【经典之作】2014届牛津高三英语二轮复习语法专题--专题1--定语从句
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| 名称 | 【经典之作】2014届牛津高三英语二轮复习语法专题--专题1--定语从句 |  | |
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| 更新时间 | 2014-04-08 07:52:22 | ||
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2014届牛津高三英语二轮复习语法专题
专题1 定语从句
一．语法概念巧掌握：
（一）概念
在复合句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )中，修饰某一名词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )或代词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )，用作定语的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词who、whom、whose、which、that和关系副词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )when、where、why等。
如：Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.最后，那个小偷向警察交出他偷的所有的东西。（引导词是关系代词that）
His parents would ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )n't let him marry anyone ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) whose family was poor.他父母不让他和家庭困难的人结婚。（引导词是关系代词whose）
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.在那个黑暗的街道上，没有她可以求助的人。（引导词是关系代词whom）
In 1519 another ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) traveller who went to America from Europe discovered the tomato. 1519年另一位从欧洲去美洲的旅行家发现了西红柿。（引导词是关系代词who）
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得第一次去北京的那一天。（引导词是关系副词when）
This is the house where we lived last year. 这就是我们去年住的房子。（引导词是关系副词where）
（二）关系代词和关系副词的功能
关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。
关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。
（1）作主语
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数应与先行词一致。
All that is need ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )ed is a supply of oil.所需要的是大量的油。（引导词that在句中作主语）
A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是会飞的机器。（引导词that在句中作主语）
The foreigner who visit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )ed our class yesterday is from Canada.昨天到我班来访的外国人来自加拿大。（引导词who在句中作主语）
They planted the trees which didn't need much water. 他们种植了需水不多的树木。（引导词which在句中作主语）
（2）作宾语
在定语从句里作宾语的关系代词在口语中常被省去
The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. 我煮的面条美味可口。（引导词that，可省略）
The fish (which) we bought wes not fresh. 我们买的鱼不新鲜。（引导词which，可省略）
The person to (whom) you just talked is Mr.Li. 刚才你与其交谈的人是李先生。（引导词whom，不可省略）
（3）作定语
关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。
Miss Brown is the teacher whose house caught fire last night.布朗小姐就是昨晚房子着火的那位老师 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )。
This is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher. 这就是那个男孩，他母亲是我们的语文 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )老师。
注意：关系代词whose在从句中与它所修饰的词一起作介词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )宾语时，可以跟介词放在主语和从句之间。
The boss in whose company Mr. Kang worked called at the hospital. 老板到医院拜访了康先生，康先生在他的公司里工作。
（4）作状语
关系副词where, when和why在定语从句中分别作地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。
I'll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. 我将永远不会忘记我们在农场工作的那段日子。
The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. 他父亲工作的那个工厂在城市的西部。
This is the reason why he came late. 这就是他来晚的理由。
（三）关系代词的用法
英语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )中的关系代词有who，whom，whose，which，that和as。它们的用法如下：
（1）who，whom的用法
who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。
In the beginning, people ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) who bought the tomato often got angry. 起初，买到西红柿的人常常会生气。(作主语)
The person (whom) you should ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) write to is Mr. Ball. 你应该给他写信的人是波尔先生。(whom作宾语能省略)
His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. 他很爱你的母亲，她于1818年去世了。（whom引导非限制性定语从句，作宾语但不能省略）
（2）whose的用法
whose 指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用of which取代。
I have a friend whose father is a may ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )or. 我有个朋友，他父亲是市长。
We lived in a house whose window faces south. 我们住在窗口朝南的房子里。
（3）which 的用法
which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。
Today, fruit trees which once grew only in China can now be found in many parts of the world. 今天，那些曾经只在中国生长的果树能够在世界上许多地方看到了。（作主语，不能省略）
They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.他们需要一种不像水稻那样需要水的作物。（作主语，不能省略）
It is used to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) record the tickets (which) passengers buy.它用来记录乘客所购买的车票。(作宾语，可以省略)
He came late, which we all know. 我们都知道，他来晚了。（作宾语，在非限制性定语从句中不省略）
（4）that 的用法
that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指物时其用法和which大致相同，但也有区别。
All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有来自农村的人工作都更努力。（that指人，在从句中作主语，不能省略）
This is all (that) I can tell you. 这是我能告诉你的全部情况。（that指物，在从句中作宾语，常省略）
This is the best play that was written by Jack. 这是杰克写的最好的一个剧本。（that指物，在从句中作主语，不能省略）
She is the only person(that) I can trust. 她是我唯一可以依赖的人。（that指人，在从句中作宾语，可以省略）
（5）关系代词that和which的区别
a.相同点
这两个关系代词引导定语从句时，都可以指物；在从句中都可作主语或宾语；作宾语时都可省略。
The train that ( which ) has just left is for Shanghai.刚开的那列火车是去上海的。(作主语)
The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的电影好极了。(作宾语，可省略)
b.用that，不用which的情况
①当先行词是不定代词或被它们修饰时。
all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little等不定代词时（something之后也可用which）。
To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。
Is there anything that I can do for you 有什么要我做的事吗
He answered few questions that the teacher asked.他几乎没有回答老师的那些问题。
②当先行词被形容词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )最高级或序数词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )修饰时。
This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。
The first thing that should be done is to get some food.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。
③当先行词有the very，the only，the same等修饰时。
That’s the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样了。
Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原话。
④当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )时。
They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.他们在谈论在工厂里看到的人和事。
They talked for about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 他们聊起他们所能记得起的学校里的人和事来，聊了约半个钟头。
⑤当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。
China is not the country that it was.中国已经不是过去的中国了。
⑥当要避免与疑问词which重复时。
Which is the car that was made in Beijing 哪辆车是北京制造的
⑦当先行词为the way, the time, the period等时，关系代词常用that，但通常被省略。
I don't like the way(that)you speak to her.我不喜欢你对她说话的方式。
c. 用which，不用that的情况
①引导非限制性定语从句。
Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。
Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much. 卡罗尔说这项工作将在十月前做，对此我个人表示怀疑。
Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which ,of course, made the others unhappy. 桃乐茜总是吹嘘她在戏剧中的角色，这当然使别人不高兴。
②直接放在介词后作宾语时。
Language is the most important tool without which people can't communicate with each other.语言是最重要的工具，没有它，人们便无法交流。
巧记that和which的区别：
that，which可互换，下列请况勿照办；that情况比较多，不妨对你说一说；不定代词这路货，全用that准没错；先行词前被限制，千万不要用which；
要用which别着急，介词提前逗隔离。
(6)关系代词who与that的区别
a. 当先行词是he、people、those等时，引导词常用who。
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。
Those who are for me, put up your hands. 同意我的人请举手。
I'll never forget the people who have helped me. 我将永远不会忘记那些帮助过我的人。
b. 当引导词作定语从句的表语时常用that。
She isn't the little girl that she used to be. 她再也不是过去的那个小姑娘了。
He is the man that I asked for help yesterday.他就是我昨天求助的人。
(7)as的用法
a. as引导限制性定语从句通常构成such...as或the same...as固定搭配，as在从句中可作主语、表语或宾语。
I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。(作宾语)
Many of the sports were the same as they are now.过去的许多运动项目同现在的一样。(作表语)
Don’t read such books as are not worth reading. Read such books as you can understand.不要读那些不值得读的书，只去读那些你能读懂的书就可以了。
He lent me as much money as he had.她把所有的钱借给了我。
Repeat this as often as is necessary.根据需要反复这样做。(作主语)
b. such…that…与such…as
“such…that…”表示“如此……以致……”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )；而“such…as…”表“像……这样的……”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等。
He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一个如此诚实 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )的人以至于我们都尊敬他。
He is such an honest man as we respect.他像我们所尊敬的这种诚实的人。
c .the same…that…与the same as
“the same…that…”表同一人或物，而“the same…as…”表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个句子 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )：
This is the same book that I lost.这就是我丢失那本书。（指同一本书）
This is the same book as I lost.这本书跟我丢失那本书一模一样。（并不是原来的那一本）
d as 引导非限制性定语从句
as作关系代词，还可用来引导非限制性定语从句，可以用来代替一个句子或单词，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。
The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month.
