标题归纳题。根据Many ex ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )perts have tried to make English easier for students to learn文章开头就指出主题怎样把英语变得更加简单，下文叙述了人们的不同做法，故选C。
62. It will take a pe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rson about ______ weeks to learn Basic English if he spends two hours learning it every day.
A. six B. four C. three D. two
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据Og ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )den said most people could learn it in just thirty hours.花30个小时，一天两个小时所以总共花两周的时间，故选D。
63. According to Pr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ofessor Zachrisson, what was the biggest problem for learners of English
A. Grammar. B. Vocabulary. C. Spelling. D. Speaking.
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据RE Zach ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )risson, a university professor in Sweden, decided that the biggest problem for learners of English was spelling, Zachrisson教授说最大的问题是拼写，故选C。
64. Which of the following is likely to be Anglic
A. A graet batl.
B. IOU
C. Long time no see.
D. Two five, no lights.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据Anglic w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as similar to English,可推出选项A的单词拼写上看出近似于英语但又不是英语，故选A。
65. What might happen to English in another fifty years
A. It might become a global language.
B. It might be replaced by Internetish.
C. It might take the place of all other languages.
D. It might become more and more difficult.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据In another ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) fifty years, English as we know it might not exist ... we will probably all speak fluent Internetish!再过50年有可能出现Internetish语言，故选B。
Passage Thirteen ( ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Cryptic Coloring)
Cryptic coloring is by far the commonest use of color in the struggle for existence. It is employed for the purpose of attack (aggressive resemblance or anticryptic coloring ) as well as of defense (protective resemblance or procryptic coloring ). The fact that the same method concealment, may be used both for attack and defense has been well explained by T.Belt who suggests as an illustration the rapidity of movement which is also made use of by both pursuer and pursued, which is similarly raised to a maximum in both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series of generations. Cryptic coloring is commonly associated with other aids in the struggle for life. Thus well-concealed mammals and birds, when discovered, will generally endeavor to escape by speed and will often attempt to defend themselves actively. On the other hand, small animals which have no means of active defense, such as large, numbers of insects, frequently depend upon concealment alone. Protective resemblance is far commoner among animals than aggressive resemblance, in correspondence with the fact that predaceous forms are as a rule much larger and much less numerous than their prey. In the case of insectivorous Vertebrata and their prey such differences exist in an exaggerated form. Cryptic coloring, whether used for defense of attack, may be either general or special. In general resemblance the animal, in consequence of its coloring, produces the same effect as its environment, but the conditions do not require any special adaptation of shape and outline. General resemblance is especially common among the animal inhabiting some uniformly colored expanse of the earth’s surface, such as an ocean or a desert. In the former, animals of all shapes are frequently protected by their transparent blue color, on the latter, equally diverse forms are defended by their sandy appearance. The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a combination of tints in startling contrast. Thus the black and white stripes of the zebra blend together at a little distance, and “their proportion is such as exactly to match the pale tint which arid ground possesses when seen by moonlight.” Special resemblance is far commoner than general and is the form which is usually met with on the diversified surface of the earth, on the shores, and in shallow water, as well as on the floating masses of algae on the surface of the ocean, such as the Sargasso Sea. In these environments the cryptic coloring of animals is usually aided by special modifications of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particular plete stillness and the assumption of a certain attitude play an essential part in general resemblance on land; but in special resemblance the attitude is often highly specialized, and perhaps more important than any other element in the complex method by which concealment is effected. In special resemblance the combination of coloring, shape, and attitude is such as to produce a more or less exact resemblance to some one of the objects in the environment, such as a leaf of twig, a patch of lichen, a flake of bark. In all cases the resemblance is to some object which is of no interest to the enemy or prey respectively. The animal is not hidden from view by becoming indistinguishable from its background as in the case of general resemblance, but it is mistaken for some well-know object.
In seeking the interpretation of these most interesting and elaborate adaptations, attempts have been made along two lines. The first seeks to explain the effect as a result of the direct influence of the environment upon the individual (G.L.L.Buffon), or by the inherited effects of efforts and the use and disuse of parts (J.B.P.Lamarck). The second believes that natural selection produced the result and afterwards maintained it by the survival of the best concealed in each generation. The former suggestion breaks down when the complex nature of numerous special resemblances is appreciated. Thus the arrangement of colors of many kinds into an appropriate pattern requires the cooperation of a suitable shape and the rigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude. The latter is instinctive and thus depends on the central nervous system. The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation of all these factors; and in the present state of science, the only possible hole of an interpretation lies in the theory of natural selection, which can accumulate any and every variation which tends toward survival. A few of the chief types of methods by which concealment is effected may be briefly described. The colors of large numbers of vertebrate animals are darkest on the back and become gradually lighter on the sides, passing into white on the belly. Abbot H. Thayer has suggested that this gradation obliterates the appearance of solidity, which is due to shadow. The color harmony, which is also essential to concealment, is produced because the back is of the same tint as the environment (e. g. earth), bathed in the cold blue-white of the sky, while the belly, being cold blue-white and bathed in shadow and yellow earth reflections produces the same effects. This method of neutralizing shadow for the purpose of concealment by increased lightness of tint was first suggested by E.B.Poulton in the case of a larva and a pupa, but he did not appreciate the great importance of the principle. In an analogous method an animal in front of a background of dark shadow may have part of its body obliterated by the existence of a dark tint, the remainder resembling, e.g., a part of a leaf. This method of rendering invisible any part which would interfere with the resemblance is well know in mimicry.
