专攻解题方法与技巧
高考听力技巧指导
解题策略 1.学会预测. 预测是在做听力理解之前根据各种暗示，如所给答案选项，段落或对话标题等已有知识，对即将听到的段落或对话内容进行预测
1). 从答案选项中预测
例1 Q: What does Tom do A. He’s a truck driver. B. He’s a ship captain. C. He’s a pilot.
从选项看，问题应是关于职业方面的
原文1: W: Tom flew to Anchorage last night, then took some passengers from there to Dallas . M: Yeah, but he couldn’t land because the airport in Dallas was snowed in.
2). 从说话人口气预测： 在A,B两人的对话中，如果B是附和或赞成，往往说“Yes”，“I agree”，“Sure”，“I think so”等。但如A用否定句，B表同意时则用“No”，“Neither / Nor…”等。
例2 Q:What does the woman mean
A．Harvey doesn't like fish. B．Harvey doesn't belong here. C．Harvey wants some water.
原文2 M: Harvey doesn't seem to fit into this class. W: No, he is really a fish out of water.
2.做简要笔记 听录音时快速，准确，简要地记下有关信息（包括数字，人名，地名，关键词），前提是不要影响跟听速度，采用自己习惯的符号。
例3：How much will the man pay for the tickets A.$18 B. $24 C. $30
原文3：W: Tickets for the movie are $ 6 for adults, half price for children.
M: All right, I’d like three tickets for adults and two tickets for children, please.
笔记可简化为：$ 6 A（A代表adult） C代表 children 3A+2C或6 A(3)+ half C(2)
3.听清数据，简要记下，加以运算。 在获取时间信息时，不要误把会话中提到的时间简单确定为问题的答案。高考听力考查时间时往往要进行简单的时间换算。
例4 At what time does the train to Leeds leave A. 3:00 B. 3:15 C. 5:00
原文4： W: Excuse me, could you tell me when the next train to Manchester is
M: Sure. Well, it's 3 now. The next train to Manchester leaves in 2 hours, but you can take the train to Leeds which leaves in 15 minutes, and then get off at Manchester on the way.
对话中提到了三个时间It's 3 now, in 2 hours， in 15 minutes.现在是3点，开往Manchester的火车要两小时后才开，即The train to Manchester leaves in 2 hours。若简单机械地把3点和2点相加，会得出火车5点才开的错误选项C。
数字类问题分辨别类和计算类两种：
1. 要注意区分-teen和-ty及four和five的发音；辨别多位数，如电话号码，门牌等.
2. 计算时间，钱款，距离，年龄，人或物的数量等；听出数字间的关系，更要听清问题，因为对运算方法的要求通常寓于问题中；注意more, less, as much(many)as, another, double, a couple of; to, past, quarter; 记住时间是60进制. 如出现几个数字，应注意鉴别问的是那一个。
例5：At what time does the office open？ A. At 8:15 B. At 8: 30 C. At 7:45
从常识判断，办公时间往往以整点开始，而不会在几点几分。 of; to, past, quarter;
原文5：M:I wonder why the office is still not open.
W: But it's not yet eight. In fact, it's only a quarter to eight.
4.抓住关键，对症下药 听力考试常出现以Where提问的问句，考生要通过对话的具体情节和背景判断对话发生的地点。一般来说，特定场景的用语和关键词是基本固定的，考生要对此多了解，熟悉明白。在遇到Where does the conversation take place / Where does sb. work / What’s his job 之类的问题时，就会派上用场。如下列这些: (请在下面各题后面填上地点）
menu, bill, order, tip, hamburger, beer, soup _______________
luggage, single room, double room, room number, check in(out) _______________
take medicine, temperature, pill, headache, fever, examine_______________
mail, deliver, stamp, envelope, parcel___________flight, take off, land, luggage _______________
round trip, single trip, sleeping car_______________
on sale, size, wear, color, style, price, change， bargain, fit_______________
professor, exam, course, term, dining hall, playground_______________
librarian, renew, date, shelf, magazine, seat_______________
例6：What’s the man going to do
A. Run to the airport. B. Wait for another bus. C. Hurry to get the next bus.
根据选项看，对话似乎与bus有关，主要信息捕捉范围是在“Hurry”或“Run”和“Wait”之间。听音范围明显缩小。
原文6 M: Excuse me, can you tell me when the next bus leave for the airport
W: It leaves in three minutes. If you run, you might catch it.
关键词“run”和“catch”正好对上答案C的“Hurry”和“get”。
5.较长对话和短文的理解 抓听首句和首段有助于整体理解文章; 结尾部分所给出的信息不一定是题目的正确答案，可能只是一个陷阱; 推理思路要正确; 语境中抓要点.
6.果断选题，学会放弃. 相信第一感觉，当机立断，决不能反反复复，甚至影响后面的答题;切记不可因某个小题未听懂而患得患失，不可因一题失多题，造成一步跟不上，步步踏空的结果。
总之,做听力题时注意提前浏览题干和预测；听录音时，注意力高度集中，适当记录；出现漏听时，大胆“丢前保后”。分主题听力指导
（一）关于数字、时间计算的试题 常提问的方式一般有：When … What time … How old … How much … How many … ……涉及的数字主要包括：日期、时间、年代、年龄、价格、数量、距离、房号、电话号码…数字的种类：基数、序数、百分数、分数等
常见的有：half ,double, twice,one-third,percent, a pair,a dozen,penny, cent……
数字、时间类题可分为辨别型和计算型两种。
辨别型亦称直接型即答案在录音中直接给出，而书面选择项排列出几个与录音信息中近音，近形的数字（时间），用以混淆视听，迷惑考生，以考查考生对数字的辨音、辨形能力。
计算类是指录音信息中至少出现两个数字，考生不仅要听清这些数字（时间）概念，而且要搞清楚它们之间的关系，用到简单的加减乘除运算，通过快速心算来确定答案。
例7. How many postcards are the man and the woman going to buy
A. Ten. B. Fifteen. C. Twenty.
例8. How much change will the woman give
A. Four dollars and twenty cents. B. One dollar and twenty cents. C. Eighty cents.
原文7 W: Oh, so many postcards here!
M: This one is really beautiful and the one with a monkey is also very nice.
W: Yes. Let’s each buy five, shall we
M: I think I will buy ten myself.
原文8 W: Next please! May I help you, sir
M: Yes, I’d like to send this by airmail registered.
W: OK. Four dollars and twenty cents, please!
M: Here’s five dollars.
例9. What is the time now A. 6:40 B. 7:00 C. 7:20
原文9 M:I can’t believe it’s closed! I’ve a class from 7 o’clock to 10 o’clock. What am I going to do
W: Well, there’re some food machines in the Student Union. You could always go there.
M: No way! I tried that once last term and I got as sick as a dog. There's got to be some thing better.
W: Well, you can go down to Main Street. There're a couple of places that I'm sure are open.
M: There re only 20 minutes left. I think I’ll pass out if I don't get something.
W: I think there's a stand in front of Smith Hall. You can at least get something warm there.
M: Well. I guess I don t hove any other choice.