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody.众所周知，月球一月绕地球一周。
(8)but 的用法
but既可指人，又可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语。but 本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相当于“that/which/who…not”。它前面的主句必须有“否定”的词(如no, not, little, few, hardly等)。but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，通过双重否定达到强烈肯定的效果。
There is no mother but loves her own children.(=There is no mother that/who doesn’t love her children.)没有不爱自己子女的母亲。
There were few people but were hurt.(= There were few people who/that were not hurt.)几乎没有人不受伤。
(9) than的用法
than既可指人，又可指物，可作关系代词来引导定语从句，than前通常有比较级的词。
Don’t give children more money than is needed.给孩子们的钱不要超过所需。
He has got more than he asked for.他所得到的比他所要求的还要多。
Fewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party.来参加晚会的朋友比我们预料的还要少。
(四)关系副词
英语中的关系副词有where，when，why等。
1、when的用法
when指时间，修饰表时间的先行词，在定语从何中作时间状语。
July and August are the months when the weather ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) is hot. 七八月是天气很热的月份。
He came last night when I was out. 他昨晚来时，我出去了。
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours 你还记得十年前的一个下午，我到你家借项链的事吗
2、where的用法
where指地点，修饰表地点的先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语。
After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎住了五十年后，他回到他童年时生活的小城镇。
I can still remember the sitting-room where my mother and I used to sit in the evening.我还记得那间我妈妈和我晚上常坐在一起的起居室。
She will ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) go home where she can rest. 她要回家了，在家里她可以休息。
One morning, an elephant was led down the road where they stood. 一天上午，有人赶着一头象沿着他们站立的那条路走过来。
注意：先行词为表示时间、地点的名词时，关系词不一定都用when或where。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就要用关系代词whch或that。
This is the factory that/which we visited last year.这是我们去年参观的那家工厂。
I won't forget the time that we spent in the countryside.我永远不会忘记我在农村度过的那段时光。
3、why的用法
why指原因，修饰名词reason，在定语从句中作原因状语。
This is the reason why he did so. 这就是他这样做了的理由。
Do you know the reason why he left early 你知道他为什么早走吗？
巧记定语从句的用法
主句型，从句型，两种句子要完整。从句紧靠先行词，系词引导要弄清。定人用who或whom，定物which当先用。关系代词有that，定人定物有本领。定时间要用when，定地点where行。关系代(副)词作成分，唯作宾语可以省。
(五)“介词＋关系代词”用法
1、介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语
介词+which在关系分句中分别作时间，地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when，where和why。
I still remember the day on which (=when)I first came to school.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。
The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.我工作的工厂是一个大厂子。
This is the reason for which(=why)he was put in prison.这就是他为什么被关起来的原因。
In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., by which time many people have gone home. 在办公室里，我好像知道五点半从有时间，在此前很多人都已回家了。
注意：关系代词that在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词不能放在它的前面，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。
The village that she lives in is 100 metres away. 她住在100米远的村庄里。
2、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在定语从句中作地点状语
介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在关系分句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，关系分句主谓常须倒置。
They arrived at a farm house in front of which sat a small boy.他们来到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小孩。
I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看见一个人，他的头上站着一只鸟。
3、不定代词或数词+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在定语从句中作主语
不定代词或数词+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在关系分句中作主语，说明整体中的部分。
China has a lot of islands, one of which is Taiwan.中国有许多岛屿，其中之一是台湾。
There are a lot of students here，none of whom like the film.这里有许多学生，他们之中无人喜欢这个电影。
4、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在关系分句中作目的、方式或地点状语
这种结构中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。
Could you tell me for whom you've bought this coat 你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗
The rat is digging a tunnel through which it can reach the field to get food.这只老鼠正在挖洞，通过这条洞它能到田里搞吃的。
The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.这人是一位工程师，我是从他那里得到这消息的。
5、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)，用于被动结构的关系分句中，作状语，说明动作的发出者。
The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。
The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter. 打死狼的那人是一个好猎手。
6、名词+of which，代替whose+名词，在关系分句中作定语。
He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.他给了那个男孩10美元让她擦十扇窗户，大部分窗户至少一年没擦了。
I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves)were black with disease.我看见一些树，它们的叶子因生病而发黑。
He mentioned a book, the title of which (=whose title )I've forgotten.他提到一本书，书的名我忘了。
7、介词+which(指物)/whose(指人)，修饰后边的名词。
It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship broke into pieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在这期间轮船撞碎了。
The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司机就是她从他的房间偷走地图的那个人。
比较：介词+which+不定式。此种用法多见于正式文体中，相当于一个带有主语和谓语的定语从句。
She had only 1.87 with which to buy(=she could buy)Jim, her husband, a present.她只有一元八角七分钱，用这些钱给他的丈夫吉姆买一件礼物。
At last he had something about which to write (=he could write) home. 他终于有给家写信的内容了。
(六)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1、限制性定语从句
定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句为先行词不可缺少的定语。如果将这种定语从句省去，主句的意思就会不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。
She has found the necklace that she lost 2 years ago. 她找到了两年前丢失的项链。(限制性定语从句)
This is the man who came to see you yesterday.这就是昨天来看你的那个人。(限制性定语从句)
It happened at the time when I left the office. 这件事发生在我离开办公室的时候。
2、非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that来引导。
Yesterday, I met Li Ping, who seemed to be busy. 昨天我遇见了李平，他好像很忙。(非限制性定语从句)
In Britain, which has a population of 55. 8 million, 110,000 people die from smoking each year. 英国有5580万人口，每年有11万人口死于吸烟。(非限制性定语从句)
Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was shot on April 14, 1865 at a theatre in Washington, D. C.领导美国人民经历了这些年的亚伯拉罕·林肯1865年4月14日在华盛顿的一家戏院被枪杀。(非限制性定语从句)
3、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
（1）形式上不同
非限制性定语从句在书写时往往用逗号和主句分开，而限制性定语从句不用逗号与主句分开。
Last night I saw a very good film，which was about the Long March.昨晚我看了一场好电影，这部电影是关于长征的故事。
The man whom I met in the street was a driver.我在街上遇到的那个人是个司机。
（2）可否省略的不同
限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义，而非限制性定语从句是对先行词作的附加说明，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。
I was the only person in my office who was invited.我是我办公室中唯一受邀之人。
They set up a state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.他们想建立自己的国家，在那里他们可以随意地把黑人当奴隶。
（3）关系代词的不同
非限制性定语从句不能用that代替who，whom和which，并且关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时也不能省略，但在限制性定语从句中却恰恰相反。
This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.这是我看过得最好的电影。
She sang a new song, which we liked very much.她唱了一首新歌，我们都喜欢这首歌。
（4）翻译方式不同
限制性定语从句往往译在先行词之前，而非限制性定语从句往往译为一个并列的句子。
She is the nurse who looks after the children.她就是照料这些孩子的阿姨。
This note was left by Xiao Wu, who was here a moment ago.这个条子是小吴留的，她刚才到这儿来过。
比较:
He has a brother, who lives in Beijing. (有一个哥哥。)
He has a brother who lives in Beijing. (可能有几个哥哥，其中一个是住在北京的。)
4、as与which在非限制性定语从句中的用法区别
as和which作为关系代词都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句所表达的内容，在从句中作主语或宾语，但它们在用法上有区别。
（1）相同之处
当从句位于主句之后，引导词指代整个主句所表达的全部意义时，as和which可以互换。
The elephant is like a snake, as/which everybody can see.热和人都看得出，这头大象像条蛇。
He is an Englishman, as/which I know from his accent.他是一个英国人，那时我从他的口音上知道的。
A big earthquake occurred in the west part of Japan last night, as/which was reported on TV.据电视报道，昨天夜里日本西部地区发生了大地震。
（2）不同之处
①as引导非限制性定语从句时，位置比较灵活，可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之中或之后，而which引导非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后，不能谓语主句之前。
Robert is good at languages, as we all know. 罗伯特擅长学语言，这我们都知道。
As is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time. 都知道,再过二十到三十年，中国将成为一个强大先进的国家。
He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。
As is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.正如上文提到的，高中学生的人数在不断增加。
As is known to everybody， the moon travels round the earth once every month．大家都知道，月亮每月绕地球一周。
Air, as we know, is a gas.我们知道，空气是一种气体。
He is very careful, as his work shows.他的工作表现表明他非常谨慎。
注意：as引导非限制性定语从句常有“如同……那样”的含义，因此在一些固定结构如as we know/as is known to all(众所周知),as we all can see(正如我们大家都能看到的那样),as has been said before/above(正如前文所述),as has been pointed out(正如所指出的那样),as might ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) be imagined(可以想象得到),as might be expected(正如所预料的那样),as is often the case(情况常常是这样)等中，一般不能用which代替as。
②搭配上，在由the same或such所修饰的名词后通常用as作关系代词引出限制性定语从句。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).我遇到了与他一样的麻烦。
I've never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.我从未听过像他讲得那么有趣的故事。
③which引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )，可以用and this代替，意思是“这件事”；as引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等。例如：
He sold his bicycle, which surprised me. (=He sold his bicycle, and this surprised me.)他把自行车卖了,这使我感到奇怪。
William became the first American woman to win three Olympic gold medals in track, which made her mother very proud.威廉姆成为第一位在奥运会上赢得径赛金牌的美国妇女，这使他妈妈很自豪。
He left early, which was wise.他早早地离开，那是很明智的。
Einstein, as we know, is a famous scientist.我们知道，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。
As is known to all, China is the country with largest population in the world. 众所周知，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。
④当which在从句中指代的是先行词本身而不是主句时，不可用as代替which。
The apple tree, which I planted last year, has not borne any fruit.这棵苹果树是我去年种下的，还没有结出任何果实。
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very instructive.我昨天买的那本书很有教育意义。
⑤在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语，也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。
He married her, which was natural. (可用as代替which)他和她结婚了，这是很自然的事。
He saw the girl, which delighted him. (不可用as代替which)他见到了那个女孩，这使他很高兴。
He was late for class again, which made the teacher very angry. (不可用as代替which)他上课又迟到了，这使老师很生气。
⑥as引导的从句在意义上不可与主语相悖，而which引导的从句则不受此限制。例如：
Mummy treats me like a baby, which I can't bear.妈妈把我当小孩看待，这使我不能忍受的。
The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadn't expected.试验结果很好，这是我们没预料到的。
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.天气证明很好，这我们没预料到。
二．解题方法灵活用
解题方法或步骤：
一、选准关系代词和关系副词
在定语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )从句中，关系代词或关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分，如果该从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语，就要用关系代词来连接从句；如果从句中缺少状语，就得用关系副词来连接从句。例如：
(1)I still remember the days which / that we spent together.