1. The black and white stripes of the zebra are most useful form
[A]. hunters. . nocturnal predators
[C]. lions and tigers. [C]. insectivorous Vertrbrata
2. Aggressive resemblance occurs when
[A]. a predaceous attitude is assumed.
. special resemblance is utilized.
[C]. an animal relies on speed.
[D]. an animal blends in with its background.
3. Special resemblance differs from general resemblance in that the animal relies on
[A]. its ability to frighten its adversary. . speed.
[C]. its ability to assume an attitude. [D]. mistaken identify
4. The title below that best expresses the ides of this passage is
[A]. Cryptic coloration for Protection. . How Animals Survive.
[C]. The uses of Mimicry in Nature. [D]. Resemblances of Animals.
5. Of the following which is the least common
[A]. protective resemblance. . General resemblance.
[C]. Aggressive resemblance. [D]. Special resemblance.
Vocabulary
1. cryptic 隐藏的，保护的
cryptic coloring 保护色，隐藏色
2. predaceous 食肉的，捕食其他动物的。
3. vertebrate 脊椎动物门
4. tint 色泽，色彩
5. zebra 斑马
6. Sargasso 果本马尾藻
7. twig 嫩枝
8. lichen 地衣
9. flake 一片
10. gradation 等级，层次，分等
11. obliterate 涂抹，擦去，使消失
12. larva 幼虫，幼体
13. pupa 蛹
14. mimicry 模仿，拟态
15. nocturnal 夜间发生的，夜出的
16. insectivorous 食虫的
17. procryptic 有保护色的，保护性的
难句译注
1. …the rapidity of movement which is also made use of by both pursuer and pursued, which is similarly raised to a maximum in both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series of generations.
[参考译文] 追捕动物和被追的动物也利用快速的动作。这种快速的运动同样是通过几代更迭，逐渐消除了慢速，而发展到快速顶峰。
2. Protective resemblance is far commoner among animals than aggressive resemblance, in correspondence with the fact that predaceous forms are as a rule much larger and much less numerous than their prey.
[参考译文] 保护性模仿远比侵犯行模仿要普遍得多，这是和下述的情况想配合的：食肉的（形式）动物，按惯律总是比他们捕食的对象要大而且多得多。
3. The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a combination of tints in startling contrast.
[参考译文] 在惊人的对比中，色泽的综合可能产生外形一致的效果。
4. …their proportion is such as exactly to match the pale tint which arid ground possesses when seen by moonlight.
[参考译文] （这里指斑马的黑白条）比例正好和在月光下观看贫瘠土地所具有的苍白色泽相吻合。
5. In these environments the cryptic coloring of animals is usually aided by special modifications of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particular attitudes.
[参考译文] 在这些环境中，动物的保护色常常得到特定的形状变化和本能的协作，这种本能会使动物采取特定的姿势。
6. Complete stillness and the assumption of a certain attitude play an essential part in general resemblance on land; but in special resemblance the attitude is often highly specialized…
[参考译文] 绝对静态和采取一般姿势在陆地的一般模仿中起很大作用，而在专门模仿中，姿势常常是高度专门化的。
7. Thus the arrangement of colors of many kinds into an appropriate pattern requires the cooperation of a suitable shape and the rigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude.
[参考译文] 因此许多类颜色排列成恰当的模式/形式，要求把合适的外形和严格的采用一定的精心设计的姿势相结合。
8. The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation of all these factors; and in the present state of science, the only possible hole of an interpretation lies in the theory of natural selection, which can accumulate any and every variation which tends toward survival.
[参考译文] 保护效果是由于所以这些因素确切合作而形成。根据目前科学水平，唯一的解释（此种现象）就是自然选择理论，它可以累积要生存的各种变异/变种。
写作方法与文章大意
文章以一般到具体的协作和分类方式写作，第一段点出生物界生存竞争中最常用的一种颜色是保护色，保护色可分为两类：进犯（进攻）型和防卫型。一般是防御性保护色多于进攻型。而两种类型都可归纳为一般性模仿和专门（特定）模仿。居住（栖息）在单一色泽的地方的动物，如海洋或沙漠，常采用模仿性保护色——如透明的绿色，土色等，而特定摸刚的动物则栖息在多样性的地方，如海岸，浅水，海洋表面等。特定模仿还需要有改变形状姿势之协作，使其看起来像客观环境中的某物，某种身份mistaken identify.