（二）关于地点、方向的试题 地点、方向也是听力测试中常出现的考点。这类题常出现两大类表示地点的名词. 一是国家与城市名:如：China，America，Canada，Britain，Australia，Japan，India，Beijing等； 二是公共场所、单位等:如：cinema，hotel，post office，hospital，library，restaurant，airport，school，farm，factory等。
地点、方向题的考点可能有两种情况：
1．对话中涉及到几个地点，试题就某一个地点提问；2．对话发生在未明说的某一特定地点，要求大家根据对话中所出现的特定场合，依据话题、对话内容来猜测判断说话人在什么地方谈话。在应对此类问题时，考生应注意对话或短文的关键词语，通过 关键词语来判断地点。
例１0：Where and when will the reunion be held
A. In Tianjin this fall. B. It is not mentioned in the dialogue. C. In Beijing this autumn.
例11：Where does the conversation take place
A. In a restaurant. B. In a cake shop. C. In a wine shop
原文10 M: My parents told me my relatives are planning a big family reunion in Tianjin this autumn.
W: Will you go to the reunion
M: You bet. All my uncles and aunts will also take along their children.
原文11 M: How much longer are we going to have to wait for the dinner
W: I’m sorry, sir. I’ll see about your order. Would you like a drink while you’re waiting
M: No, thank you.
例12. Where is the man going this summer
A. He is going to all the continents. B. He is going to four of the continents.
C. He is going to Asia.
例13. Where does the dialogue most probably take place
A. In a university. B. In an embassy (大使馆). C. In a state-owned (国有的) company
原文12 W: You travel a lot, do you
M: Yes.. I like traveling very much. I have been to every continent except Asia.
But I’ll be there this summer.
原文13 M: Hello. My name is Li Ming. I’m here for the interview about my visa application.
W: Nice to meet you. What are you going to England for
M: I’d like to study for a Master’s degree.
（三）关于人物关系、职业、身份的试题。
这类题目主要考查考生通过听录音判断对话者的职业或身份, 以及对话者之间的关系：如医生与病人(doctor and patient), 教师和学生(teacher and student), 服务员与顾客(waiter/assistant and customer), 老板和秘书(boss and secretary), 父/母和子/女(father / mother and son / daughter), 妻子和丈夫(wife and husband), 理发师与顾客barber and customer), 海关官员与旅客(customs officer and passenger)朋友(friends)等. 这种人物关系、职业、身份往往不能通过录音听到, 而是在录音中提供一些情况或关键词, 通过双方的态度, 语气或行为让考生去判断, 分析, 推理等出正确答案。
常见的提问的方式有： What is the man(woman) What’s the man’s (woman’s) occupation What’s the probable relationship between the two speakers …
例14. What’s the relationship between the woman and the man
A. Secretary and boss. B. Nurse and patient. C. Nurse and doctor.
例15. What’s the relationship between the two speakers
A. Bank cashier and customer. B. Hotel receptionist and businessman.
C. Employer and employee.
原文14 W: Dr. Jordan Clinic. May I help you
M: Yes, my name’s Davis Robinson and I’d like to make an appointment for a health checkup.
原文15 W: Well, sir. What can I do for you
M: I’d like to get it into change. W: Would you like 5s or 10s
例16. What can we learn about the relationship between Ann and Alice
A. Classmates. B. Friends. C. Sisters.
例17. What’s the most probable relationship between the two speakers
A. Colleagues. B. Employer and employee. C. Salesman and customer.
原文16 M: How have your two daughters been doing at school recently
W: Oh, it’s hard to say. Ann never starts working and Alice never stops working.
原文17 W: Mr. Li, I think I’ve been underpaid all these years.
M: Well, according to your recent work, I will give you a pay raise.
（四）关于态度、观点与看法的试题
此类试题是关于对话双方对某人某事所做出的好恶、赞成等的态度和情绪变化。
常见的提问的方式有：What does the (woman) think of… How does the man (woman) feel about…
例19. How are the curtains going to be like according to the conversation
A. They are going to be deep red. B. They are going to be white.
C. They are going to be light yellow.
例20. How will Tom prepare for the midterm exams
A. He’ll stay up late for study. B. He’ll trust to luck. C. He’ll burn some oil at midnight.
原文19 W: How are you going to decorate your house
M: Well, I’m going to paint the doors deep red, the walls white and make the curtains this Saturday and they’re going to be light yellow.
原文20 W: The midterm exams are near at hand. Are you ready for them, Tom
M: I think I’d better burn the midnight oil from now on.
例21. How did the woman feel when Tom told her he had lost her dictionary
A. She felt nothing about it. B. She felt very angry. C. She felt Tom was boiling her blood.
例22. How does Mrs Jones respond
A. She understands the man’s reasons for leaving. B. She is a little bit angry.
C. She feels nothing about the man’s leaving.
原文21 W: It really made my blood boil when Tom told me he had lost my dictionary again.
M: Calm down. Things will be better next time.
原文22 M: I do hope you can understand my reasons for deciding to leave, Mrs. Jones.
W: Do I have to remind you that I have invested a great deal of time in your career here
（五）关于建议、行动、计划 试题
这类试题包括说话者建议做某事、决定做某事、让某人做某事等。常见的提问方式有：What does the man (woman) suggest the woman (man)do What does the man (woman) mean Why don’t you… Why not … How(What) about … You’d better…
此类题的特点是信息量较多，但一般不需要推理，只须听清、记准对话内容。通过浏览问题和选项，常可预测要捕捉的是对话一方还是双方的行动。若题目涉及双方，则要听清记准谁干了或要干什么，最好记简要笔记。若题目涉及单方，则要记清行为相对应的时间和先后顺序。
例23.What’s the weather like today
A. It may be sunny because of no rain. B. It is raining heavily. C. There is a little rain.
例２4.What’s the exact number the man want to dial
A. 8653-7244. B. 8653-7264. C. 8264-7244.
原文23 W: So, Tom, shall we go out for a walk
M: Oh, maybe you should take a look at today’s weather first.
W: What’s it like outside today M: Well, it’s not raining but pouring.
原文24 M: What’s the number I gave you, operator
W: It’s 8653-7264.
M: Oh, I’m sorry. It should have been 8653-7244, not 7264.
W: OK. Let me try it again.
例25. What makes the man feel so bad
A. He feels himself stupid. B. His book won’t be published.
C. His book is too badly written that the woman can’t understand it.
例26. What’s the matter with the man
A. He is going to be killed. B. His leg was badly wounded.
C. He cannot wait for the ambulance any longer.
原文25 M: My book has been rejected by Heping Publishing House.
W: Oh, I’m sorry to hear about that.
M: All my time and energy have been wasted. It was so stupid of me.
原文26 M: Oh, my leg’s killing me. I can’t put up with it any more.
W: I know you are in great pain, but please wait a few more minutes. The ambulance is coming soon.