(2)I still remember the days when we worked together.
二、了解仅用that引导限制性定语从句的几种情况
that在限制性定语从句中既可指人又可指事或物。在下列情况下，只能用that来引导定语从句：
1.先行词是all , much, few, little, everything, anything, nothing等不定代词时。例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy
2.先行词被all, few, little, much, every, some, no等词修饰或被the only,the very, the same, the last等限定词修饰时。例如：
These are all the pictures that I have seen.
This is the very dictionary that is of great help.
3.先行词既指人又指物时。例如：
My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember.
4.关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。例如：
Our school is not the one that it used to be.
5.先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。例如：
This is the best English film that I have ever seen.
The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities.
6.主句是who或which引导的特殊问句时。例如：
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday
三、把握“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选用
介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配密切相关。例如：
That”s the reason for which he was late for school.
This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.
注意：1.定语从句中谓语动词是含有介词的动词短语时，介词应放在动词之后，不能拆开放在关系代词前。例如： This is the key which you are looking for.
This is the baby whom you will look after.
2.该结构中，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which.
四、弄清as和which引导的非限制性定语从句指代整体时的区别
1.位置上的区别：as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活，可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，还可插在主句的中间；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如： As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun.
The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun.
The earth turns around the sun, as is known to us all.
The earth turns around the sun, which our parents once told us when we were very young.
2.词义与联系上的区别：as引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系，as本身含有“正如”之意；而which引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在逻辑意义上近似并列句，which本身表示“这”或“这一点”之意。例如：
Light travels faster than sound, as we all know.
Jack came late for school, which made his teacher angry.
五、注意定语从句的主谓一致性
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例如：
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.
Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA.
六、保持主句的完整性并避免从句成分的重叠
1.在定语从句中，不管出现任何情况，主句的结构必须完整，即主句必须有主语和谓语，缺一不可，否则，整个主从复合句就无法成立。试比较：
(1)Is this factory _______ we visited last week
(2)Is this the factory _______ we visited last week
A. which B. where C. what D. the one
分析：第一题缺少表语，只有填D项才能保持主句的完整性，而其他的选项均为干扰项。
第二题主句本身完整，应填的关系代词在从句中作visited的宾语，故应选A项。
2.从定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词独立地或与相应的介词一起在定语从句中充当了一定的成分，因此在定语从句中就不能再出现与关系代(副)词重叠的成分。例如：错句：Is this the train that they took it last Sunday
分析：该题中that已经代替先行词the train在定语从句中充当及物动词took的宾语，故重叠出现的宾语it必须删去。
三．高考真题大演练：
1．The president of th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e World Bank says he has a passion for China，________he remembers starting as early as his childhood. (2013·江苏，32)
A．where B．which
C．what D．when
2．Between the two par ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts of the concert is an interval，________the audience can buy ice cream. (2011·江苏，24)
A．when B．where
C．that D．which
3．Many countr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ies are now setting up national parks________animals and plants can be protected. (2013·北京，27)
A．when B．which
C．whose D．where
4．He may win the co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mpetition，________he is likely to get into the national team.
(2013·辽宁，34)
A．in which case B．in that case
C．in what case D．in whose case
5．Happiness and s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uccess often come to those________are good at recognizing their own strengths. (2013·湖南，21)
A．whom B．who
C．what D．which
6．“You can’t judge a book by its cover，”________． (2013·新课标全国Ⅰ，33)
A．as the saying goes old
B．goes as the old saying
C．as the old saying goes
D．goes as old the saying
7．The museum will ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform ________ visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built. (2013·浙江，13)
A．what B．where
C．when D．why
8．Finally he reached a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) lonely island________was completely cut off from the outside world. (2013·山东，35)
A．when B．where
C．which D．whom
9．The book te ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lls stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ________ lives were affected. (2013·福建，27)
A．whose B．that
C．who D．which
10．Maria has ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) written two novels，both of ________ have been made into television series.
(2012·山东，23)
A．them B．that
C．which D．what
11．After the floodi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng，people were suffering in that area，________urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive. (2012·江苏，22)
A．which B．who
C．where D．what
12．A lot of languag ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e learning，________has been discovered，is happening in the first year of life，so parents should talk much to their children during that period. (2012·安徽，29)
A．as B．it
C．which D．this
13．We live in an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )age________more information is available with greater ease than ever before. (2012·浙江，9)
A．why B．when
C．to whom D．on which
14．The air quality i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n the city，________ is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months. (2012·福建，23)
A．that B．it
C．as D．what
15．I wish to thank ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Professor Smith，without________help I would never have got this far.
(2012·天津，7)
A．who B．whose
C．whom D．which
16．It is the third ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )time that she has won the race，________ has surprised us all.(2012·陕西，14)
A．that B．where
C．which D．what
17．Care of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )soul is a gradual process ________ even the small details of life should be considered. (2012·湖南，34)
A．what B．in what
C．which D．in which
18．When deeply abso ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rbed in work，________he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping. (2012·北京，26)
A．that B．which
C．where D．when
19．By 16∶30，________was almost closing time，nearly all the paintings had been sold.
(2012·江西，28)
A．which B．when
C．what D．that
20．That evenin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g，________I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.
(2012·大纲全国Ⅱ，8)
A．that B．which
C．what D．when
【答案及解析】：
1答案 B
解析 句意为：世界银行行长说，他热爱中国，这种热爱他记得早在他的童年时期就开始了。which指代“热爱中国”。21世纪教育网版权所有
2答案 A
解析 句意为：演唱会的两部分之间有一次 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中场休息，在此期间，观众可以去买冰激凌。分析题干的句子结构可知，空格处及后面的部分为非限制性定语从句。when引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作时间状语，代替先行词an interval(休息期间)。where在定语从句中作地点状语；that不能引导非限制性定语从句；which可以引导非限制性定语从句，但在从句中作主语或宾语。21cnjy.com
3答案 D
解析 考查定语从句。句意为：眼下，很多 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )国家正在建立一些国家公园，动物和植物在那儿可以得到保护。先行词为national parks，且定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导，相当于in which。【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
4答案 A
解析 考查非限制性定语从句。此处为非限制性定语从句，用which引导，in which case意为“在这种情况下”。2-1-c-n-j-y
5答案 B
解析 考查定语从句的用法。句意为：快乐和 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )成功总是会眷顾那些善于认清自己的优点和特长的人。分析句子成分后可知，“________are good at recognizing their own strengths”是定语从句修饰先行词those，从句中缺少主语，所以用who引导。故答案选B。
6答案 C
解析 考查非限制性定语从句的语序。句意为：常言道，人不可貌相。as引导非限制性定语从句，表示“正如”，不用倒装。【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
7答案 B
解析 考查定语从句。 本句主干是说“博物馆明 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )春开放”，后面with复合结构作状语，补充信息“到时有一个展览，还有一个游客们可以观看正在建设的巨大暖房的观景台”。a viewing platform观景台，在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，应当由关系副词where引导。故正确答案为B项。【出处：21教育名师】
8答案 C
解析 考查定语从句。根据句子结构分析，后面为定语从句，从句中缺少主语，所以答案只能选C项。
9答案 A
解析 句意为：这本书透过生活受到地震 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )影响的人们的视角讲述地震的故事。本题的先行词是those表示人，定语从句的主语是lives，与先行词构成所属关系，所以应使用关系代词whose引导。21教育名师原创作品
10答案 C
解析 句意为：玛丽娅已写了两部小说，它 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )们都已被拍成了电视剧。分析题干结构可以看出：Maria has written two novels是一个完整的含“主谓宾”的句子。如果后半句也是个完整的句子的话，那么题干中的两个分句中间缺少连接词and，故A项不正确。由此不难看出空格处应用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，which代替先行词two novels。that作关系代词不能放于介词之后；what不能引导定语从句。分清句子结构是解答本题的关键。
11答案 B
解析 指人的先行词people在非限制性定语从句中充当主语，所以用关系代词who引导。故选B项。
12答案 A
解析 句意为：正如被发现的那样，大量的语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )言学习是在人生的第一年发生的，所以父母应当在那个时期和孩子多说话。空白处所在句为非限制性定语从句，故B、D两项可排除。由句意知空格处的关系词指代a lot of language learning is happening in the first year of life这个句子。指代某个句子时，as引导的非限制性定语从句可后指或前指，而which引导的从句只能前指。此处为后指，因此A项正确。
13答案 B
解析 when引导定语从句，在从句中作时间状语，修饰先行词an age(时代)。
14答案 C
解析 句意为：正如报告中所显示的， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )这个城市的空气质量在过去的两个月已经得到了改善。分析句子结构可知，两个逗号之间的部分为非限制性定语从句；that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句；it和what不能作定语从句的引导词。故选C项。
15答案 B
解析 句意为：我想要感谢史密斯教授， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )没有他的帮助我就不会走得这么远。whose是关系代词，引导定语从句，表示“……的”。考生容易误选C项，因为只看到了without whom语意上相当于without Professor Smith，而忽略了题干中的help。若选C项的话，可去掉题干中的help。
16答案 C
解析 考查定语从句。所填词前有逗号，是非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句，关系词在从句中作主语，故选C。其余选项与题干不符。
17答案 D
解析 句意为：心灵的护理是一个渐进的过 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )程，在这个过程中，甚至生活中那些微小的细节都应该加以考虑。in which引导限制性定语从句，which代指前面的process。
18答案 B
解析 句意为：当他全身心地投 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )入工作中时，他就会废寝忘食，而他经常这样(全身心地投入工作)。由引导词前面的逗号可知，这是一个非限制性定语从句，所以首先排除that。由定语从句的was可知，定语从句缺少表语，所以排除在定语从句中作状语的where和when。故选B项。
19答案 A
解析 从后面的closin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g time“打烊时间，停止营业时间”可以得知此句是在谈时间，但是此句中缺少主语，前面又有一个逗号，所以可以确定这里是一个非限制性定语从句，用which引导。
20答案 B
解析 句意为：那天晚上我一直工作到很晚，我 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )过后会告诉你关于那晚更详细的情况。本题中两个逗号之间的部分是一个非限制性定语从句，关系代词which代替先行词that evening。解答本题的关键是能够正确分析句子结构。that不能引导非限制性定语从句；what不能引导定语从句；when在从句中作状语，不能作宾语。
四．模拟试题来检测：
1．The film brought the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) hours back to me ________ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.2·1·c·n·j·y
A．until B．that
C．when D．where
2．Is there anyone in your class ________ family is in the country 【版权所有：21教育】
A．who B．who’s
C．which D．whose
3．I’m interested in ________ you have said.