第二段涉及有关模仿性的解释的探索，结果为二。一种观点是环境直接影响的结果。第二种是自然选择的结果。当人们理解了许多特定模仿的复杂特性时，第一种解释就不能成立了。这说明保护效果是一切因素——合适的外形和某种精心设计的姿势等——合作而成。按现在科学水平来解释，只能归之“自然选择”理论，然后是用具体例子来证实。
答案祥解
1. B. 夜间活动的食肉动物。见难句译注4，斑马的黑白相间颜色的比例正好和月光下所见的贫瘠土地的苍白的色泽相吻合。当然能保护斑马夜间免遭这些食肉动物的袭击。
A. 捕获者。 C. 狮子和老虎。 D. 食虫的脊椎动物
2. A. 在装成捕食其他动物的姿势时。
B. 应该专门模仿。 C. 动物依赖速度。 D. 动物和背景混在一起。
3. D. 搞错/认错了动物（身份）（mistaken identify 认错了人之义）。见第一段最后一句话，它不像一般模仿那样，通过动物和背景难以辨别从而从视觉中隐藏起来，它是被误认为某种著名动物。
A. 用以吓走它的对手（敌人）的能力。 B. 速度。 C. 采用某种姿势的能力。
4. C. 自然界模拟的运动。文章一开始就点命保护色迄今为止生存斗争中最常用的一种颜色，常用于进攻和防卫。保护色常和其他措施相配合，首先提到速度，见难句译注1。然后讲到保护色分类，一般（普通）和特殊（专门）模拟/模仿。第二段解释或说明模拟适应性。第一种解释为环境使然/影响。第二种认为是自然界选择之结果。
A. 为了保卫的保护色。 B. 动物是如何存活下来。 D. 动物之模仿性。
5. C. 进攻性（侵犯性）模仿。见难句译注2。
A. 保护色模仿。 B. 一般性模仿。 D. 专项模仿。
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
As students and tea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )chers returned to school on Monday after the publication of performance ratings(等级) for 18,000 teachers, many parents said they were giving the reports serious thought. Yet there was an equal measure of skepticism among parents that test scores have any relationship with teachers’ competence.
Some said they alrea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dy knew how good a teacher was by walking into the classroom or by monitoring their children’s progress. “I’m the kind of person who likes to see for themselves,” a father in Queens said.
Others worried ab ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )out how their fellow parents, perhaps ones with sharper elbows, might respond. Will they demand a new teacher Move their children to a new school
Elizabeth Sane, th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e mother of a fourth grader at the Ella Baker School, a kindergarten-through-eighth-grade school on the Upper East Side, said that her daughter was switched to a different teacher’s class over the summer, and that it was “like adding salt to the wound” when she saw the high ratings for her daughter’s previous teacher. Her daughter’s teacher this year did not receive a rating because he previously taught high school
Ms. Sane said that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the rating was not the only factor that influenced how she assessed a teacher’s performance, but that the data used for teacher evaluations mattered.
But other pare ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nts dropping their children off at the Ella Baker School said they did not trust teacher ratings based on test scores any more than they wanted their children’s learning measured only by the state exams.
“Some people ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )take it as the final word, but it doesn’t change who they are as teachers. The ratings aren’t accurate, and the whole student testing thing needs to be thrown out,” said Lydia Delgado, whose child is in the second grade.
41. Paragraph 1 tells us that
A. All the teachers received a rating given by the students.
B. All the teachers w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ill receive a rating at the end of each semester,
C. Most parents took the teachers’ ratings seriously.
D. About half of the parents doubted the ratings to be reliable.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据Yet there ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )was an equal measure of skepticism among parents that test scores have any relationship with teachers’ competence.有些父母怀疑评级的可靠性，故选D。
42.What does the underlined part “with sharper elbows” mean
A. With the ability to change the situation.
B. With a good relationship with the school.
C. With a stong will to succeed.
D. With strong elbows physically.
【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据might respond可推测有能力改变形势，故选A。
43.Paragraph 4 shows that Elizabeth Sane
A. was on the side of giving ratings to the teachers.
B. regretted having sent her daughter to another class.
C. didn’t think her daughter’s previous teacher was better.
D. wanted her daughter to return to her previous class.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据her daught ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er was switched to a different teacher’s class over the summer, and that it was “like adding salt to the wound”她后悔把她的女儿送到了另一个学校，故选B。
44. Which of the following statements is true
A. The teacher ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ratings were decided by the test scores of the students.
B. Ms. Sane evaluated a teacher’s performance only by the rating.
C. Lydia Delgado didn’t think the students’ scores should be kept.
D. To give ratin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gs to teachers will come to an end in the near future.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据teacher ratings based on test scores老师的排名基于学生考试的分数，故选A。
45.The attitude of th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e author towards the way to assess teachers’ competence is .
A. supportive B. critical
C. indifferent D. objective
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。supportiv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e赞成的； critical批评的；indifferent中立的；objective客观的。 根据全文的内容来看作者只是客观陈述的别人的一些看法，没有提出自己的具体的观点，故选D。
【2014高考英语安徽省合肥市质量检测】
阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的四个选项(A ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )、B、C和D)中, 选出最佳选项, 并标在答题卷的相应位置。用答题卡的考生, 先把选出的最佳选项标在试卷的相应位置, 再转涂到答题卡上。
Dogs and cats are not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) for students who live in the dormitory. Just think about the noise, the smell and all that wild behavior, chewing on whatever they can get their teeth on, or knocking over the trash can. But don’t feel sad. There smaller and less destructive pets to make your dormitory life colorful.