（六）、关于原因、结果试题
该考点在高考听力试题中所占比例较大。原因或结果的判断有时很容易，往往在录音中有because，because of，for，as，since，now that，due to，owing to，that’s why…等暗示句。而有时却要通过上下文来进行逻辑推理。同时，说话人的语气，态度也对理解起着很大作用。做这类题时要把握好关键词、句，审好题干，作好听前预测，边听边做必要记录。
常见的提问方式有： Why … What’s the reason for…
例27.Why can’t they go boating this weekend
A. Because the woman has to look after her nephew.
B. Because the weather won’t be fine. C. Because Jack has cancelled their plan.
例28. Why is Mark going to have instant noodles for lunch
A. Because he wants to have instant noodles for lunch.
B. Because he is short of money. C. Because he has missed the lunch hour.
原文27 W: Hi, Jack. I hate to do this but I must cancel our plans. It looks like I have to go and take care of my nephew this weekend.
M: Don’t worry about it. We can always go boating. Just give me a call when the weather permits next time.
原文28 W: Hi, Mark, we are going to miss the lunch hour. Be quick.
M: Well, I think I will have instant noodles again today.
W: Why’s that
M: I’m broke（一个钱也没有）these days. You know, nowadays money means everything.
例29. Why can’t the man phone Xiao Li now
A. Because the woman doesn’t want him to do so.
B. Because Xiao Li is in the United states. C. Because Xiao Li must have fallen asleep
例30. Why has the man been standing in the wind for that long
A. Because he is a fool. B. Because he was made fun of.
C. Because God made a joke of him.
原文29 W: Xiao Li has gone to the United States on holiday. I do envy him.
M: Really If so, I want to ask him to get something for me. Can I phone him now
W: No, you can’t, because it’s after midnight in the United States.
原文30 W: It’s a joke, you see
M: A joke I have been standing in the wind for at least two hours, just like a fool!
W: Don’t forget it’s April Fools’ Day!
M: Oh, my God.
（七）、判断态度、观点或意图
这类考题要求考生不但能理解录音原文的主旨大意，而且还要通过文中的重要细节、具体事实，揣摩、推断说话者的意图、观点和态度等，这类试题能测试出考生在听力方面的综合素质。对人或事的看法、态度这类题目往往通过说话者语音语调和语气的变化以及一些词语意义的暗示来体现。这种题难度较大，考核也占一定比例，属于推理判断的一种。听这类试题我们首先判断两人的态度是否相同。如果不相同，我们要分清每个人对这件事情的看法，且千万不能混淆。弄清作者、说话人、当事人的意图，分析他的态度和感情：赞成还是反对，喜欢还是憎恨，担心还释然，乐观还是悲观。这是通过语气、语调等的变化来体现的。
常见的提问形式有：What does the man (woman)mean What can we infer from the conversation What do we learn from the man’s(woman’s) reply
表示态度的形容词如curious，interested，different，sympathetic，critical，或表示情感的形容词如sad，excited，satisfied，puzzled，nervous。态度或情感一般涉及：热情、冷漠、同意、反对、同情、不满、好奇、惊异、悲伤、兴奋、幸福、困惑、紧张等。审好题干对这一类题尤其重要，在题干中经常会出现一些标志词，如like，dislike，agree，disagree，prefer to等，识别这些词易于在头脑中先形成预测，有利于在听音过程中注意力的有效分配。
例31. What do you think the man mean
A. He shouldn’t be cross with anyone.
B. The people who fail to attend classes should be punished.
C. The names of those who are never present ought to be removed.
例32. What does the woman mean
A. The sign to the playing field was broken. B. The design was really unusual.
C. The new ground was broken.
原文31 W: Now let us see who’s absent.
M: Maybe we should cross out（删去, 注销） the names of the persons who never come
from my name list.
原文32 M: Well, I’d like to say this is one of the best designs I’ve ever seen.
W: Absolutely, his design has no match here.
例33. What does the man mean
A. Good husbands are usually good fathers.
B. Charles is tired of being a good husband and father.
C. Charles is more successful as a husband than as a father.
例34. What can we learn about the woman from the conversation
A. She has never been to Australia.
B. She came to New Zealand when she was a small child.
C. She lived in Australia longer than in New Zealand.
原文33 W: Charles takes good care of his children. He’s a nice father.
M: As far as I’m concerned, he makes a better husband than a father.
原文34 M: Where were you born, Lily
W: I was born in Australia, but my parents brought me to New Zealand shortly afterwards.
（八）、关于主题内容试题:
此类试题主要问的是该对话的主题的内容是什么。它的特点是：对话双方都在谈一个内容，或是谈一件事、一个人，这就要求大家要注意对话的完整性，在答题时要把对话的两方联系起来考虑。一般应该更注意第一说话人所说的关键词语，它往往引出一个话题。
常见的提问的形式有： What are they talking about What are the man and the woman talking about
例35. What is the matter with them
A. They are probably missing. B. They cannot get to the outskirts of the city.
C. They cannot find out what they did wrong.
例36. What are the two speakers talking about
A. The ads in the newspapers. B. The office the woman is working at.
C. How and where to find a living place for the woman.
原文 35W: Are we there yet I can’t stand this any more.
M: Well, we’re near the outskirts (边界, 尤指市郊）of the city. What did we do wrong Did we take a wrong turn
原文36 M: Where are you living right now
W: In the suburbs. It’s quite far from my office.
M: Why don’t you rent an apartment near your working place
W: I have been thinking of that and checking the ads in newspapers for a long time.
例37. What do you think they are chatting about
A. The woman’s spare-time life. B. The woman’s husband.
C. The problems between the woman and her husband.
例38. What can we learn from the conversation
A. The man will tell the woman something about his plan.
B. The man will tell the woman nothing about his plan.
C. The man will tell everyone something about his plan.
原文37 M: Mary, how are things these days
W: Oh, much the same. My husband and I still seem to have rows（吵架; 争吵; 吵闹
声） all the time.
M: What do you quarrel about
W: Oh, anything but God.
原文38 W: I’ve heard you’ve got a wonderful plan. I’d love to know something about it.
M: Don’t you know when three know it, all know it
（九）、关于对独白理解的试题:
对独白的理解是在对对话的理解基础上来考查学生对一个结构比较完整，意义相对连贯的语段的理解能力，是一种高层次、有难度的听力测试形式。注意听短文的首句和首段，文章的开首和开首段，往往是对短文内容的概括，如讲话目的、主要内容、作者、论点、故事发生的时间、地点及事由等。试题(以所选材料原题号出现)
听下面一段独白，回答第 17至 20 题。
例39. What does the speaker mainly talk about
A. How to plan a garden. B. How to plant different flowers.
C. How to choose the best plants in gardens.
例40. What is the speaker most likely to be
A. A book seller. B. A book writer. C. A garden designer.
例41. Whom is the speaker talking to
A. Plant growers of a nursery. B. Members of a gardening club.
C. Student artists of an art school.
例42. What is the first step in planning a garden
A. Choose all the plants needed. B. Make a drawing of the garden.
C. Buy a book called Garden Planning
原文I'm pleased to be with all of you today. I understand the gardening club has a speak each month, and today I've been asked to give you some tips on planning your garden. As you know, much of the pleasure of flower gardening comes from planning the garden in advance, so gardeners need a drawing of their future garden. A well-planned garden means you'll have flowers at all times and the enjoyment of an attractive arrangement. The first thing you must do is to draw an outline of your garden. Write in the kinds of flowers and where you want them to grow. Choose the flowers that will grow best in your garden. Is it in the sun or shade What type of soil does it have You can keep your garden blooming all the year by planting seeds of different flowers that blooms in different seasons. Perhaps you’d like to buy a book I've written called Gardening, which has all the information you might need to help you plan a beautiful garden.