A．all that B．all what
C．that D．which
4．I was given three bo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oks on cooking，the first ________ I really enjoyed.
A．of that B．of which
C．that D．which
5．—So you have met Maria
—Yes，it was last week ________ we attended Jack’s party. 21*cnjy*com
A．that B．there
C．which D．when
6．________ is known to everybody，the moon travels around the earth once every month.
A．It B．As
C．That D．What
7．After living i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ________ he grew up as a child.
A．which B．where
C．that D．when
8．I want to use the same dictionary ________ was used yesterday.21*cnjy*com
A．which B．who
C．what D．as
9．Jim passed the driv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing test，________ surprised everybody in the office.
A．which B．that
C．this D．it
10．The students ________ are expected to pass.
A．were taught by Professor Deacon
B．whom were taught by Professor Deacon
C．when were taught by Professor Deacon
D．Professor Deacon taught
11．So far all clone ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d animals have suffered from some different serious disorders，________ dying soon after birth.
A．many of which B．many of whom
C．many of them D．many of that
12．Let’s talk abo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ut the persons and the things ________ we can remember.
A．which B．whom
C．that D．what
13．Her sister has become a lawyer，________ she wanted to be.
A．who B．that
C．what D．which
14．At 13，Samuel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )received a training course in drawing for three years，________ he got a good opportunity for further development.
A．after that B．after which
C．after it D．after this
15．I’ll never forge ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t the most wonderful holiday ________ we stayed in the country with my grandparents.
A．when B．which
C．where D．that
16．This photo of mine was taken________stood the famous high tower.
A．which B．in which
C．where D．there
17．I have reached ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) a point in my life ________ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
A．which B．where
C．how D．why
18．________ was ex ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pected，only five people turned up at the party，________ disappointed the hostess very much.
A．As；which B．As；that
C．It；that D．It；which
19．Darwin counted 2 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )25 flowering plants，________he collected and brought home 193.
A．that B．in that
C．of which D．all of which
20．The settl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ement is home to nearly 1,000 people，many of ________ left their village homes for a better life in the city.
A．whom B．which
C．them D．those
21．Today，we’ll di ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )scuss a number of cases ________ beginners of learning English fail to use the language properly.
A．which B．as
C．why D．where
22．________ I explained on the phone，your request will be considered at the next meeting.
A．When B．After
C．As D．Which
23．The road condi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tions there turned out to be very good，________ was more than we could expect.
A．it B．what
C．which D．that
24．They live in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a small house，and in front of ________ stands an orange tree.
A．which B．it
C．whom D．where
25．Whenever I met ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) her，________ was fairly often，she greeted me with a sweet smile.
A．who B．which
C．when D．that
【答案及解析】：
1答案 C
解析 本题考查分隔定语从句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的关系词的选择。做好本题的关键是要能辨认出该定语从句的先行词the hours和关系词被介词短语back to me所分隔。定语从句的先行词是表时间的名词hours，并且关系词在从句中用作状语，故应选择表示时间的关系副词when。
2答案 D
解析 whose引导定语从句，在从句中作主语family的定语。
3答案 A
解析 that引导定语从句，因为先行词是all，所以只能选用that引导。
4答案 B
解析 从句还原成完整句子应该是“I really enjoyed the first of those.”故选of which。
5答案 D
解析 这是一个省略句，完整形式 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )是：It was last week when we attended Jack’s party that I met Maria.句子的主体部分是一个强调句型，被强调部分last week后跟一个定语从句。last week是先行词，从句中缺少时间状语，用when来引导。21·cn·jy·com
6答案 B
解析 本题考查as引导的非限制性定语从句。a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s作“正如……”解时，引导的非限制性定语从句来修饰整个句子，可前指或后指，此处为后指。当as在从句中作主语时，常用于下列短语：as is known，as is said，as is reported，as is announced等。
7答案 B
解析 本题考查限制性定语从句中关系词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的选择。定语从句的先行词是表示地点的名词短语the small town，且关系词不作定语从句中的主语和宾语而作地点状语，因此定语从句必须用关系副词where引导。要注意分清先行词在从句中充当的成分，然后选择适当的关系词。21·世纪*教育网
8答案 D
解析 当先行词前有as，so，such，the same等修饰时，在从句中作主语或宾语的关系代词用as。在本句话中，as作从句的主语。www-2-1-cnjy-com
9答案 A
解析 分析句子结构可知， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )此处是一个非限制性定语从句，故排除B、C、D三项。which指代“Jim passed the driving test”这件事，在从句中作主语。www.21-cn-jy.com
10答案 D
解析 Deacon教授的学生，关系代词在从句中作宾语。B选项中关系代词作主语应用who。
11 答案 C
解析 由后面的dying可知这里不是完整的句子(没有谓语动词)，故不能选A或B构成定语从句，此处考查独立主格结构。
12答案 C
解析 先行词既有人也有物时，用that引导从句，故选择C项。句意为：让我们谈论能够想起的人和事吧。
13答案 D
解析 句中先行词a lawyer在此指一个人的职业，并非指“人”本身，故关系词用which，而不用who。
14答案 B
解析 after whi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ch意为“after he received a training course in drawing for three years”。句中没有并列连词，故不能选C、D两项；that不能引导非限制性定语从句，故A错。
15答案 A
解析 先行词为holiday，还原之后可看出when在定语从句中作时间状语。
16答案 C
解析 where引导的从句在句中作地点状语，并且where在状语从句的句首引起倒装。
17答案 B
解析 先行词为point，从句中不缺少任何主要成分，此时用where引导定语从句。
18答案 A
解析 在非限制性定语从句中，当从句置 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )于句首时，或从句意为“正如……”时，只能用as而不能用which来引导从句。C项和D项中第一空若要用it，则应把前半句改为“It was expected that only five people turned up at the party”此时it作形式主语。第二空是which引导的非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语。21教育网
19答案 C
解析 考查“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )从句，正常语序为“193 of which he collected and brought home”。
20答案 A
解析 由many之前的逗号和选项特征可知 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，此处是主从句关系，排除C、D两项。由于先行词是1,000 people，表示人，故用whom。句意为：这个定居点居住着将近1 000人，他们中的许多人都背井离乡来到城市追求更好的生活。
21答案 D
解析 此句中cases表示“情况”，这 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )里where相当于in which，在从句中作状语。当先行词为case，stage，point等，且从句中不缺主要成分时，常用where引导定语从句，在句中作状语。
22答案 C
解析 as引导非限制性定语从句，可以放在主句之前，指代后面整个主句的内容。which引导的非限制性定语从句不能放在句首。
23答案 C
解析 空格前为逗号，故需用关系代词作动词wa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s的主语。what不引导定语从句；that不引导非限制性定语从句；it不是连词；故只有C项正确。
24答案 B
解析 句中有并列连词and，所以本句是一个并列句，故只有B项正确。
25答案 B
解析 考查非限制性定语从句。空格处指代前面整个句子，故用which。
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2014届牛津高三英语二轮复习语法专题
专题1 定语从句
一．语法概念巧掌握：
（一）概念
在复合句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )中，修饰某一名词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )或代词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )，用作定语的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词who、whom、whose、which、that和关系副词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )when、where、why等。
如：Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.最后，那个小偷向警察交出他偷的所有的东西。（引导词是关系代词that）
His parents would ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )n't let him marry anyone ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) whose family was poor.他父母不让他和家庭困难的人结婚。（引导词是关系代词whose）
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.在那个黑暗的街道上，没有她可以求助的人。（引导词是关系代词whom）
In 1519 another ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) traveller who went to America from Europe discovered the tomato. 1519年另一位从欧洲去美洲的旅行家发现了西红柿。（引导词是关系代词who）