Betta fish
They make great pets ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )with their big personality and astonishing colors, ranging from bright red, dark blue to lemon yellow. Unlike many fish, most bettas react to their owner’s presence and become more active when they are nearby, which is unusual in the fish world.
Chinchillas
Without bad s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mell, about the size of a rabbit and with fur so dense that they can't get pests such as fleas (跳蚤), the friendly creature originally from the Andes Mountains in South America makes an ideal indoor pet. Chinchillas are very social animals, even if you are only alone, you will become its family. In cold winter days, only a glance at this fury pet in a dorm will bring you a lot of warmth.
Land hermit crabs
In a society where ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )owners are often asked “Are they tasty ”, land hermit crabs are among the most unlucky animals commonly kept pets. But they are easy to care for, inexpensive and fascinating to watch. And the fact that they don't cause any allergic reactions makes them perfect for college dormitories.
Red-eared sliders
If you're interes ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ted in a lifelong friend, a red-eared slider makes a wonderful pet. If well cared for, they can live for around 40 years. But there are a couple of things you should know. Red-eared can grow to an adult size of up to 30 cm! So you may need a larger tank quickly. In addition, you will need to provide UV lighting, water heater, and a swimming area and a basking (晒太阳) area. Housing a red eared slider is not easy.
60. All the dormitory pets mentioned in the text are ______.
A. active and allergic B. quiet and peaceful
C. colorful and tasty D. small and smelly
61. Which of the following is not true about these creatures
A. Bettas are active and rich in colors.
B. Chinchillas are originally mountain animals.
C. Land hermit crabs are allergic but tasty.
D. Red-eared sliders need more care from the owner.
62. If you want t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o keep the pet as long as possible, you'd better choose ______ .
A. Betta fish B. Chi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nchillas C. Land hermit crabs D. Red-eared sliders
63. The passage is mainly to ______
A. introduce ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the best way to keep pets B. offer useful pictures for choosing pets
C. inform st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )udents of lifestyle of pets D. recommend some dormitory pets
【参考答案】60—63 BCDD
Passage Ten (The Im ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )portance of Independent Thinking)
No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. No that it is solely, of chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. One the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been and many again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended, where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed: where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up fro9m its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be food, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if she s equally unable to refute the reasons of the opposite side; if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world the side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should heat the arguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations, That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them form persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.
1.The best title for this passage is
[A] The Age of Reason The need for Independent Thinking
[C] The Value of Reason [D] Stirring People’s Minds
2.According to the author, it is always advisable to
[A] have opinions which cannot be refuted.
adopt the point of view to which one feels the most inclination.
[C] be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which one disagrees,
[D] suspend heterodox speculation in favor of doctrinaire approaches.
3.According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find
[A] acceptance of truth controversy over principles
[C] inordinate enthusiasm [D] a dread of heterodox speculation
4.According to the author, the person who holds orthodox beliefs without examination may be described in all of the following ways EXCEPT as
[A] enslaved by tradition less than fully rational
[C] determinded on controversy [D] having a closed mind
5.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements
[A] A truly great thinker makes no mistakes.
Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of unorthodox reflection,
[C] The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one’s own teachers.
[D] excessive controversy prevents clear thinking,
Vocabulary
1. stature 高度，境界，状况
2. heterodox 不合乎公认的标准的，异端的，异教的
3. tacit 心照不宣
4. refute 反驳
5. adversary 对立面，对手，敌人
6. plausible 善于花言巧语的/辞令的，似乎有理的/有可能的
7. doctrine 教义，学说
8. profess 表示，明言，承认，自称，信奉
难句译注
1. True gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, then by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think.
[参考译文] 真理甚至从一个经过恰当研究和准备进行独立思考的人的错误中获得更多的东西，而从那些只是因为不予思考却持有正确的观点中获得的少（一种经过恰当的研究和准备进行独立思考的人犯的错误，另一种人是不予思考的却持有正确的观点，真理从前者错误中获得的东西比从后者的正确观点中获得的要多）。
2. mental slavery 思想禁锢，精神受奴役状态
3. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
[结构简析] 这是一句以Never否定词开头的倒装句，正常的句序应把never放在句中，形成：the mind of people was never stirred up from its foundations
[参考译文] 当辩论比开重大课题，重大到足以燃起/激起人们激/热情的课题时，那么一个民族的思想绝不会从天赋的情感和原始的基础上升华，甚至使最普通智力的人上升到优点庄严的思想家水平上。
4. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgement, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which she feels the most inclination.
[参考译文] 对她来说理智的立场是停止判断，而且除非她满足于这一点，否则，她不是为权威人物的观点所左右，后者就像世界上芸芸众生一样，倒向她感觉最倾向的一边。
5. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into teal contact with her own mind.
[结构简析] do justice to 公平对待，适当处理。 Bring……into contact with 使和……接触／联系。
[参考译文] 这不是对正确观点评价的方法，也不能使自己的思想真正接触到论点的实质。
6. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty.