答案：1-10 CBBBB (restaurant hotel hospital post office airport railway station store school library) CBCAA
11-20ACBBA C BXCA 21-30 BBBAB BABCB 31-40 CBCBA CCBAC 41-42.BB专攻解题方法与技巧
阅读理解最佳标题突破
阅读理解最佳标题考查考生对文章的主题、标题、中心思想的理解程度及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。常见题型为最佳标题（title）或中心思想（main idea）。做这类题时常用跳读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句，然后把各个段落的主题句联系起来，着眼于全文结构安排了解文章的重心，这样就能概括出文章的中心。
干扰项的陷阱
1. 选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大，也不能太小（太大要具体，太小要全面） 2. 命题者在出此类题时，往往利用生活常识编造干扰项，3.把文中的细节当主旨或只言片语，利用局部信息编造干扰项，4. 编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心思想的标题来考查学生的理解程度。对选择标题类题，若遇到实在拿不太准的情况，不妨自己思考一下：“如果是我写这个题目，我会怎样写？”
解题技巧点拨：
1. 标题概针醒。正确选项常含有抽象名词或概括性词语。
2. 绝对非答案。正确的选项一般不出现细节信息，不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词。
3. 开始疑问，首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的解答就是文章的主旨。中间转折，段落中出现转折but, however时，该句很可能是段落主题句。反复出现， 作者有意识的重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。最后总结，中心首尾句。如 to sum up, in conclusion, in short, in brief,.这一类标志着下面的内容是对前面的概括和总结。
4. 正反项原则。四个选项中，内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个正确答案。
(1)
[2009湖北卷]When I was seven my father gave me a Timex, my first watch. I loved it, wore it for years, and haven’t had another one since it stopped ticking a decade ago. Why Because I don’t need one. I have a mobile phone and I’m always near someone with an iPod or something like that. All these devices(装置)tell the time----which is why, if you look around, you’ll see lots of empty wrists; sales of watches to young adults have been going down since 2007.
But while the wise have realized that they don’t need them, others----apparently including some distinguished men of our time----are spending total fortunes on them. Brands such as Rolex, Patek Philippe and Breitling command shocking prices, up to 250,000 for a piece. …But these days all watches tell the time as well as all other watches. …So why pay that much of five years’ school fees for watches that allow you to do these things
Watches are now classified as “investments”(投资). A 1994 Philippe recently sold for nearly 350,000, while 1960s Rolexes have gone from 15,000 to 30,000 plus in a year. But a watch is not an investment. It’s a a matter of fashion. But when fashion moves on, the owner of that 350,000 beauty will suddenly find his pride and joy is no more a good investment than my childhood Timex.
1. 64. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Timex or Rolex B. My Childhood Timex
C. Watches Not for Me! D. Watches----a Valuable Collection
(2)
[2009福建卷]We already know the fastest, least expensive way to slow climate change: Use less energy. With a little effort, and not much money, most of us could reduce our energy diets by 25 percent or more—doing the Earth a favor while also helping our wallets.
…Scientists have reported recently that the world is heating up even faster than predicted only a few years ago, and that the consequences could be severe if we don’t keep reducing emissions（排放）of carbon dioxide（CO2）and other greenhouse gases that are trapping heat in our atmosphere.
We decided to try an experiment. For one month we recorded our personal emissions of CO2. . We wanted to see how much we could cut back, so we went on a strict diet. The average US household(家庭) produces about 150 pounds of CO2 a day by doing common-place things like turning on air-conditioning or driving cars. That’s more than twice the European average and almost five times the global average, mostly because Americans drive more and have bigger houses. But how much should we try to reduce
… “To stay below that point, we need to reduce CO2 emissions by 80 percent,” he said.
Good advice, I thought. We’d gotten so used to keeping our air-conditioning going around the clock. I’d almost forgotten the windows even opened. We should not let this happen again. It’s time for us to change our habits if necessary.
79. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage
A. Saving Energy Starts at Home B. Changing Our Habits Begins at Work
C. Changing Climate Sounds Reasonable D. Reducing Emissions of CO2 Proves Difficult
(3)
On hearing the words “Just do it!”, you will know there is a Nike product nearby. If it’s “Always Coca-cola”, you can be sure someone wants to sell you a refreshing drink.
An advertising slogan is to brand what eyes are to a person. The slogan helps people understand the brand better by telling them what it wants to sell to its customers. Good slogans leave a message in people’s minds. It’s almost certain that every brand has a popular slogan.
“Just do it!” – a slogan that speaks out to teens. It tells them to do something, but only if they think it’s worth it. And if so, why not do it wearing Nike
What would be best title for the text
A. Just Do It B. Slogan and Brand C. Famous Slogans D. What Is a Good Slogan
(4)
Atlanta, GA, June20, 2008—Scientists believe they have found ice on Mars. The Phoenix Mars Lander showed bits of what appeared to be ice while digging a trench (沟) near the Martian North Pole.
Pieces of bright material photographed in the trench later disappeared, meaning they are likely to have been frozen water that vaporized (蒸发) after being uncovered.
The NASA’s investigator (调查员) Peter Smith, of the University of Arizona, said, “These little pieces completely disappeared over the course of a few days, which clearly makes us believe that it’s ice. There had been some question whether the bright material was salt. Salt can’t do that.”
The best title for the passage may be ___.
A. Phoenix Mars Lander B. Live on Mars
C. Phoenix Mars Lander discovers “ice” D. A great step into outer space
(5)
Shopping is not as simple as you may think! There are all sorts of tricks at play each time we reach out for that particular brand of product on the shelf.
Coloring, for example, varies according to what the producers are trying to sell. Health foods are packaged in greens, yellows or browns because we think of these as healthy colors. Ice cream packets are often blue and expensive goods, like chocolates, are gold or silver.
The size of a product can attract a shopper. But quite often a bottle doesn’t contain as much as it appears to. It is believed that the better-known companies spend, on average, 70 percent of the total cost of the product itself on packaging ! (04 广东)
Which of the following would be the best title for this text
A. Choice of Good Products B. Disadvantages of Products
C. Effect of Packaging on Shopping D. Brand Names and Shopping Tricks
(6)
When it comes to friends, I desire those who will share my happiness, who possess wings of their own and who will fly with me. I seek friends whose qualities illuminate（照亮）me and train me up for love. It is for these people that I reserve the glowing hours, too good not to share.
When I was in the eighth grade, I had a friend.
When I lived for a time in London, I had a friend,
For almost four years I have had remarkable friend whose imagination illuminates mine.
It is such comforting companions I wish to keep. One bright hour with their kind is worth more to me than the lifetime services of a psychologist（心理学家），who will only fill up the healing（愈合的）silence necessary to those darkest moments in which I would rather be my own best friend.
What is the best title for the passage
A. Unforgettable Experiences B. Remarkable Imagination C. Lifelong Friendship D. Noble Companions
(7)
Different cultures emphasize the importance of relationship building to a greater or lesser degree. For example, business in some countries is not possible until there is a relationship of trust.