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得第一次去北京的那一天。（引导词是关系副词when）
This is the house where we lived last year. 这就是我们去年住的房子。（引导词是关系副词where）
（二）关系代词和关系副词的功能
关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。
关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。
（1）作主语
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数应与先行词一致。
All that is need ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )ed is a supply of oil.所需要的是大量的油。（引导词that在句中作主语）
A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是会飞的机器。（引导词that在句中作主语）
The foreigner who visit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )ed our class yesterday is from Canada.昨天到我班来访的外国人来自加拿大。（引导词who在句中作主语）
They planted the trees which didn't need much water. 他们种植了需水不多的树木。（引导词which在句中作主语）
（2）作宾语
在定语从句里作宾语的关系代词在口语中常被省去
The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. 我煮的面条美味可口。（引导词that，可省略）
The fish (which) we bought wes not fresh. 我们买的鱼不新鲜。（引导词which，可省略）
The person to (whom) you just talked is Mr.Li. 刚才你与其交谈的人是李先生。（引导词whom，不可省略）
（3）作定语
关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。
Miss Brown is the teacher whose house caught fire last night.布朗小姐就是昨晚房子着火的那位老师 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )。
This is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher. 这就是那个男孩，他母亲是我们的语文 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )老师。
注意：关系代词whose在从句中与它所修饰的词一起作介词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )宾语时，可以跟介词放在主语和从句之间。
The boss in whose company Mr. Kang worked called at the hospital. 老板到医院拜访了康先生，康先生在他的公司里工作。
（4）作状语
关系副词where, when和why在定语从句中分别作地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。
I'll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. 我将永远不会忘记我们在农场工作的那段日子。
The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. 他父亲工作的那个工厂在城市的西部。
This is the reason why he came late. 这就是他来晚的理由。
（三）关系代词的用法
英语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )中的关系代词有who，whom，whose，which，that和as。它们的用法如下：
（1）who，whom的用法
who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。
In the beginning, people ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) who bought the tomato often got angry. 起初，买到西红柿的人常常会生气。(作主语)
The person (whom) you should ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) write to is Mr. Ball. 你应该给他写信的人是波尔先生。(whom作宾语能省略)
His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. 他很爱你的母亲，她于1818年去世了。（whom引导非限制性定语从句，作宾语但不能省略）
（2）whose的用法
whose 指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用of which取代。
I have a friend whose father is a may ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )or. 我有个朋友，他父亲是市长。
We lived in a house whose window faces south. 我们住在窗口朝南的房子里。
（3）which 的用法
which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。
Today, fruit trees which once grew only in China can now be found in many parts of the world. 今天，那些曾经只在中国生长的果树能够在世界上许多地方看到了。（作主语，不能省略）
They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.他们需要一种不像水稻那样需要水的作物。（作主语，不能省略）
It is used to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) record the tickets (which) passengers buy.它用来记录乘客所购买的车票。(作宾语，可以省略)
He came late, which we all know. 我们都知道，他来晚了。（作宾语，在非限制性定语从句中不省略）
（4）that 的用法
that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指物时其用法和which大致相同，但也有区别。
All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有来自农村的人工作都更努力。（that指人，在从句中作主语，不能省略）
This is all (that) I can tell you. 这是我能告诉你的全部情况。（that指物，在从句中作宾语，常省略）
This is the best play that was written by Jack. 这是杰克写的最好的一个剧本。（that指物，在从句中作主语，不能省略）
She is the only person(that) I can trust. 她是我唯一可以依赖的人。（that指人，在从句中作宾语，可以省略）
（5）关系代词that和which的区别
a.相同点
这两个关系代词引导定语从句时，都可以指物；在从句中都可作主语或宾语；作宾语时都可省略。
The train that ( which ) has just left is for Shanghai.刚开的那列火车是去上海的。(作主语)
The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的电影好极了。(作宾语，可省略)
b.用that，不用which的情况
①当先行词是不定代词或被它们修饰时。
all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little等不定代词时（something之后也可用which）。
To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。
Is there anything that I can do for you 有什么要我做的事吗
He answered few questions that the teacher asked.他几乎没有回答老师的那些问题。
②当先行词被形容词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )最高级或序数词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )修饰时。
This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。
The first thing that should be done is to get some food.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。
③当先行词有the very，the only，the same等修饰时。
That’s the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样了。
Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原话。
④当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )时。
They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.他们在谈论在工厂里看到的人和事。
They talked for about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 他们聊起他们所能记得起的学校里的人和事来，聊了约半个钟头。
⑤当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。
China is not the country that it was.中国已经不是过去的中国了。
⑥当要避免与疑问词which重复时。
Which is the car that was made in Beijing 哪辆车是北京制造的
⑦当先行词为the way, the time, the period等时，关系代词常用that，但通常被省略。
I don't like the way(that)you speak to her.我不喜欢你对她说话的方式。
c. 用which，不用that的情况
①引导非限制性定语从句。
Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。
Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much. 卡罗尔说这项工作将在十月前做，对此我个人表示怀疑。
Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which ,of course, made the others unhappy. 桃乐茜总是吹嘘她在戏剧中的角色，这当然使别人不高兴。
②直接放在介词后作宾语时。
Language is the most important tool without which people can't communicate with each other.语言是最重要的工具，没有它，人们便无法交流。
巧记that和which的区别：
that，which可互换，下列请况勿照办；that情况比较多，不妨对你说一说；不定代词这路货，全用that准没错；先行词前被限制，千万不要用which；
要用which别着急，介词提前逗隔离。
(6)关系代词who与that的区别
a. 当先行词是he、people、those等时，引导词常用who。
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。
Those who are for me, put up your hands. 同意我的人请举手。
I'll never forget the people who have helped me. 我将永远不会忘记那些帮助过我的人。
b. 当引导词作定语从句的表语时常用that。
She isn't the little girl that she used to be. 她再也不是过去的那个小姑娘了。
He is the man that I asked for help yesterday.他就是我昨天求助的人。
(7)as的用法
a. as引导限制性定语从句通常构成such...as或the same...as固定搭配，as在从句中可作主语、表语或宾语。
I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。(作宾语)
Many of the sports were the same as they are now.过去的许多运动项目同现在的一样。(作表语)
Don’t read such books as are not worth reading. Read such books as you can understand.不要读那些不值得读的书，只去读那些你能读懂的书就可以了。
He lent me as much money as he had.她把所有的钱借给了我。
Repeat this as often as is necessary.根据需要反复这样做。(作主语)
b. such…that…与such…as
“such…that…”表示“如此……以致……”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )；而“such…as…”表“像……这样的……”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等。
He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一个如此诚实 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )的人以至于我们都尊敬他。
He is such an honest man as we respect.他像我们所尊敬的这种诚实的人。
c .the same…that…与the same as
“the same…that…”表同一人或物，而“the same…as…”表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个句子 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )：
This is the same book that I lost.这就是我丢失那本书。（指同一本书）
This is the same book as I lost.这本书跟我丢失那本书一模一样。（并不是原来的那一本）
d as 引导非限制性定语从句
as作关系代词，还可用来引导非限制性定语从句，可以用来代替一个句子或单词，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。
The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month.