[结构简析] most plausible and persuasive form 很善于辞令和有说服力形式。 possess oneself of 获得，据有，把……占为己有。 them=arguments。 else 否则的话。
7. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.
[结构简析] throw oneself into…position 设身处地，使自己处于……位置／地点。
写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇由一般到具体，重要采用正反对比，推理的写作方法的文章，逻辑性强，正反论证，句子结构复杂冗长，分两段给出内容，第一段重点在：伟大的思想家的首要责任是奠定遵循自己智力所得出的结论。由此引起思想家和思想活跃的人民同时代环境的关系。只有思想后月的时期，才有伟大的思想家和活跃的人民，因为他们可以讨论重大主题，而在思想禁锢时期，只能产生个别伟大思想家。第二段具体的论证了独立思考涉及两方面，既如自己一方种种，也得知对手的一方种种（内容，推理，论点），才能真正获得真理。
答案详解
１. B 独立思考的必要性。见难句译注１。这里说明进行独立思考的人即使犯错误，真理也能从中获得东西，而那些懒于思考人，即使持有正确的观点，真理也难以获得东西。第一段还点明思想禁锢时期，即不能进行独立思考时期，难以讨论重大议题，产生不了活跃的人民，绝不会出现像辉煌的文艺复兴那种时期（见第二题注）。第二段也是围绕独立思考而写，只是从具体点着眼：人只知自己，不知对方无法获得真理，只有独立思考两方，才能不为权威所左右，不会跟着自己感觉走，最终知道自己的真正主张。
A. 理性时代。 C. 驳斥的价值。 D. 激发人民的思想。
２. C 熟悉有利于自己不同意／反对观点的论点。这是作者在第二段讲述的重要论点。他认为一个人只知自己一方，推理极好，无人能反驳，却不知对方的推理，也不能够予以反驳的话，他就无权选择两方的任一论点，其理智位置是停止判断。否则她就会（像世界上芸芸众生那样）不是为权威所“引导”，就是跟着感觉（的倾向）走。其二，作者提出：光听自己的老师讲述对立面的论点，以及他们所提出的反驳论点。只是不够的，必须倾听那些人（他们真正相信对立的观点）的论点，并为此积极热情，竭尽全力辩护，才能使自己的思想和独立论点接触，公正的作出公正的判断。
A. 具有不能驳斥的观点。 B. 采取个人感觉最倾向的观点。 D. 停止有利于教条主义研究的异端思考。
３. B 辩论原则问题。答案在第一段：在思想禁锢的气氛中，过去，现在可能会产生个别的思想家，但绝不会有思想活跃的人民，在那里有一种心照不宣的惯律：原则决不能讨论——认为占据人类心灵的最重大问题的讨论应封闭，我们不能期望看到一般高级的思想活动。这种思想活动曾使历史上某些时期光辉灿烂。而文艺复兴就是思想活动的顶峰时期，必然会讨论原则问题，所以选B 。
A. 接受真理，周经过讨论才能接受真理。 C. 过度的热情。 D. 害怕异端思考。
４. C. 在辩论上，坚定不移。这是一道推断题，一般讲：持有未经检验的正统信仰的人不会独立思考，更不会怀疑他所信仰的东西。
A. 为传统所奴役。 B. 不怎么理智。 D. 头脑闭塞。这种人必然受传统思想控制，不理智更不愿接受外界新鲜事物。
５. B. 在思想方面取得成就的时期就是进行非正统反思的时期。见３题注释。
A. 一个真正的思想家不犯错误。 C. 一个人的老师最能提供所接受思想观点的反驳。 D. 过度的辩论会制止清晰的思考。
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
English is an impor ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tant global language, but that doesn’t mean it’s easy to learn. Many experts have tried to make English easier for students to learn – but they weren’t always successful.
In 1930, Professo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r CK Ogden of Cambridge University invented Basic English. It had only 850 words (and just eighteen verbs) and Ogden said most people could learn it in just thirty hours. The problem was that people who learned Basic English could write and say simple messages, but they couldn’t understand the answers in ‘real’ English! It was also impossible to explain a word if it wasn’t in the Basic English word list. For example, if you wanted a watermelon, you asked for ‘a large green fruit with the form of an egg, which has a sweet red inside and a good taste’!
RE Zachrisson, a uni ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )versity professor in Sweden, decided that the biggest problem for learners of English was spelling, so he invented a language called Anglic. Anglic was similar to English, but with much simpler spelling. ‘Father’ became ‘faadher, ‘new’ became ‘nue’ and ‘years’ became ‘yeerz’. Unfortunately for some students of English, Anglic never became popular.
Even easier is the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) language which ships’ captains use: it’s called ‘Seaspeak’. Seaspeak uses a few simple phrases for every possible situation. In Seaspeak, for example you don’t say, ‘I’m sorry what did you say ’ or ‘I didn’t understand, can you repeat that ’ ... it’s just, ‘Say again.’ No more grammar!