Talk and silence may also be different in some cultures. I once made a speech in Thailand. I had expected my speech to be a success and start a living discussion; instead there was an uncomfortable silence. In my own culture, we express meaning mainly through words, but people there sometimes feel too many words are unnecessary.
Even within Northern Europe, cultural differences can cause serious problems.
People from different parts of the world have different values, and sometimes these values are quite against each other .(安徽)
What would be the best title for the text
A . Multicultural Environment B. Cross-Cultural Differences
C. How to Understand Each Other D. How to Build up a Relationship
(8)
Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self-respect The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as “honor” help you create this life of good feelings.
Here’s an example to show how honorable actions create happiness.…
There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions. Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions. Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence. And it’s
easy to think and act honorable again when we’re happy. While the positive cycle can be different to start, once it’s started, it’s easy to continue. Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind, which is important for our happiness. (07 广东)
Which of the following can be the best title of this passage
A. How to Live Truthfully B. Importance of Peacefulness
C. Ways of Gaining Self-respect D. Happiness through Honorable Actions
(9)
One August afternoon, Richard Allen dropped off his last passenger, Mrs.Carey.Lifting two grocery bags, he followed her across the yard and stood on the step of her house. Glancing up, he saw a large wasp’s（黄蜂）nest under the roof.
She stepped quickly inside. Allen ran for his minibus. Too late;
As he was driving down the road, Allen felt as if something was burning at the back of his neck, and the “fire” was spreading forward toward his face.
Miles from the nearest medical assistance, Allen began to feel his tongue thick and heavy and his heartbeat. Rushing down the mountain, Allen tried not to panic, focusing his mind on each sharp.
Hold on, Allen thought. Keep your eyes open. Breathe. Keep awake.
At last he reached the station. Two firemen ran out. Allen felt their hands grasp him before he hit the ground. You made it, he thought.
Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Allen, A Helpless Driver B. Wasps, Bloody Killers
C. A Race Against Death D. War Against Wasps
(10)
That’s when Jack arrived on the scene. He was different from any other guy I’d dated. He could sit for hours on the piano bench with my mother, discussing some composers. My brother Rick loudly announced that Jack wasn’t a turkey like the other guys I’d brought home. Jack passed my family’s test. But what about Dad’s
What is the main idea of Paragraph
A．Jack got the family’s approval except Dad’s. B．Jack was different from any other boy.
C．Jack was getting on well with Mother. D．Jack knew a lot about piano.
阅读理解最佳标题突破
答案：1-10 CABCC DBDCA专攻解题方法与技巧
阅读理解语义转换的方法与解题策略
分析近几年的高考真题，我们可以看出，语义转换的方法既有语言知识层面也有思维能力层面，这也恰恰吻合考试大纲中对阅读理解能力的要求：既能理解具体的事实，也能理解抽象的概念；既能理解字面意思，也能理解根据字面意思推断出没有明确说出的深层含义。
解答阅读理解题最关键的技巧——语义转换
一、语言知识层面的语义转换
语言知识层面的语义转换主要有同义词替换、反向表达及非对等结构替换。例题分析
A.同义词转换
这种转换相对简单，就是直接用同义词或者近义词来替代原文中的单词。解题时，考生应根据题意，快速在文中定位关键信息，然后再根据原文中的单词，选择与原文信息相接近的选项，这样就可以确定正确答案。
[例1] (2015年全国I卷)Disappointed by many a broken, vine-ripened(蔓上成熟的) promise, I've refused to buy winter tomatoes for years. No matter how attractive they look in the store, once I get them home they're unfailingly dry, hard, and tasteless.
26. What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter
A. They are soft. B. They look nice. C. They taste great. D. They are juicy.
[例2] （2016年全国卷）Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.
8. What can people do at the apple events
A. Attend experts' lectures. B. Visit fruit-loving families.
C. Plant fruit trees in an orchard. D. Taste many kinds of apples.
B.反向表达
相比同意替换，反向表达更考验学生是否细心。选项的反向表达有两种情况：
一种是用否定的形式来表述文中用肯定方式表述的内容；另一种是肯定的形式来表达文中用否定方式表述的内容。对这种题目，考生要尤其谨慎，以防一不小心漏掉了一个not，把意思理解反了，落入陷阱。
[例3] （2015年全国卷）The freezing Northeast hasn't been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter, so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota, Florida, my bags were packed before you could say sunshine.
24. What did the author think of her winter life in New York
A. Exciting. B. Boring. C. Relaxing. D. Annoying.
有的时候这种同义的替换并不是同义词或者反义词这样词性对等的结构，而是变换了词性转换成了其他的结构，可能两者在词性以及在句子中的功能都不尽相同。解题时，在找到原文中的词语之后，考生要利用自己已有的语言知识以及文中的有效信息去判断该词的准确含义。
[例4] （2016年全国卷）Riverbend Music Theater 6295 Kellogg Ave. Large outdoor theater with the closest seats under cover (price difference). Big name shows all summer long! Phone 232-6220.httpwww.riverbendmusic.com.
4. How is Riverbend Music Theater different from the other places
A. It has seats in the open air. B. It gives shows all year round.
C. It offers membership discounts. D. It presents famous musical works.
[例5]（2016年全国卷）To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.5. 9.What can we learn about Decio
A. It is a new variety. B. It has a strange look.
C. It is rarely seen now. D. It has a special taste.
二、思维能力层面的语义转换
语义转换并不仅仅停留在表面的语言知识层面，它还涉及深层次的思维理解能力。可以说，语义转换考查的并不是单一的语言知识水平，而是抽象概括、归纳提炼的能力。
解答阅读理解题最关键的技巧——语义转换 例题分析
A.简要概括
阅读理解设置选项的一个原则就是尽量使用简练的语言和较少的词语，因此选项具有较强的概括性，对原文进行了简要概括。如果原文内容比较长，信息点比较多，则会在选项中概述成比较简短精炼的表达。解题时，考生应首先找出原文所涉及的重要信息，用自己的语言去提炼、归纳文中的信息或事实，然后再比对选项，挑选出和自己所归纳的信息很接近的选项作为正确答案。
[例6] （2014年新课标卷）According to US government reports, emissions (排放) from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9. Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with, the world is a safer and healthier place. A kind of green thinking has become part of practices.
6.27. What have Americans achieved in environmental protection
A. They have cut car emissions to the lowest.
B. They have settled their environmental problems.
C. They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.
D. They have reduced pollution through effective measures.
B.抽象概念
阅读理解是培养思维品质的语言活动，其中抽象思维就是高考考查的一个重要内容。抽象的语义转换要求学生不仅要理解具体的事实，也要理解抽象的概念。
[例7] （2016年全国I卷）When Sandra Day O'Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(参议员) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. O'Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.
22. What was the reason for O'Connor's being rejected by the law firm
A. Her lack of proper training in law. B. Her little work experience in court.
C. The discrimination against women. D. The poor financial conditions.
C.深层含义
深层含义指命题人挖掘某一个短语或一个句子隐含的意义，也就是要求考生读懂其言外之意。所以，解答这类题目，考生不能只看该句的字面意思，而应该认真地思考，透彻理解这个短语或句子所在的上下文语境， 准确地理解它的隐含意义、真实意义。
[例8] （2015年新全国卷）Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake (摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we'll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.