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody.众所周知，月球一月绕地球一周。
(8)but 的用法
but既可指人，又可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语。but 本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相当于“that/which/who…not”。它前面的主句必须有“否定”的词(如no, not, little, few, hardly等)。but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，通过双重否定达到强烈肯定的效果。
There is no mother but loves her own children.(=There is no mother that/who doesn’t love her children.)没有不爱自己子女的母亲。
There were few people but were hurt.(= There were few people who/that were not hurt.)几乎没有人不受伤。
(9) than的用法
than既可指人，又可指物，可作关系代词来引导定语从句，than前通常有比较级的词。
Don’t give children more money than is needed.给孩子们的钱不要超过所需。
He has got more than he asked for.他所得到的比他所要求的还要多。
Fewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party.来参加晚会的朋友比我们预料的还要少。
(四)关系副词
英语中的关系副词有where，when，why等。
1、when的用法
when指时间，修饰表时间的先行词，在定语从何中作时间状语。
July and August are the months when the weather ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) is hot. 七八月是天气很热的月份。
He came last night when I was out. 他昨晚来时，我出去了。
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours 你还记得十年前的一个下午，我到你家借项链的事吗
2、where的用法
where指地点，修饰表地点的先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语。
After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎住了五十年后，他回到他童年时生活的小城镇。
I can still remember the sitting-room where my mother and I used to sit in the evening.我还记得那间我妈妈和我晚上常坐在一起的起居室。
She will ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) go home where she can rest. 她要回家了，在家里她可以休息。
One morning, an elephant was led down the road where they stood. 一天上午，有人赶着一头象沿着他们站立的那条路走过来。
注意：先行词为表示时间、地点的名词时，关系词不一定都用when或where。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就要用关系代词whch或that。
This is the factory that/which we visited last year.这是我们去年参观的那家工厂。
I won't forget the time that we spent in the countryside.我永远不会忘记我在农村度过的那段时光。
3、why的用法
why指原因，修饰名词reason，在定语从句中作原因状语。
This is the reason why he did so. 这就是他这样做了的理由。
Do you know the reason why he left early 你知道他为什么早走吗？
巧记定语从句的用法
主句型，从句型，两种句子要完整。从句紧靠先行词，系词引导要弄清。定人用who或whom，定物which当先用。关系代词有that，定人定物有本领。定时间要用when，定地点where行。关系代(副)词作成分，唯作宾语可以省。
(五)“介词＋关系代词”用法
1、介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语
介词+which在关系分句中分别作时间，地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when，where和why。
I still remember the day on which (=when)I first came to school.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。
The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.我工作的工厂是一个大厂子。
This is the reason for which(=why)he was put in prison.这就是他为什么被关起来的原因。
In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., by which time many people have gone home. 在办公室里，我好像知道五点半从有时间，在此前很多人都已回家了。
注意：关系代词that在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词不能放在它的前面，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。
The village that she lives in is 100 metres away. 她住在100米远的村庄里。
2、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在定语从句中作地点状语
介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在关系分句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，关系分句主谓常须倒置。
They arrived at a farm house in front of which sat a small boy.他们来到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小孩。
I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看见一个人，他的头上站着一只鸟。
3、不定代词或数词+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在定语从句中作主语
不定代词或数词+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在关系分句中作主语，说明整体中的部分。
China has a lot of islands, one of which is Taiwan.中国有许多岛屿，其中之一是台湾。
There are a lot of students here，none of whom like the film.这里有许多学生，他们之中无人喜欢这个电影。
4、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在关系分句中作目的、方式或地点状语
这种结构中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。
Could you tell me for whom you've bought this coat 你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗
The rat is digging a tunnel through which it can reach the field to get food.这只老鼠正在挖洞，通过这条洞它能到田里搞吃的。
The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.这人是一位工程师，我是从他那里得到这消息的。
5、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)，用于被动结构的关系分句中，作状语，说明动作的发出者。
The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。
The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter. 打死狼的那人是一个好猎手。
6、名词+of which，代替whose+名词，在关系分句中作定语。
He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.他给了那个男孩10美元让她擦十扇窗户，大部分窗户至少一年没擦了。
I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves)were black with disease.我看见一些树，它们的叶子因生病而发黑。
He mentioned a book, the title of which (=whose title )I've forgotten.他提到一本书，书的名我忘了。
7、介词+which(指物)/whose(指人)，修饰后边的名词。
It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship broke into pieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在这期间轮船撞碎了。
The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司机就是她从他的房间偷走地图的那个人。
比较：介词+which+不定式。此种用法多见于正式文体中，相当于一个带有主语和谓语的定语从句。
She had only 1.87 with which to buy(=she could buy)Jim, her husband, a present.她只有一元八角七分钱，用这些钱给他的丈夫吉姆买一件礼物。
At last he had something about which to write (=he could write) home. 他终于有给家写信的内容了。
(六)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1、限制性定语从句
定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句为先行词不可缺少的定语。如果将这种定语从句省去，主句的意思就会不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。
She has found the necklace that she lost 2 years ago. 她找到了两年前丢失的项链。(限制性定语从句)
This is the man who came to see you yesterday.这就是昨天来看你的那个人。(限制性定语从句)
It happened at the time when I left the office. 这件事发生在我离开办公室的时候。
2、非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that来引导。
Yesterday, I met Li Ping, who seemed to be busy. 昨天我遇见了李平，他好像很忙。(非限制性定语从句)
In Britain, which has a population of 55. 8 million, 110,000 people die from smoking each year. 英国有5580万人口，每年有11万人口死于吸烟。(非限制性定语从句)
Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was shot on April 14, 1865 at a theatre in Washington, D. C.领导美国人民经历了这些年的亚伯拉罕·林肯1865年4月14日在华盛顿的一家戏院被枪杀。(非限制性定语从句)
3、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
（1）形式上不同
非限制性定语从句在书写时往往用逗号和主句分开，而限制性定语从句不用逗号与主句分开。
Last night I saw a very good film，which was about the Long March.昨晚我看了一场好电影，这部电影是关于长征的故事。
The man whom I met in the street was a driver.我在街上遇到的那个人是个司机。
（2）可否省略的不同
限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义，而非限制性定语从句是对先行词作的附加说明，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。
I was the only person in my office who was invited.我是我办公室中唯一受邀之人。
They set up a state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.他们想建立自己的国家，在那里他们可以随意地把黑人当奴隶。
（3）关系代词的不同
非限制性定语从句不能用that代替who，whom和which，并且关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时也不能省略，但在限制性定语从句中却恰恰相反。
This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.这是我看过得最好的电影。
She sang a new song, which we liked very much.她唱了一首新歌，我们都喜欢这首歌。
（4）翻译方式不同
限制性定语从句往往译在先行词之前，而非限制性定语从句往往译为一个并列的句子。
She is the nurse who looks after the children.她就是照料这些孩子的阿姨。
This note was left by Xiao Wu, who was here a moment ago.这个条子是小吴留的，她刚才到这儿来过。
比较:
He has a brother, who lives in Beijing. (有一个哥哥。)
He has a brother who lives in Beijing. (可能有几个哥哥，其中一个是住在北京的。)
4、as与which在非限制性定语从句中的用法区别
as和which作为关系代词都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句所表达的内容，在从句中作主语或宾语，但它们在用法上有区别。
（1）相同之处
当从句位于主句之后，引导词指代整个主句所表达的全部意义时，as和which可以互换。
The elephant is like a snake, as/which everybody can see.热和人都看得出，这头大象像条蛇。
He is an Englishman, as/which I know from his accent.他是一个英国人，那时我从他的口音上知道的。
A big earthquake occurred in the west part of Japan last night, as/which was reported on TV.据电视报道，昨天夜里日本西部地区发生了大地震。
（2）不同之处
①as引导非限制性定语从句时，位置比较灵活，可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之中或之后，而which引导非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后，不能谓语主句之前。
Robert is good at languages, as we all know. 罗伯特擅长学语言，这我们都知道。
As is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time. 都知道,再过二十到三十年，中国将成为一个强大先进的国家。
He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。
As is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.正如上文提到的，高中学生的人数在不断增加。
As is known to everybody， the moon travels round the earth once every month．大家都知道，月亮每月绕地球一周。
Air, as we know, is a gas.我们知道，空气是一种气体。
He is very careful, as his work shows.他的工作表现表明他非常谨慎。
注意：as引导非限制性定语从句常有“如同……那样”的含义，因此在一些固定结构如as we know/as is known to all(众所周知),as we all can see(正如我们大家都能看到的那样),as has been said before/above(正如前文所述),as has been pointed out(正如所指出的那样),as might ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank ) be imagined(可以想象得到),as might be expected(正如所预料的那样),as is often the case(情况常常是这样)等中，一般不能用which代替as。
②搭配上，在由the same或such所修饰的名词后通常用as作关系代词引出限制性定语从句。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).我遇到了与他一样的麻烦。
I've never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.我从未听过像他讲得那么有趣的故事。
③which引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )，可以用and this代替，意思是“这件事”；as引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等。例如：
He sold his bicycle, which surprised me. (=He sold his bicycle, and this surprised me.)他把自行车卖了,这使我感到奇怪。
William became the first American woman to win three Olympic gold medals in track, which made her mother very proud.威廉姆成为第一位在奥运会上赢得径赛金牌的美国妇女，这使他妈妈很自豪。
He left early, which was wise.他早早地离开，那是很明智的。
Einstein, as we know, is a famous scientist.我们知道，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。
As is known to all, China is the country with largest population in the world. 众所周知，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。
④当which在从句中指代的是先行词本身而不是主句时，不可用as代替which。
The apple tree, which I planted last year, has not borne any fruit.这棵苹果树是我去年种下的，还没有结出任何果实。
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very instructive.我昨天买的那本书很有教育意义。
⑤在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语，也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。
He married her, which was natural. (可用as代替which)他和她结婚了，这是很自然的事。
He saw the girl, which delighted him. (不可用as代替which)他见到了那个女孩，这使他很高兴。
He was late for class again, which made the teacher very angry. (不可用as代替which)他上课又迟到了，这使老师很生气。
⑥as引导的从句在意义上不可与主语相悖，而which引导的从句则不受此限制。例如：
Mummy treats me like a baby, which I can't bear.妈妈把我当小孩看待，这使我不能忍受的。
The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadn't expected.试验结果很好，这是我们没预料到的。
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.天气证明很好，这我们没预料到。
二．解题方法灵活用
解题方法或步骤：
一、选准关系代词和关系副词
在定语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )从句中，关系代词或关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分，如果该从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语，就要用关系代词来连接从句；如果从句中缺少状语，就得用关系副词来连接从句。例如：
(1)I still remember the days which / that we spent together.