In the age of inter ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )national communication through the Internet who knows ... a new form of English might appear. A large number of the world’s e-mails are in English and include examples of ‘NetLingo’ like OIC (Oh, I see) and TTYL (Talk to you later). In another fifty years, English as we know it might not exist ... we will probably all speak fluent Internetish!
61. The best title for the passage would be ______.
Seaspeak B ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). Basic English C. Easy English D. Internetish
【答案】C
【解析】标题归纳题。根据Many ex ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )perts have tried to make English easier for students to learn文章开头就指出主题怎样把英语变得更加简单，下文叙述了人们的不同做法，故选C。
62. It will take a pe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rson about ______ weeks to learn Basic English if he spends two hours learning it every day.
A. six B. four C. three D. two
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据Og ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )den said most people could learn it in just thirty hours.花30个小时，一天两个小时所以总共花两周的时间，故选D。
63. According to Pr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ofessor Zachrisson, what was the biggest problem for learners of English
A. Grammar. B. Vocabulary. C. Spelling. D. Speaking.
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据RE Zach ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )risson, a university professor in Sweden, decided that the biggest problem for learners of English was spelling, Zachrisson教授说最大的问题是拼写，故选C。
64. Which of the following is likely to be Anglic
A. A graet batl.
B. IOU
C. Long time no see.
D. Two five, no lights.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据Anglic w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as similar to English,可推出选项A的单词拼写上看出近似于英语但又不是英语，故选A。
65. What might happen to English in another fifty years
A. It might become a global language.
B. It might be replaced by Internetish.
C. It might take the place of all other languages.
D. It might become more and more difficult.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据In another ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) fifty years, English as we know it might not exist ... we will probably all speak fluent Internetish!再过50年有可能出现Internetish语言，故选B。
Passage Thirteen ( ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Cryptic Coloring)
Cryptic coloring is by far the commonest use of color in the struggle for existence. It is employed for the purpose of attack (aggressive resemblance or anticryptic coloring ) as well as of defense (protective resemblance or procryptic coloring ). The fact that the same method concealment, may be used both for attack and defense has been well explained by T.Belt who suggests as an illustration the rapidity of movement which is also made use of by both pursuer and pursued, which is similarly raised to a maximum in both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series of generations. Cryptic coloring is commonly associated with other aids in the struggle for life. Thus well-concealed mammals and birds, when discovered, will generally endeavor to escape by speed and will often attempt to defend themselves actively. On the other hand, small animals which have no means of active defense, such as large, numbers of insects, frequently depend upon concealment alone. Protective resemblance is far commoner among animals than aggressive resemblance, in correspondence with the fact that predaceous forms are as a rule much larger and much less numerous than their prey. In the case of insectivorous Vertebrata and their prey such differences exist in an exaggerated form. Cryptic coloring, whether used for defense of attack, may be either general or special. In general resemblance the animal, in consequence of its coloring, produces the same effect as its environment, but the conditions do not require any special adaptation of shape and outline. General resemblance is especially common among the animal inhabiting some uniformly colored expanse of the earth’s surface, such as an ocean or a desert. In the former, animals of all shapes are frequently protected by their transparent blue color, on the latter, equally diverse forms are defended by their sandy appearance. The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a combination of tints in startling contrast. Thus the black and white stripes of the zebra blend together at a little distance, and “their proportion is such as exactly to match the pale tint which arid ground possesses when seen by moonlight.” Special resemblance is far commoner than general and is the form which is usually met with on the diversified surface of the earth, on the shores, and in shallow water, as well as on the floating masses of algae on the surface of the ocean, such as the Sargasso Sea. In these environments the cryptic coloring of animals is usually aided by special modifications of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particular plete stillness and the assumption of a certain attitude play an essential part in general resemblance on land; but in special resemblance the attitude is often highly specialized, and perhaps more important than any other element in the complex method by which concealment is effected. In special resemblance the combination of coloring, shape, and attitude is such as to produce a more or less exact resemblance to some one of the objects in the environment, such as a leaf of twig, a patch of lichen, a flake of bark. In all cases the resemblance is to some object which is of no interest to the enemy or prey respectively. The animal is not hidden from view by becoming indistinguishable from its background as in the case of general resemblance, but it is mistaken for some well-know object.
In seeking the interpretation of these most interesting and elaborate adaptations, attempts have been made along two lines. The first seeks to explain the effect as a result of the direct influence of the environment upon the individual (G.L.L.Buffon), or by the inherited effects of efforts and the use and disuse of parts (J.B.P.Lamarck). The second believes that natural selection produced the result and afterwards maintained it by the survival of the best concealed in each generation. The former suggestion breaks down when the complex nature of numerous special resemblances is appreciated. Thus the arrangement of colors of many kinds into an appropriate pattern requires the cooperation of a suitable shape and the rigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude. The latter is instinctive and thus depends on the central nervous system. The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation of all these factors; and in the present state of science, the only possible hole of an interpretation lies in the theory of natural selection, which can accumulate any and every variation which tends toward survival. A few of the chief types of methods by which concealment is effected may be briefly described. The colors of large numbers of vertebrate animals are darkest on the back and become gradually lighter on the sides, passing into white on the belly. Abbot H. Thayer has suggested that this gradation obliterates the appearance of solidity, which is due to shadow. The color harmony, which is also essential to concealment, is produced because the back is of the same tint as the environment (e. g. earth), bathed in the cold blue-white of the sky, while the belly, being cold blue-white and bathed in shadow and yellow earth reflections produces the same effects. This method of neutralizing shadow for the purpose of concealment by increased lightness of tint was first suggested by E.B.Poulton in the case of a larva and a pupa, but he did not appreciate the great importance of the principle. In an analogous method an animal in front of a background of dark shadow may have part of its body obliterated by the existence of a dark tint, the remainder resembling, e.g., a part of a leaf. This method of rendering invisible any part which would interfere with the resemblance is well know in mimicry.