27. What are people advised to do at mealtimes
A. Eat quickly. B. Play fast music. C. Use smaller spoons. D. Turn down the lights.
语义转换增加了阅读理解的灵活性和挑战性，能更好地培养学生的语言综合运用能力和思维能力，因此在教学过程中，教师要指导学生充分认识高考阅读理解的命题规律、选项设置语义转换的技巧，以帮助学生突破阅读理解的瓶颈，提高阅读能力。
4个方法设置干扰项，准确识别，提高阅读理解正确率
阅读理解的干扰项的设置主要有以下四种：
01 无中生有
无中生有指凭空捏造的与文章内容没有关系的选项。这些选项内容可能与文章所谈论的问题相关，或与我们的已有常识相关，看上去似乎符合提出的问题，但事实上文章中根本找不到任何依据，因此，是错误选项。
这类干扰项在全国卷中最为常见。
(2019全国Ⅰ卷)Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast (夸耀) about themselves.
We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to _________.
A. help students see their own strengths B. assess students’ public speaking skills
C. prepare students for their future jobs D. inspire students’ love for politics
破解方法：将各选项与文中关键信息对比，逐个排除与原文没有关系的选项。
02 张冠李戴
张冠李戴，就是命题人为了增加迷惑性，在错误选项中使用原文中出现的词汇甚至句式，把本来适用于一种情况的内容移用到其他情况。考生可能只看到了文中出现过的词语，却没有注意到选项是否针对提出的问题作出回答，是否符合题目的要求，造成误选。
(2018全国Ⅱ卷)The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,” says Dunn. “But interactions with peripheral (边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”
What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk
A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence.
C. It matters as much as formal talk. D. It makes people feel good.
破解方法：选项中出现原文中单词，不能想当然的就认为是正确答案，仔细对照原文和选项，确定真伪。
03 偷换概念
这种干扰方法的命题思路是，在对原文进行同义转换或解释的过程中，通过改变一些词汇或表达方法，使改变后的意思与原文意思发生微妙或较大的改变。
(2019全国Ⅲ卷)“China is impossible to overlook,” says Hill. “Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement.”
What does Hill say about Chinese women
A. They are setting the fashion. B. They start many fashion campaigns.
C. They admire super models. D. They do business all over the world.
破解方法：把选项与原句仔细比较，根据语境确定正确选项。
04 易让考生望文生义
这一干扰项用于对句子或词语含义的考查，即利用某个词或句子字面意义代替特定语境中的具体意义。
(2017全国Ⅰ卷) To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.
What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in the paragraph refer to
A. The tube B. The still C. The hole D. The cup
破解方法：做指代题时千万不要脱离语境，望文生义，而应在上下文，特别是上文中找，找适后代入画线部分，看意义是否通顺，是否符合逻辑。
答案：1-10 BDBAC DCCAD 11-15 AB专攻解题方法与技巧
阅读理解中的思维障碍
一、主题句、标题、主旨大意
A．太笼统、缺乏针对性 主题句、标题、主旨大意要求准确性、概括性和针对性极强，然而有些学生由于对于这类阅的特点理解不透，造成所选的答案十分笼统，缺乏针对性。
例文：There are two kinds of memory: short-term and long-term. Information in long-term memory can be remembered at a later time when it is needed. On the contrary, information in short-term memory is kept for only a few seconds. The following experiment shows how short-term memory has been studied.
Henning studied how students who are learning English as a second language remember vocabulary. The subjects in his experiment were 75 college students. They showed all levels of ability in English: beginning, intermediate, advanced and native-speaking students.
To begin, students listened to a recording of a native speaker, reading a paragraph in English. Following the recording, students took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. Some questions had four choices that sound alike. Some questions had four choices that have the same meaning: method, way, manner and system would be four words with the same meaning. Finally the subjects took a language proficiency(熟练程度)test.
Henning found the students with a lower proficiency in English made more mistakes in words that sound alike: students with a higher proficiency made more of their mistakes in words that have the same meaning,. Henning’s results suggest that beginning students hold the sound of the words in their short-term memory, and advanced students hold the meaning of words in their long-term memory.
Question: The text mainly tells us about
A．long-term memory B．two kinds of memory
C．short-term memory D．an experiment on students
B．以偏概全 主题句、标题和主旨大意是针对着全篇，而不是针对某段或者文中的某个方面；可是有的学生在做这类题时把思维集中在某一段落或者集中于文中的某点，往往导致他们犯下以偏概全的错误：
例文：Skin is the name for the special covering on our bodies. It comes in colors such as black, brown, white, yellow and red. However, the color of skin is not important. All skin has one important job: to protect what is inside our bodies. With careful treatment, your skin will continue to help protect you and your body for a long time.
Skin has two parts. The top part, which can be seen, is called the epidermis(表皮): It is a very thin layer of dead skin. The body replaces this layer all the time. People lose about twenty kilos of skin in their life.
The inner layer of skin is called the dermis(真皮). The skin in this layer is living. The dermis makes new skin for the epidermis. In addition, the dermis has tiny oil glands(腺). The oil glands are important because they produce oil that helps keep our skin soft. The dermis is also important because it allows our body to lose some of its heat. In this way, our body does not get too hot.
Question: A good title for this article is .
A．Functions of Oil Glands B．Human Skin
C．Skin Color D．Differences between Epidermis and Dermis
C．分不清现象与实质 在选择主题名、标题、主旨大意时，不能为表面现象所迷惑，必须看清该段文章实质。
例文：Why do women live an average(平均) of nine years longer than men That’s the question Professor Laura Sandman set out to discover among 4.000 people living in the Los Angeles area. Sandman, now working at the University of Califomia at Berkeley, found the risk factors(要素，因素)or bad habits thought to lead to an early death were far more prevalent(普遍的) among women than men. High risk factors for women included smoking, physical inactivity and few contacts(接触，交往) with friends or relatives. Much the same factors for men were drinking, cigarette smoking and not being married.
The conclusion is that women are indeed more biologically fit than men simply as a result of hormonal(荷尔蒙) differences. Says Sandman, “Women have lower death rates(比率) in almost every country, at almost every age, and for most causes of death.”
Question: The best title for this article is .
A．A Special Hormone B．Woman Live Longer Than Men
C．Reasons For Longer Life D．Why Women Live A longer Life
D．偏离主线 每篇文章都有它内在的主线，其他部分都是围绕这一主线而叙述的。主题句、标题、主旨大意是该篇文章最精炼的概括，因此这类选择答案对文章的主线依附性极强，不能偏离。如果稍有偏高，均属不正确。
例文：Moat dog owners feel that their dogs are their best friends. Almost everyone likes dogs because they try hard to please their owner. One of my favourite stories is about a dog who wanted his owner to please him.
One of my friends has a large German shepherd named Jack. These dogs are often very bright. Every Sunday afternoon, my friend takes Jack for a walk in the park. Jack likes these long walks very much.