(2)I still remember the days when we worked together.
二、了解仅用that引导限制性定语从句的几种情况
that在限制性定语从句中既可指人又可指事或物。在下列情况下，只能用that来引导定语从句：
1.先行词是all , much, few, little, everything, anything, nothing等不定代词时。例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy
2.先行词被all, few, little, much, every, some, no等词修饰或被the only,the very, the same, the last等限定词修饰时。例如：
These are all the pictures that I have seen.
This is the very dictionary that is of great help.
3.先行词既指人又指物时。例如：
My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember.
4.关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。例如：
Our school is not the one that it used to be.
5.先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。例如：
This is the best English film that I have ever seen.
The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities.
6.主句是who或which引导的特殊问句时。例如：
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday
三、把握“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选用
介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配密切相关。例如：
That”s the reason for which he was late for school.
This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.
注意：1.定语从句中谓语动词是含有介词的动词短语时，介词应放在动词之后，不能拆开放在关系代词前。例如： This is the key which you are looking for.
This is the baby whom you will look after.
2.该结构中，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which.
四、弄清as和which引导的非限制性定语从句指代整体时的区别
1.位置上的区别：as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活，可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，还可插在主句的中间；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如： As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun.
The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun.
The earth turns around the sun, as is known to us all.
The earth turns around the sun, which our parents once told us when we were very young.
2.词义与联系上的区别：as引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系，as本身含有“正如”之意；而which引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在逻辑意义上近似并列句，which本身表示“这”或“这一点”之意。例如：
Light travels faster than sound, as we all know.
Jack came late for school, which made his teacher angry.
五、注意定语从句的主谓一致性
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例如：
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.
Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA.
六、保持主句的完整性并避免从句成分的重叠
1.在定语从句中，不管出现任何情况，主句的结构必须完整，即主句必须有主语和谓语，缺一不可，否则，整个主从复合句就无法成立。试比较：
(1)Is this factory _______ we visited last week
(2)Is this the factory _______ we visited last week
A. which B. where C. what D. the one
分析：第一题缺少表语，只有填D项才能保持主句的完整性，而其他的选项均为干扰项。
第二题主句本身完整，应填的关系代词在从句中作visited的宾语，故应选A项。
2.从定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词独立地或与相应的介词一起在定语从句中充当了一定的成分，因此在定语从句中就不能再出现与关系代(副)词重叠的成分。例如：错句：Is this the train that they took it last Sunday
分析：该题中that已经代替先行词the train在定语从句中充当及物动词took的宾语，故重叠出现的宾语it必须删去。
三．高考真题大演练：
1．The president of th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e World Bank says he has a passion for China，________he remembers starting as early as his childhood. (2013·江苏，32)
A．where B．which
C．what D．when
2．Between the two par ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts of the concert is an interval，________the audience can buy ice cream. (2011·江苏，24)
A．when B．where
C．that D．which
3．Many countr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ies are now setting up national parks________animals and plants can be protected. (2013·北京，27)
A．when B．which
C．whose D．where
4．He may win the co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mpetition，________he is likely to get into the national team.
(2013·辽宁，34)
A．in which case B．in that case
C．in what case D．in whose case
5．Happiness and s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uccess often come to those________are good at recognizing their own strengths. (2013·湖南，21)
A．whom B．who
C．what D．which
6．“You can’t judge a book by its cover，”________． (2013·新课标全国Ⅰ，33)
A．as the saying goes old
B．goes as the old saying
C．as the old saying goes
D．goes as old the saying
7．The museum will ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform ________ visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built. (2013·浙江，13)
A．what B．where
C．when D．why
8．Finally he reached a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) lonely island________was completely cut off from the outside world. (2013·山东，35)
A．when B．where
C．which D．whom
9．The book te ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lls stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ________ lives were affected. (2013·福建，27)
A．whose B．that
C．who D．which
10．Maria has ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) written two novels，both of ________ have been made into television series.
(2012·山东，23)
A．them B．that
C．which D．what
11．After the floodi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng，people were suffering in that area，________urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive. (2012·江苏，22)
A．which B．who
C．where D．what
12．A lot of languag ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e learning，________has been discovered，is happening in the first year of life，so parents should talk much to their children during that period. (2012·安徽，29)
A．as B．it
C．which D．this
13．We live in an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )age________more information is available with greater ease than ever before. (2012·浙江，9)
A．why B．when
C．to whom D．on which
14．The air quality i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n the city，________ is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months. (2012·福建，23)
A．that B．it
C．as D．what
15．I wish to thank ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Professor Smith，without________help I would never have got this far.
(2012·天津，7)
A．who B．whose
C．whom D．which
16．It is the third ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )time that she has won the race，________ has surprised us all.(2012·陕西，14)
A．that B．where
C．which D．what
17．Care of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )soul is a gradual process ________ even the small details of life should be considered. (2012·湖南，34)
A．what B．in what
C．which D．in which
18．When deeply abso ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rbed in work，________he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping. (2012·北京，26)
A．that B．which
C．where D．when
19．By 16∶30，________was almost closing time，nearly all the paintings had been sold.
(2012·江西，28)
A．which B．when
C．what D．that
20．That evenin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g，________I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.
(2012·大纲全国Ⅱ，8)
A．that B．which
C．what D．when
【答案及解析】：
1答案 B
解析 句意为：世界银行行长说，他热爱中国，这种热爱他记得早在他的童年时期就开始了。which指代“热爱中国”。21世纪教育网版权所有
2答案 A
解析 句意为：演唱会的两部分之间有一次 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中场休息，在此期间，观众可以去买冰激凌。分析题干的句子结构可知，空格处及后面的部分为非限制性定语从句。when引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作时间状语，代替先行词an interval(休息期间)。where在定语从句中作地点状语；that不能引导非限制性定语从句；which可以引导非限制性定语从句，但在从句中作主语或宾语。21cnjy.com
3答案 D
解析 考查定语从句。句意为：眼下，很多 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )国家正在建立一些国家公园，动物和植物在那儿可以得到保护。先行词为national parks，且定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导，相当于in which。【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
4答案 A
解析 考查非限制性定语从句。此处为非限制性定语从句，用which引导，in which case意为“在这种情况下”。2-1-c-n-j-y
5答案 B
解析 考查定语从句的用法。句意为：快乐和 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )成功总是会眷顾那些善于认清自己的优点和特长的人。分析句子成分后可知，“________are good at recognizing their own strengths”是定语从句修饰先行词those，从句中缺少主语，所以用who引导。故答案选B。
6答案 C
解析 考查非限制性定语从句的语序。句意为：常言道，人不可貌相。as引导非限制性定语从句，表示“正如”，不用倒装。【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
7答案 B
解析 考查定语从句。 本句主干是说“博物馆明 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )春开放”，后面with复合结构作状语，补充信息“到时有一个展览，还有一个游客们可以观看正在建设的巨大暖房的观景台”。a viewing platform观景台，在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，应当由关系副词where引导。故正确答案为B项。【出处：21教育名师】
8答案 C
解析 考查定语从句。根据句子结构分析，后面为定语从句，从句中缺少主语，所以答案只能选C项。
9答案 A
解析 句意为：这本书透过生活受到地震 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )影响的人们的视角讲述地震的故事。本题的先行词是those表示人，定语从句的主语是lives，与先行词构成所属关系，所以应使用关系代词whose引导。21教育名师原创作品
10答案 C
解析 句意为：玛丽娅已写了两部小说，它 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )们都已被拍成了电视剧。分析题干结构可以看出：Maria has written two novels是一个完整的含“主谓宾”的句子。如果后半句也是个完整的句子的话，那么题干中的两个分句中间缺少连接词and，故A项不正确。由此不难看出空格处应用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，which代替先行词two novels。that作关系代词不能放于介词之后；what不能引导定语从句。分清句子结构是解答本题的关键。
11答案 B
解析 指人的先行词people在非限制性定语从句中充当主语，所以用关系代词who引导。故选B项。
12答案 A
解析 句意为：正如被发现的那样，大量的语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )言学习是在人生的第一年发生的，所以父母应当在那个时期和孩子多说话。空白处所在句为非限制性定语从句，故B、D两项可排除。由句意知空格处的关系词指代a lot of language learning is happening in the first year of life这个句子。指代某个句子时，as引导的非限制性定语从句可后指或前指，而which引导的从句只能前指。此处为后指，因此A项正确。
13答案 B
解析 when引导定语从句，在从句中作时间状语，修饰先行词an age(时代)。
14答案 C
解析 句意为：正如报告中所显示的， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )这个城市的空气质量在过去的两个月已经得到了改善。分析句子结构可知，两个逗号之间的部分为非限制性定语从句；that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句；it和what不能作定语从句的引导词。故选C项。
15答案 B
解析 句意为：我想要感谢史密斯教授， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )没有他的帮助我就不会走得这么远。whose是关系代词，引导定语从句，表示“……的”。考生容易误选C项，因为只看到了without whom语意上相当于without Professor Smith，而忽略了题干中的help。若选C项的话，可去掉题干中的help。
16答案 C
解析 考查定语从句。所填词前有逗号，是非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句，关系词在从句中作主语，故选C。其余选项与题干不符。
17答案 D
解析 句意为：心灵的护理是一个渐进的过 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )程，在这个过程中，甚至生活中那些微小的细节都应该加以考虑。in which引导限制性定语从句，which代指前面的process。
18答案 B
解析 句意为：当他全身心地投 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )入工作中时，他就会废寝忘食，而他经常这样(全身心地投入工作)。由引导词前面的逗号可知，这是一个非限制性定语从句，所以首先排除that。由定语从句的was可知，定语从句缺少表语，所以排除在定语从句中作状语的where和when。故选B项。
19答案 A
解析 从后面的closin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g time“打烊时间，停止营业时间”可以得知此句是在谈时间，但是此句中缺少主语，前面又有一个逗号，所以可以确定这里是一个非限制性定语从句，用which引导。
20答案 B
解析 句意为：那天晚上我一直工作到很晚，我 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )过后会告诉你关于那晚更详细的情况。本题中两个逗号之间的部分是一个非限制性定语从句，关系代词which代替先行词that evening。解答本题的关键是能够正确分析句子结构。that不能引导非限制性定语从句；what不能引导定语从句；when在从句中作状语，不能作宾语。
四．模拟试题来检测：
1．The film brought the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) hours back to me ________ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.2·1·c·n·j·y
A．until B．that
C．when D．where
2．Is there anyone in your class ________ family is in the country 【版权所有：21教育】
A．who B．who’s
C．which D．whose
3．I’m interested in ________ you have said.