1. The black and white stripes of the zebra are most useful form
[A]. hunters. . nocturnal predators
[C]. lions and tigers. [C]. insectivorous Vertrbrata
2. Aggressive resemblance occurs when
[A]. a predaceous attitude is assumed.
. special resemblance is utilized.
[C]. an animal relies on speed.
[D]. an animal blends in with its background.
3. Special resemblance differs from general resemblance in that the animal relies on
[A]. its ability to frighten its adversary. . speed.
[C]. its ability to assume an attitude. [D]. mistaken identify
4. The title below that best expresses the ides of this passage is
[A]. Cryptic coloration for Protection. . How Animals Survive.
[C]. The uses of Mimicry in Nature. [D]. Resemblances of Animals.
5. Of the following which is the least common
[A]. protective resemblance. . General resemblance.
[C]. Aggressive resemblance. [D]. Special resemblance.
Vocabulary
1. cryptic 隐藏的，保护的
cryptic coloring 保护色，隐藏色
2. predaceous 食肉的，捕食其他动物的。
3. vertebrate 脊椎动物门
4. tint 色泽，色彩
5. zebra 斑马
6. Sargasso 果本马尾藻
7. twig 嫩枝
8. lichen 地衣
9. flake 一片
10. gradation 等级，层次，分等
11. obliterate 涂抹，擦去，使消失
12. larva 幼虫，幼体
13. pupa 蛹
14. mimicry 模仿，拟态
15. nocturnal 夜间发生的，夜出的
16. insectivorous 食虫的
17. procryptic 有保护色的，保护性的
难句译注
1. …the rapidity of movement which is also made use of by both pursuer and pursued, which is similarly raised to a maximum in both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series of generations.
[参考译文] 追捕动物和被追的动物也利用快速的动作。这种快速的运动同样是通过几代更迭，逐渐消除了慢速，而发展到快速顶峰。
2. Protective resemblance is far commoner among animals than aggressive resemblance, in correspondence with the fact that predaceous forms are as a rule much larger and much less numerous than their prey.
[参考译文] 保护性模仿远比侵犯行模仿要普遍得多，这是和下述的情况想配合的：食肉的（形式）动物，按惯律总是比他们捕食的对象要大而且多得多。
3. The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a combination of tints in startling contrast.
[参考译文] 在惊人的对比中，色泽的综合可能产生外形一致的效果。
4. …their proportion is such as exactly to match the pale tint which arid ground possesses when seen by moonlight.
[参考译文] （这里指斑马的黑白条）比例正好和在月光下观看贫瘠土地所具有的苍白色泽相吻合。
5. In these environments the cryptic coloring of animals is usually aided by special modifications of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particular attitudes.
[参考译文] 在这些环境中，动物的保护色常常得到特定的形状变化和本能的协作，这种本能会使动物采取特定的姿势。
6. Complete stillness and the assumption of a certain attitude play an essential part in general resemblance on land; but in special resemblance the attitude is often highly specialized…
[参考译文] 绝对静态和采取一般姿势在陆地的一般模仿中起很大作用，而在专门模仿中，姿势常常是高度专门化的。
7. Thus the arrangement of colors of many kinds into an appropriate pattern requires the cooperation of a suitable shape and the rigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude.
[参考译文] 因此许多类颜色排列成恰当的模式/形式，要求把合适的外形和严格的采用一定的精心设计的姿势相结合。
8. The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation of all these factors; and in the present state of science, the only possible hole of an interpretation lies in the theory of natural selection, which can accumulate any and every variation which tends toward survival.
[参考译文] 保护效果是由于所以这些因素确切合作而形成。根据目前科学水平，唯一的解释（此种现象）就是自然选择理论，它可以累积要生存的各种变异/变种。
写作方法与文章大意
文章以一般到具体的协作和分类方式写作，第一段点出生物界生存竞争中最常用的一种颜色是保护色，保护色可分为两类：进犯（进攻）型和防卫型。一般是防御性保护色多于进攻型。而两种类型都可归纳为一般性模仿和专门（特定）模仿。居住（栖息）在单一色泽的地方的动物，如海洋或沙漠，常采用模仿性保护色——如透明的绿色，土色等，而特定摸刚的动物则栖息在多样性的地方，如海岸，浅水，海洋表面等。特定模仿还需要有改变形状姿势之协作，使其看起来像客观环境中的某物，某种身份mistaken identify.