One Sunday afternoon, a young man came to visit my friend. He stayed a long time, and he talked constantly. Soon, it was time for my friend to take Jack for his walk, but the visitor did not leave. Jack became very worried about his walk in the park. He walked around the room several times and sat down directly in front of the visitor and looked at him, but the visitor paid no attention. He continued talking. Finally, Jack couldn’t stand it any longer.
He went out of the room and came back a few minutes later. He sat down again in front of the visitor, but this time he held the man’s hat in his mouth.
German shepherds aren’t the only bright dogs. Another bright dog is a Seeing Eye dog. This is a special dog which helps blind people walk along the streets and do many other things. We call these dogs Seeing Eye dogs because they are the “eyes” of the blind people and they help them “see”. Seeing Eye dogs go to special schools for several years to learn to help blind people.
Question: Which of the following titles would be the most suitable for this passage
A．Dogs-A Great Help to People B．Doges-Our Faithful Companions
C．An introduction to Dogs D．Famous Dogs in Germany
二、猜测生词、短语、词组
A． 脱离语境 高考属于择优性考试，允许出现 1—2%不注明汉语词义的生词或短语。这为考生在做阅读理解题时造成了一些困难，有的考生往往被一两个生词或短语搞得心烦意乱。因此影响阅读速度和理解正确率的最大障碍莫过于生词，在历届高考的阅读理解中，都把猜测生词词义作为考生应掌握的一项阅读技巧列入试题，对考生这方面的能力进行直接 的考核，有一部分常用的词汇在特定的上下文中或专业性文章中，具有特殊的或专门的词义，因此在理解生词词义时不能离开特定的语言环境。
例文：Twenty-four primary school children were killed and another seventy-four wounded in Lincang County when a crowd, rushing forward, led to a pile-up of 200 fallen students on Monday. The accident struck when more than 1,000 students were rushing to attend a flag-raising ceremony in the school’s front yard through a 2.9-metre-wide passageway and staircase at the Nanping Primary School，the report said. The first students were knocked down the stairs, leading to more students falling and being trampled(=footed on), according to the newspaper.
The underlined word “ceremony” in this passage is closest in meaning to “ ”
A．gathering B．procession C．celebration D．show
B．望文生义 所谓望文生义是指有的学生在理解生词或者新的短语、词组时，受到原有词的影响，或者根据原来的词义理解新的，变化了的词组和短语。
例文：Moving pictures and television can be used to train animals. Some animals such as monkeys and foxes, are easy to film. All you have to do is to make a trail in front of the camera, by dragging something that smells good to the animals over the ground. Big animals, such as lions and tigers. can be photographed as they bound happily back to their families and dinner if a movie actor is nearby, the well-trained animal will pay no attention to him. However, the audience may imagine that the actor escaped a terrible death by the skin of his teeth(勉强).
Question: What does “make a trail” mean here in the last paragraph
A．place something to attract the animal B．give the animal a certain task
C．order the animal to do things D．follow the animals trails
三、辨认事实 不善于辨认正确选项与干扰选项之间的区别和差异。
为了检验考生对文章理解的深度，在阅读测试中往往针对文章中某个或某些特定的细节而设计试题，这类试题在每年的高考中出现的数量较大。由于这些细节都是文中存在事实。一般地讲，辨认事实题是可以直接从文章中找到答案的。
例文：Lakeland, Florida April 29-Two cars fell to the bottom of a 30-foot sinkhole(灰岩坑) that appeared so suddenly that the drivers could not avoid it.
No one was hurt, but the incident was the fifteenth of its kind reported in this area so far this year. At a town 13 miles from Lakeland, two bedrooms of one house dropped into a hole 60 feet across and 35 feet deep. Part of the next house was dangerously over the hole. The people in hole houses had to be taken to safety.
Sinkholes have been happening without warning in this part of Florida for years. So far there is no way to predict(预言) when or where one will appear. When one does, others usually follow in the same area, usually along a straight line.
The worst sinkhole appeared in 1965. It was 70 feet across and 150 feet deep. It destroyed one house and damaged several others.
One hole, 15 feet deep, opened up this year in the middle of a highway 19 seconds after a car had driven by. Others in the same area happened at night, damaging houses, swallowing吞 up trees and parts of streets and causing 23 frightened people to run away from their homes in night clothes.
Sinkholes happen when the weather is very dry. The earth at the surface begins to drop into holes under earth. This is how a sinkhole is formed.
Sinkholes do not happen .
A．after a rainstorm B．in a straight line C．when it is very dry D．at night
8. When one sinkhole appears, others usually follow .
A．everywhere B．on straight highways only C．in the neighborhood D．immediately
四、逻辑推理 国家教委在《高等学校入学英语考试大纲》中，对考生在这方面的阅读理解能力提出了如下的要求：“既理解材料的字面意思，也要理解根据字面可以推断的，而材料中又没有说明出来的意思，包括作者或文中人物的态度，意图等。
逻辑推理题属于主观理解范畴，是阅读理解的高级阶段。逻辑推理包括作者或人物的态度推理、目的推理、原因推理，结果推理等，它要求考生严格地按照阅读文章中所陈述的观点或描述的事实，引出合乎逻辑的判断或推理。在近年的NMET试卷中，这类试题大量出现，增加了考生解题的难度， 在学生中普遍地存在如下的思维障碍。
A．以想象代替逻辑推理
虽然逻辑推理题的答案在短文中没有直接的陈述，但是它存在着推理的相应依据。有的学生在阅读时，没有认真查寻，以想象代替逻辑推理，这是学生中普遍存在的错误。
例文：Julius Caesar was born around 100 B. C. in Rome. Italy. He became one of the greatest men of all time. Most great men excel(杰出) in only one thing, but Caesar excelled in three—polities, war and literature(文学).
Caesar is probably best remembered as one of history’s bravest and ablest generals. He led his armies into Britain. Egypt and Germany. During those days, he fought hundreds of battles and only lost two of them. Later he defeated the Egyptians and made Cleopatra, a famous beauty, his queen.His speaking ability was one reason for his rise in polities, so was his devotion to the common people. Throughout his life. Caesar insisted on reforms(改革) that helped the poor. At the age of forty-nine, he held the highest office the common people could give him.
Julius Caesar was murdered in 44 B. C. but his greatness was not forgotten. The name “Caesar” became a title for the ruler of the Roman Empire.
9.Question: Caesar was successful in politics mainly because of .
A．his great wealth B．his strong character
C．his speaking ability D．his devotion to the upper society
B．以具体事实来代替逻辑推理
例文：In sports the sexes(性别) are separate. Women and men do not run or swim in the same races. Women are less strong than men. That at least is what people say. Women are called the weaker sex, or, if men want to please them, the fair sex. Yet for learning, boys and girls are taught together at schools and universities. There are women who are famous Prime Ministers, scientists and writers. Women also live longer than men. A European woman can expect to live until the age of 74, a man only until he is 68. Are women’s bodies really weaker
The fastest men can run a mile in under 4 minutes. The best women need 4.5 minutes. Women’s times are always slower than men’s, but some facts are surprising. Some of the fastest women swimmers today are teenage girls. One of them swam 400 metres in 4 minutes 21.2 seconds when she was only 16. The first Tarzan(健壮、灵活的男子) in films was an Olytopic swimmer, Johnny Weissmuller. His fastest 400 metres was 4 minutes 49.1 seconds, which is 37.9 seconds slower than a girl 50 years later! This does not mean that women are catching men up in all aspects of life. Both sexes have their strength and weakness.