A．all that B．all what
C．that D．which
4．I was given three bo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oks on cooking，the first ________ I really enjoyed.
A．of that B．of which
C．that D．which
5．—So you have met Maria
—Yes，it was last week ________ we attended Jack’s party. 21*cnjy*com
A．that B．there
C．which D．when
6．________ is known to everybody，the moon travels around the earth once every month.
A．It B．As
C．That D．What
7．After living i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ________ he grew up as a child.
A．which B．where
C．that D．when
8．I want to use the same dictionary ________ was used yesterday.21*cnjy*com
A．which B．who
C．what D．as
9．Jim passed the driv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing test，________ surprised everybody in the office.
A．which B．that
C．this D．it
10．The students ________ are expected to pass.
A．were taught by Professor Deacon
B．whom were taught by Professor Deacon
C．when were taught by Professor Deacon
D．Professor Deacon taught
11．So far all clone ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d animals have suffered from some different serious disorders，________ dying soon after birth.
A．many of which B．many of whom
C．many of them D．many of that
12．Let’s talk abo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ut the persons and the things ________ we can remember.
A．which B．whom
C．that D．what
13．Her sister has become a lawyer，________ she wanted to be.
A．who B．that
C．what D．which
14．At 13，Samuel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )received a training course in drawing for three years，________ he got a good opportunity for further development.
A．after that B．after which
C．after it D．after this
15．I’ll never forge ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t the most wonderful holiday ________ we stayed in the country with my grandparents.
A．when B．which
C．where D．that
16．This photo of mine was taken________stood the famous high tower.
A．which B．in which
C．where D．there
17．I have reached ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) a point in my life ________ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
A．which B．where
C．how D．why
18．________ was ex ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pected，only five people turned up at the party，________ disappointed the hostess very much.
A．As；which B．As；that
C．It；that D．It；which
19．Darwin counted 2 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )25 flowering plants，________he collected and brought home 193.
A．that B．in that
C．of which D．all of which
20．The settl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ement is home to nearly 1,000 people，many of ________ left their village homes for a better life in the city.
A．whom B．which
C．them D．those
21．Today，we’ll di ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )scuss a number of cases ________ beginners of learning English fail to use the language properly.
A．which B．as
C．why D．where
22．________ I explained on the phone，your request will be considered at the next meeting.
A．When B．After
C．As D．Which
23．The road condi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tions there turned out to be very good，________ was more than we could expect.
A．it B．what
C．which D．that
24．They live in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a small house，and in front of ________ stands an orange tree.
A．which B．it
C．whom D．where
25．Whenever I met ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) her，________ was fairly often，she greeted me with a sweet smile.
A．who B．which
C．when D．that
【答案及解析】：
1答案 C
解析 本题考查分隔定语从句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的关系词的选择。做好本题的关键是要能辨认出该定语从句的先行词the hours和关系词被介词短语back to me所分隔。定语从句的先行词是表时间的名词hours，并且关系词在从句中用作状语，故应选择表示时间的关系副词when。
2答案 D
解析 whose引导定语从句，在从句中作主语family的定语。
3答案 A
解析 that引导定语从句，因为先行词是all，所以只能选用that引导。
4答案 B
解析 从句还原成完整句子应该是“I really enjoyed the first of those.”故选of which。
5答案 D
解析 这是一个省略句，完整形式 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )是：It was last week when we attended Jack’s party that I met Maria.句子的主体部分是一个强调句型，被强调部分last week后跟一个定语从句。last week是先行词，从句中缺少时间状语，用when来引导。21·cn·jy·com
6答案 B
解析 本题考查as引导的非限制性定语从句。a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s作“正如……”解时，引导的非限制性定语从句来修饰整个句子，可前指或后指，此处为后指。当as在从句中作主语时，常用于下列短语：as is known，as is said，as is reported，as is announced等。
7答案 B
解析 本题考查限制性定语从句中关系词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的选择。定语从句的先行词是表示地点的名词短语the small town，且关系词不作定语从句中的主语和宾语而作地点状语，因此定语从句必须用关系副词where引导。要注意分清先行词在从句中充当的成分，然后选择适当的关系词。21·世纪*教育网
8答案 D
解析 当先行词前有as，so，such，the same等修饰时，在从句中作主语或宾语的关系代词用as。在本句话中，as作从句的主语。www-2-1-cnjy-com
9答案 A
解析 分析句子结构可知， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )此处是一个非限制性定语从句，故排除B、C、D三项。which指代“Jim passed the driving test”这件事，在从句中作主语。www.21-cn-jy.com
10答案 D
解析 Deacon教授的学生，关系代词在从句中作宾语。B选项中关系代词作主语应用who。
11 答案 C
解析 由后面的dying可知这里不是完整的句子(没有谓语动词)，故不能选A或B构成定语从句，此处考查独立主格结构。
12答案 C
解析 先行词既有人也有物时，用that引导从句，故选择C项。句意为：让我们谈论能够想起的人和事吧。
13答案 D
解析 句中先行词a lawyer在此指一个人的职业，并非指“人”本身，故关系词用which，而不用who。
14答案 B
解析 after whi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ch意为“after he received a training course in drawing for three years”。句中没有并列连词，故不能选C、D两项；that不能引导非限制性定语从句，故A错。
15答案 A
解析 先行词为holiday，还原之后可看出when在定语从句中作时间状语。
16答案 C
解析 where引导的从句在句中作地点状语，并且where在状语从句的句首引起倒装。
17答案 B
解析 先行词为point，从句中不缺少任何主要成分，此时用where引导定语从句。
18答案 A
解析 在非限制性定语从句中，当从句置 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )于句首时，或从句意为“正如……”时，只能用as而不能用which来引导从句。C项和D项中第一空若要用it，则应把前半句改为“It was expected that only five people turned up at the party”此时it作形式主语。第二空是which引导的非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语。21教育网
19答案 C
解析 考查“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )从句，正常语序为“193 of which he collected and brought home”。
20答案 A
解析 由many之前的逗号和选项特征可知 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，此处是主从句关系，排除C、D两项。由于先行词是1,000 people，表示人，故用whom。句意为：这个定居点居住着将近1 000人，他们中的许多人都背井离乡来到城市追求更好的生活。
21答案 D
解析 此句中cases表示“情况”，这 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )里where相当于in which，在从句中作状语。当先行词为case，stage，point等，且从句中不缺主要成分时，常用where引导定语从句，在句中作状语。
22答案 C
解析 as引导非限制性定语从句，可以放在主句之前，指代后面整个主句的内容。which引导的非限制性定语从句不能放在句首。
23答案 C
解析 空格前为逗号，故需用关系代词作动词wa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s的主语。what不引导定语从句；that不引导非限制性定语从句；it不是连词；故只有C项正确。
24答案 B
解析 句中有并列连词and，所以本句是一个并列句，故只有B项正确。
25答案 B
解析 考查非限制性定语从句。空格处指代前面整个句子，故用which。
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