第二段涉及有关模仿性的解释的探索，结果为二。一种观点是环境直接影响的结果。第二种是自然选择的结果。当人们理解了许多特定模仿的复杂特性时，第一种解释就不能成立了。这说明保护效果是一切因素——合适的外形和某种精心设计的姿势等——合作而成。按现在科学水平来解释，只能归之“自然选择”理论，然后是用具体例子来证实。
答案祥解
1. B. 夜间活动的食肉动物。见难句译注4，斑马的黑白相间颜色的比例正好和月光下所见的贫瘠土地的苍白的色泽相吻合。当然能保护斑马夜间免遭这些食肉动物的袭击。
A. 捕获者。 C. 狮子和老虎。 D. 食虫的脊椎动物
2. A. 在装成捕食其他动物的姿势时。
B. 应该专门模仿。 C. 动物依赖速度。 D. 动物和背景混在一起。
3. D. 搞错/认错了动物（身份）（mistaken identify 认错了人之义）。见第一段最后一句话，它不像一般模仿那样，通过动物和背景难以辨别从而从视觉中隐藏起来，它是被误认为某种著名动物。
A. 用以吓走它的对手（敌人）的能力。 B. 速度。 C. 采用某种姿势的能力。
4. C. 自然界模拟的运动。文章一开始就点命保护色迄今为止生存斗争中最常用的一种颜色，常用于进攻和防卫。保护色常和其他措施相配合，首先提到速度，见难句译注1。然后讲到保护色分类，一般（普通）和特殊（专门）模拟/模仿。第二段解释或说明模拟适应性。第一种解释为环境使然/影响。第二种认为是自然界选择之结果。
A. 为了保卫的保护色。 B. 动物是如何存活下来。 D. 动物之模仿性。
5. C. 进攻性（侵犯性）模仿。见难句译注2。
A. 保护色模仿。 B. 一般性模仿。 D. 专项模仿。
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
As students and tea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )chers returned to school on Monday after the publication of performance ratings(等级) for 18,000 teachers, many parents said they were giving the reports serious thought. Yet there was an equal measure of skepticism among parents that test scores have any relationship with teachers’ competence.
Some said they alrea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dy knew how good a teacher was by walking into the classroom or by monitoring their children’s progress. “I’m the kind of person who likes to see for themselves,” a father in Queens said.
Others worried ab ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )out how their fellow parents, perhaps ones with sharper elbows, might respond. Will they demand a new teacher Move their children to a new school
Elizabeth Sane, th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e mother of a fourth grader at the Ella Baker School, a kindergarten-through-eighth-grade school on the Upper East Side, said that her daughter was switched to a different teacher’s class over the summer, and that it was “like adding salt to the wound” when she saw the high ratings for her daughter’s previous teacher. Her daughter’s teacher this year did not receive a rating because he previously taught high school
Ms. Sane said that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the rating was not the only factor that influenced how she assessed a teacher’s performance, but that the data used for teacher evaluations mattered.
But other pare ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nts dropping their children off at the Ella Baker School said they did not trust teacher ratings based on test scores any more than they wanted their children’s learning measured only by the state exams.
“Some people ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )take it as the final word, but it doesn’t change who they are as teachers. The ratings aren’t accurate, and the whole student testing thing needs to be thrown out,” said Lydia Delgado, whose child is in the second grade.
41. Paragraph 1 tells us that
A. All the teachers received a rating given by the students.
B. All the teachers w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ill receive a rating at the end of each semester,
C. Most parents took the teachers’ ratings seriously.
D. About half of the parents doubted the ratings to be reliable.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据Yet there ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )was an equal measure of skepticism among parents that test scores have any relationship with teachers’ competence.有些父母怀疑评级的可靠性，故选D。
42.What does the underlined part “with sharper elbows” mean
A. With the ability to change the situation.
B. With a good relationship with the school.
C. With a stong will to succeed.
D. With strong elbows physically.
【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据might respond可推测有能力改变形势，故选A。
43.Paragraph 4 shows that Elizabeth Sane
A. was on the side of giving ratings to the teachers.
B. regretted having sent her daughter to another class.
C. didn’t think her daughter’s previous teacher was better.
D. wanted her daughter to return to her previous class.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据her daught ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er was switched to a different teacher’s class over the summer, and that it was “like adding salt to the wound”她后悔把她的女儿送到了另一个学校，故选B。
44. Which of the following statements is true
A. The teacher ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ratings were decided by the test scores of the students.
B. Ms. Sane evaluated a teacher’s performance only by the rating.
C. Lydia Delgado didn’t think the students’ scores should be kept.
D. To give ratin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gs to teachers will come to an end in the near future.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据teacher ratings based on test scores老师的排名基于学生考试的分数，故选A。
45.The attitude of th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e author towards the way to assess teachers’ competence is .
A. supportive B. critical
C. indifferent D. objective
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。supportiv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e赞成的； critical批评的；indifferent中立的；objective客观的。 根据全文的内容来看作者只是客观陈述的别人的一些看法，没有提出自己的具体的观点，故选D。