10.Question: In this passage the author implies that .
A．women are weaker than men, but faster
B．women are slower than men, but stronger
C．men are mot always stronger and faster than women
D．men are faster and stronger than women
C．就事论事忽视目的推理的实质
例文：Have you ever heard the old saying. “Never judge a book by its cover” This is a good rule to follow when trying to judge the intelligence(智力) of others. Some people have minds that shine only in certain situations. A young man with an unusual gift in writing may find himself speechless in the presence of a pretty girl. When he speaks, he may not be able to find the right words. But don’t make the mistake of thinking him stupid. With a pen and paper, he can express himself better than anybody.
Other people may fool you into overestimating(过高估计) their intelligence by putting up a good front. A student who listens attentively and takes notes in class is bound(一定) to make a favourable impression on his teachers. When it comes to exams, he or she may score near the bottom of the class.
It all boils down to this-you can’t judge someone by appearance. The only way to determine(测定) a person’s intelligence is to get to know him or her. Then you can see how a person react(反应) in different situations. The more situations you see, the better your judgment is likely to be. So take your time. Don’t judge the book by its cover.
11. Question: The writer of this passage wants to tell us .
A．not to judge a book by its cover
B．not to make the mistake of thinking a young man stupid
C．not to overestimate a student’s intelligence
D．not to judge a person’s intelligence by his or her appearance
D．缺乏中学生应有的知识
《考纲》指出，考生“既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合材料以外的赏识（中学生应有的常识）去理解。”由于某些地区过早地分文理科，造成学生在知识掌握上片面性。
例文：Air is a colourless, tasteless and invisible gas that surrounds the planet Earth. It is everywhere on the planet. An “empty” drinking glass and “empty” room, to give two examples, are not really empty. Each is filled with air. Where the glass is filled with water, the water pushes the air out of the glass.
Air, as a gas, has no definite(一定的) shape, but because it is matter, it takes up space. It is easy to prove that air is something that takes up space. Stuff a dry handkerchief into the bottom of a glass so that it will not fall out when the glass is turned upside down. Push the upside-down glass, hold straight up and down, into a jar of water till the glass is completely covered. When the glass is taken out of the water, the handkerchief will be dry. The air inside the glass took up space and kept the water from coming in.
12. Air has no definite shape because .
A．it is a mixture B．it is a gas C．it is matter D．it is nothing
13. Since air is matter, it has .
A．room as well as weight B．both room and shape
C．either room or weight D．neither shape nor weight
五、数学推理
A．在计算上的复杂化或简单化
在有的阅读理解中，存在着几个数据，需要考生在理解的基础上对数据进行适当的计算，即可得出正确的答案，可是有些学生把这些计算复杂化或简单化，结果就出了错误。
例文：Women have more problems than men in old age. First of all, they have leas money or no money at all-and because of this they often feel they get less respcct even at home. Quite a large number have no pension(退休金) because they have never worked outside home, and thirty eight percent are supported mainly by the husbands or children. Second, a larger number of old women than old men become widows (women losing their husbands). Men are normally older than the women they marry, and women generally live longer than men. The remarriage among older widows is lower than that among widowers (single men). Statistics(统计) from 1990,in Shanghai show only 52 percent of elderly women with husbands still living, compared to(与……相比) 82 percent of men.
14. In Shanghai, of 150 elderly women, only have husbands still living.
A．75 B．52 C．82 D．78
According to the statistics, suppose there are 150,000 elderly men. of them are widowers.
A．27,000 B．78,000 C．72,000 D．123,000
B．没有理清各个数据之间的关系
有的阅读理解中数据较多，交错在一起，比较复杂。这需要考生仔细阅读，弄清各个数据之间，才能选出正确的答案。
例文：Teacher John Wise and his wife Doreen who emigrated to Tasmania 12 years ago, decided to revisit England and see the world on the way-by motor-bicycle.
After driving 10,000 miles overland without even a puncture(停顿) they have arrived in England . They left Tasmania in January and now plan to stay for two months at Taunton. Somerset where the Wise’s widowed(成了寡妇的) mother lives on Bamillon Road.
Mr. Wise 46 formerly(从前) science teacher at a secondary school in Taunton and his wife, who have three daughters, went to Tasmania in 1961.
For their return world trip. Mr. Wise took a year’s unpaid leave. “We didn’t have any spares with us,” said Mr. Wise, “We just put our trust in ourselves and the machine.”
So far, the journey on a BMW 50 through Australia, New Zealand, Panama, Mexico, the United States and Europe has cost ＄250 each .
Mr. and Mrs. Wise, now grandparents, plan to return through Europe, Asia and India, another 14,000 miles. They expect their final bill to be about ＄1,000.
-from THE SUNDAY EXPRESS. London June 17,1973
16. Their journey to England from Tasmania .
A．was very long and tiring B．took about five months
C．took about two months D．lasted a year
17. Their journey to Tasmania from England .
A．will be more expensive than the journey from Tasmania to England
B．will be quicker than the journey from Tasmania to England
C．will be longer than the journey from Tasmania to England
D．will be as long as the journey from Tasmania to England
18. For their return trip, Mr and Mrs. Wise now plan to arrive in Tasmania probably .
A．in August. 1973 B．in June. 1973 C．in January 1974 D．in August 1974
19. The total cost of their journey is expected to be about ＄ .
A．500 each B．750 each C．1000 each D．250 each
六、对分析性理解题
理不清事情或活动的顺序。分析性理解题的特点是，文章层次结构比较复杂，头绪较多。这要求考生在理解文章内容的基础上，根据文章所提供的信息，进行加工处理，仔细分析，摸清各个事情在时间、地点、方位、变化、因果等关系发展顺序，从而掌握全篇的逻辑关系
例文：During World War Ⅱ,a group of people in Oxfam(牛津), England organized Oxfam to send money to Greece. When the war was over, they continued to give money, food and clothing to other countries in Europe.
In the 1960s. Oxfam started working on long-term(长期的) development in many countries. It wanted to attack the causes(起因) of hunger, poverty and disease. It wanted to prevent problems instead of trying to solve them after they start. However, it continues to provide food to the hungry, sick and homeless.
Oxfam believes that all humans share one world with limited resources(资源). Rich and poor countries depend on each other.
Where do Oxfam get their money Ordinary people in developed countries give money. Oxfam also has small stores. They sell beautiful things that villagers in developing countries make. Oxfam receives millions of dollars every year.
20. Question: What is the right order of the development of Oxfam
a．Oxfam was organized by a group of people in England.
b．The war broke out in Greece
c．Oxfam first sent money to Greece, and then gave money, food and clothing to other countries in England
d．Oxfam started its long-term development
e．World War Ⅱ was over.
A．a. b. c. d. e B．b. a. c. e. d C．a. d. b. c. e D．a. b. c. e. d
表示较难的题。
答案：1-10 CBDBA AACCC 11-20 DBADA BCDAB
